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Subgenus RUBZOVIA Petrova, 1983 Simulium (Rubzovia) knidirii Giudicelli & Thiery, 1985 Morocco: High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 53): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Simulium (Rubzovia) lamachi Doby & David, 1960 Morocco: Rif, High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 53): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details., Published as part of Belqat, Boutaïna, Adler, Peter H., Cherairia, Mouna & Boudghane-Bendiouis, Chafika Chaoui, 2018, Inventory of the Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of North Africa, pp. 201-220 in Zootaxa 4442 (2) on page 212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4442.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1303058, {"references":["Belqat, B., Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2011) Faunistic and bibliographical inventory of the blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Morocco. Zootaxa, 2829, 46 - 58."]}

Prosimulium hirtipes species group Prosimulium albense Rivosecchi, 1961 Algeria: Djurdjura Mountains: Lounaci et al. (2000a: 54): first record for Algeria. Lounaci et al. (2000b: 126–127, 133): occurrence, abundance. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Haouchine & Lounaci (2012: 143–144, 149–150): occurrence, abundance, bionomics. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 41– 45): distribution. Prosimulium latimucro (Enderlein, 1925) Cytoform ‘C’ Morocco: Rif, High Atlas: Bailly-Choumara & Beaucournu-Saguez (1981: 53–54): record (as groupe latimucro species nova?). Beaucournu-Saguez & Bailly-Choumara (1981: 119): record (as P. latimucro group). Belqat et al. (2011: 47): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Kúdela et al. (2017: 16): cytoform ‘C’ designation applied. Comment: Prosimulium latimucro is a complex of at least three distinct entities (probably species), of which Moroccan populations characterized chromosomally by Adler & Belqat (2001) represent cytoform ‘C’ (Kúdela et al. 2017). Prosimulium rufipes (Meigen, 1830) (complex) Algeria: Djurdjura Mountains: Lounaci et al. (2000a: 54): first record for Algeria. Lounaci et al. (2000b: 126–127, 133): occurrence, abundance. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Haouchine & Lounaci (2012: 143–144, 149–150): occurrence, abundance, bionomics (incorrectly spelled as P. ruffoi: 150). Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 41–45): distribution. Tunisia: Clergue-Gazeau & Boumaiza (1986: 604–605, 606, 608, 610, 612, 618–619, 634–635): dichotomous key, illustrations. Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed but locality unspecified (as P. cf. rufipes group). Northwestern Tunisia: Boumaiza & Clergue-Gazeau (1986: 32–35): first record for North Africa (as P. rufipes group), abundance, distribution map, ecology at breeding site. Comment: We suspect that records of P. rufipes or the P. rufipes “group” in Algeria and Tunisia refer to the P. rachiliense complex, or to a similar species, decribed chromosomally (as P. rufipes) by Adler & Belqat (2001) from Morocco. Chromosomal evidence based on topotypical material suggests that true P. rufipes does not occur much beyond France, Germany, Italy, and Switzwerland (Adler & Şirin 2014). Prosimulium rufipes, therefore, is unlikely to be found in North Africa. We tentatively use the name P. rufipes complex here and in Table 1 to indicate an undetermined species of Prosimulium in the P. hirtipes species group in Algeria and Tunisia. We note, however, that the material used by Clergue-Gazeau & Boumaiza (1986) for illustration might be P. rufipes sensu stricto, although its provenance is unknown. Prosimulium rachiliense Djafarov, 1954 (complex) Morocco: Beaucournu-Saguez & Bailly-Choumara (1981: 119): record (as P. rufipes - hirtipes group). Rif: Belqat et al. (2001a: 11): record (as P. rufipes). Adler & Belqat (2001: 413–415, 417): polytene chromosomes described and compared with those of European species (as P. rufipes). Belqat & Adler (2001: 124–126): distribution map, ecology (as P. rufipes). Belqat (2002: 113–118, 285–293): distribution map, photographs of specimens, cytotaxonomy (as P. rufipes). Belqat & Dakki (2004: 93–109, 112–137): record, dichotomous key, photographs and illustrations (as P. rufipes). Belqat et al. (2005: 51, 54–55): pupal photograph, ecological affinities (as P. rufipes). Belqat et al. (2008: 62): record, new sites (as P. rufipes). Belqat et al. (2011: 47): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details (as P. rufipes). Comment: Original reports of this taxon in Morocco appeared under the name P. rufipes. The chromosomes described by Adler & Belqat (2001), however, indicate that populations in Morocco’s Rif Mountains are not P. rufipes, but instead a species closer to P. rachiliense (Adler & Şirin 2014). Prosimulium tomosvaryi (Enderlein, 1921) Morocco: Beaucournu-Saguez & Bailly-Choumara (1981: 119): record (as P. tomosvaryi group). Rif: Belqat et al. (2011: 47): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Comment: The chromosomes of larvae of P. tomosvaryi from Morocco are distinctly different from those of topotypical larvae and of other analyzed populations, suggesting a degree of isolation, perhaps enough to justify a separate species. Analyses of material from the Iberian Peninsula would be particularly informative in deciding the taxonomic status of Moroccan populations., Published as part of Belqat, Boutaïna, Adler, Peter H., Cherairia, Mouna & Boudghane-Bendiouis, Chafika Chaoui, 2018, Inventory of the Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of North Africa, pp. 201-220 in Zootaxa 4442 (2) on pages 204-205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4442.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1303058, {"references":["Lounaci, A., Brosse, S., Ait Mouloud, S., Lounaci-Daoudi, D., Mebarki, N. & Thomas, A. (2000 a) Current knowledge of benthic invertebrate diversity in an Algerian stream: a species check-list of the Sebaou River basin (Tizi-Ouzou). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse, 136, 43 - 55.","Lounaci, A., Brosse, S., Thomas, A. & Lek, S. (2000 b) Abundance, diversity and community structure of macroinvertebrates in an Algerian stream: the Sebaou wadi. Annales Limnologie, 36, 123 - 133. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 2000008","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C., Belqat, B., Hassaine-Abdellaoui, K. & Yadi, B. (2012) Check-list des simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) d'Algerie. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 50, 305 - 308.","Haouchine, S. & Lounaci, A. (2012) Les macroinvertebres benthiques des cours d'eau de kabylie (Algerie): faunistique, ecologie et repartition geographique. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 137, 133 - 156.","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C. (2016) Caracterisation et modelisation des habitats des Simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) du bassin versant de la Tafna. These de Doctorat, Universite de Tlemcen, Tlemcen, 168 pp.","Belqat, B., Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2011) Faunistic and bibliographical inventory of the blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Morocco. Zootaxa, 2829, 46 - 58.","Kudela, M., Kudelova T & Adler, P. H. (2017) Chromosomal and molecular characteristics of Prosimulium latimucro. Simuliid Bulletin, 47 (Supplement), 16.","Clergue-Gazeau, M., Lek, S. & Lek, S. (1991) Les Simulies d'Afrique du Nord nouvelles donnees sur la repartition de la faune du Maroc et biogeographie des especes maghrebines (Diptera, Simuliidae). Revue d'Hydrobiolgie Tropicale, 24, 47 - 59.","Adler, P. H. & Sirin, U. (2014) Cytotaxonomy of the Prosimulium (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Western Asia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 171, 753 - 768. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12150","Belqat, B., Adler, P. & Dakki, M. (2001 a) Distribution summary of the Simuliidae of Morocco with new data for the Rif mountains. British Simuliid Group Bulletin, 17, 10 - 16.","Belqat, B. (2002) Etude systematique, ecologique et caryologique des Simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) du Maroc: cas particulier du Rif. These d'Etat es Sciences. Universite Abdelmalek Essaadi, Faculte des Sciences, Tetouan, 322 pp.","Belqat, B. & Dakki, M. (2004) Cles analytiques des Simulies (Diptera) du Maroc. Zoologica Baetica, 15, 77 - 137.","Belqat, B., Dakki, M. & El Alami, M. (2005) Estructura biotipologica de las principales redes hidricas Rifenas a traves de los Simulidos (Diptera: Simuliidae). Ecosistemas, 14, 50 - 56.","Belqat, B., Bennas, N., El Alami, M., Kettani, K. & Aoulad Ali, S. (2008) Faune simulidienne du bassin versant Laou. Travaux de l'Institut Scientifique, Rabat, serie generale, 5, 61 - 66."]}

Subgenus CROSSKEYELLUM Grenier & Bailly-Choumara, 1970 Simulium (Crosskeyellum) gracilipes Edwards, 1921 Morocco: Middle Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 49): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Séguy (1925: 30–31): listed but locality unspecified., Published as part of Belqat, Boutaïna, Adler, Peter H., Cherairia, Mouna & Boudghane-Bendiouis, Chafika Chaoui, 2018, Inventory of the Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of North Africa, pp. 201-220 in Zootaxa 4442 (2) on page 206, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4442.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1303058, {"references":["Belqat, B., Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2011) Faunistic and bibliographical inventory of the blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Morocco. Zootaxa, 2829, 46 - 58.","Seguy, E. (1925) Dipteres (Nematoceres piqueurs): Ptychopteridae, Orphnephilidae, Simuliidae, Culicidae, Psychodidae Phlebotominae. Faune de France, 12, 1 - 109."]}

Simulium (Nevermannia) vernum species group Bailly-Choumara & Beaucournu-Saguez (1978: 143–144): records [Morocco] Bailly-Choumara & Beaucournu-Saguez (1981: 53–54): records (as “sp. A, “sp. nova B, and “sp. C) [Morocco] Beaucournu-Saguez & Bailly-Choumara (1981: 119): record [Morocco] [latipes: misidentification, Grenier et al., 1957, not Meigen] Comment: The above references cannot be assigned to particular species in the S. vernum group. Simulium (Nevermannia) brevidens (Rubtsov, 1956) Morocco: High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 51): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Djurdjura Mountains: Lounaci et al. (2000a: 54): first record for Algeria. Lounaci et al. (2000b: 126–127, 133): occurrence, abundance. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Haouchine & Lounaci (2012: 143–144, 146–147): occurrence, abundance, community structure in relation to environmental variables. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 41–45): distribution. Comment: The North African identifications of S. brevidens separate from the S. cryophilum complex require confirmation. Simulium (Nevermannia) carthusiense Grenier & Dorier, 1959 Morocco: Rif: Belqat et al. (2011: 51): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Simulium (Nevermannia) costatum Friederichs, 1920 Morocco: Rif, Pré Rif, Middle Atlas, High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 51): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Tlemcen Mountains: Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 276–283): first record for Algeria, biogeography, ecology. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 41–45): distribution. Western Algeria: Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed (also for eastern Algeria but with uncertainty). Giudicelli et al. (2000: 65): listed but locality unspecified. Simulium (Nevermannia) cryophilum (Rubtsov, 1959) (complex) [pusillum: misidentification, Séguy, 1930 / Grenier, 1953, not Fries] Morocco: Rif, High Atlas: Grenier (1953: 159): listed from Ifni Lake (as S. pusillum). Belqat et al. (2011: 51– 52): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Djurdjura Mountains: Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 277, 284): comparison with fauna in Tlemcen Mountains. Lounaci et al. (2000b: 131, 133): occurrence, abundance, bionomics. Chaoui Boudghane- Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Haouchine & Lounaci (2012: 143–144, 149, 153): occurrence, abundance, bionomics. Eastern and Western Algeria: Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed but locality unspecified. Tlemcen Mountains: Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 276): ecology, illustration of anterior margin of cocoon (as S. (Nevermannia) cf. cryophilum). Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 41–45): distribution. Tunisia: Clergue-Gazeau & Boumaiza (1986: 604–605, 607, 609, 611, 613, 616–619, 624–627, 634–635): dichotomous key, illustrations. Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed but locality unspecified. Jendouba Province: Bailly-Choumara et al. (1971: 379, 381): brief description of breeding site. Medjerda Basin, Northwestern Tunisia: Boumaiza & Clergue-Gazeau (1986: 32–36): distribution map, ecology at breeding sites. Comment: Our chromosomal data indicate differences between Moroccan and Algerian populations, indicating the presence of at least two cytoforms in North Africa, both of which are distinct from European populations. Simulium (Nevermannia) toubkal Bouzidi & Giudicelli, 1986 Morocco: High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 52): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Simulium (Nevermannia) vernum Macquart, 1826 (complex) [latipes: misidentification, authors pre-1972, not Meigen] Morocco: Rif, High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 52): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed for eastern Algeria, with uncertainty, but locality unspecified. Tunisia: Clergue-Gazeau & Boumaiza (1986: 605, 607, 609, 611, 613, 624–625, 632–633): reported, dichotomous key, illustrations. Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed but locality unspecified., Published as part of Belqat, Boutaïna, Adler, Peter H., Cherairia, Mouna & Boudghane-Bendiouis, Chafika Chaoui, 2018, Inventory of the Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of North Africa, pp. 201-220 in Zootaxa 4442 (2) on pages 210-211, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4442.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1303058, {"references":["Bailly-Choumara, H. & Beaucournu-Saguez, F. (1978) Contribution l'etude des simulies du Maroc (Diptera, Simuliidae). 1. Le Rif. Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique, Rabat, 3, 121 - 144.","Grenier, P., Faure, P. R. & Laurent, J. (1957) Simulies (Diptera, Simuliidae) du Maroc (Deuxieme memoire). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur du Ma roc, 5, 218 - 242.","Belqat, B., Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2011) Faunistic and bibliographical inventory of the blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Morocco. Zootaxa, 2829, 46 - 58.","Lounaci, A., Brosse, S., Ait Mouloud, S., Lounaci-Daoudi, D., Mebarki, N. & Thomas, A. (2000 a) Current knowledge of benthic invertebrate diversity in an Algerian stream: a species check-list of the Sebaou River basin (Tizi-Ouzou). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse, 136, 43 - 55.","Lounaci, A., Brosse, S., Thomas, A. & Lek, S. (2000 b) Abundance, diversity and community structure of macroinvertebrates in an Algerian stream: the Sebaou wadi. Annales Limnologie, 36, 123 - 133. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 2000008","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C., Belqat, B., Hassaine-Abdellaoui, K. & Yadi, B. (2012) Check-list des simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) d'Algerie. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 50, 305 - 308.","Haouchine, S. & Lounaci, A. (2012) Les macroinvertebres benthiques des cours d'eau de kabylie (Algerie): faunistique, ecologie et repartition geographique. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 137, 133 - 156.","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C. (2016) Caracterisation et modelisation des habitats des Simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) du bassin versant de la Tafna. These de Doctorat, Universite de Tlemcen, Tlemcen, 168 pp.","Gagneur, J. & Clergue-Gazeau, M. (1988) Les Simulies d'Algerie (Diptera: Simuliidae). I. Premieres donnees biogeographiques et ecologiques sur les especes de l'Ouest-Algerien. Annales de Limnologie, 24, 275 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 1988024","Clergue-Gazeau, M., Lek, S. & Lek, S. (1991) Les Simulies d'Afrique du Nord nouvelles donnees sur la repartition de la faune du Maroc et biogeographie des especes maghrebines (Diptera, Simuliidae). Revue d'Hydrobiolgie Tropicale, 24, 47 - 59.","Giudicelli, J., Bouzidi, A. & Ait Abdelaali, N. (2000) Contribution a l'etude faunistique et ecologique des simulies (Diptera, Simuliidae) du Maroc IV. Les simulies du Haut Atlas. Description d'une nouvelle espece. Annales de Limnologie, 36, 57 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 2000005","Seguy, E. (1930) Contribution l'etude des Dipteres du Maroc. Memoires de la Societ des Sciences Naturelles du Maroc, 14, 1 - 206. [Simuliidae on pp. 44 - 52.]","Grenier, P. (1953) Simuliidae de France et d'Afrique du Nord (systematique, biologie, importance medicale). Encyclopedie Entomologique, Serie A, 29, 1 - 170.","Bailly-Choumara, H., Bernard, M. R., Grenier, P., Le Roy-Moret, M. C. & Mouchet, J. (1971 [1970]) Note faunistique sur les simulies (Diptera, Simuliidae) du Nord de la Tunisie. Cahiers ORSTOM (Serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie), 8, 377 - 382. [Actual publication date was 1971, http: // horizon. documentation. ird. fr / exl-doc / pleins _ textes / cahiers / entomo / 18915. pdf]"]}

Simulium (Trichodagmia) albellum species group Simulium (Trichodagmia) auricoma Meigen, 1818 Morocco: Rif: Belqat et al. (2011: 52): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Simulium (Trichodagmia) galloprovinciale Giudicelli, 1963 Morocco: Rif: Belqat et al. (2011: 52): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Tlemcen Mountains: Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2014: 1017–1022): first record for Algeria, physical characterization of habitat. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 34–35, 41–45, 98–144): figures, distribution. Simulium (Trichodagmia) marocanum Bouzidi & Giudicelli, 1988 [1987] Morocco: Rif, High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 52): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Giudicelli et al. (2000: 63, 67): listed as collected from unspecified locality by J. Gagneur and J. Giudicelli (p. 63), but later listed as found by Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988) in Western Algeria (p. 67). Tlemcen Mountains: Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 276–283): first record for Algeria, biogeography, ecology. Western Algeria: Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed but locality unspecified. Chaoui Boudghane- Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 43–45): distribution., Published as part of Belqat, Boutaïna, Adler, Peter H., Cherairia, Mouna & Boudghane-Bendiouis, Chafika Chaoui, 2018, Inventory of the Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of North Africa, pp. 201-220 in Zootaxa 4442 (2) on page 215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4442.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1303058, {"references":["Belqat, B., Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2011) Faunistic and bibliographical inventory of the blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Morocco. Zootaxa, 2829, 46 - 58.","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C. C., Abdellaoui-Hassaine, K., Belqat, B., Franquet, E., Hacene, S. B. & Yadi, B. (2014) Habitat characterization of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Tafna catchment of western Algeria. Open Journal of Ecology, 4, 1014 - 1024. https: // doi. org / 10.4236 / oje. 2014.416084","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C. (2016) Caracterisation et modelisation des habitats des Simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) du bassin versant de la Tafna. These de Doctorat, Universite de Tlemcen, Tlemcen, 168 pp.","Giudicelli, J., Bouzidi, A. & Ait Abdelaali, N. (2000) Contribution a l'etude faunistique et ecologique des simulies (Diptera, Simuliidae) du Maroc IV. Les simulies du Haut Atlas. Description d'une nouvelle espece. Annales de Limnologie, 36, 57 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 2000005","Gagneur, J. & Clergue-Gazeau, M. (1988) Les Simulies d'Algerie (Diptera: Simuliidae). I. Premieres donnees biogeographiques et ecologiques sur les especes de l'Ouest-Algerien. Annales de Limnologie, 24, 275 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 1988024","Clergue-Gazeau, M., Lek, S. & Lek, S. (1991) Les Simulies d'Afrique du Nord nouvelles donnees sur la repartition de la faune du Maroc et biogeographie des especes maghrebines (Diptera, Simuliidae). Revue d'Hydrobiolgie Tropicale, 24, 47 - 59."]}

Simulium (Simulium) reptans species group Algeria: Tlemcen Mountains: Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 276) listed but locality unspecified (as S. (S.) gr. reptans). Tunisia: Clergue-Gazeau & Boumaiza (1986: 603, 605, 607, 609, 611, 613): reported but identity uncertain, dichotomous key. Tunis Province: Anderson & Lehucher (1940: 105–112): implicated as vector in onchocerciasis involving young male human, identity almost certainly incorrect. Comment: We list the S. reptans group here for the sake of completeness. The presence of any member of the S. reptans group in North Africa, however, is doubtful. The Tunisian record evidently traces to a pre-1940 identification of a female by Etienne Roubaud (Anderson & Lehucher 1940, Bailly-Choumara et al. 1971), and the Algerian record (based on larvae) appears as a name in a faunistic list without supporting details (Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau 1988)., Published as part of Belqat, Boutaïna, Adler, Peter H., Cherairia, Mouna & Boudghane-Bendiouis, Chafika Chaoui, 2018, Inventory of the Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of North Africa, pp. 201-220 in Zootaxa 4442 (2) on page 214, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4442.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1303058, {"references":["Gagneur, J. & Clergue-Gazeau, M. (1988) Les Simulies d'Algerie (Diptera: Simuliidae). I. Premieres donnees biogeographiques et ecologiques sur les especes de l'Ouest-Algerien. Annales de Limnologie, 24, 275 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 1988024","Anderson, C. & Lehucher, P. (1940) Premier cas d'onchocercose cutanee observ en Tunisie. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 29, 105 - 112.","Bailly-Choumara, H., Bernard, M. R., Grenier, P., Le Roy-Moret, M. C. & Mouchet, J. (1971 [1970]) Note faunistique sur les simulies (Diptera, Simuliidae) du Nord de la Tunisie. Cahiers ORSTOM (Serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie), 8, 377 - 382. [Actual publication date was 1971, http: // horizon. documentation. ird. fr / exl-doc / pleins _ textes / cahiers / entomo / 18915. pdf]"]}

Greniera fabri species group Greniera fabri Doby & David, 1959 Morocco: Rif, Middle Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 48): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Tlemcen Mountains: Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 276–283): first record for Algeria, biogeography, ecology. Western Algeria: Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed but locality unspecified. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 41–45): distribution., Published as part of Belqat, Boutaïna, Adler, Peter H., Cherairia, Mouna & Boudghane-Bendiouis, Chafika Chaoui, 2018, Inventory of the Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of North Africa, pp. 201-220 in Zootaxa 4442 (2) on page 205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4442.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1303058, {"references":["Belqat, B., Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2011) Faunistic and bibliographical inventory of the blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Morocco. Zootaxa, 2829, 46 - 58.","Gagneur, J. & Clergue-Gazeau, M. (1988) Les Simulies d'Algerie (Diptera: Simuliidae). I. Premieres donnees biogeographiques et ecologiques sur les especes de l'Ouest-Algerien. Annales de Limnologie, 24, 275 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 1988024","Clergue-Gazeau, M., Lek, S. & Lek, S. (1991) Les Simulies d'Afrique du Nord nouvelles donnees sur la repartition de la faune du Maroc et biogeographie des especes maghrebines (Diptera, Simuliidae). Revue d'Hydrobiolgie Tropicale, 24, 47 - 59.","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C., Belqat, B., Hassaine-Abdellaoui, K. & Yadi, B. (2012) Check-list des simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) d'Algerie. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 50, 305 - 308.","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C. (2016) Caracterisation et modelisation des habitats des Simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) du bassin versant de la Tafna. These de Doctorat, Universite de Tlemcen, Tlemcen, 168 pp."]}

