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Tratando da construção imagética de uma identidade social dos artistas europeus no século 19, o autor analisa retratos e autorretratos de artistas oficiais ou independentes, retratos coletivos realizados por pintores das duas categorias, e toda sorte de produção visual veiculando ideias sobre a vida desses personagens. Por um lado, se observa a difusão da imagem do gênio incompreendido que se impôs como uma condição do "verdadeiro artista" de vanguarda. Por outro, a representação de si mesmos como profissionais dedicados e bem sucedidos se tornou uma forma de justificativa social para os artistas ligados ao sistema oficial. Em ambos os casos, tais representações atestam transformações sociais e mudanças econômicas que atingiram essa categoria profissional no século 19 e no início do século 20.

Methyl methacrylate (MMA)/N,N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMA) gradient copolymers with various chemical composition were synthesized by nitroxide-mediated controlled radical polymerization (NMP). Molecular weight (MW) characterization via gel permeation chromatography demonstrated that these materials were made in a “controlled” manner. The reactivity ratios values r1(MMA) = 2.36 and r2(DMA) = 0.33 were experimentally determined using the linear least-squares numerical method, results in good agreement with the literature. Characterization of the glass transition temperature, Tg, by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of gradient copolymers exhibited one Tg, with a value intermediate to the Tg of pure poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(N,N-dimethyl acrylamide) (PDMA). In contrast, di- and triblock copolymers made of poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PBA) as central block and PMMA/PDMA gradient copolymer as external block yielded two Tg, one corresponding to the Tg of PBA and the other intermediate to the Tg of...

Alain Bonnet : The hémicycle of the Ecole des beaux-arts by Paul Delaroche. A history of illustrated art. The decoration of the hémicycle of the Ecole des beaux-arts, done between 1836 and 1841 by Paul Delaroche, brought into being a new concept of monumental painting. Setting aside traditional models of allegorical painting that glorified ART, its civilizing mission, its divine heroes and its patrons, Delaroche portrayed in the hémicycle a history of illustrated art in the form of a panorama representing seventy-five artists from Antiquity through the 17th century. This project, supported by Adolphe Thiers, was defined by Félix Duban, architect of the Ecole des beaux-arts, Louis Peisse, curator of the Musée des études and Paul Delaroche. Artistic teaching should no longer be submitted to academic formalities as expressed by the masterpieces of Antique statuary and the paintings of the Italian Renaissance, but should be open to the diversity of styles that constitute the history of art. This eclectic concept of the evolution of the arts was to serve as the basis of artistic pedagogy and of the theories that Hyppolite Taine postulated at the end of the 19th century in the art history courses he gave at the Ecole des beaux-arts., Bonnet Alain. Une histoire de l’art illustrée : l’hémicycle de l’École des beaux-arts par Paul Delaroche. In: Histoire de l'art, N°33-34, 1996. Sur le XIXe siècle. pp. 17-30.

The synthesis of 2-isocephems bearing multiple bonds between the thiazoline ring and the 3-substituent is reported. When a leaving group was present, The E-vinylogous derivatives were shown to be more active than the parent compounds, essentially against staphylococci. Insertion of an aryl group in this position, however, sharply reduces the activity against Gram-negative bacteria.

Experimental results on electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power for FeCl3-doped polyvinyl alcohol-polypyrrole composites, with polypyrrole content exceeding the percolation threshold, are presented. The electrical conductivity is analyzed in terms of the hopping theory, whereas the thermoelectric power displays a metallic-like dependence. A model involving both the intrinsic resistance of the fibrils (V.R.H. hopping mechanisms) and the resistance of the junctions between fibrils (fluctuations-induced tunneling conduction) has been retained.

Enantioselective synthesis of the isocephem synthon 2 has been carried out by assembling 3 building blocks. Cycloaddition of phthalimido acetyl chloride with a chiral imine gave the β-lactam nucleus in 80% diastereoisomeric excess (d.e.). The elaboration of the thiazine ring was carried out using a highly functionalised epoxy ester 12 and P2I4 mediated water elimination.

This project addresses the problem of matching multiply-defined medical concepts: given a set of normalized definitions of medical concepts, including pathologies, medical cpratices …, and a “free” statement (a “request”) in the same language as the normalized definitions, the program computes the likeliest matchings between the request and the candidates. This is the first module of a tool which will eventually compute the automatic indexing of medical reports, yielding a set of codes appearing in an official nomenclature. Twenty thousand normalized definitions originate from the THESAM thesaurus elaborated by the Assistance Publique in Paris. For matching and ranking, the program uses a semantic network of the French language which is automatically compiled from the definitions of a language dictionary, specifically the Petit Larousse. The computations of the candidates ranking is the result of several breadth-first explorations in the semantic network, going from the nodes representing the concepts appearing in the request to the nodes representing the normalized definitions, For instance this mechanism enables the identification of the normalized definitions: rhinite, coryza … from the request inflammation nasale. After demonstrating the effectiveness of the matchings in basic cases such as noun-adjectives compounds, we are currently working on incorporating more precise syntactical structures into both semantic network and request to increase the ability of the process to discriminate.

