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L’objectif de cette analyse de contenu est d’étudier les lois sur l’indemnisation des accidents de travail au Canada, dans le but de déterminer si les mesures législatives en place répondent aux besoins des travailleuses et travailleurs en protection de l’enfance qui subissent des blessures liées au stress occupationnel (BSO). Après une revue de littérature détaillée sur les risques psychologiques inhérents au travail de protection de l’enfance, ainsi qu’une analyse du contenu des lois sur l’indemnisation des accidents de travail au Canada, nous soutenons deux choses : (a) la nature du travail de protection de l’enfance et les facteurs organisationnels exposent les intervenant·es de ce milieu à des risques particuliers de développer des BSO ; (b) quand ces intervenant·es subissent effectivement une blessure psychologique, ils et elles doivent s’orienter dans un système d’indemnisation des accidents de travail qui ne reconnait pas leur blessure comme une blessure occupationnelle et indemnisable. En tant qu’intervenant·es de première ligne responsables de la sécurité des enfants, les travailleurs et travailleuses en protection de l’enfance sont exposé·es à du stress aigu autant qu’à du stress chronique, ce qui leur fait courir un risque psychologique considérable, similaire à celui que subissent les personnes qui figurent actuellement sous la catégorie des « emplois d’exception » (premiers répondants et premières répondantes et autres intervenant·es de la sécurité publique) dans les lois sur l’indemnisation des accidents du travail. Nous recommandons que les agences d’intervention en protection de l’enfance prennent plus de mesures pour atténuer les risques psychologiques de leurs intervenant·es et que parmi les mesures législatives sur l’indemnisation des accidents de travail, les services de protection de l’enfance soient considérés comme un « emploi d’exception » et que leurs intervenant·es reçoivent par conséquent une indemnisation comparable à celle de leurs homologues de cette catégorie d’emploi.

Anatomic studies have suggested that the central insular sulcus (CIS) runs in line with the Rolandic sulcus (RS). The radiographic relationship between the RS and CIS has not been systematically studied. This study aims to evaluate the applicability of using the CIS as a radiologic landmark to identify the RS.We retrospectively reviewed 100 consecutive normal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans (200 hemispheres) performed at a single institution. MRI scans with any intracranial pathology or finding were excluded. Sagittal and axial fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences were used in this study. Two evaluators independently evaluated the relationship of the CIS and RS in all MRI scans. A predefined 3-step method was then used to identify the CIS, RS, and hand motor area in sagittal and axial images.The CIS was found to be correlated with the RS in 191 hemispheres (95.5%). In the remaining 9 hemispheres, the postcentral sulcus represented the most correlated sulcus with the CIS (7 hemispheres). The interrater agreement was 0.673 (P0.05), indicating a substantial agreement. The hand motor area was identified in the same section as the CIS in 175 hemispheres (87.5%).The CIS is a highly reliable radiographic landmark for the identification of the RS. The hand motor area can also be identified reliably using this method.

This paper explains the origins, features and impacts of ‘knowledge activism’ as an emergent form of collective OHS resistance. Coupling labour process theory with Pierre Bourdieu‘s concepts of capital, the analysis connects transformations in production, management, technology, and neoliberal governance to shifts in labour/management power relations, both within the joint committee and the workplace more generally, as defined by the relative social, cultural and symbolic capital accumulated and mobilized by worker representatives.

Supplementary Figure

A.Immunofluorescence microscopy was performed on control or shCdc42 MiaPaCa2 murine sciatic nerve tumors. Slides were stained with DAPI (blue) nuclear staining and primary antibodies (green) targeting total Cdc42, �-Pix, RET, and phospho-RET. B. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and GTP-Cdc42 immunohistochemistry of a control MiaPaCa2 murine sciatic nerve tumor.

AVI file - 3.3MB, Time-lapse live video microscopy showing morphological changes induced after Dvl2 depletion in U87 glioma cells.

AVI file - 3.1MB, Time-lapse live video microscopy of U87 glioma cells infected with control shRNA.