Subgenus HELODON Enderlein, 1921 Helodon (Helodon) laamii (Beaucournu-Saguez & Bailly-Choumara, 1981) Morocco: Rif: Belqat et al. (2011: 47): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details., Published as part of Belqat, Boutaïna, Adler, Peter H., Cherairia, Mouna & Boudghane-Bendiouis, Chafika Chaoui, 2018, Inventory of the Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of North Africa, pp. 201-220 in Zootaxa 4442 (2) on page 203, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4442.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1303058, {"references":["Belqat, B., Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2011) Faunistic and bibliographical inventory of the blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Morocco. Zootaxa, 2829, 46 - 58."]}

Genus METACNEPHIA Crosskey, 1969 Metacnephia blanci (Grenier & Theodorides, 1953) ? lesnei (Séguy, 1925) [France] Morocco: Rif, Central Plateau, Middle Atlas, High Atlas, Anti Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 48): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Crosskey & Howard (1997: 16): listed but locality unspecified. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed but locality unspecified. Seybouse Basin: Cherairia et al. (2014: 169–170): ecology at breeding sites, seasonal occurrence. Cherairia (2015: 99–105, 186): diagnosis, ecology at breeding sites, seasonal occurrence, distribution map, photographs of specimens. Oued El Haï Basin: Arigue et al. (2016: 2842–2847): occurrence, abundance, physical characterization of habitat. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 41–45): distribution. Tunisia: Clergue-Gazeau & Boumaiza (1986: 604–605, 606, 608, 610, 612, 618–619, 624–625, 632–633): dichotomous key, illustrations. Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed but locality unspecified. Medjerda Basin, Northwestern Tunisia: Boumaiza & Clergue-Gazeau (1986: 32–35): first record for Tunisia, abundance, distribution map, ecology at breeding sites. Metacnephia nuragica Rivosecchi, Raastad & Contini, 1975 Morocco: Coastal Méséta: Belqat et al. (2011: 48): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details, identity uncertain., Published as part of Belqat, Boutaïna, Adler, Peter H., Cherairia, Mouna & Boudghane-Bendiouis, Chafika Chaoui, 2018, Inventory of the Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of North Africa, pp. 201-220 in Zootaxa 4442 (2) on pages 205-206, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4442.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1303058, {"references":["Grenier, P. (1953) Simuliidae de France et d'Afrique du Nord (systematique, biologie, importance medicale). Encyclopedie Entomologique, Serie A, 29, 1 - 170.","Seguy, E. (1925) Dipteres (Nematoceres piqueurs): Ptychopteridae, Orphnephilidae, Simuliidae, Culicidae, Psychodidae Phlebotominae. Faune de France, 12, 1 - 109.","Belqat, B., Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2011) Faunistic and bibliographical inventory of the blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Morocco. Zootaxa, 2829, 46 - 58.","Crosskey, R. W. & Howard, T. M. (1997) A new taxonomic and geographical inventory of world blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). The Natural History Museum, London, 144 pp.","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C., Belqat, B., Hassaine-Abdellaoui, K. & Yadi, B. (2012) Check-list des simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) d'Algerie. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 50, 305 - 308.","Cherairia, M., Adler, P. H. & Samraoui, B. (2014) Biodiversity and bionomics of the black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of northeastern Algeria. Zootaxa, 3796 (1), 166 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3796.1.8","Arigue, S. F., Adler, P. H., Belqat, B., Bebba, N. & Arab, A. (2016) Biodiversite des mouches noires (Diptera: Simuliidae) et qualite physicochimique des eaux du bassin versant de l'oued El Hai (Aures - Algerie). Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 7, 4839 - 4849.","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C. (2016) Caracterisation et modelisation des habitats des Simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) du bassin versant de la Tafna. These de Doctorat, Universite de Tlemcen, Tlemcen, 168 pp.","Clergue-Gazeau, M., Lek, S. & Lek, S. (1991) Les Simulies d'Afrique du Nord nouvelles donnees sur la repartition de la faune du Maroc et biogeographie des especes maghrebines (Diptera, Simuliidae). Revue d'Hydrobiolgie Tropicale, 24, 47 - 59."]}

Simulium (Simulium) argenteostriatum species group Simulium (Simulium) argenteostriatum Strobl, 1898 = rupicolum Séguy & Dorier, 1936 [France] Algeria: Djurdjura Mountains: Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 277, 284): comparison with fauna in Tlemcen Mountains. Lounaci et al. (2000b: (127, 130, 133): occurrence, abundance, bionomics. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Haouchine & Lounaci (2012: 143–144, 149–150): occurrence, abundance, bionomics. Eastern and Western Algeria: Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54, 56): listed but locality unspecified. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 41–45): distribution. Tunisia: Clergue-Gazeau & Boumaiza (1986: 604–605, 607, 608, 611, 613, 620–621, 624–627, 630–633, 636–637): dichotomous key, illustrations. Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 283): listed but locality unspecified. Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54, 56): listed but locality unspecified. Northwestern Tunisia: Boumaiza & Clergue- Gazeau (1986: 32–34, 37): first record for North Africa, distribution map, ecology at breeding sites. Simulium (Simulium) hispaniola Grenier & Bertrand, 1954 Algeria: Djurdjura Mountains: Lounaci et al. (2000b: 127, 133): occurrence, abundance. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Haouchine & Lounaci (2012: 143): occurrence, abundance. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 41–45): distribution., Published as part of Belqat, Boutaïna, Adler, Peter H., Cherairia, Mouna & Boudghane-Bendiouis, Chafika Chaoui, 2018, Inventory of the Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of North Africa, pp. 201-220 in Zootaxa 4442 (2) on page 212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4442.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1303058, {"references":["Gagneur, J. & Clergue-Gazeau, M. (1988) Les Simulies d'Algerie (Diptera: Simuliidae). I. Premieres donnees biogeographiques et ecologiques sur les especes de l'Ouest-Algerien. Annales de Limnologie, 24, 275 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 1988024","Lounaci, A., Brosse, S., Thomas, A. & Lek, S. (2000 b) Abundance, diversity and community structure of macroinvertebrates in an Algerian stream: the Sebaou wadi. Annales Limnologie, 36, 123 - 133. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 2000008","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C., Belqat, B., Hassaine-Abdellaoui, K. & Yadi, B. (2012) Check-list des simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) d'Algerie. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 50, 305 - 308.","Haouchine, S. & Lounaci, A. (2012) Les macroinvertebres benthiques des cours d'eau de kabylie (Algerie): faunistique, ecologie et repartition geographique. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 137, 133 - 156.","Clergue-Gazeau, M., Lek, S. & Lek, S. (1991) Les Simulies d'Afrique du Nord nouvelles donnees sur la repartition de la faune du Maroc et biogeographie des especes maghrebines (Diptera, Simuliidae). Revue d'Hydrobiolgie Tropicale, 24, 47 - 59.","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C. (2016) Caracterisation et modelisation des habitats des Simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) du bassin versant de la Tafna. These de Doctorat, Universite de Tlemcen, Tlemcen, 168 pp.","Clergue-Gazeau, M. & Boumaiza, M. (1986) Les Simuliidae (Diptera, Nematocera) de la Tunisie. II. Cles pour la reconnaissance des especes actuellement recensees. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur Tunis, 63, 601 - 637."]}

Simulium (Nevermannia) ruficorne species group Bailly-Choumara & Beaucournu-Saguez (1981: 53–54): records (as groupe ruficorne sp. A). Simulium (Nevermannia) angustitarse (Lundström, 1911) Morocco: Rif: Belqat et al. (2011: 50): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Djurdjura Mountains: Lounaci et al. (2000b: 127, 133): occurrence, abundance, bionomics. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Haouchine & Lounaci (2012: 143, 149): occurrence, abundance, bionomics. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 41–45): distribution. Simulium (Nevermannia) ibleum (Rivosecchi, 1966) ? ‘B’ Bailly-Choumara & Beaucournu-Saguez, 1978 (Simulium sp.) [Morocco] [latipes: misidentification, Zavattari, 1930, 1934, not Meigen] Morocco: Rif, High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 50): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Tlemcen Mountains: Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 276–283): first record for Algeria, biogeography, ecology. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Western Algeria: Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54–55): listed but locality unspecified. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 41–45): distribution. Tunisia: Clergue-Gazeau & Boumaiza (1986: 604–605, 607, 609–610, 612, 616–617, 620–621, 626–627, 634–635): dichotomous key, illustrations. Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 283): listed but locality unspecified. Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed but locality unspecified. Adler & Crosskey (2018: 64): inventoried. Medjerda Basin, Northwestern Tunisia: Boumaiza & Clergue-Gazeau (1986: 32–34, 36): first record for Tunisia, distribution map, ecology at breeding sites. Libya: Northern Cyrenaica: Crosskey & Ashford (1981: 650): first record for Libya, previous taxonomic confusion by Zavattari (1930, 1934) clarified. Adler & Crosskey (2018: 64): inventoried. Simulium (Nevermannia) lundstromi (Enderlein, 1921) = latigonium (Rubtsov, 1956) [Russia] Morocco: Rif, High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 50): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Djurdjura Mountains: Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): mistakenly listed as present (no record of this species exists for Djurdjura Mountains). Tlemcen Mountains: Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 276-283): first record for North Africa, biogeography and ecology (as S. (N.) latigonium). Gagneur & Chaoui-Boudghane (1991: 81): abundance, relation with hyporheic environment (as S. (N.) latigonium). Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306–307): listed. Giudicelli et al. (2000: 66): listed (as S. (N.) latigonium). Western Algeria: Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54, 56): listed but locality unspecified (as S. (N.) latigonium). Seybouse Basin: Cherairia et al. (2014: 169–171): first record for northeastern Algeria, ecology at breeding sites, seasonal occurrence. Cherairia (2015: 122–126, 186): diagnosis, ecology at breeding sites, seasonality, distribution map, photographs of larvae. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 41–45): distribution. Simulium (Nevermannia) ruficorne Macquart, 1838 beckeri Roubaud, 1906 [Algeria] [lineatum: misidentification, Bezzi, 1921 (part), not Meigen] Morocco: Crosskey et al. (2002: 420): distribution map. Rif, Haouz Plain, High Atlas, Anti Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 51): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Séguy (1925: 37): listed but locality unspecified. Crosskey et al. (2002: 420): distribution map. Biskra Area: Roubaud (1906: 519-520): described as new species (as S. beckeri). Edwards (1923: 650–551, 653): taxonomy, pupa illustrated (as S. beckeri). Parrot (1949: 274–274): recorded (as S. beckeri). Grenier (1953: 148): listed. Tassili n’Ajjer Mountains: Grenier & Clastrier (1960: 329–330): recorded as Saharan simuliid, description of breeding sites. Belazzoug & Tabet-Derraz (1980: 107): recorded (as S. beckeri). Hoggar Mountains: Clastrier & Grenier (1961: 106, 107): descriptions of collecting habitats. Eastern Algeria: Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed. Djurdjura Mountains: Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): mistakenly listed as present (no record of this species exists for Djurdjura Mountains). Haouchine & Lounaci (2012: 151): bionomics. Tlemcen Mountains: Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306–307): first record for mountains. Chaoui Boudghane- Bendiouis et al. (2014: 1017–1021): physical characterization of habitat, spatial distribution, microhabitat and microdistribution. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 23–26, 41–45, 98–144): diagnosis, figures, distribution, biogeographic considerations, population structure. Seybouse Basin: Cherairia et al. (2014: 169–171): morphoforms ‘A’ and ‘B’ briefly described (pupae), ecology at breeding sites, seasonal occurrence. Cherairia (2015: 127–135, 186): diagnosis, ecology at breeding sites, seasonal occurrence, distribution map, photographs of specimens. Oued El Haï Basin: Arigue et al. (2016: 2842–2847): occurrence, abundance, physical characterization of habitat. Tunisia: Séguy (1925: 37): recorded as severe nuisance and biting pest (possibly a misidentification) (as S. beckeri). Clergue-Gazeau & Boumaiza (1986: 604–605, 607, 609–610, 612, 616–623, 636–637): dichotomous key, illustrations. Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 283): listed but locality unspecified. Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed but locality unspecified. Crosskey et al. (2002: 420): distribution map. Adler & Crosskey (2018: 64): inventoried. Southern Area: Boumaiza & Clergue-Gazeau (1986: 32–34, 36): first record for Tunisia, distribution, ecology at breeding sites. Libya: Northern Cyrenaica: Crosskey & Ashford (1981: 648, 650): first record for Libya, previous taxonomic confusion by Bezzi (1921) clarified. Crosskey et al. (2002: 420): distribution map. Adler & Crosskey (2018: 64): inventoried. Egypt: Sinai Peninsula: Crosskey (1967: 4, 5, 23): recorded from Firran Oasis, pupal gill illustrated. Crosskey & Büttiker (1982: 411, 420, 421): listed but locality unspecified, morphoforms ‘H’ and ‘J’ recognized to accommodate Egyptian pupal gill configurations. Crosskey et al. (2002: 420): distribution map. New Site (Fig. 1): Faiyum, protected area of the valley of Wadi El-Rayan, streamlet Wadi El-Rayan, 298′52″N 3023′33″E, 20 m below sea level, 9 April 2015, 25 larvae (10 fixed in 1:3 acetic ethanol) and 6 pupae. Comment: The streamlet in Faiyum with S. ruficorne, which flowed downhill on a sandy substrate, was almost dry (Fig. 1). The wet section harbored larvae and pupae of S. ruficorne, mostly on stones. The water was warm (25°C) and alkaline (pH 8.14), with average salinity (1.6%), low conductivity (3.2 µS/cm), and submerged aquatic vegetation. Of 10 larvae fixed in 1:3 acetic ethanol, the chromosomes of two male larvae were analyzed. We found that the chromosomes were similar to those of larvae from the Canary Islands (Bedo 1989) and Algeria (Cherairia et al. 2014), despite the isolation of the Egyptian population and its distance from Algeria. Specifically, IIL-3, IIIL-1, and IIIL-2 were homozygous inverted, IIL-1 was heterozygous in both larvae, and the 83B band was thickened in one of four homologues., Published as part of Belqat, Boutaïna, Adler, Peter H., Cherairia, Mouna & Boudghane-Bendiouis, Chafika Chaoui, 2018, Inventory of the Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of North Africa, pp. 201-220 in Zootaxa 4442 (2) on pages 209-210, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4442.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1303058, {"references":["Belqat, B., Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2011) Faunistic and bibliographical inventory of the blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Morocco. Zootaxa, 2829, 46 - 58.","Lounaci, A., Brosse, S., Thomas, A. & Lek, S. (2000 b) Abundance, diversity and community structure of macroinvertebrates in an Algerian stream: the Sebaou wadi. Annales Limnologie, 36, 123 - 133. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 2000008","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C., Belqat, B., Hassaine-Abdellaoui, K. & Yadi, B. (2012) Check-list des simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) d'Algerie. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 50, 305 - 308.","Haouchine, S. & Lounaci, A. (2012) Les macroinvertebres benthiques des cours d'eau de kabylie (Algerie): faunistique, ecologie et repartition geographique. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 137, 133 - 156.","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C. (2016) Caracterisation et modelisation des habitats des Simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) du bassin versant de la Tafna. These de Doctorat, Universite de Tlemcen, Tlemcen, 168 pp.","Bailly-Choumara, H. & Beaucournu-Saguez, F. (1978) Contribution l'etude des simulies du Maroc (Diptera, Simuliidae). 1. Le Rif. Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique, Rabat, 3, 121 - 144.","Zavattari, E. (1930) Note di parassitologia Cirenaica. Bolletino della Societa Italiana Medicina e d'Igiene Coloniale, 1, 423 - 431.","Zavattari, E. (1934) Prodromo della Fauna della Libia. Ministero della Colonie e R. Universita di Pavia, Pavia, viii + 1234 pp. [Simuliidae on p. 725].","Gagneur, J. & Clergue-Gazeau, M. (1988) Les Simulies d'Algerie (Diptera: Simuliidae). I. Premieres donnees biogeographiques et ecologiques sur les especes de l'Ouest-Algerien. Annales de Limnologie, 24, 275 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 1988024","Clergue-Gazeau, M., Lek, S. & Lek, S. (1991) Les Simulies d'Afrique du Nord nouvelles donnees sur la repartition de la faune du Maroc et biogeographie des especes maghrebines (Diptera, Simuliidae). Revue d'Hydrobiolgie Tropicale, 24, 47 - 59.","Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2018) World blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): a comprehensive revision of the taxonomic and geographical inventory [2018]. 134 pp. Available from: https: // biomia. sites. clemson. edu / pdfs / blackflyinventory. pdf (accessed 29 May 2018)","Crosskey, R. W. & Ashford, R. W. (1981) The occurrence of Simulium s. l. in the Libyan Arab Republic. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 75, 647 - 651. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00034983.1981.11687496","Gagneur, J. & Chaoui Boudghane C. (1991) Sur le role du milieu hyporheique pendant l'assechement des oueds de l'Ouest Algerien. Stygologia, 6, 77 - 89.","Giudicelli, J., Bouzidi, A. & Ait Abdelaali, N. (2000) Contribution a l'etude faunistique et ecologique des simulies (Diptera, Simuliidae) du Maroc IV. Les simulies du Haut Atlas. Description d'une nouvelle espece. Annales de Limnologie, 36, 57 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 2000005","Cherairia, M., Adler, P. H. & Samraoui, B. (2014) Biodiversity and bionomics of the black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of northeastern Algeria. Zootaxa, 3796 (1), 166 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3796.1.8","Roubaud, M. E. (1906) Insectes Dipteres. Simulies nouvelles ou peu connues. Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 7, 517 - 521.","Bezzi, M. (1921) Ditteri di Cirenaica raccolti dal Prof. Alessandro Ghigi durante l'escursione organizzata dal Touring Club Italiano nel mese d'aprile 1920. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali, 60, 432 - 443.","Crosskey, R. W., Nasher, A. K., Krauer-Buttiker, S. & Buttiker, W. (2002) First records of Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera) from Socotra Island, Yemen. Fauna of Arabia, 19, 419 - 425.","Seguy, E. (1925) Dipteres (Nematoceres piqueurs): Ptychopteridae, Orphnephilidae, Simuliidae, Culicidae, Psychodidae Phlebotominae. Faune de France, 12, 1 - 109.","Edwards, F. W. (1923) On some Algerian species of Simulium. Archives de L'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 1, 647 - 653.","Parrot, L. (1949) Quelques notes sur les simulides d'Algerie. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 27, 273 - 276.","Grenier, P. (1953) Simuliidae de France et d'Afrique du Nord (systematique, biologie, importance medicale). Encyclopedie Entomologique, Serie A, 29, 1 - 170.","Grenier, P. & Clastrier, J. (1960) Une simulie saharienne: Simulium ruficorne Macquart. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 38, 329 - 330.","Belazzoug, S. & Tabet-Derraz, O. (1980) Note sur les Simulies du Tassili N'Ajjer. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 54, 107 - 108.","Clastrier, J. & Grenier, P. (1961) Nouvelles recoltes de Simulium ruficorne Macq. au Sahara. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 39, 106 - 107.","Arigue, S. F., Adler, P. H., Belqat, B., Bebba, N. & Arab, A. (2016) Biodiversite des mouches noires (Diptera: Simuliidae) et qualite physicochimique des eaux du bassin versant de l'oued El Hai (Aures - Algerie). Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 7, 4839 - 4849.","Crosskey, R. W. (1967) A preliminary revision of the black-flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of the Middle East. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 119, 1 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1967. tb 00500. x","Crosskey, R. W. & Buttiker, W. (1982) Insects of Saudi Arabia: Diptera: Fam. Simuliidae. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 4, 398 - 446.","Bedo, D. G. (1989) A cytological study of Simulium ruficorne (Diptera: Simuliidae) and its relationship to the S. ornatipes species complex. Genome, 32, 570 - 579. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / g 89 - 484"]}