Enantioselective synthesis of the isocephem synthon 2 has been carried out by assembling 3 building blocks. Cycloaddition of phthalimido acetyl chloride with a chiral imine gave the β-lactam nucleus in 80% diastereoisomeric excess (d.e.). The elaboration of the thiazine ring was carried out using a highly functionalised epoxy ester 12 and P2I4 mediated water elimination.

(3S,4S) 3-amino-4-fluoromethyl-azetidinone 9 is obtained conveniently from (R) N-(2-fluoroethylidene)-α-methylbenzylamine via cycloaddition.

En 1984, un certain Alain Soral – de son vrai nom Alain Bonnet de Soral –, publiait avec deux comparses un livre se situant aux frontières de l’humour et de la sociologie : Les Mouvements de mode expliqués aux parents. Le ton était plutôt léger, décalé, un peu irrévérencieux ; l’ouvrage dégageait de l’originalité, tout en fournissant des informations sérieuses sur les univers de la mode et les tendances sociétales contemporaines. Vingt plus tard, Alain Soral a changé de visage et de ton, et c...

En 1984, un certain Alain Soral – de son vrai nom Alain Bonnet de Soral –, publiait avec deux comparses un livre se situant aux frontieres de l’humour et de la sociologie : Les Mouvements de mode expliques aux parents. Le ton etait plutot leger, decale, un peu irreverencieux ; l’ouvrage degageait de l’originalite, tout en fournissant des informations serieuses sur les univers de la mode et les tendances societales contemporaines. Vingt plus tard, Alain Soral a change de visage et de ton, et c...

International audience

The Beurdeley dynasty was established in Paris from 1818 to 1895. They were active in the trade of "curiosities" (as antiques were then described) but they also founded a workshop for the manufacture of furniture and gilt bronzes. The study of their business reveals the increasing value devoted to curiosities, the consumption and the circulation of works of art, both antique and modern, the trade and the workshop practices throughout the nineteenth century. The dual activity of dealer and manufacturer is significant and exposes the correlations between the commerce, the development of the taste for old objects following the intense circulation of merchandises triggered by the Revolution, and a modern production built on a system of references appropriating patterns from the 17th and 18th centuries. The market for curiosities developed around dealers, the first to compile knowledge, particularly with catalogs and auctions booming. Later, through the development of their collections, museums encouraged the fad. Selling old and new works of art was not unusual for a dealer but the Beurdeley’s double vocation brings to light the transfer of knowledge from the shop to the workshop and the extent of the influences and practices that occur between trade and commerce, between the old and the new. The workshop analysis reveals an organisation inherited from the guilds era, before entering the age of industry. It reflects the transition between the appropriation of the Ancien régime heritage and the establishment of a modern structure following the aim for the development of a luxury industry whose international influence is growing, stimulated by the great exhibitions. Established in the heart of the Parisian market, the Beurdeley business gained a strong reputation and by the nature of their trade and their production they participated in the formation of a French international style, based on the appropriation of the eighteenth century and promoted by the cosmopolitan elites from the 1850s well into the 20th century., Les Beurdeley forment une dynastie parisienne en activité de 1818 à 1895, qui s’est consacrée au commerce d’objets anciens désignés comme «curiosités» et à la création d’un atelier de fabrication de meubles et de bronzes dorés. Leur histoire constitue un témoignage sur la valorisation, la conception, la consommation et la circulation des objets d’art, anciens et modernes, tout au long du XIXe siècle. La double occupation de marchand et de fabricant est originale et dévoile les corrélations entre le développement du commerce, l’accroissement des valeurs dévolues aux objets d’ameublement anciens suite à l’intense circulation de marchandises enclenchée à la Révolution, et une œuvre moderne qui s’appuie sur un réseau de références ornementales, empruntant aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Le marché des curiosités se construit autour des marchands qui échafaudent une connaissance, notamment par le biais des catalogues et des ventes aux enchères en plein essor. Le relai est ensuite assuré par les collections muséales en formation qui encouragent cette valorisation. Nombreux sont les marchands qui associent marchandises anciennes et modernes mais le cas des Beurdeley permet d’analyser directement le transfert de la connaissance de la boutique à l’atelier et l’étendue des influences et des pratiques qui font le lien entre le commerce et l’œuvre, entre l’ancien et le neuf. L’étude de l’atelier révèle la continuation d’une organisation établie au temps des corporations, avant d’entrer dans l’ère des grandes entreprises. Elle reflète la transition entre l’appropriation des héritages de l’ancien régime et la mise en place d’un fonctionnement représentatif des aspirations contemporaines où les arts décoratifs forment un pilier de l’industrie du luxe dont l’influence internationale est grandissante, notamment grâce aux expositions universelles. Installés au cœur du marché parisien, ils ont bénéficié d’une haute réputation et par la nature de leur commerce comme par leur œuvre ils ont participé à l’affirmation d’un style français international. Un style fondé sur une appropriation du XVIIIe siècle diffusé par les élites cosmopolites dès le Second Empire et au-delà de la Belle Epoque.

Artificial Intelligence-Promise and Performance. By Alain Bonnet. Prentice-Hall, 1986. pp 221. Price $ 20.95.