PDF file - 1MB

Studies in several national jurisdictions have highlighted the limitations of joint health and safety committees and worker representatives in affecting change in working conditions. Using Canadian data, this article focuses on the argument that many health and safety committees and worker representatives have been captured or substantially controlled through the State’s promotion of an internal responsibility system framed around a technocratic partnership. The historical development of this framing is first understood within a political economic framework which highlights several major influences, followed by a field theory analysis which explains how these control relations are established by management within workplace settings.

The present study investigates the multiple reflexes of historical +[sk] clusters in Low German (Westphalian/Northern Low German) dialects. Original descriptions of over thirty varieties of those dialects spoken between the end of the 19th century to the present day reveal that there are a number of realizations of [sk] (e. g. [sk], [sx], [sç], [ʃx], [ʃç], [s]), whose occurrence depends on both the position within a word (initial, medial, final) and geography (the location of the dialect within a broad region in northwest Germany). The synchronic patterns are argued to reflect a series of diachronic stages: The change from any one of those stages to the next is shown to involve either the emergence of a new sound change (rule addition) or the extension of a preexisting change to a new context (rule generalization). A secondary goal of the present contribution is to show how the treatment of Low German sheds light on the change from historical +[sk] to [ʃ] in High German. In particular, it is argued – contrary to the position taken by the overwhelming majority of Germanicists – that the High German change involved the coalescence of two sounds into one without any intermediate stages.

Individual worker complaints continue to be the core foundation of employment standards enforcement in many Western jurisdictions, including the Canadian province of Ontario. In the contemporary labour market context where segments of the labour force may be disproportionately impacted by rights violations, and employment relationships are more diverse and often more tenuous than previously, the continued reliance on individual claims suggests a need to better understand the challenges associated with the investigation and resolution of claims involving ‘vulnerable workers’ in precarious employment situations. Using interviews with front-line Ontario employment standards officers (ESOs), this article examines the extent to which certain worker characteristics and employment situations perceived by officers as ‘vulnerable’ are identified by officers as significant constraints or barriers to investigation processes and outcomes, and documents whether and how officers address these constraints and barriers. The analysis also identifies the perceived influence of policy, resource and legislative requirements in shaping how officers deal with the more difficult and challenging cases, while also considering the extent to which the officers’ actions are understood by them as discretionary and guided by their particular orientations or concerns. In so doing, this article reveals challenges to the resolution of claims in precarious employment situations, the very place where employment standards are often most needed.

Although changes in occupational stress policy and legislation have drawn increasing attention in Central and Western Canada, relatively little is known about developments in the Atlantic region. In this article, we focus on examining legal reforms, specific policy, and collective bargaining agreement developments in the two Canadian Atlantic provinces that are currently publicly addressing the need for presumptive legislation: Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador. We focus on two occupational groups, police and correctional services, who have been cited in media and public discussions as focal points for legislative and policy reform because of the nature of their work. We assess how stress-related compensation and prevention laws are developing in Atlantic Canada and how occupational policies are moving in a similar direction across the country among these groups. We find that Atlantic Canada is moving relatively slowly to embrace the policy changes introduced by other provinces and the federal government, in terms of legal reforms, organizational policy, and collective bargaining language. We conclude that the lack of legal reforms in compensation, health, and safety law and the limited progress in occupational policies and collective agreements are mutually reinforcing the slow pace of change.