Subgenus EUSIMULIUM Roubaud, 1906 Tunisia: Clergue-Gazeau & Boumaiza (1986: 604–605, 606, 608, 610, 612): dichotomous key (as S. aureum group). Medjerda Basin: Boumaiza & Clergue-Gazeau (1986: 32–35): first record for Tunisia, (as S. aureum group), distribution map, ecology at breeding sites. Libya: Crosskey & Ashford (1981: 650 footnote): adults discovered at a window in Gharina 90 km S of Tripoli (as S. (E.) aureum group). Comment: The references above could not be assigned to a species or species complex within the subgenus Eusimulium. Simulium (Eusimulium) angustipes Edwards, 1915 Morocco: Middle Atlas, High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 49): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Tlemcen Mountains: Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 276–283): first record for Algeria, biogeography, ecology. Eastern and Western Algeria: Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 56): listed but locality unspecified. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Djurdjura Montains: Chaoui Boudghane- Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): mistakenly listed as present (no record of this species exists for Djurdjura Mountains). Algiers, Batna, Biskra, and Bouïra Provinces: Edwards (1923: 650): recorded (as S. aureum). Batna, Biskra, and Bouïra Provinces: Parrot (1949: 273–274): recorded (as S. aureum). Algiers, Biskra Provinces: Belazzoug & Tabet-Derraz (1980: 107): listed (as S. aureum). Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 41–45): distribution. Tunisia: Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed but locality unspecified. Comment: We suspect that at least some of the records of S. angustipes in North Africa actually pertain to the S. velutinum complex. Chromosomal investigation is needed. Simulium (Eusimulium) mellah Giudicelli & Bouzidi, 2000 (in Giudicelli et al., 2000) Morocco: Middle Atlas, High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 49): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. High Atlas: Adler et al. (2015: 276–277, 279–283, 286, 287): polytene chromosomes described. Algeria: Tlemcen Mountains: Giudicelli et al. (2000: 63): first record for Algeria. Seybouse Basin: Cherairia et al. (2014: 169–121): ecology at breeding site, seasonal occurrence. Adler et al. (2015: 276–277, 279– 283, 286, 287): polytene chromosomes described. Cherairia (2015: 11 6–121, 167–168, 186): diagnosis, polytene chromosomes, ecology at breeding site, seasonal occurrence, distribution map, photographs of larvae. Tlemcen Mountains: Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 43–45): distribution. Comment: Chromosomal analyses corroborate the morphological evidence of species status for S. mellah, and indicate that it is the sister species of the S. rubzovianum – S. velutinum complex (Adler et al. 2015). Simulium (Eusimulium) petricolum (Rivosecchi, 1963) = Cytospecies ‘J’ Leonhardt, 1985 [latizonum: misidentification, Bailly-Choumara & Beaucournu-Saguez, 1978, 1981, not Rubtsov] Morocco: Rif, High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 49): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Adler et al. (2015: 279–281, 283, 287): polytene chromosomes described. Algeria: Djurdjura Mountains: Lounaci et al. (2000a: 54): first record for Algeria. Chaoui Boudghane- Bendiouis (2016: 41–45): distribution. Libya: Crosskey & Howard (1997: 32): listed but locality unspecified. Adler & Crosskey (2018: 42): inventoried. Comment: Simulium petricolum is a widespread species in the Palearctic Region and, therefore, a good candidate for cryptic species. Some evidence for cryptic diversity is found in Morocco (Adler et al. 2015), but additional samples from North Africa are needed. Simulium (Eusimulium) rubzovianum (Sherban, 1961) = latinum (Rubtsov, 1962) [Italy] = Cytospecies ‘I’ Dunbar, 1966 [in Davies]/Leonhardt, 1985 = Cytospecies ‘1’ Adler, Cherairia, Arigue, Samraoui & Belqat, 2015 [typical] Cytoform ‘4’ Adler, Cherairia, Arigue, Samraoui & Belqat, 2015 [Morocco] Morocco: Adler & Crosskey (2018: 43): inventoried. Rif, High Atlas: Adler et al. (2015: 280–281, 283, 285 287, 288): polytene chromosomes described, cytoform ‘4’ recognized. Algeria: Adler & Crosskey (2018: 43): inventoried. Guelma and Souk Ahras Provinces: Adler et al. (2015: 279, 283, 284, 287): polytene chromosomes described. Tunisia: Adler & Crosskey (2018: 43): inventoried. Libya: Crosskey (1988: 333): first record for Libya but locality unspecified (as S. velutinum). Crosskey & Howard (1997: 33): listed but locality unspecified. Adler & Crosskey (2018: 43): inventoried. Comment: Simulium rubzovianum was previously regarded as a synonym of S. velutinum until cytogenetic study demonstrated that it is a valid species and is present in Algeria (as cytospecies ‘1’, which is tentatively considered conspecific with the type from Serbia) (Adler et al. 2015). A similar cytoform, of unknown taxonmic status, inhabits Morocco and is temporarily referred to as cytoform ‘4’ of S. rubzovianum (Adler et al. 2015). Although the records of S. velutinum for Libya and Tunisia are not asignable to cytoform, they are included under S. rubzovianum, given the broad distribution of this species (Adler & Crosskey 2018). Simulium (Eusimulium) velutinum (Santos Abreu, 1922) (complex) Morocco: Rif, Central Plateau, Middle Atlas, Haouz Plain, High Atlas, Anti Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 50): listed. Algeria: Rivosecchi (1963: 209–210): first record from Algeria but locality unspecified (as S. latinum). Eastern and Western Algeria: Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 56): listed but locality unspecified. Djurdjura Mountains: Lounaci et al. (2000a: 54): recorded. Lounaci et al. (2000b: (126–127, 130, 133): occurrence, abundance, bionomics. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Haouchine & Lounaci (2012: 141, 143, 149–150, 153): occurrence, abundance, bionomics. Tlemcen Mountains: Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 276–283): biogeography, ecology. Gagneur & Chaoui Boudghane (1991: 81): abundance, relation with hyporheic environment. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306–307): new collecting localities. Chaoui Boudghane- Bendiouis et al. (2014: 1017–1021): physical characterization of habitat, spatial distribution, microhabitat and microdistribution. Seybouse Basin: Cherairia (2015: 108–115, 167–176, 186): diagnosis, polytene chromosomes, distribution map, ecology at breeding sites, seasonal occurrence. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 23–25, 41– 45, 98–144): diagnosis, figures, distribution, biogeographic considerations, population structure. Tunisia: Clergue-Gazeau & Boumaiza (1986: 604–605, 606, 608, 610, 612, 616–617, 618–619, 624–627, 630–635): dichotomous key, illustrations (as S. latinum). Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 283): listed but locality unspecified. Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed but locality unspecified. Bizert, Jendouba, and Nabeul Provinces: Bailly-Choumara et al. (1971: 379, 381): brief description of breeding sites (as S. latinum). Medjerda Basin, Northwestern and Eastern Tunisia, Ichkeul Lake Hydrosystem, Southern Watercourses: Boumaiza & Clergue-Gazeau (1986: 32–35): distribution map, ecology at breeding sites (as S. latinum). Comment: The above references pertain to the S. velutinum complex, rather than to its individual species, which were not recognized before the cytogenetic study of Adler et al. (2015). Simulium (Eusimulium) velutinum sensu stricto (Santos Abreu, 1922) = Cytospecies ‘L’ Leonhardt, 1985 = Cytospecies ‘ 2’ Adler, Cherairia, Arigue, Samraoui & Belqat, 2015 [typical] Morocco: High Atlas: Adler et al. (2015: 279–280, 282–287): polytene chromosomes described. Algeria: Seybouse Basin: Cherairia et al. (2014: 169–170): ecology at breeding sites, seasonal occurrence. Batna, Biskra, Guelma, and Souk Ahras Provinces: Adler et al. (2015: 279–280, 282–287): polytene chromosomes mapped. Cherairia (2015: 106–116): distribution map, photographs of specimens. Oued El Haï Basin: Arigue et al. (2016: 2842–2847): occurrence, abundance, physical characterization of habitat. Comment: Cytogenetic study shows that S. velutinum sensu lato is a species complex; S. velutinum sensu stricto (= cytospecies ‘2’) has a restricted distribution, so far known only from the Canary Islands (type locality) and North Africa (Adler et al. 2015). Simulium (Eusimulium) velutinum (Santos Abreu, 1922) Cytospecies ‘3’ Algeria: Guelma and Souk Ahras Provinces: Adler et al. (2015: 280–283, 285–288): polytene chromosomes described, reproductive isolation demonstrated. Comment: This cytoform is a distinct species requiring a formal name and description (Adler et al. 2015). Simulium (Eusimulium) velutinum (Santos Abreu, 1922) Cytospecies ‘5’ Morocco: Rif, High Atlas: Adler et al. (2015: 281–284, 286–288): polytene chromosomes described, reproductive isolation demonstrated. Comment: This cytoform is a distinct species requiring a formal name and description (Adler et al. 2015)., Published as part of Belqat, Boutaïna, Adler, Peter H., Cherairia, Mouna & Boudghane-Bendiouis, Chafika Chaoui, 2018, Inventory of the Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of North Africa, pp. 201-220 in Zootaxa 4442 (2) on pages 206-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4442.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1303058, {"references":["Roubaud, M. E. (1906) Insectes Dipteres. Simulies nouvelles ou peu connues. Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 7, 517 - 521.","Crosskey, R. W. & Ashford, R. W. (1981) The occurrence of Simulium s. l. in the Libyan Arab Republic. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 75, 647 - 651. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00034983.1981.11687496","Belqat, B., Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2011) Faunistic and bibliographical inventory of the blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Morocco. Zootaxa, 2829, 46 - 58.","Gagneur, J. & Clergue-Gazeau, M. (1988) Les Simulies d'Algerie (Diptera: Simuliidae). I. Premieres donnees biogeographiques et ecologiques sur les especes de l'Ouest-Algerien. Annales de Limnologie, 24, 275 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 1988024","Clergue-Gazeau, M., Lek, S. & Lek, S. (1991) Les Simulies d'Afrique du Nord nouvelles donnees sur la repartition de la faune du Maroc et biogeographie des especes maghrebines (Diptera, Simuliidae). Revue d'Hydrobiolgie Tropicale, 24, 47 - 59.","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C., Belqat, B., Hassaine-Abdellaoui, K. & Yadi, B. (2012) Check-list des simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) d'Algerie. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 50, 305 - 308.","Edwards, F. W. (1923) On some Algerian species of Simulium. Archives de L'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 1, 647 - 653.","Parrot, L. (1949) Quelques notes sur les simulides d'Algerie. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 27, 273 - 276.","Belazzoug, S. & Tabet-Derraz, O. (1980) Note sur les Simulies du Tassili N'Ajjer. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 54, 107 - 108.","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C. (2016) Caracterisation et modelisation des habitats des Simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) du bassin versant de la Tafna. These de Doctorat, Universite de Tlemcen, Tlemcen, 168 pp.","Giudicelli, J., Bouzidi, A. & Ait Abdelaali, N. (2000) Contribution a l'etude faunistique et ecologique des simulies (Diptera, Simuliidae) du Maroc IV. Les simulies du Haut Atlas. Description d'une nouvelle espece. Annales de Limnologie, 36, 57 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 2000005","Adler, P. H., Cherairia, M., Arigue, S. F., Samraoui, B. & Belqat, B. (2015) Cryptic biodiversity in the cytogenome of bird-biting black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in North Africa. Medical and Feterinary Entomology, 29, 276 - 289. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / mve. 12115","Cherairia, M., Adler, P. H. & Samraoui, B. (2014) Biodiversity and bionomics of the black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of northeastern Algeria. Zootaxa, 3796 (1), 166 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3796.1.8","Rivosecchi, L. (1963) Contributo alla conoscenza dei simulidi italiani. VIII: Due sottospecie dei gruppi monticola e latizonum. Rivista di Parassitologia, 24 199 - 211.","Bailly-Choumara, H. & Beaucournu-Saguez, F. (1978) Contribution l'etude des simulies du Maroc (Diptera, Simuliidae). 1. Le Rif. Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique, Rabat, 3, 121 - 144.","Lounaci, A., Brosse, S., Ait Mouloud, S., Lounaci-Daoudi, D., Mebarki, N. & Thomas, A. (2000 a) Current knowledge of benthic invertebrate diversity in an Algerian stream: a species check-list of the Sebaou River basin (Tizi-Ouzou). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse, 136, 43 - 55.","Crosskey, R. W. & Howard, T. M. (1997) A new taxonomic and geographical inventory of world blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). The Natural History Museum, London, 144 pp.","Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2018) World blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): a comprehensive revision of the taxonomic and geographical inventory [2018]. 134 pp. Available from: https: // biomia. sites. clemson. edu / pdfs / blackflyinventory. pdf (accessed 29 May 2018)","Crosskey, R. W. (1988) Taxonomy and geography of the blackflies of the Canary Islands (Diptera: Simuliidae). Journal of Natural History, 22, 321 - 355. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938800770251","Lounaci, A., Brosse, S., Thomas, A. & Lek, S. (2000 b) Abundance, diversity and community structure of macroinvertebrates in an Algerian stream: the Sebaou wadi. Annales Limnologie, 36, 123 - 133. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 2000008","Haouchine, S. & Lounaci, A. (2012) Les macroinvertebres benthiques des cours d'eau de kabylie (Algerie): faunistique, ecologie et repartition geographique. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 137, 133 - 156.","Gagneur, J. & Chaoui Boudghane C. (1991) Sur le role du milieu hyporheique pendant l'assechement des oueds de l'Ouest Algerien. Stygologia, 6, 77 - 89.","Bailly-Choumara, H., Bernard, M. R., Grenier, P., Le Roy-Moret, M. C. & Mouchet, J. (1971 [1970]) Note faunistique sur les simulies (Diptera, Simuliidae) du Nord de la Tunisie. Cahiers ORSTOM (Serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie), 8, 377 - 382. [Actual publication date was 1971, http: // horizon. documentation. ird. fr / exl-doc / pleins _ textes / cahiers / entomo / 18915. pdf]","Arigue, S. F., Adler, P. H., Belqat, B., Bebba, N. & Arab, A. (2016) Biodiversite des mouches noires (Diptera: Simuliidae) et qualite physicochimique des eaux du bassin versant de l'oued El Hai (Aures - Algerie). Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 7, 4839 - 4849."]}

Subgenus BOOPHTHORA Enderlein, 1921 Simulium (Boophthora) erythrocephalum De Geer, 1776 Tunisia: Clergue-Gazeau & Boumaiza (1986: 605, 606, 609, 611, 613, 632–633), reported but with uncertainty, dichotomous key, illustration of male gonostylus. Jendouba Province: Bailly-Choumara et al. (1971: 380, 381): first record for North Africa but identity uncertain, brief description of breeding site. Comment: Simulium erythrocephalum is a widespread species, although there is no compelling evidence to confirm its presence in North Africa. Its presence in Tunisia is evidently based on a single larva or pupa recorded by Bailly-Choumara et al. (1971). Although the illustration of the male gonostylus and the identification key by Clergue-Gazeau & Boumaiza (1986) pertain to S. erythrocephalum, the source of the material that was used is not known, but probably was not of North African origin., Published as part of Belqat, Boutaïna, Adler, Peter H., Cherairia, Mouna & Boudghane-Bendiouis, Chafika Chaoui, 2018, Inventory of the Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of North Africa, pp. 201-220 in Zootaxa 4442 (2) on page 206, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4442.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1303058, {"references":["Bailly-Choumara, H., Bernard, M. R., Grenier, P., Le Roy-Moret, M. C. & Mouchet, J. (1971 [1970]) Note faunistique sur les simulies (Diptera, Simuliidae) du Nord de la Tunisie. Cahiers ORSTOM (Serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie), 8, 377 - 382. [Actual publication date was 1971, http: // horizon. documentation. ird. fr / exl-doc / pleins _ textes / cahiers / entomo / 18915. pdf]"]}

Simulium (Simulium) bezzii species group Simulium (Simulium) bezzii (Corti, 1914) (complex) = atlas Séguy, 1930 [Morocco] Morocco: Rif, High Atlas, Middle Atlas, Anti Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 53): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Batna Province: Edwards (1923: 650): identified with hesitation, taxonomy (male, female). Parrot (1949: 273–274): recorded. Algiers and Biskra Provinces: Belazzoug & Tabet-Derraz (1980: 107): listed. Djurdjura Mountains: Lounaci et al. (2000b: 127, 133): occurrence, abundance. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Haouchine & Lounaci (2012: 143): occurrence, abundance. Eastern and Western Algeria: Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed but locality unspecified. Tlemcen Mountains: Gagneur & Clergue- Gazeau (1988: 276–284): biogeography, ecology. Gagneur & Chaoui-Boudghane (1991: 81): abundance, relation with hyporheic environment. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Chaoui Boudghane- Bendiouis et al. (2014: 1017–1021): physical characterization of habitat. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 27– 28, 41–45, 98–144): illustrations, distribution, biogeographic considerations, population structure., Published as part of Belqat, Boutaïna, Adler, Peter H., Cherairia, Mouna & Boudghane-Bendiouis, Chafika Chaoui, 2018, Inventory of the Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of North Africa, pp. 201-220 in Zootaxa 4442 (2) on page 212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4442.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1303058, {"references":["Seguy, E. (1930) Contribution l'etude des Dipteres du Maroc. Memoires de la Societ des Sciences Naturelles du Maroc, 14, 1 - 206. [Simuliidae on pp. 44 - 52.]","Belqat, B., Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2011) Faunistic and bibliographical inventory of the blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Morocco. Zootaxa, 2829, 46 - 58.","Edwards, F. W. (1923) On some Algerian species of Simulium. Archives de L'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 1, 647 - 653.","Parrot, L. (1949) Quelques notes sur les simulides d'Algerie. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 27, 273 - 276.","Belazzoug, S. & Tabet-Derraz, O. (1980) Note sur les Simulies du Tassili N'Ajjer. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 54, 107 - 108.","Lounaci, A., Brosse, S., Thomas, A. & Lek, S. (2000 b) Abundance, diversity and community structure of macroinvertebrates in an Algerian stream: the Sebaou wadi. Annales Limnologie, 36, 123 - 133. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 2000008","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C., Belqat, B., Hassaine-Abdellaoui, K. & Yadi, B. (2012) Check-list des simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) d'Algerie. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 50, 305 - 308.","Haouchine, S. & Lounaci, A. (2012) Les macroinvertebres benthiques des cours d'eau de kabylie (Algerie): faunistique, ecologie et repartition geographique. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 137, 133 - 156.","Clergue-Gazeau, M., Lek, S. & Lek, S. (1991) Les Simulies d'Afrique du Nord nouvelles donnees sur la repartition de la faune du Maroc et biogeographie des especes maghrebines (Diptera, Simuliidae). Revue d'Hydrobiolgie Tropicale, 24, 47 - 59.","Gagneur, J. & Chaoui Boudghane C. (1991) Sur le role du milieu hyporheique pendant l'assechement des oueds de l'Ouest Algerien. Stygologia, 6, 77 - 89.","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C. (2016) Caracterisation et modelisation des habitats des Simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) du bassin versant de la Tafna. These de Doctorat, Universite de Tlemcen, Tlemcen, 168 pp."]}

Simulium (Simulium) ornatum species group Simulium (Simulium) egregium Séguy, 1930 Morocco: High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 54): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Simulium (Simulium) intermedium Roubaud, 1906 = nitidifrons Edwards, 1920 [England] Morocco: Rif, Pré Rif, Plain of Meknès, Middle Atlas, Central Plateau, Coastal Méséta, Haouz Plain, High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 54): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Algiers Province: Edwards (1923: 649–650): recorded (as S. ornatum var. nitidifrons). Grenier (1953: 148): listed. Belazzoug & Tabet-Derraz (1980: 107): listed. Bouïra Province Parrot (1949: 273–274): recorded (as S. ornatum var. nitidifrons). Grenier (1953: 159): listed. Biskra Province: Belazzoug & Tabet-Derraz (1980: 107): listed. Djurdjura Mountains: Lounaci et al. (2000a: 54): recorded. Lounaci et al. (2000b: (126–127, 130, 133): occurrence, abundance, bionomics. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Haouchine & Lounaci (2012: 141, 143, 149–150, 153): occurrence, abundance, bionomics. Eastern and Western Algeria: Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed but locality unspecified. Tlemcen Mountains: Gagneur & Clergue- Gazeau (1988: 276-283): biogeography, ecology. Gagneur & Chaoui Boudghane (1991: 81): abundance, relation with with hyporheic environment. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Chaoui Boudghane- Bendiouis et al. (2014: 1017–1021): physical characterization of habitat, spatial distribution, microhabitat and microdistribution. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 29–30, 41–45, 98–144): illustrations, distribution, biogeographic considerations, population structure. Tunisia: Clergue-Gazeau & Boumaiza (1986: 604–605, 607, 609, 611, 613, 616–619, 622–623, 630–637): dichotomous key, illustrations (as S. nitidifrons). Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 283): listed but locality unspecified. Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed but locality unspecified. Bizerte, Jendouba, and Nabel Provinces: Bailly-Choumara et al. (1971: 381): brief description of breeding sites (as S. nitidifrons). Medjerda Basin, Northwestern Tunisia: Boumaiza & Clergue-Gazeau (1986: 32–34, 36–37): distribution map, ecology at breeding sites (as S. nitidifrons). Simulium (Simulium) ornatum Meigen, 1818 (complex) = reptans var fasciatum: Séguy, 1930 [subornatum: misidentification, Séguy, 1925 / 1930, not Edwards] Morocco: Rif, Middle Atlas, High Atlas, Anti Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 54): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Séguy (1925: 31): listed but locality unspecified. Batna Depatment: Edwards (1923: 649): collecting locality. Bouïra Province: Edwards (1923: 649): collecting locality. Parrot (1949: 273–274): recorded. Algiers and Biskra Provinces: Belazzoug & Tabet-Derraz (1980: 107): listed. Djurdjura Mountains: Lounaci et al. (2000b: 126–127, 133): occurrence, abundance. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Haouchine & Lounaci (2012: 143, 149): occurrence, abundance, bionomics. Eastern and Western Algeria: Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed but locality unspecified. Tlemcen Mountains: Gagneur & Clergue- Gazeau (1988: 276–283): biogeography, ecology. Gagneur & Chaoui Boudghane (1991: 81): abundance, relation with hyporheic environment (as gr ornatum). Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306–307): new collecting locality, distribution map. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2014: 1017–1022): physical characterization of habitat, spatial distribution, microhabitat and microdistribution. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 29–32, 41– 45, 98–144): diagnosis, figures, distribution, biogeographic considerations, population structure. Seybouse Basin: Cherairia et al. (2014: 169–172): ecology at breeding sites, seasonal occurrence, chromosomal examination revealed that species is not S. ornatum sensu stricto. Cherairia (2015: 136–144, 186): diagnosis, ecology at breeding sites, seasonal occurrence, distribution map, photographs of specimens. Oued El Haï Basin: Arigue et al. (2016: 2842–2847): occurrence, abundance in watercourses, physical characterization of habitat. Tunisia: Séguy (1925: 31): listed but locality unspecified. Clergue-Gazeau & Boumaiza (1986: 604–605, 607, 609, 611, 613, 616–617, 622–625, 632–637): dichotomous key, illustrations. Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 283): listed but locality unspecified. Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed but locality unspecified. Medjerda Basin, Northwestern Tunisia, Ichkeul Lake Hydrosystem: Boumaiza & Clergue-Gazeau (1986: 32–34, 36): distribution map, ecology at breeding sites. Comment: Our unpublished chromosomal data for Algeria and Morocco indicate the presence of multiple cytoforms, but S. ornatum sensu stricto is not among them. The cytoforms in the S. ornatum complex in Algeria and Morocco are possibly undescribed species. Simulium (Simulium) trifasciatum Curtis, 1839 Morocco: Rif: Belqat et al. (2011: 55): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Tlemcen Mountains: Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306–307): first record for Algeria, ecological affinities, collecting localities. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2014: 1017–1021): physical characterization of habitat, spatial distribution, microhabitat and microdistribution. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 31–33, 41–45, 98-144): distribution, illustrations, biogeographic considerations, population structure., Published as part of Belqat, Boutaïna, Adler, Peter H., Cherairia, Mouna & Boudghane-Bendiouis, Chafika Chaoui, 2018, Inventory of the Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of North Africa, pp. 201-220 in Zootaxa 4442 (2) on pages 212-214, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4442.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1303058, {"references":["Seguy, E. (1930) Contribution l'etude des Dipteres du Maroc. Memoires de la Societ des Sciences Naturelles du Maroc, 14, 1 - 206. [Simuliidae on pp. 44 - 52.]","Belqat, B., Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2011) Faunistic and bibliographical inventory of the blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Morocco. Zootaxa, 2829, 46 - 58.","Roubaud, M. E. (1906) Insectes Dipteres. Simulies nouvelles ou peu connues. Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 7, 517 - 521.","Edwards, F. W. (1923) On some Algerian species of Simulium. Archives de L'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 1, 647 - 653.","Grenier, P. (1953) Simuliidae de France et d'Afrique du Nord (systematique, biologie, importance medicale). Encyclopedie Entomologique, Serie A, 29, 1 - 170.","Belazzoug, S. & Tabet-Derraz, O. (1980) Note sur les Simulies du Tassili N'Ajjer. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 54, 107 - 108.","Parrot, L. (1949) Quelques notes sur les simulides d'Algerie. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 27, 273 - 276.","Lounaci, A., Brosse, S., Ait Mouloud, S., Lounaci-Daoudi, D., Mebarki, N. & Thomas, A. (2000 a) Current knowledge of benthic invertebrate diversity in an Algerian stream: a species check-list of the Sebaou River basin (Tizi-Ouzou). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse, 136, 43 - 55.","Lounaci, A., Brosse, S., Thomas, A. & Lek, S. (2000 b) Abundance, diversity and community structure of macroinvertebrates in an Algerian stream: the Sebaou wadi. Annales Limnologie, 36, 123 - 133. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 2000008","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C., Belqat, B., Hassaine-Abdellaoui, K. & Yadi, B. (2012) Check-list des simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) d'Algerie. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 50, 305 - 308.","Haouchine, S. & Lounaci, A. (2012) Les macroinvertebres benthiques des cours d'eau de kabylie (Algerie): faunistique, ecologie et repartition geographique. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 137, 133 - 156.","Clergue-Gazeau, M., Lek, S. & Lek, S. (1991) Les Simulies d'Afrique du Nord nouvelles donnees sur la repartition de la faune du Maroc et biogeographie des especes maghrebines (Diptera, Simuliidae). Revue d'Hydrobiolgie Tropicale, 24, 47 - 59.","Gagneur, J. & Chaoui Boudghane C. (1991) Sur le role du milieu hyporheique pendant l'assechement des oueds de l'Ouest Algerien. Stygologia, 6, 77 - 89.","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C. (2016) Caracterisation et modelisation des habitats des Simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) du bassin versant de la Tafna. These de Doctorat, Universite de Tlemcen, Tlemcen, 168 pp.","Gagneur, J. & Clergue-Gazeau, M. (1988) Les Simulies d'Algerie (Diptera: Simuliidae). I. Premieres donnees biogeographiques et ecologiques sur les especes de l'Ouest-Algerien. Annales de Limnologie, 24, 275 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 1988024","Bailly-Choumara, H., Bernard, M. R., Grenier, P., Le Roy-Moret, M. C. & Mouchet, J. (1971 [1970]) Note faunistique sur les simulies (Diptera, Simuliidae) du Nord de la Tunisie. Cahiers ORSTOM (Serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie), 8, 377 - 382. [Actual publication date was 1971, http: // horizon. documentation. ird. fr / exl-doc / pleins _ textes / cahiers / entomo / 18915. pdf]","Seguy, E. (1925) Dipteres (Nematoceres piqueurs): Ptychopteridae, Orphnephilidae, Simuliidae, Culicidae, Psychodidae Phlebotominae. Faune de France, 12, 1 - 109.","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C. C., Abdellaoui-Hassaine, K., Belqat, B., Franquet, E., Hacene, S. B. & Yadi, B. (2014) Habitat characterization of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Tafna catchment of western Algeria. Open Journal of Ecology, 4, 1014 - 1024. https: // doi. org / 10.4236 / oje. 2014.416084","Cherairia, M., Adler, P. H. & Samraoui, B. (2014) Biodiversity and bionomics of the black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of northeastern Algeria. Zootaxa, 3796 (1), 166 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3796.1.8","Arigue, S. F., Adler, P. H., Belqat, B., Bebba, N. & Arab, A. (2016) Biodiversite des mouches noires (Diptera: Simuliidae) et qualite physicochimique des eaux du bassin versant de l'oued El Hai (Aures - Algerie). Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 7, 4839 - 4849."]}

Simulium (Byssodon) griseicolle species group Simulium (Byssodon) griseicolle Becker, 1903 = scapulatum (Enderlein, 1935) [Egypt] Egypt: Aswan: Becker (1903: 78–79): described as new species. Austen (1906: 52–53): repeat in English of Becker’s (1903) original German description. Enderlein (1935: 359): described as new species (female only) from Upper Egypt (as Psilocnetha scapulata). Crosskey (1967: 34–35): description, illustrations of male genitalia and pupal gill, speculation about location of type locality. Steyskal & El-Bialy (1967: 44): listed but locality unspecified., Published as part of Belqat, Boutaïna, Adler, Peter H., Cherairia, Mouna & Boudghane-Bendiouis, Chafika Chaoui, 2018, Inventory of the Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of North Africa, pp. 201-220 in Zootaxa 4442 (2) on page 206, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4442.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1303058, {"references":["Becker, T. (1903) Agyptische Dipteren gesammelt und beschrieben. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 2, 67 - 80, 4 pls.","Enderlein, G. (1935) Neue Simuliiden, besonders aus Afrika. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde, Berlin, 1935, 358 - 364.","Austen, E. E. (1906) On some blood-sucking and other Diptera from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan collected during the year 1905, with description of new species. In: Balfour, A. (Ed.), Second Report of the Wellcome Research Laboratories at the Gordon Memorial College Khartoum. Department of Education, Sudan Government, Khartoum, pp. 51 - 53.","Crosskey, R. W. (1967) A preliminary revision of the black-flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of the Middle East. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 119, 1 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1967. tb 00500. x","Steyskal, G. C. & El-Bialy, S. (1967) A list of Egyptian Diptera with a bibliography and key to families. United Arab Republic Ministry of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, 3, 1 - 87 + 1 - 4 (errata)."]}

Genus UROSIMULIUM Contini, 1963 Urosimulium faurei (Bernard, Grenier & Bailly-Choumara, 1972) Morocco: Rif, Middle Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 47–48): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Tlemcen Mountains: Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 276–283): first record for Algeria, biogeography, ecology, illustration of larval hypostoma. Western Algeria: Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54, 56): listed but locality unspecified. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Seybouse Basin: Cherairia et al. (2014: 169–170): first record for northeastern Algeria, ecology at breeding sites, seasonal occurrence. Cherairia (2015: 92–98, 186): diagnosis, ecology at breeding sites, seasonal occurrence, distribution map, photographs of specimens. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 43–45): distribution. Urosimulium juccii Contini, 1966 juncii: incorrect subsequent spelling Algeria: Tlemcen Mountains: Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 276–281): biogeography, ecology, illustration of larval hypostoma, identity uncertain (as P. (P.) gr. aculeatum). Tunisia: Clergue-Gazeau & Boumaiza (1986: 604–605, 606, 608, 610, 612, 620–621, 634–635): dichotomous key, illustrations. Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54, 56): listed but locality unspecified. Adler & Crosskey (2018: 20): validity of identification questioned for Tunisia. Northwestern Tunisia: Boumaiza & Clergue-Gazeau (1986: 32–34, 35): first record for North Africa, abundance, distribution map, ecology at breeding site., Published as part of Belqat, Boutaïna, Adler, Peter H., Cherairia, Mouna & Boudghane-Bendiouis, Chafika Chaoui, 2018, Inventory of the Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of North Africa, pp. 201-220 in Zootaxa 4442 (2) on page 205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4442.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1303058, {"references":["Belqat, B., Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2011) Faunistic and bibliographical inventory of the blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Morocco. Zootaxa, 2829, 46 - 58.","Gagneur, J. & Clergue-Gazeau, M. (1988) Les Simulies d'Algerie (Diptera: Simuliidae). I. Premieres donnees biogeographiques et ecologiques sur les especes de l'Ouest-Algerien. Annales de Limnologie, 24, 275 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 1988024","Clergue-Gazeau, M., Lek, S. & Lek, S. (1991) Les Simulies d'Afrique du Nord nouvelles donnees sur la repartition de la faune du Maroc et biogeographie des especes maghrebines (Diptera, Simuliidae). Revue d'Hydrobiolgie Tropicale, 24, 47 - 59.","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C., Belqat, B., Hassaine-Abdellaoui, K. & Yadi, B. (2012) Check-list des simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) d'Algerie. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 50, 305 - 308.","Cherairia, M., Adler, P. H. & Samraoui, B. (2014) Biodiversity and bionomics of the black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of northeastern Algeria. Zootaxa, 3796 (1), 166 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3796.1.8","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C. (2016) Caracterisation et modelisation des habitats des Simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) du bassin versant de la Tafna. These de Doctorat, Universite de Tlemcen, Tlemcen, 168 pp.","Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2018) World blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): a comprehensive revision of the taxonomic and geographical inventory [2018]. 134 pp. Available from: https: // biomia. sites. clemson. edu / pdfs / blackflyinventory. pdf (accessed 29 May 2018)"]}

Simulium (Hellichiella) congareenarum species group Simulium (Hellichiella) latipes (Meigen, 1804) Tunisia: Clergue-Gazeau & Boumaiza (1986: 605–606, 608, 610, 612, 618–619): dichotomous key, illustration of larval hypostoma (as S. yerburyi). Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed but locality unspecified. Adler & Crosskey (2018: 52): inventoried but legitimacy of record questioned. Jendouba Province: Bailly- Choumara et al. (1971: 379, 381): brief description of breeding site (as S. latipes and S. yerburyi). Comment: We suspect that records of S. latipes (including S. yerburyi) for North Africa (Tunisia) are based on misidentifications of the S. vernum complex. All Tunisian references to S. latipes (or S. yerburui) probably trace to the specimens (two?) collected by Bailly-Choumara et al. (1971), which were almost certainly of the S. vernum complex. This was the rationale of Adler & Crosskey (2018) for questioning the records. We note that the illustration and identification key provided by Clergue-Gazeau & Boumaiza (1986) actually pertain to S. latipes (as S. yerburyi), although the provenance of the specimens used for illustration is not known., Published as part of Belqat, Boutaïna, Adler, Peter H., Cherairia, Mouna & Boudghane-Bendiouis, Chafika Chaoui, 2018, Inventory of the Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of North Africa, pp. 201-220 in Zootaxa 4442 (2) on page 209, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4442.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1303058, {"references":["Clergue-Gazeau, M., Lek, S. & Lek, S. (1991) Les Simulies d'Afrique du Nord nouvelles donnees sur la repartition de la faune du Maroc et biogeographie des especes maghrebines (Diptera, Simuliidae). Revue d'Hydrobiolgie Tropicale, 24, 47 - 59.","Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2018) World blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): a comprehensive revision of the taxonomic and geographical inventory [2018]. 134 pp. Available from: https: // biomia. sites. clemson. edu / pdfs / blackflyinventory. pdf (accessed 29 May 2018)","Bailly-Choumara, H., Bernard, M. R., Grenier, P., Le Roy-Moret, M. C. & Mouchet, J. (1971 [1970]) Note faunistique sur les simulies (Diptera, Simuliidae) du Nord de la Tunisie. Cahiers ORSTOM (Serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie), 8, 377 - 382. [Actual publication date was 1971, http: // horizon. documentation. ird. fr / exl-doc / pleins _ textes / cahiers / entomo / 18915. pdf]"]}

Simulium (Wilhelmia) equinum species group Simulium (Wilhelmia) equinum (L., 1758) Morocco: Middle Atlas, High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 56): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Simulium (Wilhelmia) pseudequinum Séguy, 1921 = mediterraneum Puri, 1925 [Algeria] = barbaricum Séguy, 1930 [Morocco] [lineatum: misidentification, Bezzi, 1921 (part), not Meigen] [damnosum: misidentification, Tedeschi, 1930, not Theobald] [equinum: misidentification, Zavatarri, 1930, 1934, not Linnaeus] [equinum: misidentification, Parrot, 1949, not Linnaeus] Morocco: Rif, Pré Rif, Plain of Meknès, Middle Atlas, Central Plateau, Coastal Méséta, High Atlas, Anti Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 56): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Algiers, Batna, Biskra, Bouïra, and Constantine Provinces: Edwards (1923: 651–653): description and illustration of pupal gill and male genitalia (as S. equinum Mediterranean form). Puri (1925: 253– 255): description of S. mediterraneum (as a variety of S. equinum), illustration of pupal gill. Parrot (1949: 273– 275): female oviposition described, hosts of blood-feeding females (as S. equinum). Grenier (1953: 148): listed (as S. equinum var. mediterraneum). Algiers and Biskra Provinces: Belazzoug & Tabet-Derraz (1980: 107): listed. Eastern and Western Algeria: Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed but locality unspecified. Djurdjura Mountains: Lounaci et al. (2000a: 54): recorded. Lounaci et al. (2000b: 126–127, 130, 133): occurrence, abundance, bionomics. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Haouchine & Lounaci (2012: 141, 143, 149–150, 153): occurrence, abundance, bionomics. Mascara Province: Parrot (1949: 274): recorded. Tlemcen Mountains: Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 276–283): biogeography, ecology. Chaoui Boudghane- Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306–307): collecting localities, distribution map. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2014: 1017–1021): physical characterization of habitat, spatial distribution, microhabitat and microdistribution. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 36–37, 41–45, 98–144): diagnosis, figures, distribution, biogeographic considerations, population structure. Seybouse Basin: Cherairia et al. (2014: 169–172): ecology at breeding sites, seasonal occurrence. Cherairia (2015: 145–154, 186): diagnosis, ecology at breeding sites, seasonal occurrence, distribution map, photographs of specimens. Oued El Haï Basin: Arigue et al. (2016: 2842–2847): occurrence, abundance, physical characterization of habitat. Tunisia: Puri (1925: 253–255): description of S. mediterraneum (as variety of S. equinum), illustration of pupal gill. Clergue-Gazeau & Boumaiza (1986: 604–605, 607, 608, 611, 613, 618–621, 624–627, 630–633): dichotomous key, illustrations. Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 283): listed but locality unspecified. Clergue- Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed but locality unspecified. Tunis Province, Tozeur Oasis: Grenier (1953: 148): reported (as S. equinum Mediterranean form). Bizert, Jendouba, Nabel, and Tunis Provinces: Bailly-Choumara et al. (1971: 380–881): brief description of breeding sites (as S. mediterraneum). Medjerda Basin, Northwestern and Eastern Tunisia, Ichkeul Lake Hydrosystem, Southern Watercourses: Boumaiza & Clergue-Gazeau (1986: 32–34, 37): distribution map, ecology at breeding sites. Libya: Northern Cyrenaica: Crosskey & Ashford (1981: 648–651): first record for Libya, previous taxonomic confusion by Bezzi (1921), Tedeschi (1930), Zavatarri (1930, 1934), and Parrot (1949) clarified. Adler & Crosskey (2018: 116): inventoried. Comment: Simulium pseudequinum has adapted well to disturbed watercourses, and is one of the most abundant and widespread black flies in the Mediterranean Basin. It is a strong candidate for cryptic diversity and in this regard would be an excellent subject for chromosomal and molecular investigation. Simulium (Wilhelmia) quadrifila Grenier, Faure & Laurent, 1957 Morocco: Rif, Pré Rif, Plain of Meknès, Middle Atlas, Coastal Méséta, High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 56–57): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Tlemcen Mountains: Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306–307): first record for Algeria, ecological affinities, collecting localities. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2014: 1017–1022): recorded, physical characterization of habitat. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 37–39, 43–45, 98–144): diagnosis, figures, distribution, biogeographic considerations, population structure. Simulium (Wilhelmia) sergenti Edwards, 1923 = ariasi Séguy, 1925 [Spain] Morocco: Rif, Pré Rif, Middle Atlas, Central Plateau, Coastal Méséta, High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 56): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Séguy (1925: 42): listed, illustrations of male genitalia and pupa. Grenier (1953: 152): listed. Batna and Biskra Provinces: Edwards (1923: 647, 652–653): described as new species, compared with S. pseudequinum (equinum), male genitalia illustrated. Parrot (1949: 273–274): recorded. Algiers and Biskra Provinces: Belazzoug & Tabet-Derraz (1980: 107): listed. Djurdjura Mountains: Lounaci et al. (2000b: 127, 133): occurrence, abundance. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Haouchine & Lounaci (2012: 143): occurrence, abundance. Tlemcen Mountains: Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 276–283): biogeography, ecology. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306–307): collecting locality. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2014: 1017–1021): physical characterization of habitat. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 39–40, 41–45, 98–144): diagnosis, figures, distribution, biogeographic considerations, population structure. Tunisia: Clergue-Gazeau & Boumaiza (1986: 604–605, 607, 608, 611, 613, 618–621, 624–627, 632–633): recorded, dichotomous key, illustrations. Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 283): listed but locality unspecified. Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed but locality unspecified. Adler & Crosskey (2018: 116): inventoried. Northwestern Tunisia, Ichkeul Lake Hydrosystem: Boumaiza & Clergue-Gazeau (1986: 32–34, 37): first record for Tunisia, collecting sites, distribution map, ecology at breeding sites., Published as part of Belqat, Boutaïna, Adler, Peter H., Cherairia, Mouna & Boudghane-Bendiouis, Chafika Chaoui, 2018, Inventory of the Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of North Africa, pp. 201-220 in Zootaxa 4442 (2) on pages 215-216, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4442.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1303058, {"references":["Belqat, B., Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2011) Faunistic and bibliographical inventory of the blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Morocco. Zootaxa, 2829, 46 - 58.","Puri, I. M. (1925) A note on the early stages of a species of Simulium from Tunis- S. equinum, var. mediterraneum, nov. (Diptera, Simuliidae). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 9, 16, 253 - 255. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932508633301","Seguy, E. (1930) Contribution l'etude des Dipteres du Maroc. Memoires de la Societ des Sciences Naturelles du Maroc, 14, 1 - 206. [Simuliidae on pp. 44 - 52.]","Bezzi, M. (1921) Ditteri di Cirenaica raccolti dal Prof. Alessandro Ghigi durante l'escursione organizzata dal Touring Club Italiano nel mese d'aprile 1920. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali, 60, 432 - 443.","Tedeschi, C. (1930) Un caso di Leishmaniosi interna familaire in Territorio di Derna. (Appunti di nosografia Cirenaica). Archivo Italiano di Scienze Mediche Colomiali, 11, 65 - 76.","Parrot, L. (1949) Quelques notes sur les simulides d'Algerie. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 27, 273 - 276.","Edwards, F. W. (1923) On some Algerian species of Simulium. Archives de L'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 1, 647 - 653.","Grenier, P. (1953) Simuliidae de France et d'Afrique du Nord (systematique, biologie, importance medicale). Encyclopedie Entomologique, Serie A, 29, 1 - 170.","Belazzoug, S. & Tabet-Derraz, O. (1980) Note sur les Simulies du Tassili N'Ajjer. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 54, 107 - 108.","Clergue-Gazeau, M., Lek, S. & Lek, S. (1991) Les Simulies d'Afrique du Nord nouvelles donnees sur la repartition de la faune du Maroc et biogeographie des especes maghrebines (Diptera, Simuliidae). Revue d'Hydrobiolgie Tropicale, 24, 47 - 59.","Lounaci, A., Brosse, S., Ait Mouloud, S., Lounaci-Daoudi, D., Mebarki, N. & Thomas, A. (2000 a) Current knowledge of benthic invertebrate diversity in an Algerian stream: a species check-list of the Sebaou River basin (Tizi-Ouzou). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse, 136, 43 - 55.","Lounaci, A., Brosse, S., Thomas, A. & Lek, S. (2000 b) Abundance, diversity and community structure of macroinvertebrates in an Algerian stream: the Sebaou wadi. Annales Limnologie, 36, 123 - 133. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 2000008","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C., Belqat, B., Hassaine-Abdellaoui, K. & Yadi, B. (2012) Check-list des simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) d'Algerie. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 50, 305 - 308.","Haouchine, S. & Lounaci, A. (2012) Les macroinvertebres benthiques des cours d'eau de kabylie (Algerie): faunistique, ecologie et repartition geographique. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 137, 133 - 156.","Gagneur, J. & Clergue-Gazeau, M. (1988) Les Simulies d'Algerie (Diptera: Simuliidae). I. Premieres donnees biogeographiques et ecologiques sur les especes de l'Ouest-Algerien. Annales de Limnologie, 24, 275 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 1988024","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C. C., Abdellaoui-Hassaine, K., Belqat, B., Franquet, E., Hacene, S. B. & Yadi, B. (2014) Habitat characterization of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Tafna catchment of western Algeria. Open Journal of Ecology, 4, 1014 - 1024. https: // doi. org / 10.4236 / oje. 2014.416084","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C. (2016) Caracterisation et modelisation des habitats des Simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) du bassin versant de la Tafna. These de Doctorat, Universite de Tlemcen, Tlemcen, 168 pp.","Cherairia, M., Adler, P. H. & Samraoui, B. (2014) Biodiversity and bionomics of the black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of northeastern Algeria. Zootaxa, 3796 (1), 166 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3796.1.8","Arigue, S. F., Adler, P. H., Belqat, B., Bebba, N. & Arab, A. (2016) Biodiversite des mouches noires (Diptera: Simuliidae) et qualite physicochimique des eaux du bassin versant de l'oued El Hai (Aures - Algerie). Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 7, 4839 - 4849.","Bailly-Choumara, H., Bernard, M. R., Grenier, P., Le Roy-Moret, M. C. & Mouchet, J. (1971 [1970]) Note faunistique sur les simulies (Diptera, Simuliidae) du Nord de la Tunisie. Cahiers ORSTOM (Serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie), 8, 377 - 382. [Actual publication date was 1971, http: // horizon. documentation. ird. fr / exl-doc / pleins _ textes / cahiers / entomo / 18915. pdf]","Crosskey, R. W. & Ashford, R. W. (1981) The occurrence of Simulium s. l. in the Libyan Arab Republic. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 75, 647 - 651. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00034983.1981.11687496","Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2018) World blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): a comprehensive revision of the taxonomic and geographical inventory [2018]. 134 pp. Available from: https: // biomia. sites. clemson. edu / pdfs / blackflyinventory. pdf (accessed 29 May 2018)","Grenier, P., Faure, P. R. & Laurent, J. (1957) Simulies (Diptera, Simuliidae) du Maroc (Deuxieme memoire). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur du Ma roc, 5, 218 - 242.","Seguy, E. (1925) Dipteres (Nematoceres piqueurs): Ptychopteridae, Orphnephilidae, Simuliidae, Culicidae, Psychodidae Phlebotominae. Faune de France, 12, 1 - 109."]}