IMPORTANCE: Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) has become the criterion standard in case of inconclusive noninvasive presurgical epilepsy workup. However, up to 40% of patients are subsequently not offered surgery because the seizure-onset zone is less focal than expected or cannot be identified. OBJECTIVE: To predict focality of the seizure-onset zone in SEEG, the 5-point 5-SENSE score was developed and validated. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a monocentric cohort study for score development followed by multicenter validation with patient selection intervals between February 2002 to October 2018 and May 2002 to December 2019. The minimum follow-up period was 1 year. Patients with drug-resistant epilepsy undergoing SEEG at the Montreal Neurological Institute were analyzed to identify a focal seizure-onset zone. Selection criteria were 2 or more seizures in electroencephalography and availability of complete neuropsychological and neuroimaging data sets. For validation, patients from 9 epilepsy centers meeting these criteria were included. Analysis took place between May and July 2021. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Based on SEEG, patients were grouped as focal and nonfocal seizure-onset zone. Demographic, clinical, electroencephalography, neuroimaging, and neuropsychology data were analyzed, and a multiple logistic regression model for developing a score to predict SEEG focality was created and validated in an independent sample. RESULTS: A total of 128 patients (57 women [44.5%]; median [range] age, 31 [13-58] years) were analyzed for score development and 207 patients (97 women [46.9%]; median [range] age, 32 [16-70] years) were analyzed for validation. The score comprised the following 5 predictive variables: focal lesion on structural magnetic resonance imaging, absence of bilateral independent spikes in scalp electroencephalography, localizing neuropsychological deficit, strongly localizing semiology, and regional ictal scalp electroencephalography onset. The 5-SENSE score had an optimal mean (SD) probability cutoff for identifying a focal seizure-onset zone of 37.6 (3.5). Area under the curve, specificity, and sensitivity were 0.83, 76.3% (95% CI, 66.7-85.8), and 83.3% (95% CI, 72.30-94.1), respectively. Validation showed 76.0% (95% CI, 67.5-84.0) specificity and 52.3% (95% CI, 43.0-61.5) sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: High specificity in score development and validation confirms that the 5-SENSE score predicts patients where SEEG is unlikely to identify a focal seizure-onset zone. It is a simple and useful tool for assisting clinicians to reduce unnecessary invasive diagnostic burden on patients and overutilization of limited health care resources.

Effective collective cell migration depends on delicate tuning of cell motility forces and cell–cell communication. Zaritsky, Tseng, and coworkers identified differential roles for RhoA, RhoC, and their upstream activators in mediating long-range transmission of guidance cues., Efficient collective migration depends on a balance between contractility and cytoskeletal rearrangements, adhesion, and mechanical cell–cell communication, all controlled by GTPases of the RHO family. By comprehensive screening of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) in human bronchial epithelial cell monolayers, we identified GEFs that are required for collective migration at large, such as SOS1 and β-PIX, and RHOA GEFs that are implicated in intercellular communication. Down-regulation of the latter GEFs differentially enhanced front-to-back propagation of guidance cues through the monolayer and was mirrored by down-regulation of RHOA expression and myosin II activity. Phenotype-based clustering of knockdown behaviors identified RHOA-ARHGEF18 and ARHGEF3-ARHGEF28-ARHGEF11 clusters, indicating that the latter may signal through other RHO-family GTPases. Indeed, knockdown of RHOC produced an intermediate between the two phenotypes. We conclude that for effective collective migration, the RHOA-GEFs → RHOA/C → actomyosin pathways must be optimally tuned to compromise between generation of motility forces and restriction of intercellular communication.

Summary Background Late-stage isolated medial knee osteoarthritis can be treated with total knee replacement (TKR) or partial knee replacement (PKR). There is high variation in treatment choice and little robust evidence to guide selection. The Total or Partial Knee Arthroplasty Trial (TOPKAT) therefore aims to assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of TKR versus PKR in patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee, and this represents an analysis of the main endpoints at 5 years. Methods Our multicentre, pragmatic randomised controlled trial was done at 27 UK sites. We used a combined expertise-based and equipoise-based approach, in which patients with isolated osteoarthritis of the medial compartment of the knee and who satisfied general requirements for a medial PKR were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive PKR or TKR by surgeons who were either expert in and willing to perform both surgeries or by a surgeon with particular expertise in the allocated procedure. The primary endpoint was the Oxford Knee Score (OKS) 5 years after randomisation in all patients assigned to groups. Health-care costs (in UK 2017 prices) and cost-effectiveness were also assessed. This trial is registered with ISRCTN (ISRCTN03013488) and ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT01352247 ). Findings Between Jan 18, 2010, and Sept 30, 2013, we assessed 962 patients for their eligibility, of whom 431 (45%) patients were excluded (121 [13%] patients did not meet the inclusion criteria and 310 [32%] patients declined to participate) and 528 (55%) patients were randomly assigned to groups. 94% of participants responded to the follow-up survey 5 years after their operation. At the 5-year follow-up, we found no difference in OKS between groups (mean difference 1·04, 95% CI −0·42 to 2·50; p=0·159). In our within-trial cost-effectiveness analysis, we found that PKR was more effective (0·240 additional quality-adjusted life-years, 95% CI 0·046 to 0·434) and less expensive (−£910, 95% CI −1503 to −317) than TKR during the 5 years of follow-up. This finding was a result of slightly better outcomes, lower costs of surgery, and lower follow-up health-care costs with PKR than TKR. Interpretation Both TKR and PKR are effective, offer similar clinical outcomes, and result in a similar incidence of re-operations and complications. Based on our clinical findings, and results regarding the lower costs and better cost-effectiveness with PKR during the 5-year study period, we suggest that PKR should be considered the first choice for patients with late-stage isolated medial compartment osteoarthritis. Funding National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment Programme.