Simulium (Simulium) variegatum species group Simulium (Simulium) atlasicum Giudicelli & Bouzidi, 1989 Morocco: High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 55): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Simulium (Simulium) berberum Giudicelli & Bouzidi, 1989 Morocco: High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 55): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Simulium (Simulium) monticola Friederichs, 1920 = dorieri Doby & Rault, 1960 [Austria and France] Algeria: Djurdjura Mountains: Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 277, 284): comparison with fauna in Tlemcen Mountains. Lounaci et al. (2000b: 128, 133): occurrence, abundance, bionomics. Chaoui Boudghane- Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Haouchine & Lounaci (2012: 143, 146–147): occurrence, abundance, community structure with regard to environmental variables and spatial distribution. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 44–45): distribution. Simulium (Simulium) variegatum Meigen, 1818 Morocco: Rif, High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 55): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Djurdjura Mountains: Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 277, 284): comparison with fauna in Tlemcen Mountains. Lounaci et al. (2000b: 128, 133): occurrence, abundance, bionomics. Chaoui Boudghane- Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Haouchine & Lounaci (2012: 143, 149, 153): occurrence, abundance, bionomics. Eastern Algeria: Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 41– 45): distribution. Simulium (Simulium) xanthinum Edwards, 1933 = gaudi Grenier & Faure, 1957 [Morocco] Morocco: Rif, Pré Rif, Middle Atlas, High Atlas: Belqat et al. (2011: 55): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Algeria: Tlemcen Mountains: Gagneur & Clergue-Gazeau (1988: 276–283): first record for Algeria, biogeography, ecology (as S. (S.) gaudi). Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis et al. (2012: 306): listed. Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis (2016: 41–45): distribution. Western Algeria: Clergue-Gazeau et al. (1991: 54): listed but locality unspecified (as S. (S.) gaudi). Simulium ‘indet .’ Belqat, Adler & Dakki, 2001a = ‘sp.’ Belqat, Adler & Crosskey, 2011 [Morocco] Morocco: Rif: Belqat et al. (2011: 56): inventoried with faunistic and bibliographical details. Comment: We have considered this taxon an undescribed species, originally placed in the S. venustum group (Belqat et al. 2001a, 2011), but more probably a member of the S. variegatum group (Adler & Crosskey 2018: footnote)., Published as part of Belqat, Boutaïna, Adler, Peter H., Cherairia, Mouna & Boudghane-Bendiouis, Chafika Chaoui, 2018, Inventory of the Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of North Africa, pp. 201-220 in Zootaxa 4442 (2) on pages 214-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4442.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1303058, {"references":["Belqat, B., Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2011) Faunistic and bibliographical inventory of the blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Morocco. Zootaxa, 2829, 46 - 58.","Gagneur, J. & Clergue-Gazeau, M. (1988) Les Simulies d'Algerie (Diptera: Simuliidae). I. Premieres donnees biogeographiques et ecologiques sur les especes de l'Ouest-Algerien. Annales de Limnologie, 24, 275 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 1988024","Lounaci, A., Brosse, S., Thomas, A. & Lek, S. (2000 b) Abundance, diversity and community structure of macroinvertebrates in an Algerian stream: the Sebaou wadi. Annales Limnologie, 36, 123 - 133. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 2000008","Haouchine, S. & Lounaci, A. (2012) Les macroinvertebres benthiques des cours d'eau de kabylie (Algerie): faunistique, ecologie et repartition geographique. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 137, 133 - 156.","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C. (2016) Caracterisation et modelisation des habitats des Simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) du bassin versant de la Tafna. These de Doctorat, Universite de Tlemcen, Tlemcen, 168 pp.","Clergue-Gazeau, M., Lek, S. & Lek, S. (1991) Les Simulies d'Afrique du Nord nouvelles donnees sur la repartition de la faune du Maroc et biogeographie des especes maghrebines (Diptera, Simuliidae). Revue d'Hydrobiolgie Tropicale, 24, 47 - 59.","Grenier, P., Faure, P. R. & Laurent, J. (1957) Simulies (Diptera, Simuliidae) du Maroc (Deuxieme memoire). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur du Ma roc, 5, 218 - 242.","Chaoui Boudghane-Bendiouis, C., Belqat, B., Hassaine-Abdellaoui, K. & Yadi, B. (2012) Check-list des simulies (Diptera: Simuliidae) d'Algerie. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 50, 305 - 308.","Belqat, B., Adler, P. & Dakki, M. (2001 a) Distribution summary of the Simuliidae of Morocco with new data for the Rif mountains. British Simuliid Group Bulletin, 17, 10 - 16.","Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2018) World blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): a comprehensive revision of the taxonomic and geographical inventory [2018]. 134 pp. Available from: https: // biomia. sites. clemson. edu / pdfs / blackflyinventory. pdf (accessed 29 May 2018)"]}

Prosimulium kazukii sp. nov. [The LSID for the new name * Prosimulium kazukii * is urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: 4B206978-6142-495D-AE8C-90ADCE67AB7F]. Female. Body (Fig. 1) 3.2 mm long. Head. Narrower than thorax. Frons and clypeus dark brown, not shiny, densely covered with yellow hairs. Frons (Fig. 2A) widened dorsally. Fronto-ocular area (Fig. 2A) narrow, directed laterally and slightly dorsally. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, dark brown except scape, pedicel and base of first flagellomere yellow. Maxillary palp composed of five palpomeres, proportional length of third, fourth and fifth palpomeres 1.0:0.8���0.9:1.6���1.7; third palpomere (Fig. 2B) not enlarged; sensory vesicle (Fig. 2B) of medium-length, 0.3���0.4 times as long as third palpomere, with large opening. Maxillary lacinia with 13 or 14 inner and 20 outer teeth. Mandible with 32 inner teeth and six or seven outer teeth at some distance from apex. Cibarium (Fig. 2C) without any processes. Thorax. Scutum orange yellow, not shiny, densely covered with yellow short hairs intermixed with yellow upright longer hairs on prescutellar area (some longer hairs dark at least basally). Scutellum yellow, with yellow short to long hairs, of which some are dark at least basally. Postnotum yellow except medial area widely light brown to medium brown and bare. Lateral surface of thorax yellow except pleural membrane and its surrounding areas partially grayish. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum narrower than its depth, and bare. Legs. Foreleg: coxa, trochanter and femur yellow; tibia yellow except apex light brown; tarsus dark brown; basitarsus with thick dorsal hair crest, 6.0 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa yellow except posterior surface dark brown; trochanter and femur yellow; tibia yellow except apex light brown; tarsus dark brown. Hind leg: coxa yellow, with posterior surface partially light brown; trochanter and femur yellow; tibia yellow with extreme apex light brown; tarsus dark brown; basitarsus (Fig. 2D) parallel-sided, inflated, 5.3 times as long as width. Calcipala (Fig. 2D) small and pedisulcus absent. Wing. Length 3.0 mm. Costal vein with hairs only. Subcosta fully haired. Basal portion of radius and R 1 fully haired. R 2 apically bifurcated, fully haired. Hair tuft of base of radius yellow. Basal cell well defined. Abdomen. Basal scale yellow though mottled with light brown pigments, with fringe of yellow long hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen yellow, mottled with light brown to varying extent, although dorsum of segments 6���8 usually widely light brown to medium brown, and densely covered with yellow short hairs. Terminalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 2E) wide, bare medially, and covered with 8��� 10 short to long stout hairs and several short setae on each side. Ovipositor valves (Fig. 2E) elongate, 1.9 times as long as sternite 8, gradually tapered to round apices, and covered with microsetae, densely near bases to sparsely toward apices, together with numerous short setae; inner margins slightly concave and moderately sclerotized and darkened on basal one-third, touching each other medially, then separated apically. Genital fork (Fig. 2F) of inverted Y form, with slender long stem and narrow arms having angulated apices. Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 2G) with ventral surface transparent and covered with dozen sensilla, and lateral and posterior surface with numerous stout hairs; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 2H) medially bent posteriorly, with round apex, covered with numerous short to medium-long hairs on lateral surface, of which several hairs along posterior one-third of ventral margin somewhat stouter and longer. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 2H) subrectangular, 0.46 times as long as its width, moderately covered with short to medium-long hairs. Spermatheca in lateral view (Fig. 2I) mushroom-like (i.e., wider than long), well sclerotized and pigmented except base at junction with its duct unpigmented; accessory tubal ducts weakly sclerotized and unpigmented, subequal to each other and to main duct. Male (Specimen was damaged, only the following characters were observed). Body length 3.5 mm. Head. Wider than thorax. Upper eye consisting of enlarged facets in 17 vertical columns and 22 horizontal rows. Clypeus dark brown, densely covered with yellow hairs. Antenna as in female except scape and pedicel dark yellow to light brown and base of first flagellomere yellow. Thorax. Nearly as in female except scutum narrowly light brown along posterior margin. Legs. Color nearly as in female except fore and mid trochanter narrowly darkened along apical margin of inner surface, and fore tibia more widely darkened apically. Wing. Length 3.0 mm. Other characteristics including fully haired subcosta, as in female. Abdomen. Basal scale medium brown, with fringe of yellow long hairs. Dorsal surface medium brown, mottled with yellow or light brown, and densely covered with yellow hairs; ventral surface dull yellow except sternites light to medium brown. Pupa. Body length 4.0 mm. Head. Integument ochreous, without tubercles, although with reticulated surface patterns of small mesh size, appearing tubercle-like, but not raised or only slightly raised; three slender short trichomes close together, between frons and antennal sheath, and three somewhat stout short trichomes, of which one on upper portion of face and two close together on middle of face (Fig. 3A). Thorax. Integument ochreous, without tubercles, although with irregular, reticulated surface pattern formed by relatively larger meshes, with eight short trichomes on each side (three somewhat stout dorsomedially, two slender anterolaterally, one slender mediolaterally, and two slender ventrolaterally), all unbranched except dorsomedial trichomes sometimes bifid (Fig. 3B). Gill (Fig. 3B) of arborescent form, with 29���38 slender short to long filaments (longest filament ca. 2 mm), arising from short basal common stalk, with round basal fenestra on ventrolateral side; filaments ochreous, irregularly with ridges and furrows, and densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, all segments somewhat sclerotized, ochreous and densely covered with round tubercles, although those on medial portions of segments 1 and 2 only slightly raised if at all. Segment 1 with three short slender hair-like setae and one much shorter seta on each side. Segment 2 with one short slender hair-like seta, five much shorter setae, of which two or three are stout, medially and submedially, and two much shorter stout setae laterally, on each side. Segments 3 and 4 each with four hooks each bearing basal tooth (Fig. 3C) along posterior margin, one stout seta and one slender seta medially and one stout seta laterally on each side. Segments 5���7 each with five short setae on each side. Segment 8 with three distinct hooklets on each side (Fig. 3D). Segments 4���9 each with transverse row of spinecombs near anterior margin and groups of microspines on each side. Segment 9 with distinct terminal hook and two hooklets on each side (Fig. 3D). Ventrally, all segments somewhat sclerotized and ochreous, except segments 6 and 7 each having longitudinal membranous area medially. Segments 3���8 each densely covered with comb-like groups of minute spines medially to submedially on anterior half or two-thirds, and small round tubercles on other areas (although sparsely on segment 8). Segment 3 with five short stout setae on each side. Segments 4���7 each with two hooks (Fig. 3E) along posterior margin on each side (although those on segment 4 slightly smaller, and outer hooks on segments 6 and 7 located on lateral pleural membranes). Laterally, dorsal and ventral surfaces divided on each side by narrow pleural membrane on segments 2 and 9, two narrow pleural membranes on segments 3 and 4 (spaces in between somewhat sclerotized, and covered with small tubercles), and broad pleural membrane on segments 5���8. Pleural membrane of segment 8 with three or four distinct hooklets on each side (Fig. 3D); that of segment 9 with six distinct hooklets, of which four are much shorter than other two, on each side (Fig. 3D). Cocoon. Brownish, soft, thinly and roughly woven, wall pocket shaped, usually covering abdomen of pupa, with anterior portion not well defined, and usually covered with various debris. Type material. Holotype. Prosimulium kazukii sp. nov. Female reared from a pupa near Lake Nozoriko, Rokugou Village, Gunma Prefecture, Honshu, Japan, 22-VII-2008, by K. Saito. Paratypes. Five pharate females, same data as holotype. Other specimens. One pharate male (abdomen damaged), same data as holotype; eight females collected while attracted to a human, elevation 660 m, Shirozu, Kobaru, Taketa City, Oita Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan, 17-VI-1990, by M. Baba; four females captured while attracted to a human, elevation 2,500 m, Oonibudakehigashi, Norikura, Azumi Village, Minamiazumi District, Nagano Prefecture, 19-VII-1989, by Y. Kobayashi. Biological note. The biting habits of the females of this species remain unknown, although they were attracted to humans. The pupae of this species were attached to grass in a small stream with water temperature of 11 ˚C, at a high elevation of 1,555 m. Distribution. Japan (Honshu and Kyushu). Etymology. The species name, kazukii, is in honor of Dr. Kazuki Ogata, for his great contribution to the biology and control of insects of medical and veterinary importance. Remarks. This new species is assigned to the P. magnum species-group, as diagnosed by Adler et al. (2004, 2012), on the basis of the female spermatheca wider than long and the ovipositor valves elongated, and the pupal gill with more than 16 filaments, typically more than 20 filaments. The female and male of this new species are characterized by yellow thoraces (Fig. 1). This character distinguishes this new species from those of the other four species of the P. magnum species-group recorded in Japan: P. apoina, P. kalibaense, P. sarurense, and P. yezoense, all of which have dark brown thoraces (Ono, 1976, 1977, 1980; Shiraki, 1935). The color of the female and male antennae of this new species differs from that of the other four species: the scape, pedicel and base of the first flagellomere are yellow or dark yellow in this new species (entirely dark brown in the other four species). In addition, the male of this new species is readily distinguished from that of P. yezoense by the yellow tibia and femur (entirely dark in S. yezoense). In the pupal stage, the new species is distinguished from the four other Japanese species of the P. magnum species-group by the frons and dorsal surface of the thorax without distinct tubercles, and also from one of them by the gill with 29���38 filaments (Fig. 3B) (46���49 filaments in P. sarurense). It is, however, not separable by the number of gill filaments from P. apoina, P. kalibaense or P. yezoense, which have 38���40, 26���30 and 22���37 filaments, respectively (Ono, 1977, 1980). The pupae of P. yezoense from Hokkaido have 22���26 filaments (Ono, 1980), whereas those of P. yezoense from Kyushu and Honshu have 23���34 and 30���37 filaments, respectively (Baba and Takaoka, 1988; Takaoka, unpublished data). This new species is distinguished from the 14 North American species in the P. magnum species-group by having yellowish rather than dark brown thoraces in the adults (Adler et al., 2004). Six species of the P. hirtipes group in western North America have females, and often males, with yellowish or orange thoraces. The new species, however, can be distinguished from all known members of the P. hirtipes group (characters in parentheses) in the female by the spermatheca wider than long (longer than wide) and in the pupa by the gill with 29���38 filaments (typically 16 filaments, but as many as 27 in one European species). Although male genitalia and larvae of the new species were not available for study, we predict that they have 3���7 apical spinules on each gonostylus and a gradually expanded abdomen, respectively. Other than dark brown, the most common color of the thoracic integument in adults of the Simuliidae is yellowish or orange, which is found not only in Prosimulium, but also in Helodon Enderlein, Gigantodax Enderlein, Australian Paracnephia Rubtsov, Bunyipellum Craig, Currie & Moulton, Simulium (Nevermannia) Enderlein, Simulium (Psilopelmia) Enderlein and Simulium (Simulium) Latreille. The adaptive value of thoracic color in the Simuliidae is not known., Published as part of Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Saito, Katsumi, Adler, Peter H. & Baba, Minoru, 2018, A new species of black fly with a yellow thorax in the genus Prosimulium (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Japan, pp. 489-495 in Zootaxa 4524 (4) on pages 490-494, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4524.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/2610690, {"references":["Adler, P. H., Currie, D. C. & Wood, D. M. (2004) The Black Flies (Simuliidae) of North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, xv + 941 pp.","Adler, P. H., Huang, Y. - T. & Takaoka, H. (2012) Nearctic-Palearctic relationships of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae): chromosomal and morphological evidence for the Prosimulium magnum species group in Japan. Journal of Natural History, 46 (23 - 24), 1467 - 1475. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2012.673644","Ono, H. (1976) Description of Prosimulium sarurense n. sp. from Japan (Diptera, Simuliidae). Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 27 (3), 217 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.7601 / mez. 27.217","Ono, H. (1977) Description of Prosimulium apoina n. sp. from Japan (Diptera, Simuliidae. Research Bulletin of Obihiro Zootechnical University, Series I, 10 (3), 749 - 757.","Ono, H. (1980) The Simuliidae of Hokkaido II. A new species of the genus Prosimulium from Hokkaido, Japan with redescription of Prosimulium yezoense Shiraki, 1935 (Diptera, Simuliidae). Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 31 (3), 181 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.7601 / mez. 31.181","Baba, M. & Takaoka, H. (1988) Distribution and seasonal prevalence of two black-fly species of the genus Prosimulium (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Kyushu, Japan. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 39 (3), 271 - 276. [in Japanese] https: // doi. org / 10.7601 / mez. 39.271"]}

Prosimulium kazukii sp. nov. [The LSID for the new name * Prosimulium kazukii * is urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: 4B206978-6142-495D-AE8C-90ADCE67AB7F]. Female. Body (Fig. 1) 3.2 mm long. Head. Narrower than thorax. Frons and clypeus dark brown, not shiny, densely covered with yellow hairs. Frons (Fig. 2A) widened dorsally. Fronto-ocular area (Fig. 2A) narrow, directed laterally and slightly dorsally. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, dark brown except scape, pedicel and base of first flagellomere yellow. Maxillary palp composed of five palpomeres, proportional length of third, fourth and fifth palpomeres 1.0:0.8–0.9:1.6–1.7; third palpomere (Fig. 2B) not enlarged; sensory vesicle (Fig. 2B) of medium-length, 0.3–0.4 times as long as third palpomere, with large opening. Maxillary lacinia with 13 or 14 inner and 20 outer teeth. Mandible with 32 inner teeth and six or seven outer teeth at some distance from apex. Cibarium (Fig. 2C) without any processes. Thorax. Scutum orange yellow, not shiny, densely covered with yellow short hairs intermixed with yellow upright longer hairs on prescutellar area (some longer hairs dark at least basally). Scutellum yellow, with yellow short to long hairs, of which some are dark at least basally. Postnotum yellow except medial area widely light brown to medium brown and bare. Lateral surface of thorax yellow except pleural membrane and its surrounding areas partially grayish. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum narrower than its depth, and bare. Legs. Foreleg: coxa, trochanter and femur yellow; tibia yellow except apex light brown; tarsus dark brown; basitarsus with thick dorsal hair crest, 6.0 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa yellow except posterior surface dark brown; trochanter and femur yellow; tibia yellow except apex light brown; tarsus dark brown. Hind leg: coxa yellow, with posterior surface partially light brown; trochanter and femur yellow; tibia yellow with extreme apex light brown; tarsus dark brown; basitarsus (Fig. 2D) parallel-sided, inflated, 5.3 times as long as width. Calcipala (Fig. 2D) small and pedisulcus absent. Wing. Length 3.0 mm. Costal vein with hairs only. Subcosta fully haired. Basal portion of radius and R 1 fully haired. R 2 apically bifurcated, fully haired. Hair tuft of base of radius yellow. Basal cell well defined. Abdomen. Basal scale yellow though mottled with light brown pigments, with fringe of yellow long hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen yellow, mottled with light brown to varying extent, although dorsum of segments 6–8 usually widely light brown to medium brown, and densely covered with yellow short hairs. Terminalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 2E) wide, bare medially, and covered with 8– 10 short to long stout hairs and several short setae on each side. Ovipositor valves (Fig. 2E) elongate, 1.9 times as long as sternite 8, gradually tapered to round apices, and covered with microsetae, densely near bases to sparsely toward apices, together with numerous short setae; inner margins slightly concave and moderately sclerotized and darkened on basal one-third, touching each other medially, then separated apically. Genital fork (Fig. 2F) of inverted Y form, with slender long stem and narrow arms having angulated apices. Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 2G) with ventral surface transparent and covered with dozen sensilla, and lateral and posterior surface with numerous stout hairs; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 2H) medially bent posteriorly, with round apex, covered with numerous short to medium-long hairs on lateral surface, of which several hairs along posterior one-third of ventral margin somewhat stouter and longer. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 2H) subrectangular, 0.46 times as long as its width, moderately covered with short to medium-long hairs. Spermatheca in lateral view (Fig. 2I) mushroom-like (i.e., wider than long), well sclerotized and pigmented except base at junction with its duct unpigmented; accessory tubal ducts weakly sclerotized and unpigmented, subequal to each other and to main duct. Male (Specimen was damaged, only the following characters were observed). Body length 3.5 mm. Head. Wider than thorax. Upper eye consisting of enlarged facets in 17 vertical columns and 22 horizontal rows. Clypeus dark brown, densely covered with yellow hairs. Antenna as in female except scape and pedicel dark yellow to light brown and base of first flagellomere yellow. Thorax. Nearly as in female except scutum narrowly light brown along posterior margin. Legs. Color nearly as in female except fore and mid trochanter narrowly darkened along apical margin of inner surface, and fore tibia more widely darkened apically. Wing. Length 3.0 mm. Other characteristics including fully haired subcosta, as in female. Abdomen. Basal scale medium brown, with fringe of yellow long hairs. Dorsal surface medium brown, mottled with yellow or light brown, and densely covered with yellow hairs; ventral surface dull yellow except sternites light to medium brown. Pupa. Body length 4.0 mm. Head. Integument ochreous, without tubercles, although with reticulated surface patterns of small mesh size, appearing tubercle-like, but not raised or only slightly raised; three slender short trichomes close together, between frons and antennal sheath, and three somewhat stout short trichomes, of which one on upper portion of face and two close together on middle of face (Fig. 3A). Thorax. Integument ochreous, without tubercles, although with irregular, reticulated surface pattern formed by relatively larger meshes, with eight short trichomes on each side (three somewhat stout dorsomedially, two slender anterolaterally, one slender mediolaterally, and two slender ventrolaterally), all unbranched except dorsomedial trichomes sometimes bifid (Fig. 3B). Gill (Fig. 3B) of arborescent form, with 29–38 slender short to long filaments (longest filament ca. 2 mm), arising from short basal common stalk, with round basal fenestra on ventrolateral side; filaments ochreous, irregularly with ridges and furrows, and densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, all segments somewhat sclerotized, ochreous and densely covered with round tubercles, although those on medial portions of segments 1 and 2 only slightly raised if at all. Segment 1 with three short slender hair-like setae and one much shorter seta on each side. Segment 2 with one short slender hair-like seta, five much shorter setae, of which two or three are stout, medially and submedially, and two much shorter stout setae laterally, on each side. Segments 3 and 4 each with four hooks each bearing basal tooth (Fig. 3C) along posterior margin, one stout seta and one slender seta medially and one stout seta laterally on each side. Segments 5–7 each with five short setae on each side. Segment 8 with three distinct hooklets on each side (Fig. 3D). Segments 4–9 each with transverse row of spinecombs near anterior margin and groups of microspines on each side. Segment 9 with distinct terminal hook and two hooklets on each side (Fig. 3D). Ventrally, all segments somewhat sclerotized and ochreous, except segments 6 and 7 each having longitudinal membranous area medially. Segments 3–8 each densely covered with comb-like groups of minute spines medially to submedially on anterior half or two-thirds, and small round tubercles on other areas (although sparsely on segment 8). Segment 3 with five short stout setae on each side. Segments 4–7 each with two hooks (Fig. 3E) along posterior margin on each side (although those on segment 4 slightly smaller, and outer hooks on segments 6 and 7 located on lateral pleural membranes). Laterally, dorsal and ventral surfaces divided on each side by narrow pleural membrane on segments 2 and 9, two narrow pleural membranes on segments 3 and 4 (spaces in between somewhat sclerotized, and covered with small tubercles), and broad pleural membrane on segments 5–8. Pleural membrane of segment 8 with three or four distinct hooklets on each side (Fig. 3D); that of segment 9 with six distinct hooklets, of which four are much shorter than other two, on each side (Fig. 3D). Cocoon. Brownish, soft, thinly and roughly woven, wall pocket shaped, usually covering abdomen of pupa, with anterior portion not well defined, and usually covered with various debris. Type material. Holotype. Prosimulium kazukii sp. nov. Female reared from a pupa near Lake Nozoriko, Rokugou Village, Gunma Prefecture, Honshu, Japan, 22-VII-2008, by K. Saito. Paratypes. Five pharate females, same data as holotype. Other specimens. One pharate male (abdomen damaged), same data as holotype; eight females collected while attracted to a human, elevation 660 m, Shirozu, Kobaru, Taketa City, Oita Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan, 17-VI-1990, by M. Baba; four females captured while attracted to a human, elevation 2,500 m, Oonibudakehigashi, Norikura, Azumi Village, Minamiazumi District, Nagano Prefecture, 19-VII-1989, by Y. Kobayashi. Biological note. The biting habits of the females of this species remain unknown, although they were attracted to humans. The pupae of this species were attached to grass in a small stream with water temperature of 11 ˚C, at a high elevation of 1,555 m. Distribution. Japan (Honshu and Kyushu). Etymology. The species name, kazukii, is in honor of Dr. Kazuki Ogata, for his great contribution to the biology and control of insects of medical and veterinary importance. Remarks. This new species is assigned to the P. magnum species-group, as diagnosed by Adler et al. (2004, 2012), on the basis of the female spermatheca wider than long and the ovipositor valves elongated, and the pupal gill with more than 16 filaments, typically more than 20 filaments. The female and male of this new species are characterized by yellow thoraces (Fig. 1). This character distinguishes this new species from those of the other four species of the P. magnum species-group recorded in Japan: P. apoina, P. kalibaense, P. sarurense, and P. yezoense, all of which have dark brown thoraces (Ono, 1976, 1977, 1980; Shiraki, 1935). The color of the female and male antennae of this new species differs from that of the other four species: the scape, pedicel and base of the first flagellomere are yellow or dark yellow in this new species (entirely dark brown in the other four species). In addition, the male of this new species is readily distinguished from that of P. yezoense by the yellow tibia and femur (entirely dark in S. yezoense). In the pupal stage, the new species is distinguished from the four other Japanese species of the P. magnum species-group by the frons and dorsal surface of the thorax without distinct tubercles, and also from one of them by the gill with 29–38 filaments (Fig. 3B) (46–49 filaments in P. sarurense). It is, however, not separable by the number of gill filaments from P. apoina, P. kalibaense or P. yezoense, which have 38–40, 26–30 and 22–37 filaments, respectively (Ono, 1977, 1980). The pupae of P. yezoense from Hokkaido have 22–26 filaments (Ono, 1980), whereas those of P. yezoense from Kyushu and Honshu have 23–34 and 30–37 filaments, respectively (Baba and Takaoka, 1988; Takaoka, unpublished data). This new species is distinguished from the 14 North American species in the P. magnum species-group by having yellowish rather than dark brown thoraces in the adults (Adler et al., 2004). Six species of the P. hirtipes group in western North America have females, and often males, with yellowish or orange thoraces. The new species, however, can be distinguished from all known members of the P. hirtipes group (characters in parentheses) in the female by the spermatheca wider than long (longer than wide) and in the pupa by the gill with 29–38 filaments (typically 16 filaments, but as many as 27 in one European species). Although male genitalia and larvae of the new species were not available for study, we predict that they have 3–7 apical spinules on each gonostylus and a gradually expanded abdomen, respectively. Other than dark brown, the most common color of the thoracic integument in adults of the Simuliidae is yellowish or orange, which is found not only in Prosimulium, but also in Helodon Enderlein, Gigantodax Enderlein, Australian Paracnephia Rubtsov, Bunyipellum Craig, Currie & Moulton, Simulium (Nevermannia) Enderlein, Simulium (Psilopelmia) Enderlein and Simulium (Simulium) Latreille. The adaptive value of thoracic color in the Simuliidae is not known.