Nerves enable cancer progression, as cancers have been shown to extend along nerves through the process of perineural invasion, which carries a poor prognosis. Furthermore, the innervation of some cancers promotes growth and metastases. It remains unclear, however, how nerves mechanistically contribute to cancer progression. Here, we demonstrated that Schwann cells promote cancer invasion through direct cancer cell contact. Histological evaluation of murine and human cancer specimens with perineural invasion uncovered a subpopulation of Schwann cells that associates with cancer cells. Coculture of cancer cells with dorsal root ganglion extracts revealed that Schwann cells direct cancer cells to migrate toward nerves and promote invasion in a contact-dependent manner. Upon contact, Schwann cells induced the formation of cancer cell protrusions in their direction and intercalated between the cancer cells, leading to cancer cell dispersion. The formation of these processes was dependent on Schwann cell expression of neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1) and ultimately promoted perineural invasion. Moreover, NCAM1-deficient mice showed decreased neural invasion and less paralysis. Such Schwann cell behavior reflects normal Schwann cell programs that are typically activated in nerve repair but are instead exploited by cancer cells to promote perineural invasion and cancer progression.

The use of a Pd/C catalyst in the liquid phase hydrogenation of various aromatic nitriles (benzonitrile, benzyl cyanide, 3-phenyl propionitrile and cinnamonitrile) has been studied in order to assess the effectiveness of this type of catalyst for this class of reaction. On modifying the nitrile substituent and upon introducing conjugation, varying degrees of conversion are observed. For benzyl cyanide and 3-phenylpropionitrile, incomplete mass balance profiles are linked to spill-over to the carbon support. In the case of benzonitrile hydrogenation, a hydrogenolytic step leads to a loss of selectivity to the primary amine to yield toluene with, ultimately, complete selectivity. Co-hydrogenation measurements on mixtures of benzonitrile and benzylamine indicate the presence of site-selective chemistry. Co-hydrogenation studies on mixtures of benzonitrile and benzyl cyanide highlight the competitive nature of the reaction system and, indirectly, establish a contribution from adsorbed imine species.

The purpose of this paper is to advance an approach to analyzing decision-making by front line public officials. The notion of discretion in front line decision-making has been examined widely in the law and society literature. However, it has often failed to capture the different kinds and levels of decisions that enforcement officials make. Taking an interdisciplinary approach that draws on political, sociological, and legal analysis, we propose a new conceptual framework, one that draws a sharper distinction between discretion and judgment and teases out distinct levels in the scope and depth of decision-making. We then use this framework to create a conceptual map of the decision-making process of front-line officials charged with enforcing the Employment Standards Act (ESA) of Ontario, demonstrating that a deeper, more precise analysis of discretion and judgment can contribute to a richer understanding of front line decision-making and its social, political, and legal implications.