TABANIDAE New species Tabanus budongoensis sp. n. (Uganda) 1965, Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 34: 65. Tabanus nigeriensis sp. n. (Nigeria) 1959, Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 29: 50. Tabanus ovazzai sp. n. (Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Togo) 1959, Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 29: 53., Published as part of Adler, Peter H., 2018, Roger Ward Crosskey-The Life and Contributions of an Entomologist par Excellence (1930 - 2017), pp. 35-67 in Zootaxa 4455 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4455.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1456955

AULACIDAE New species Aulacostethus angularis sp. n. (Australia) 1953, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (12) 6: 761. Aulacostethus cordiformis sp. n. (Australia) 1953, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (12) 6: 763. Aulacus minutus sp. n. (Australia) 1953, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (12) 6: 764., Published as part of Adler, Peter H., 2018, Roger Ward Crosskey-The Life and Contributions of an Entomologist par Excellence (1930 - 2017), pp. 35-67 in Zootaxa 4455 (1) on page 54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4455.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1456955, {"references":["12. 1957 c. Man-biting behaviour in Simulium bOvis de Meillon in Northern Nigeria, and infection with developing filariae. Annals Of TrOpical Medicine and ParasitOlOgy 51 (1): 80 - 86. (March)"]}

MUSCIDAE New species Pygophora absentiseta sp. n. (New Guinea) 1962, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 29: 446. Pygophora africana sp. n. (Ghana, Nigeria, Togo, Sierra Leone) 1962, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 29: 518. Pygophora bakeri sp. n. (Philippines) 1962, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 29: 499. Pygophora brandti sp. n. (New Guinea) 1962, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 29: 481. Pygophora cheesmanae sp. n. (New Guinea) 1962, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 29: 475. Pygophora dolabra sp. n. (New Guinea) 1962, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 29: 479. Pygophora enigma sp. n. (New Guineai 1962, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 29: 491. Pygophora flavida sp. n. (New Guinea) 1962, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 29: 488. Pygophora intermedia sp. n. (Philippines) 1962, Transact ions of the Zoological Society of London 29: 461. Pygophora keiseri sp. n. (India, Sri Lanka) 1962, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 29: 473. Pygophora microchaeta sp. n. (India) 1962, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 29: 503. Pygophora nigromaculata sp. n. (Burma, Thailand) 1962, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 29: 513. Pygophora pendleburyi sp. n. (Malaysia) 1962, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 29: 505. Pygophora seticornis sp. n. (New Guinea) 1962, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 29: 483. Pygophora villicoxa sp. n. (New Guinea) 1962, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 29: 477. Pygophora vittigera sp. n. (Philippines) 1962, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 29: 508. Pygophora xanthogaster sp. n. (Sri Lanka) 1962, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 29: 502., Published as part of Adler, Peter H., 2018, Roger Ward Crosskey-The Life and Contributions of an Entomologist par Excellence (1930 - 2017), pp. 35-67 in Zootaxa 4455 (1) on pages 49-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4455.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1456955

GASTERUPTIIDAE New genera Carinafoenus gen. n. (Australia) 1953, Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 104: 358. [Synonymized with Hyptiogaster by Crosskey, 1962, Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 112: 393]. Crassifoenus gen. n. (Australia) 1953, Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 104: 355. New species Hyptiogaster ferruginea sp. n. (Australia) 1953, Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 104: 368. Hyptiogaster interrupta sp. n. (Australia) 1953, Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 104: 375. Hyptiogaster melanopleura sp. n. (Australia) 1956, Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 25: 121. Hyptiogaster microcephala sp. n. (Australia) 1953, Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 104: 379. Hyptiogaster reticulata sp. n. (Australia) 1956, Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 25: 124. Hyptiogaster rieki sp. n. (Australia) 1956, Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 25: 122.

SIMULIIDAE New genera and subgenera Afrosimulium gen. n. (Southern Africa) 1969, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 14: 30. [Reclassified as subgenus of Simulium by Crosskey, 1988, in Kim & Merritt (eds.), Black Flies... ‘1987’: 444]. Dexomyia subgen. n. of Simulium. (Saint Helena Island) 1969, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 14: 49. [Reclassified as synonym of subgenus Nevermannia by Crosskey in Crosskey & Howard, 1997, A new taxonomic and geographical inventory of world blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): 46, 84]. Freemanellum subgen. n. of Simulium. (Tropical and southern Africa) 1969, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 14: 92. Lewisellum subgen. n. of Simulium. (Tropical Africa) 1969, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 14: 76. Metacnephia gen. n. (Holarctic realm) 1969, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 14: 26. Phoretomyia subgen. n. of Simulium. (Tropical Africa) 1969, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 14: 79. Procnephia subgen. n. of Prosimulium. (Southern and eastern Africa) 1969, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 14: 21. Xenosimulium subgen. n. of Simulium. (Malagasy subregion) 1969, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 14: 86. New species Prosimulium rhodesianum sp. n. (Zimbabwe) 1968, Journal of Natural History 2: 488. Simulium (Dexomyia) atlanticum sp. n. (Saint Helena Island) 1969, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 14: 52. Simulium (Eusimulium) flexibranchium sp. n. (Greek Aegean islands) 2001, in Crosskey & Malicky, Studia Dipterologica 8 (1): 122. Simulium (Eusimulium) loveridgei sp. n. (Saint Helena Island) 1965, Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 34: 33. [Reassigned to subgenus Nevermannia by Crosskey, 1988, in Kim & Merritt (eds.), Black Flies... ‘1987’: 459]. Simulium (Eusimulium) politum sp. n. (Saint Helena Island) [1977], Annales Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale (Série 8) (Sciences Zoologiques) 215 (1976): 38. [Reassigned to subgenus Nevermannia by Crosskey, 1988, in Kim & Merritt (eds.), Black Flies... ‘1987’: 459]. Simulium (Eusimulium) tenerificum sp. n. (Canary Islands) 1988, Journal of Natural History 22: 338. Simulium (Meilloniellum) yemenense Crosskey & Garms in Crosskey & Buttiker, sp. n. (Yemen, Saudi Arabia) 1982, Fauna of Saudi Arabia 4: 433. Simulium (Nevermannia) arabicum Crosskey in Crosskey & Buttiker sp. n. (Saudi Arabia and Tropical Africa) 1982, Fauna of Saudi Arabia 4: 425. Simulium (Nevermannia) paraloutetense sp. n. (Canary Islands) 1988, Journal of Natural History 22: 330. [Reassigned to subgenus Rubzovia by Crosskey in Crosskey & Howard, 1997, A new taxonomic and geographical inventory of world blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): 62, 92]. Simulium (Obuchovia) ibericum Crosskey & Santos Gracia sp. n. (Portugal, Spain) 1985, Aquatic Insects 7: 150. Simulium (Phoretomyia) dukei Lewis, Disney & Crosskey sp. n. (Cameroun) 1969, Bulletin of Entomological Research 59 (1968): 229. Simulium (Wilhelmia) buettikeri Crosskey & Roberts sp. n. in Crosskey, Büttiker & Roberts (Oman) 1994, Fauna of Saudi Arabia 14: 139. New names for junior homonyms Simulium garmsi nom. n. (replacement name for occidentale Freeman & de Meillon, preoccupied) 1969, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 14: 124. Simulium quasidecolletum nom. n. (replacement name for truncatum Rivosecchi & Cardinali, preoccupied) 1988, Crosskey in Kim & Merritt (eds.), Black Flies... ‘1987’: 462. Simulium zinaidae nom. n. (replacement name for ussovae Bodrova, preoccupied) 1997, Crosskey in Crosskey & Howard, A new taxonomic and geographical inventory of world blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): 62, 118.

RHINOPHORIDAE New genera Comoromyia gen. n. (Comoro Islands) 1977, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 36: 46. Melanomyoides gen. n. (South Africa) 1977, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 36: 23. Queximyia gen. n. (South Africa) 1977, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 36: 45. Ventrops gen. n. (Afrotropical Region) 1977, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 36: 20. New species Comoromyia griseithorax sp. n. (Comoro Islands) 1977, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 36: 47. Phyto longirostris sp. n. (South Africa) 1977, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 36: 44. Phyto parafacialis sp. n. (South Africa) 1977, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 36: 43. Phyto paratachinoides sp. n. (Uganda) 1977, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 36: 43. Phyto stuckenbergi sp. n. (South Africa) 1977, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 36: 44. Queximyia flavipes sp. n. (South Africa) 1977, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 36: 46. Rhinomorinia approximata sp. n. (South Africa) 1977, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 36: 29. Rhinomorinia bisetosa sp. n. (South Africa) 1977, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 36: 35. Rhinomorinia scutellata sp. n. (South Africa) 1977, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 36: 34. Rhinomorinia setitibia sp. n. (South Africa) 1977, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 36: 32. Rhinomorinia verticalis sp. n. (South Africa) 1977, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 36: 33. Stevenia socotrensis sp. n. (Socotra) 1977, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 36: 49. Ventrops milichioides sp. n. (Zimbabwe, Kenya) 1977, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 36: 20., Published as part of Adler, Peter H., 2018, Roger Ward Crosskey-The Life and Contributions of an Entomologist par Excellence (1930 - 2017), pp. 35-67 in Zootaxa 4455 (1) on page 50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4455.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1456955

TACHINIDAE New genera and subgenera Ameniamima subgen. n. of Rutilia. (Australia) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 19: 51. Atlantomyia gen. n. (Saint Helena Island) [1977], Annales Mus��e Royal de l���Afrique Centrale (S��rie 8) (Sciences Zoologiques) 215 (1976): 145. Apomorphomyia gen. n. (South Africa) 1984, Annals of the Natal Museum 26: 298. Austronilea gen. n. (Australia) 1967, Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 6: 32. Formodexia gen. n. (Indonesia) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 19: 38. Metaphryno gen. n. (Australia) 1967, Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 6: 28. Tothillia gen. n. (India) 1976, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 26: 104. Zenargomyia gen. n. (Australia) 1964, Journal of the Entomological Society of Queensland 3: 18. New species Actia painei sp. n. (New Britain) 1962, Bulletin of Entomological Research 53: 173. Actinochaetopteryx antennalis Dear & Crosskey sp. n. (Philippines) 1982, Steenstrupia 8: 128. Actinochaetopteryx aurifasciata Dear & Crosskey sp. n. (Philippines) 1982, Steenstrupia 8: 129. Actinochaetopteryx bivittata Dear & Crosskey sp. n. (Philippines) 1982, Steenstrupia 8: 1 30. Amphibolia (Amphibolia) papuana sp. n. (New Guinea) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 19: 98. Apomorphomyia lygaeidophaga sp. n. (South Africa) 1984, Annals of the Natal Museum 26: 299. Argyrophlylax proclinata sp. n. (New Britain) 1963, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (13) 6: 3. Atlantomyia nitida sp. n. (Saint Helena Island) [1977], Annales Mus��e Royal de l���Afrique Centrale (S��rie 8) (Sciences Zoologiques) 215 (1976): 147. Austronilea livida sp. n. (Australia) 1967, Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 6: 33. Bactromyia mammillata Dear & Crosskey sp. n. (Philippines) 1982, Steenstrupia 8: 153. Campylochaeta (Elpe) aperta Dear & Crosskey sp. n. (Philippines) 1982, Steenstrupia 8: 121. Campylochaeta (Elpe) membrana Dear & Crosskey sp. n. (Philippines) 1982, Steenstrupia 8: 123. Campylochaeta (Elpe) siphonion Dear & Crosskey sp. n. (Philippines) 1982, Steenstrupia 8: 124. Erythrocera palawana Dear & Crosskey sp. n. (Philippines) 1982, Steenstrupia 8: 1 54. Formosia (Euamphibolia) fusca sp. n. (Indonesia) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 19: 37. Formosia (Formosia) viridiventris sp. n. (Solomon Islands) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 19: 28. Lophosiosoma javanum sp. n. (Indonesia) 1976, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 26: 82. Lophosiosoma obliteratum sp. n. (India) 1976, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 26: 83. Lophosiosoma rufofemoratum sp. n. (India) 1976, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 26: 83. Metacemyia setosa sp. n. (Malawi) 1973, Bulletin of Entomological Research 62: 376. Metaphryno bella sp. n. (Australia) 1967, Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 6: 29. Mycteromyiella phasmatophaga sp. n. (Solomon Islands) 1968, Bulletin of Entomological Research 57: 526. Palexorista bancrofti sp. n. (Australia) 1967, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 21: 85. Palexorista reclinata sp. n. (India) 1967, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 21: 86. Phyllomyia gibsonomyioides sp. n. (India) 1976, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 26: 73. Plagiomima rufolateralis sp. n. (Botswana) 1984, Annals of the Natal Museum 26: 302. Rutilia (Chrysorutilia) cryptica sp. n. (Australia) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 19: 65. Rutilia (Chrysorutilia) imperialoides sp. n. (Australia) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 19: 67. Rutilia (Donovanius) brunneipennis sp. n. (Solomon Islands) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 19: 76. Rutilia (Rutilia) dentata sp. n. (Australia) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 19: 81. Torocca pollinosa sp. n. (New Guinea) 1963, Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 32: 129. Zenargomyia moorei sp. n. (Australia) 1964, Journal of the Entomological Society of Queensland 3: 20. New names for junior homonyms Carcelia townsendi nom. n. (replacement name for sumatrana Townsend, preoccupied). [Indonesia] 1976, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 26: 229. Chlorogastrina nom. n. (replacement name for Chlorogaster Macquart, preoccupied) 1967, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 20: 9. Cylindromyia wiedemanni nom. n. (replacement name for bicolor Wiedemann, preoccupied). [India] 1976, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), Supplement 26: 170. Hillomyia nom. n. (replacement name for Hillia Malloch, preoccupied) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 21: 143. Neximyia nom. n. (replacement name for Euphasia Townsend, preoccupied) 1967, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 20: 20. Palexorista macquarti nom. n. (replacement name for auriceps Macquart, preoccupied) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 21: 150. Pygidimyia nom. n. (replacement name for Pygidia Malloch, preoccupied) 1967, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 20: 25. Rutilia townsendi nom. n. (replacement name for splendida Townsend, preoccupied) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 19: 59. Spixomyia nom. n. (replacement name for Scotiella Mesnil, preoccupied) 1967, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 20: 28. Winthellia nom. n. (replacement name for Thyellina Mesnil, preoccupied) 1967, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 20: 31., Published as part of Adler, Peter H., 2018, Roger Ward Crosskey-The Life and Contributions of an Entomologist par Excellence (1930 - 2017), pp. 35-67 in Zootaxa 4455 (1) on pages 52-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4455.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1456955, {"references":["13. 1958 a. (Crosskey, R. W. & Crosskey, M. E.) Filarial infection in Simulium griseicOlle Becker. Nature, London 181 (4610): 713. (March 8)"]}

TACHINIDAE New genera and subgenera Ameniamima subgen. n. of Rutilia. (Australia) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 19: 51. Atlantomyia gen. n. (Saint Helena Island) [1977], Annales Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale (Série 8) (Sciences Zoologiques) 215 (1976): 145. Apomorphomyia gen. n. (South Africa) 1984, Annals of the Natal Museum 26: 298. Austronilea gen. n. (Australia) 1967, Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 6: 32. Formodexia gen. n. (Indonesia) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 19: 38. Metaphryno gen. n. (Australia) 1967, Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 6: 28. Tothillia gen. n. (India) 1976, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 26: 104. Zenargomyia gen. n. (Australia) 1964, Journal of the Entomological Society of Queensland 3: 18. New species Actia painei sp. n. (New Britain) 1962, Bulletin of Entomological Research 53: 173. Actinochaetopteryx antennalis Dear & Crosskey sp. n. (Philippines) 1982, Steenstrupia 8: 128. Actinochaetopteryx aurifasciata Dear & Crosskey sp. n. (Philippines) 1982, Steenstrupia 8: 129. Actinochaetopteryx bivittata Dear & Crosskey sp. n. (Philippines) 1982, Steenstrupia 8: 1 30. Amphibolia (Amphibolia) papuana sp. n. (New Guinea) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 19: 98. Apomorphomyia lygaeidophaga sp. n. (South Africa) 1984, Annals of the Natal Museum 26: 299. Argyrophlylax proclinata sp. n. (New Britain) 1963, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (13) 6: 3. Atlantomyia nitida sp. n. (Saint Helena Island) [1977], Annales Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale (Série 8) (Sciences Zoologiques) 215 (1976): 147. Austronilea livida sp. n. (Australia) 1967, Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 6: 33. Bactromyia mammillata Dear & Crosskey sp. n. (Philippines) 1982, Steenstrupia 8: 153. Campylochaeta (Elpe) aperta Dear & Crosskey sp. n. (Philippines) 1982, Steenstrupia 8: 121. Campylochaeta (Elpe) membrana Dear & Crosskey sp. n. (Philippines) 1982, Steenstrupia 8: 123. Campylochaeta (Elpe) siphonion Dear & Crosskey sp. n. (Philippines) 1982, Steenstrupia 8: 124. Erythrocera palawana Dear & Crosskey sp. n. (Philippines) 1982, Steenstrupia 8: 1 54. Formosia (Euamphibolia) fusca sp. n. (Indonesia) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 19: 37. Formosia (Formosia) viridiventris sp. n. (Solomon Islands) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 19: 28. Lophosiosoma javanum sp. n. (Indonesia) 1976, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 26: 82. Lophosiosoma obliteratum sp. n. (India) 1976, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 26: 83. Lophosiosoma rufofemoratum sp. n. (India) 1976, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 26: 83. Metacemyia setosa sp. n. (Malawi) 1973, Bulletin of Entomological Research 62: 376. Metaphryno bella sp. n. (Australia) 1967, Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 6: 29. Mycteromyiella phasmatophaga sp. n. (Solomon Islands) 1968, Bulletin of Entomological Research 57: 526. Palexorista bancrofti sp. n. (Australia) 1967, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 21: 85. Palexorista reclinata sp. n. (India) 1967, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 21: 86. Phyllomyia gibsonomyioides sp. n. (India) 1976, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 26: 73. Plagiomima rufolateralis sp. n. (Botswana) 1984, Annals of the Natal Museum 26: 302. Rutilia (Chrysorutilia) cryptica sp. n. (Australia) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 19: 65. Rutilia (Chrysorutilia) imperialoides sp. n. (Australia) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 19: 67. Rutilia (Donovanius) brunneipennis sp. n. (Solomon Islands) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 19: 76. Rutilia (Rutilia) dentata sp. n. (Australia) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 19: 81. Torocca pollinosa sp. n. (New Guinea) 1963, Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 32: 129. Zenargomyia moorei sp. n. (Australia) 1964, Journal of the Entomological Society of Queensland 3: 20. New names for junior homonyms Carcelia townsendi nom. n. (replacement name for sumatrana Townsend, preoccupied). [Indonesia] 1976, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 26: 229. Chlorogastrina nom. n. (replacement name for Chlorogaster Macquart, preoccupied) 1967, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 20: 9. Cylindromyia wiedemanni nom. n. (replacement name for bicolor Wiedemann, preoccupied). [India] 1976, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), Supplement 26: 170. Hillomyia nom. n. (replacement name for Hillia Malloch, preoccupied) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 21: 143. Neximyia nom. n. (replacement name for Euphasia Townsend, preoccupied) 1967, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 20: 20. Palexorista macquarti nom. n. (replacement name for auriceps Macquart, preoccupied) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 21: 150. Pygidimyia nom. n. (replacement name for Pygidia Malloch, preoccupied) 1967, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 20: 25. Rutilia townsendi nom. n. (replacement name for splendida Townsend, preoccupied) 1973, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 19: 59. Spixomyia nom. n. (replacement name for Scotiella Mesnil, preoccupied) 1967, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 20: 28. Winthellia nom. n. (replacement name for Thyellina Mesnil, preoccupied) 1967, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 20: 31.

SIMULIIDAE New genera and subgenera Afrosimulium gen. n. (Southern Africa) 1969, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 14: 30. [Reclassified as subgenus of Simulium by Crosskey, 1988, in Kim & Merritt (eds.), Black Flies... ���1987���: 444]. Dexomyia subgen. n. of Simulium. (Saint Helena Island) 1969, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 14: 49. [Reclassified as synonym of subgenus Nevermannia by Crosskey in Crosskey & Howard, 1997, A new taxonomic and geographical inventory of world blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): 46, 84]. Freemanellum subgen. n. of Simulium. (Tropical and southern Africa) 1969, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 14: 92. Lewisellum subgen. n. of Simulium. (Tropical Africa) 1969, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 14: 76. Metacnephia gen. n. (Holarctic realm) 1969, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 14: 26. Phoretomyia subgen. n. of Simulium. (Tropical Africa) 1969, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 14: 79. Procnephia subgen. n. of Prosimulium. (Southern and eastern Africa) 1969, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 14: 21. Xenosimulium subgen. n. of Simulium. (Malagasy subregion) 1969, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 14: 86. New species Prosimulium rhodesianum sp. n. (Zimbabwe) 1968, Journal of Natural History 2: 488. Simulium (Dexomyia) atlanticum sp. n. (Saint Helena Island) 1969, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 14: 52. Simulium (Eusimulium) flexibranchium sp. n. (Greek Aegean islands) 2001, in Crosskey & Malicky, Studia Dipterologica 8 (1): 122. Simulium (Eusimulium) loveridgei sp. n. (Saint Helena Island) 1965, Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 34: 33. [Reassigned to subgenus Nevermannia by Crosskey, 1988, in Kim & Merritt (eds.), Black Flies... ���1987���: 459]. Simulium (Eusimulium) politum sp. n. (Saint Helena Island) [1977], Annales Mus��e Royal de l���Afrique Centrale (S��rie 8) (Sciences Zoologiques) 215 (1976): 38. [Reassigned to subgenus Nevermannia by Crosskey, 1988, in Kim & Merritt (eds.), Black Flies... ���1987���: 459]. Simulium (Eusimulium) tenerificum sp. n. (Canary Islands) 1988, Journal of Natural History 22: 338. Simulium (Meilloniellum) yemenense Crosskey & Garms in Crosskey & Buttiker, sp. n. (Yemen, Saudi Arabia) 1982, Fauna of Saudi Arabia 4: 433. Simulium (Nevermannia) arabicum Crosskey in Crosskey & Buttiker sp. n. (Saudi Arabia and Tropical Africa) 1982, Fauna of Saudi Arabia 4: 425. Simulium (Nevermannia) paraloutetense sp. n. (Canary Islands) 1988, Journal of Natural History 22: 330. [Reassigned to subgenus Rubzovia by Crosskey in Crosskey & Howard, 1997, A new taxonomic and geographical inventory of world blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): 62, 92]. Simulium (Obuchovia) ibericum Crosskey & Santos Gracia sp. n. (Portugal, Spain) 1985, Aquatic Insects 7: 150. Simulium (Phoretomyia) dukei Lewis, Disney & Crosskey sp. n. (Cameroun) 1969, Bulletin of Entomological Research 59 (1968): 229. Simulium (Wilhelmia) buettikeri Crosskey & Roberts sp. n. in Crosskey, B��ttiker & Roberts (Oman) 1994, Fauna of Saudi Arabia 14: 139. New names for junior homonyms Simulium garmsi nom. n. (replacement name for occidentale Freeman & de Meillon, preoccupied) 1969, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 14: 124. Simulium quasidecolletum nom. n. (replacement name for truncatum Rivosecchi & Cardinali, preoccupied) 1988, Crosskey in Kim & Merritt (eds.), Black Flies... ���1987���: 462. Simulium zinaidae nom. n. (replacement name for ussovae Bodrova, preoccupied) 1997, Crosskey in Crosskey & Howard, A new taxonomic and geographical inventory of world blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): 62, 118., Published as part of Adler, Peter H., 2018, Roger Ward Crosskey-The Life and Contributions of an Entomologist par Excellence (1930 - 2017), pp. 35-67 in Zootaxa 4455 (1) on pages 50-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4455.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1456955, {"references":["1. 1951. The morphology, taxonomy and biology of the British Evanioidea (Hymenoptera). TransactiOns Of the ROyal EntOmOlOgical SOciety Of LOndOn 102 (5): 247 - 301. (August 31)"]}

AULACIDAE New species Aulacostethus angularis sp. n. (Australia) 1953, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (12) 6: 761. Aulacostethus cordiformis sp. n. (Australia) 1953, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (12) 6: 763. Aulacus minutus sp. n. (Australia) 1953, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (12) 6: 764.

CALLIPHORIDAE New genus Paraplatytropesa gen. n. (Australia) 1965, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 16: 98. New species Paramenia angustifrons sp. n. (Australia) 1965, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 16: 128. Platytropesa simulans sp. n. (New Guinea) 1965, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 16: 89. Silbomyia asiatica sp. n. (India, Malaysia, Thailand) 1965, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 16: 80. Silbomyia mackerrasi sp. n. (Indonesia) 1965, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 16: 72. Silbomyia metallica sp. n. (Indonesia) 1965, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 16: 81. Silbomyia palawana sp. n. (Philippines) 1965, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 16: 63. Silbomyia palpalis sp. n. (Australia) 1972, Journal of Entomology (B) 41: 97. Silbomyia philippinensis sp. n. (Philippines) 1965, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 16: 58. Silbomyia sumba sp. n. (Indonesia) 1965, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 16: 62. Silbomyia timorensis sp. n. (Indonesia) 1965, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 16: 67., Published as part of Adler, Peter H., 2018, Roger Ward Crosskey-The Life and Contributions of an Entomologist par Excellence (1930 - 2017), pp. 35-67 in Zootaxa 4455 (1) on pages 48-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4455.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1456955

Borkent, Art, Brown, Brian V., Adler, Peter H., Amorim, Dalton De Souza, Barber, Kevin, Bickel, Daniel, Boucher, Stephanie, Brooks, Scott E., Burger, John, Burington, Z.L., Capellari, Renato S., Costa, Daniel N.R., Cumming, Jeffrey M., Curler, Greg, Dick, Carl W., Epler, J.H., Fisher, Eric, Gaimari, Stephen D., Gelhaus, Jon, Grimaldi, David A., Hash, John, Hauser, Martin, Hippa, Heikki, Bernal, Sergio Ibáñez-, Jaschhof, Mathias, Kameneva, Elena P., Kerr, Peter H., Korneyev, Valery (2018): Remarkable fly (Diptera) diversity in a patch of Costa Rican cloud forest: Why inventory is a vital science. Zootaxa 4402 (1): 53-90, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4402.1.3

Kúdela, Matúš, Adler, Peter H., Kúdelová, Tatiana (2018): Taxonomic status of the black fly Prosimulium italicum Rivosecchi (Diptera: Simuliidae) based on genetic evidence. Zootaxa 4377 (2): 280-290, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4377.2.8

Supplementary information for the main document

Simulium (Simulium) sansahoense Takaoka & Chen sp. nov. Female. Body length 2.5 ��� 2.6 mm. Head. Slightly narrower than thorax. Frons black, shiny, with bluish reflection when illuminated at certain angles, with several dark stout hairs along lateral margins and few to several yellow fine hairs near antennal bases; frontal ratio 1.3:1.0:0.9���1.1; frons:head ratio 1.0:3.3���3.5. Fronto-ocular area well developed, short, directed laterally, and rounded or pointed apically. Clypeus black, shiny and white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with dark-brown medium-long hairs mixed with yellow fine hairs (though mediolongitudinal portion somewhat widely bare on upper half to three-fifths). Labrum 0.6 times length of clypeus. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, dark brown, except scape, pedicel and first flagellomere yellow when viewed ventrally, but dark brown except scape, pedicel and basal one-third of first flagellomere yellow when viewed dorsally. Maxillary palp with five segments, medium brown except third segment dark brown; proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0:1.2:2.7; third segment (Fig. 34 A) of moderate size, with medium-sized ellipsoidal sensory vesicle (0.3 ��� 0.4 times length of third segment) having medium-sized opening. Maxillary lacinia with 11 or 12 inner and 13 ��� 15 outer teeth. Mandible with 29 inner and 12 outer teeth. Cibarium (Fig. 34 B) with 30 or 31 minute processes near posterodorsal margin. Thorax. Scutum black, shiny and white pruinose with three faint dark vittae (one median, two submedian) when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with yellow short fine hairs interspersed with several dark-brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum brownish black, covered with dark-brown upright long and yellow short hairs. Postnotum brownish black, shiny and white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, brownish black, shiny and white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Legs. Foreleg: coxa and trochanter whitish yellow; femur yellow with apical cap light brown; tibia whitish yellow except apical cap dark brown, with median outer surface widely white and with bright white sheen when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus greatly dilated, 5.8 ��� 5.9 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa dark brown; trochanter whitish yellow with apical portion partially light brown; femur yellow except apical cap light brown; tibia whitish yellow except apical tip light brown, and with whitish sheen widely on posterior surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus medium brown except basal four-fifths of basitarsus whitish yellow. Hind leg: coxa medium to dark brown; trochanter yellowish white; femur yellow except apical cap light brown; tibia white on posterior surface of basal half and yellow on rest except apical cap medium brown, and with whitish sheen widely on posterior surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus medium brown except little more than basal two-thirds of basitarsus (though base light brown) and basal half of second tarsomere yellowish white; basitarsus (Fig. 34 C) nearly parallel-sided, 6.2 ��� 6.3 times as long as wide, and 0.8 and 0.7 times as wide as greatest widths of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 34 C) moderately developed, nearly as long as wide, and 0.4 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 34 C) well developed; claw (Fig. 34 D) with small subbasal tooth. Wing. Length 2.5 ��� 2.7 mm. Costa with dark spinules and hairs; subcosta haired except apical one-fifth to half bare; basal section of radial vein bare; R1 with dark-brown spinules and hairs; R2 with dark-brown hairs; hair tuft on base of radius dark brown; basal cell absent. Halter. White except base darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale dark brown, with fringe of yellow hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium brown to brownish black, with dark short hairs; tergite 2 shiny and silvery iridescent when illuminated at certain angles and tergites 6���9 shiny when illuminated at certain angles. Ventral surface light to medium brown; segment 7 without sternal plate. Terminalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 34 E) well sclerotized and bare medially, covered with 6���10 long and medium-long stout hairs and three or four short fine hairs on each side. Ovipositor valves (Fig. 34 E) nearly tongue-like, rounded posteromedially, membranous, each densely covered with microsetae together with five to eight short to medium-long hairs; inner margin deeply concave medially. Genital fork (Fig. 34 F) of inverted-Y form; stem slender and well sclerotized; arms of moderate width, each with strongly sclerotized apical portion having distinct projection directed anterodorsally. Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 34 G) nearly quadrate, with anteromedian portion depressed and moderately sclerotized having eight or nine sensilla on its surface; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 34 H) somewhat produced ventrally, 0.7 times as long as wide, covered with 15���19 short to medium-long hairs and numerous microsetae on lateral and ventral surfaces. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 34 H) short, rounded posteriorly, 0.56 times as long as its greatest width, and covered with medium-long and short hairs. Spermatheca (Fig. 34 I) ovoidal, 1.2 times as long as wide, sclerotized except duct and narrow area of juncture with duct unsclerotized, without discernible reticulate surface patterns; minute internal setae present; accessory ducts subequal in thickness to each other and slightly thicker than main duct. Male. Body length 2.6���3.0 mm. Head. Slightly wider than thorax. Upper eye medium brown, with large facets in 21 or 22 vertical columns and in 21���23 horizontal rows. Clypeus black, thickly white pruinose, silvery or bluish, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, covered with dark-brown hairs along lateral margins and near ventral margin (medial portion widely bare). Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, medium brown to brownish black except base of first flagellomere dark yellow; first flagellomere elongate, 1.7 times as long as second one. Maxillary palp grayish to dark brown, composed of five segments with proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0:1.3:2.9; third segment (Fig. 35 A) of moderate size; sensory vesicle (Fig. 35 A) small, ellipsoidal (0.3 times as long as third segment), and with small opening. Thorax. Scutum black, with white pruinose pattern, i.e., anterior pair of crescent spots on shoulders extending posteriorly along lateral margins connected near base of wings to large transverse posterior spot entirely covering prescutellar area; these pruinose areas silvery or bluish iridescent when illuminated at certain angles; scutum uniformly and moderately covered with yellow recumbent short hairs interspersed with dark-brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum brownish black, with several dark-brown long upright hairs and yellow short hairs. Postnotum black, white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, black, white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Legs. Foreleg: coxa whitish yellow; trochanter light brown except base whitish yellow; femur light brown with apical cap medium brown, though inner surface of basal half yellowish; tibia medium brown except median large portion widely white on outer surface, and with bright white sheen widely on outer surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus brownish-black to black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus greatly dilated, 6.6���6.8 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa brownish black; trochanter medium brown except base yellowish white; femur light brown with apical cap medium brown; tibia light brown except basal one-third yellow and apical cap medium brown; tibia with white sheen on posterior surface of basal one-third when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus medium to dark brown except basal half or little more of basitarsus whitish yellow. Hind leg: coxa dark brown; trochanter whitish yellow; femur medium brown except base whitish yellow and apical cap dark brown; tibia medium brown except apical cap brownish black and basal tip yellowish white; tarsus (Fig. 35 B) medium to dark brown except basal half or little more of basitarsus whitish yellow (though extreme base darkened) and basal half of second tarsomere yellowish white; basitarsus (Fig. 35 B) much enlarged, gradually widened from base to apical one-third, then slightly narrowed to apex, 4.1���4.9 times as long as its greatest width, and 0.7���0.8 and 0.9 times as wide as greatest widths of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 35 B) small, slightly shorter than wide, 0.3 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 35 B) well developed. Wing. Length 2.6���2.7 mm. Other features as in female except subcosta bare. Halter. White except basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale brownish black, with fringe of dark long hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen dark brown to brownish black, with dark short hairs; segments 2, 5, 6 and 7 each with pair of silvery or bluish iridescent spots dorsolaterally, those on segment 2 broadly connected in middle to each other. Genitalia. Coxites, styles and ventral plate in ventral view as in Fig. 35 C. Coxite in ventrolateral view (Fig. 35 D) 0.8 times as long as wide. Style in ventrolateral view (Fig. 35 E) elongate, 2.9 times as long as its greatest width near base, nearly parallel-sided from base to little more than basal one-third, then tapered toward middle, and nearly parallel-sided or slightly widened to apex, and with distinct apical spine; style in medial view (Fig. 35 F) 1.4 times as long as coxite, widened from base to basal one-fourth, tapered to little less than apical one-third, then nearly parallel-sided to apex. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 35 C) well sclerotized, with narrow body having ventrally produced process posteriorly, which bears toothed posterolateral margins and is covered with many minute setae on anterolateral surface; arms divergent outward, then convergent apically; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 35 G) with posterior margin serrated from base to apical tip and with anterolateral surfaces covered with many microsetae; ventral plate in end view (Fig. 35 H) elliptical, with both lateral margins gently rounded, and each with several teeth. Median sclerite in lateral view (Fig. 35 G) arising from anterior margin of body of ventral plate, directed dorsally; median sclerite in caudal view (Fig. 35 I) plate-like, nearly parallel-sided to apex, with round apex, brown basally, but not so well sclerotized apically. Paramere in caudal view (Fig. 35 J) with enlarged basal portion and with several distinct hooks and several smaller ones. Aedeagal membrane densely covered with minute setae, and with moderately sclerotized dorsal plate in form of horizontal bar (Fig. 35 K). Abdominal segment 10 (Fig. 35 L, M) with three or five hairs on ventral surface and three to five hairs on lateral surface on each side. Cercus (Fig. 35 L, M) small, rounded, with 10 or 11 distinct hairs. Pupa. Body length 3.0��� 3.2 mm. Head. Integument ochreous except ventral and lateral surfaces whitish yellow and antennal sheaths yellow, densely covered with small round tubercles; frons with two pairs of unbranched short slender trichomes (Fig. 36 A), arising close together; face with pair of unbranched medium-long somewhat stout trichomes (Fig. 36 B). Thorax. Integument light brown except wing sheaths yellow, moderately covered with small round tubercles; thorax with three medium-long stout anterodorsal trichomes (one posterior trichome somewhat narrower than two anterior ones) (Fig. 36 C), two medium-long stout anterolateral trichomes (anterior trichome shorter and more slender than posterior one) (Fig. 36 D), one medium-long stout mediolateral trichome (Fig. 36 E), and three ventrolateral trichomes (one anterior trichome short and slender, two other trichomes medium-long and stout) (Fig. 36 F), on each side; all unbranched. Gill (Fig. 36 G) with eight slender thread-like filaments arranged as (2+2)+(2+2) from dorsal to ventral, arising from short common basal stalk; all pairs short-stalked except second pair from above almost sessile; length of filaments variable: upper filaments of first and second pairs from above shortest (0.84 mm long), two filaments of fourth pair from above longest (1.2���1.3 mm long), and other filaments intermediate in length (1.0��� 1.1 mm long); all filaments subequal in thickness to one another, though two filaments of fourth pair slightly thicker than others; all filaments dark brown, slightly tapered toward apices, with annular furrows (annular ridges not well developed), and densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, all segments unpigmented except segments 1 and 2 entirely light brown, and also segment 3 occasionally with wide darkened area anteriorly; segment 1 with one unbranched short hair-like seta (Fig. 36 H) on each side; segment 2 with one unbranched short hair-like seta and five minute setae, of which three or four are stout (Fig. 36 I), on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with four distinct hooks and one unbranched minute seta on each side; segment 5���7 lacking spine-combs; segment 8 with distinct spine-combs in transverse row on each side; segments 6���9 each with comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segment 9 with pair of small conical terminal hooks (Fig. 36 J). Ventrally, segments 3���8 unpigmented, each with comb-like groups of minute spines; segment 4 with few minute setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of bifid hooks submedially and few minute setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and unbranched outer hooks somewhat separated from each other, and few minute setae on each side. Grapnel-shaped hooklets absent on each side of segment 9. Cocoon (Fig. 36 K, L). Corbicular, moderately woven, ochreous, not extended ventrolaterally, and with several large open spaces anteriorly; individual threads invisible; 3.5���4.2 long by 1.0��� 1.3 mm wide. Mature larva. Body length 5.3���6.0 mm. Body vermilion to ochreous (though intersegmental areas from thoracic segment 3 to abdominal segment 5 paler) except ventral surface of thorax and abdominal segments 1���4 light grayish-green, and that of abdominal segments 5���9 unpigmented. Head. Cephalic apotome (Fig. 37 A) variable in color patterns: e.g., some cephalic apotome whitish yellow to yellow though medial portion narrowly darkened along posterior margin, with faint or moderate positive head spots; some others whitish yellow on anterior three-fifths, with faint anterior spot of mediolongitudinal spots, and light to dark brown on posterior twothirds with faint to moderate negative or obscure spots; some others light to medium brown on anterior one-third, medium to dark brown on posterior two-thirds, with faintly or moderately negative spots, and medial portion between dark areas yellow, with obscure or faintly positive anterior spot of mediolongitudinal spots; some others widely yellowish except narrow area along posterior margin darkened and somewhat light brown medially, with obscure or negative head spots. Lateral surface of head capsule light to medium brown except eye-spot region whitish and anterior portion near anterior margin and area below eye-spot region yellowish to varying extent, with spots near posterior margin obscure or faintly or moderately negative, and isolated spot below eye-spot region often positive; eyebrow distinct. Ventral surface of head capsule (Fig. 37 B) light to medium brown except anterior area near hypostoma and both lateral areas yellowish to varying extent; long spot on each side of postgenal cleft obscure or faintly positive or negative. Head capsule sparsely covered with minute colorless setae. Antenna composed of three articles and apical sensillum, much longer than stem of labral fan; length ratio of three articles (from base to tip) 1.0:1.3 ��� 1.4:0.6. Labral fan with 52���56 primary rays. Mandible (Fig. 37 C) with mandibular serration composed of two teeth (one medium-sized, one small); main tooth at obtuse angle against mandible on apical side; supernumerary serrations absent; comb-teeth decreasing in length from first to third. Hypostoma (Fig. 37 D) with nine anterior teeth, of which median tooth is slightly longer than corner teeth, and intermediate teeth on each side shortest; lateral margins serrate apically; six or seven hypostomal bristles per side lying divergent posteriorly from lateral margin. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 37 B) rounded, 4.0 times length of postgenal bridge; sheath of subesophageal ganglion weakly pigmented. Cervical sclerites on each side composed of one light-brown rod-like piece and one light-brown elliptical piece, not fused to occiput. Thorax and Abdomen. Histoblast of pharate pupal gill with eight short filaments. Thoracic cuticle sparsely covered with minute colorless setae dorsally. Abdominal segments 1 ��� 5 each with pair of small protuberances (Fig. 37 E) dorsally; abdominal cuticle sparsely or moderately covered with minute colorless setae dorsally and dorsolaterally; last abdominal segment moderately covered with short colorless setae on each side of anal sclerite. Rectal scales present. Rectal organ compound, each lobe with 14 ��� 18 finger-like secondary lobules. Anal sclerite X-shaped, with short broad anterior arms 0.7 times length of posterior ones; one to five sensilla on base of anal sclerite; four to six sensilla posterior to posterior arms. Last abdominal segment somewhat swollen laterally but lacking ventral papillae. Posterior circlet with 84 ��� 86 rows of hooklets with up to 16 ��� 19 hooklets per row. Type material. HOLOTYPE: Female (with its associated pupal exuviae and cocoon) in 80% ethanol, labeled in a vial as [UMSRP: Vietnam 0 34, Holotype, Simulium (S.) sansahoense, Female, coll. Vietnam, 20-XII-2014, Takaoka et al.], reared from a pupa collected from a river (width 6.0 m, depth 12 cm, water temperature 10.0˚C, exposed to the sun, elevation 1,194 m, 22˚19���44.349���N/103˚49���49.930���E), moderately flowing from a natural forest, San Sa Ho, Sapa, Lao Cai Province, northern Vietnam, 20-XII-2014, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya���cob, C.D. Chen & K.W. Lau. PARATYPES: Four females, six males (all reared from pupae), two pupae and 10 mature larvae, in 80% ethano,l same data as those of the holotype, labeled in each vial as [UMSRP: Vietnam 0 34, Paratype, Simulium (S.) sansahoense, coll. Vietnam, 20-XII-2014, Takaoka et al.]. Biological notes. The pupae and larvae of this new species were collected from plastic plates in the current. The associated species were S. (S.) daoense sp. nov. and S. (S.) phuluense sp. nov. Distribution. Vietnam (Lao Cai). Etymology. The species name sansahoense refers to the name of the locality, San Sa Ho, where this new species was collected. Remarks. Simulium (S.) sansahoen, Published as part of Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya'Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Low, Van Lun, Pham, Xuan Da & Adler, Peter H., 2017, The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Vietnam, pp. 1-165 in Zootaxa 4261 (1) on pages 82-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.571608, {"references":["Takaoka, H. & Saito, K. (2007) A species list of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Japan. Yugaiseibutsu, 4, 44 - 60. [in Japanese]","Takaoka, H. (1976) Studies on blackflies of the Nansei Islands, Japan (Simuliidae; Diptera). II. On six species of the subgenera Gomphostilbia Enderlein, Morops Enderlein, Odagmia Enderlein and Gnus Rubzov, with the description of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) okinawense sp. nov. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 27, 385 - 398. https: // doi. org / 10.7601 / mez. 27.385","Xue, H. T. (1992) A new species of blackfly Simulium from Yunnan Province, China (Diptera: Simuliidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 17 (2), 93 - 96.","Takaoka, H. (1983) The Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of the Philippines. Japan Society For The Promotion of Science, Tokyo, xi + 199 pp.","Takaoka, H. & Davies, D. M. (1995) The Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of West Malaysia. Kyushu University Press, Fukuoka, viii + 175 pp.","Takaoka, H. & Sigit, S. H. (1997) Three new black fly species of Simulium (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Sumatra, Indonesia. Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 25 (2), 69 - 80."]}