BACKGROUND: Although worker representation in OHS has been widely recognized as contributing to health and safety improvements at work, few studies have examined the role that worker representatives play in this process. Using a large quantitative sample, this paper seeks to confirm findings from an earlier exploratory qualitative study that worker representatives can be differentiated by the knowledge intensive tactics and strategies that they use to achieve changes in their workplace. METHODS: Just under 900 worker health and safety representatives in Ontario completed surveys which asked them to report on the amount of time they devoted to different types of representation activities (i.e., technical activities such as inspections and report writing vs. political activities such as mobilizing workers to build support), the kinds of conditions or hazards they tried to address through their representation (e.g., housekeeping vs. modifications in ventilation systems), and their reported success in making positive improvements. A cluster analysis was used to determine whether the worker representatives could be distinguished in terms of the relative time devoted to different activities and the clusters were then compared with reference to types of intervention efforts and outcomes. RESULTS: The cluster analysis identified three distinct groupings of representatives with significant differences in reported types of interventions and in their level of reported impact. Two of the clusters were consistent with the findings in the exploratory study, identified as knowledge activism for greater emphasis on knowledge based political activity and technical-legal representation for greater emphasis on formalized technical oriented procedures and legal regulations. Knowledge activists were more likely to take on challenging interventions and they reported more impact across the full range of interventions. CONCLUSIONS: This paper provides further support for the concepts of knowledge activism and technical-legal representation when differentiating the strategic orientations and impact of worker health and safety representatives, with important implications for education, political support and recruitment. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en

Best practice for scale-down of gas–liquid reactions requires control of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient, kLa. It is demonstrated that the use of small bubble columns can provide well-controlled kLa and catalyst dispersion down to a scale of 3 cm3. This scale is several times less than has been previously demonstrated for heterogeneously catalysed reduction using gaseous hydrogen and is more easily reproduced than small scale stirred vessels. Measurements have been made at a fixed total gas flow, with the effective mass transfer rate being adjustable by dilution of the hydrogen flow with either helium or nitrogen.

The establishment of polarity is an essential step in epithelial morphogenesis. Polarity proteins promote an apical/basal axis, which, together with the assembly of apical adherens and tight junctions, directed vesicle transport and the reorganization of the actomyosin filament network, generate a stable epithelium. The regulation of these cellular activities is complex, but the Rho family GTPase Cdc42 (cell division cycle 42) is known to play a key role in the establishment of polarity from yeast to humans. Two Cdc42 target proteins, the kinase PAK4 [p21 protein (Cdc42/Rac)-activated kinase 4] and the scaffold partitioning defective (Par) 6B, are required to promote the assembly of apical junctions in human bronchial epithelial cells. We show in the present paper that PAK4 phosphorylates Par6B at Ser143 blocking its interaction with Cdc42. This provides a potential new mechanism for controlling the subcellular localization of Par6B and its interaction with other proteins.

Collective epithelial migration is important throughout embryonic development. The underlying mechanisms are poorly understood but likely involve spatially localized activation of Rho GTPases. We previously reported that Rac1 is essential for generating the protrusive activity that drives the collective migration of anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) cells in the early mouse embryo. To identify potential regulators of Rac1, we first performed an RNAi screen of Rho family exchange factors (guanine nucleotide exchange factor [GEF]) in an in vitro collective epithelial migration assay and identified β-Pix. Genetic deletion of β-Pix in mice disrupts collective AVE migration, while high-resolution live imaging revealed that this is associated with randomly directed protrusive activity. We conclude that β-Pix controls the spatial localization of Rac1 activity to drive collective AVE migration at a critical stage in mouse development.

Entosis is a form of epithelial cell cannibalism that is prevalent in human cancer, typically triggered by loss of matrix adhesion. Here, we report an alternative mechanism for entosis in human epithelial cells, driven by mitosis. Mitotic entosis is regulated by Cdc42, which controls mitotic morphology. Cdc42 depletion enhances mitotic deadhesion and rounding, and these biophysical changes, which depend on RhoA activation and are phenocopied by Rap1 inhibition, permit subsequent entosis. Mitotic entosis occurs constitutively in some human cancer cell lines and mitotic index correlates with cell cannibalism in primary human breast tumours. Adherent, wild-type cells can act efficiently as entotic hosts, suggesting that normal epithelia may engulf and kill aberrantly dividing neighbours. Finally, we report that Paclitaxel/taxol promotes mitotic rounding and subsequent entosis, revealing an unconventional activity of this drug. Together, our data uncover an intriguing link between cell division and cannibalism, of significance to both cancer and chemotherapy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.27134.001, eLife digest For over a century, scientists looking down microscopes at samples from human cancers have noticed cells eating other cells – in other words, cell cannibalism. The causes and mechanisms involved in this unusual process, which is also known as entosis, are not well understood and its relationship to cancer is complex. On one hand, cell cannibalism may promote cancer by providing nutrients for growing tumours and making it more likely that genetic errors will occur. On the other hand, this process may resist cancer by eliminating damaged cells. In the laboratory, cell cannibalism has only been seen in cells that are detached from their surroundings. Cells in the body are typically surrounded and supported by a mesh of proteins called the extracellular matrix. However, within a tumour, cancer cells can often begin to grow without being attached to the matrix, which means that cell cannibalism can occur. A protein called Cdc42 plays a part in how cells attach to each other and to the extracellular matrix, but the role of Cdc42 in controlling entosis had not been previously explored. Durgan et al. initially set out to ask whether Cdc42 was involved in the established process of cell cannibalism, as seen in detached cells. However, the experiments showed that removing Cdc42 from human cells grown in the laboratory had little effect on this method of entosis. Unexpectedly, though, the loss of Cdc42 did enable a different form of cell cannibalism in cells that remained attached to the extracellular matrix, which had not been seen before. This new cannibalism process is linked to cell division, with cells that are dividing or that have recently divided being consumed by neighbours. This form of cell cannibalism is more commonly seen in cancers where the cells divide a lot, and some chemotherapy drugs that interfere with cell division also increase the rate of cell cannibalism. During cell division a group of proteins – including RhoA and myosin – cause cells to become rounder and stiffer. Durgan et al. suggest this allows the dividing cells to force their way inside other cells, the key first stage of entosis. Since cancer cells divide often, this form of cell cannibalism may lead to the cancer cells being destroyed by their healthy neighbours, in a form of “assisted suicide”. This reveals an unexpected link between cell division and cell cannibalism, which is relevant to both cancer and chemotherapy. Future work will explore whether entosis can be used to predict how a cancer will progress in a patient, or how they will respond to a given treatment. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.27134.002

Observations of the demands on the work of teachers created by a year long trial implementation of unit standards in secondary schools highlighted an initial tendency for the assessment requirements to dominate teaching and the need for teachers to develop new strategies and systems to combine assessment with teaching, track the achievements of individual students and cope with the practical requirements of re-assessment. Towards the end of the trial some evidence was noted of teachers reducing the quality of the evidence on which assessments were based in order to cope with the demands on their time. The implications of this experience for teacher education, where unit standards are to be applied, are considered. It is argued that the problems noted in secondary schools will need to be addressed but the costs of compliance are likely to be greater because the teacher education unit standards, on which judgements are required, contain more detailed and numerous performance criteria, many of which will need to be assessed in more than one course, often taught by different departments, and during practical teaching. Three ways in which the difficulties might be resolved are proposed.

This paper examines the concept of in loco parentis in the light of its legal origins and considers its relevance to contemporary schooling, particularly the professional responsibilities of teachers. It is argued that from a legal perspective, in loco parentis is noiu largely an anachronism in Neio Zealand education, although it appears to have some limited application in non-compulsor y and out-of-school-hours educational activities. From an ethical point of view, the concept remains useful because it stresses the duty of care that professional teachers have towards their students. Hoivever, teachers need to be clear about its extremely limited legal relevance as either a source of teacher authority or a legal basis for teachers to attend to the health and luell-being of their students. In the main, its oldsinctions have been superseded by much more specific legislation.

Alan Hall, a London-based freelancer who makes features for the BBC, is a trained composer who brings a consciously musical sensibility to his radio features. For him, the grince of a flicked cigarette lighter, used repeatedly in an audio portrait of a former Iraq War soldier, can serve as a powerful, musical pulse, freighted with meaning. Some of those meanings can be articulated, some only felt. Alan wants to use sound to “drill bore holes into the deeper recesses of consciousness.”