Simulium arminii new species (Figs. 1���16) Simulium carthusiense: Seitz & Adler 2009, not Grenier & Dorier [misidentification] Holotype. Male with associated pupal exuviae and cocoon in ethanol; left hind leg and abdominal tip with genitalia parts in four microvials with glycerine, Germany, H��llental, near Garmisch-Partenkirchen, spring to Hammersbach, 47��26��09���N 11��01��23���E, orographically from the left (western) side, 1460 m elevation, collected 17 August, emerged 19 August 2014, leg. Gunther Seitz (deposited in the ZSM). Paratypes. Data as in Table 1: 1 female allotype with associated pupal exuviae and cocoon in ethanol (head, labellum, and abdominal tip in separate microvial with glycerine, left maxillary palp slide-mounted in Euparal; ZSM); 2 females with pupal exuviae, 5 pupae (in ethanol), 3 microscope slides with larval mandibles, labral fan rays, hypostoma, and postgenal cleft (in Euparal; ZSM); 1 male and 1 female with exuviae (in ethanol), 1 male larva and 14 female larvae (Carnoy���s fixative, transferred to ethanol after chromosome extraction; CUAC); 1 male and 2 females with pupal exuviae, 10 pupae (in ethanol; Collection G. Seitz). Etymology. The species is named in honor of the first author���s son Armin (original Latin name = ���Arminius���; genitive = ��� Arminii ���) for companionship and collecting on the occasion of the discovery of the new species in the Sittersbach area. Male. Body length 3.7 mm; wing length 3.7 mm. Scutum black; thoracic hair golden. Radius with hair dorsobasally. Stem vein and basicosta with long, golden hair. Mesepimeral tuft, basal fringe, and abdominal hair golden. Legs brown, base and tip of femora and tibiae darker; recumbent pilosity golden yellow in reflected light, shining. Hind leg with basitarsus 4.5 times longer than wide at widest point; calcipala less than �� width of apex of basitarsus; pedisulcus distinctly developed (Fig. 1). Male genitalia: Ventral surface of gonocoxite with long brown hairs, shorter dorsally. Gonostylus at base about �� as wide as entire length, shorter than coxite, nearly parallel sided, distally with medially directed, subtriangular flange bearing 1 apical spinule (Fig. 2). Ventral plate in terminal view with lip slightly protruded (Fig. 3), in ventral view with body trapezoidal, posterolaterally rounded, anterior margin convex, posterior margin concave; lip with hairs originating from small cuticular nodules; basal arms slender, slightly shorter than length of body of ventral plate, and with apical �� of each arm directed slightly inward (Fig. 4). Parameres each with 1 strong spine; dorsal plate subquadrate with rounded corners beyond flangelike collar; median sclerite elongated, slender, apically bifurcated (Fig. 5). Female. Body length 3.4 mm; wing length 3.9 mm. Scutum, humeral angles, and scutellum brown; thoracic hair golden. Postnotum brown, without hair. Frons at narrowest width about 1/7 width of head; frons and clypeus with golden hair. Mandible with about 39 serrations (13 outer and 26 inner); lacinia with 21 (left) and 24 (right) retrorse teeth. Palpomere V about 1.9 times longer than palpomere IV and about 1.5 times longer than palpomere III. Sensory vesicle in lateral view elliptical, nearly �� as long as palpomere III. Stem vein and basicosta with golden hair. Basal fringe and mesepimeral tuft golden. Precoxal bridge complete. Legs light brown, darker on tarsi and apices of femora and tibiae; hair on tarsi light brown, golden on other segments. Hind leg with basitarsus 7.5 times longer than wide at widest point; calcipala about �� width of apex of basitarsus; pedisulcus distinctly developed. Claws each with basal, thumblike lobe. Terminalia: Cercus strongly haired on both sides. Anal lobe sclerotized at edges, medioventrally bulged, beset with hairs on both sides (Fig. 6). Cercus in lateral view rectangular, broader than long, with upper corner more or less at right angle and lower corner rounded; anal lobe slightly extended ventrally, covered with strong hairs (Fig. 7). Hypogynial valves almost transparent, each with few small hairs on basal half, otherwise unhaired (Fig. 8). Genital fork (Fig. 8) with stem long, well pigmented, 1.2 times longer than each comparatively long, straight arm. Arms distinctly divergent, extended posterolaterally beyond lateral plates, enclosing wide U-shaped space. Lateral plates each with dark brown cuticle and short, blunt, anteriorly directed apodeme (Fig. 8). Spermatheca slightly longer than broad, longer than half length of stem of genital fork, with polygonal surface pattern; area surrounding junction with spermathecal duct unpigmented (Fig. 8). Pupa and cocoon. Body length (without gill) up to 4.5 mm. Gill of 4 closely spaced filaments directed anteriorly, longer than pupa if straight and fully extended; lower pair of filaments branched in vertical plane, upper pair of filaments branched inward in diagonal plane; filaments branching at acute angle from common basal trunk, which is up to 3.5 times longer than wide. Upper trunk up to �� thicker and 1.5���3.0 times longer than lower trunk; filaments with transverse furrows (Fig. 9). Head plate and anterior thoracic dorsum densely covered with circular microtubercles (diameter up to 12.5 ��m) bearing microgranules (Fig.10); thoracic trichomes unbranched, dichotomous, or trichotomous, up to 250 ��m long. Lower part of frontoclypeal shield with 1 short seta per side (often broken). Terminal spines small, pointed. Cocoon slipper shaped, d��collet��, exposing much of thoracic area, overall weakly woven and transparent, covered with small chalk particles, with thickened rim, anteromedially with small, more or less protruding extension of woven strands, reduced in many cases (Fig. 11). Larva. Length of last instar up to 7.4 mm. Ground colour of body whitish yellow; dorsally with more or less distinctly pigmented brownish areas. Head yellowish brown, with washed-out positive, brown head spots; frontoclypeal apotome paler than postgenae; posteromedial head spot in form of isosceles triangle (Fig. 12). Postgenal cleft longer than wide, about 200 ��m long and up to 150 ��m wide, rounded or slightly mitre shaped, extended about �� distance to hypostomal groove (Fig. 13); subesophageal ganglion unpigmented. Hypostoma with median tooth longer than 2 smaller lateral teeth that each arise from broadly rounded base; 3 small sublateral teeth per side (Fig. 14). Paralateral teeth composed of 1 tooth on each side followed by 3 smaller saw teeth; 3���5 weakly expressed lateral serrations per side; 4 sublateral hypostomal setae, arranged one behind another per side, decreasing in length, with anteriormost seta about 100 ��m long, trifid, deeply divided. Antenna longer than stem of labral fan, transparent, up to 0.55 (0.51) mm long, with articles 1 and 2 brownish; proportion of articles proximal to distal (excluding apical sensillum) 1.7:2.0:1.0 (1.5:2.1:1.0). Mandible with typically developed apical and preapical teeth, followed by 8 spinous comb teeth; inner preapical ridge of mandible with 1 sensillum and 3 serrations (Fig. 15). Labral fan (n = 4) with 39���43 primary rays. Abdomen with conical ventral tubercle on each side of last segment. Anal sclerite X-shaped, with sclerotized areas alongside arms and between 2 halves; anterodorsal arms shorter than posterodorsal arms. Cuticle beside sclerite with numerous hairs, up to 40 ��m long; no rectal scales. Rectal papillae with 3 compound lobes, each with 12���14 lobules. Posterior proleg with up to 12 hooks in each of 74���78 rows. Polytene chromosomes. Chromosome arms IS and IIL had the standard banding sequence of Brockhouse (1985) for the Simulium vernum group, whereas IL-2, IIS-1, IIIS-4, and IIIP-1 (Fig. 16) of Hunter (1987) were fixed (Table 2). A chromocenter, ectopic pairing, and supernumerary (B) chromosomes were absent. The sex chromosomes, based on 14 females and only 1 male, were undifferentiated (X0Y0). Polymorphisms included IIIL- 19.1 (= q sequence of Hunter 1987), IIIL-2,(19'.1') (= w sequence of Hunter 1987), and three unique polymorphisms: IIIL-1ar, IIIL-2ar, and IIIL heteroband Hb-85B3 (Table 2; Fig. 16). Section 41/42 was homozygously puffed in at least some nuclei in about half of the larvae. The difficulty of ascertaining whether IIIL- 19.1 and IIIL-19'.1' are the same or different (mimic) inversions persists (Hunter 1987). Here, we recognize the ���w��� sequence of Hunter (1987) without distinguishing IIIL-19.1 and IIIL-19'.1'. If the inversions are equivalent, then IIIL-19 and IIIL-1 are fixed in S. arminii n. sp. and IIIL-2 is floating (i.e., polymorphic). Sittersbach Hammersbach a Italicized inversions indicate they are fixed. b Polymorphism was on top of the w sequence. c Novel polymorphism, known only in this species. d Autosomal polymorphic inversions are named with a two-letter abbreviation of the species name (i.e., ���ar���), following the practice of Hunter (1987). Diagnosis and taxonomic remarks. Males of S. arminii n. sp. can be distinguished from those of other European members of the S. vernum group by the broad trapezoidal ventral plate with small cuticular nodules on the lip and short basal arms directed slightly inward. In comparison with other alpine species in the S. vernum group in Europe (Rivosecchi 1978, fig. 68), the new species has the broadest ventral plate, except for that of Simulium dolomitense (Rivosecchi). The length to width ratio of the hind basitarsus of the male, aside from that of Simulium bavaricum Seitz & Adler and Simulium vernum Macquart (sub S. (Cnetha) latipes), also is greater than that of other alpine species of the S. vernum group illustrated (fig. 104) or measured by Rivosecchi (1978). For females, the upper rather right-angled corner and the lower roundly elongated corner of the cercus are striking, as are the long, straight arms of the genital fork. The pupa is characterized by the weakly woven cocoon with a poorly developed or absent anterodorsal projection, and the gill with the lower pair of filaments branched in the vertical plane and the upper pair of filaments branched obliquely inward. Larvae can be distinguished by the shape of the postgenal cleft and the hypostoma with its long median tooth and shorter lateral teeth arising from a rounded base on each side. The high number of primary fan rays in S. arminii n. sp. is not seen in other alpine species of the S. vernum group reported by Rivosecchi (1978). In comparison with other members of this group, the larva resembles that of S. beltukovae (Rubtsov) (formerly S. carpathicum (Knoz)), based on the elongated median tooth of the hypostoma and the shape of the postgenal cleft. The pupa resembles that of Simulium carthusiense Grenier & Dorier, based on the microtubercles bearing microgranules. Chromosomally, the new species is most similar to S. beltukovae, but differs most conspicuously by the absence of a chromocenter and a high frequency of the IIIL q sequence; three polymorphisms are novel. Simulium arminii n. sp. is a member of the Palearctic IIIP-1 subgroup of the S. vernum group, as defined by Adler et al. (2016). Distribution and bionomics. Simulium arminii n. sp. is known from only two small rheocrenes (discharge 1��� 2 l/sec) above the timber line, surrounded by steep meadows and rocks in the northern limestone Alps of southern Germany (cf. Seitz & Adler 2009, p. 9). In addition to our new species, the springs harboured Prosimulium latimucro (Enderlein) at both sites and S. bavaricum in the Sittersbach catchment area. Based on our current knowledge, these are the only species that colonize the hypocrenal sections of the northern limestone Alps up to 2000 m a.s.l. (Seitz 2004, S. bavaricum sub nom. S. (N.) sp. 1). Like P. latimucro and S. bavaricum, the new species probably is univoltine, with larvae hatching chiefly in August. Although the feeding habits of the females are unknown, the fully toothed mouthparts and basal, thumblike lobe on each tarsal claw suggest ornithophily. With the discovery of S. arminii n. sp., 56 species of Simuliidae are now known from Germany (Seitz et al. 2015)., Published as part of Seitz, Gunther & Adler, Peter H., 2017, A new species in the Simulium vernum group from the Alps of southern Germany: Simulium arminii (Diptera: Simuliidae), pp. 390-404 in Zootaxa 4226 (3) on pages 391-401, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/264046, {"references":["Seitz, G. & Adler, P. H. (2009) A new species of the Simulium vernum group (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the Alps of southeastern Germany. Aquatic Insects, 31, 1 - 10. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650420802425158","Brockhouse, C. (1985) Sibling species and sex chromosomes in Eusimulium vernum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 63, 2145 - 2161. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 85 - 316","Hunter, F. F. (1987) Cytotaxonomy of four European species in the Eusimulium vernum group (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65, 3102 - 3115. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 87 - 470","Rivosecchi, L. (1978) Simuliidi (Diptera Nematocera). Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, 533 pp.","Seitz, G. (2004) Contribution to the blackfly fauna (Diptera: Simuliidae) of the Berchtesgaden National Park and its surroundings. Acta Zoologica Universitatis Comenianae, 46, 23 - 30. [Bratislava]","Seitz, G., Adler, P. H. & Forster, M. (2015) A new species, Simulium (Nevermannia) berchtesgadense (Diptera: Simuliidae), and its chromosomes, from the Alps of southeastern Germany. Zootaxa, 3937 (2), 248 - 262. http. // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3937.2.2"]}

Simulium (Gomphostilbia) chaudinhense Takaoka & Sofian-Azirun sp. nov. Female. Nearly as in female of S. (G.) asakoae except following characters. Body length 2.0��� 2.2 mm. Head. Frontal ratio 1.6���1.8:1.0:2.2���2.4; frons:head ratio 1.0:4.0���4.8. Labrum 0.5 times length of clypeus. Maxillary palp: proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0:1.2:2.7���2.9; sensory vesicle (Fig. 8 A) small, ellipsoidal (0.2���0.3 times length of third segment), with small opening. Maxillary lacinia with 9���11 inner and 11���15 outer teeth. Mandible with 23 or 24 inner teeth and three or four outer teeth at some distance from tip. Legs. Foreleg: coxa and trochanter yellowish white; femur light brown with apical cap medium brown (though extreme tip yellowish); tibia white except little more than apical one-fourth dark brown, covered with white fine hairs on basal four-fifths; basitarsus moderately dilated, 6.2���6.6 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: femur light brown with base yellowish white (though inner surface of basal half yellowish white) and apical cap medium brown (though extreme tip yellowish); tibia light brown except basal one-third yellowish white (though inner surface of basal two-thirds yellowish white) and apical cap brownish black, covered with yellowish fine hairs on posterior and inner surfaces of basal two-thirds; tarsus medium to dark brown though basal half or little more of basitarsus yellow. Hind leg: basitarsus 5.7���5.8 times as long as wide, and 0.7 and 0.6���0.7 times as wide as greatest widths of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala 0.5 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; claw with large basal tooth 0.53 times length of claw. Wing. Length 2.0��� 2.2 mm. Abdomen. Basal scale light brown, with fringe of whitishyellow hairs. Terminalia. Sternite 8 bare medially, with 14���22 medium-long to long hairs together with one or two slender short hairs on each side. Ovipositor valves moderately covered with microsetae interspersed with two short hairs; inner margins nearly straight or slightly sinuous, somewhat sclerotized. Paraproct in ventral view with three to six sensilla on anteromedial surface; paraproct in lateral view 0.7 times as long as wide, with 19���32 mediumlong to long hairs on ventral and lateral surfaces. Cercus in lateral view 0.33 times as long as wide. Spermatheca ellipsoidal, 1.5���1.6 times as long as its greatest width. Male. Nearly as in male of S. (G.) asakoae except following characters. Body length 2.0��� 2.5 mm. Head. Upper-eye facets in 10 (rarely 9) vertical columns and 12 horizontal rows. Antenna: first flagellomere 1.8 times length of second one. Maxillary palp: proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0:1.1:2.5; sensory vesicle small, ellipsoidal (0.2 times length of third segment), and with small opening. Legs. Foreleg: basitarsus moderately dilated, 7.6���7.9 times as long as its greatest width. Hind leg: basitarsus enlarged, wedge-shaped, 3.4 times as long as wide, and 1.0 and 1.2���1.3 times as wide as greatest width of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala slightly shorter than basal width, and 0.3 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus. Wing. Length 2.0��� 2.1 mm. Subcosta bare or with one to five hairs. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view 1.9 times as long as its greatest width. Style in ventrolateral view slightly tapered toward apex, with truncated apex, 0.8 times length of coxite. Ventral plate in ventral view with body transverse, 0.5 times as long as wide, and posterior margin somewhat concave medially (though posterior margin slightly convex medially when ventral plate is slightly tilted). Cercus small, rounded, with 17 or 18 hairs. Pupa. Body length 2.4���2.5 mm. As in pupa of S. (G.) asakoae except following characters. Thorax. Gill (Fig. 8 B) composed of eight slender thread-like filaments, arranged as [(2+1)+(1+2)]+2 from dorsal to ventral; common basal stalk 0.6���0.7 times length of interspiracular trunk; dorsal and middle triplets sharing short stalk 0.4���0.6 times length of common basal stalk; dorsal triplet composed of one individual filament and two paired filaments with short primary and secondary stalks (primary stalk usually much longer than secondary stalk) or three filaments rarely arising at same level from primary stalk); middle triplet composed of one individual filament and two paired filaments with short primary and secondary stalks (primary stalk usually much longer than secondary stalk, though primary stalk slightly shorter than secondary stalk in one pupa); ventral paired filaments with medium-long stalk 1.1���1.5 times length of common basal stalk; primary stalk of dorsal triplet lying against that of lower pair at angle of 75���90 degrees when viewed laterally; three filaments of dorsal triplet subequal in length (2.0��� 2.5 mm long including their own stalks and common basal stalk) and thickness to one another; three filaments of middle triplet subequal in length (2.7���2.9 mm) and thickness; two filaments of ventral pair subequal in length (3.0��� 3.1 mm) and thickness to each other. Abdomen. Dorsally, segments 1 and 2 sparsely covered with minute tubercles (Fig. 8 C); segment 5 bare (though one spine-comb on each side in two pupae); segment 9 with pair of flat triangular terminal hooks (Fig. 8 D), of which outer margin 2.4���2.9 times length of inner margin and crenulated. Last segment with three grapnel-shaped hooklets on each side. Cocoon. 3.3���4.0 mm long by 2.2���3.0 mm wide. Mature larva. Body length 4.6���5.1 mm. Body whitish with following grayish and ochreous markings. Grayish markings as in Fig. 8 E: thoracic segment 1 encircled with grayish band (though disconnected ventromedially) narrowly along anterior margin and grayish area on anterior surface of proleg, thoracic segment 2 grayish ventrally and faintly grayish dorsally; all these grayish markings on thorax faded out in some larvae; abdominal segments 1 and 2 each always encircled with dark gray band; abdominal segment 3 rarely grayish ventrally; abdominal segment 4 encircled with light grayish band, though often faded dorsally; abdominal segment 5 encircled with light grayish band, though often faded ventrally or dorsally or entirely; abdominal segment 6 rarely with gray areas laterally and ventrolaterally; abdominal segment 7 rarely with gray areas laterally and ventrally. Ochreous markings as in Fig. 8 F: thoracic segment 1 encircled with ochreous band; thoracic segments 2 and 3 faintly light ochreous dorsally and ventrally; abdominal segment 3 rarely light ochreous dorsally, abdominal segments 4���9 each with distinct ochreous transverse band dorsally, of which those on segments 4���6 often extended laterally and even ventrolaterally, and those of segments 6���8 usually fused to each other laterally, and abdominal segment 7 often with ochreous transverse band ventrally. Head. Head capsule whitish yellow to yellow except dorsomedial area along posterior margin sometimes darkened, eyes-pot region whitish, and lateral area along posterior margin often darkened widely so that two large dark spots and two small dark spots in front of posterior margin appearing to be obscure (Fig. 8 G), sparsely covered with minute setae (though moderately on dorsal surface); head spots distinctively positive though anterior spots of posterolateral spots usually faint or indistinct; eyebrow not darkened, with small round dark spot above it (Fig. 8 G). Antenna composed of three articles and apical sensillum, longer than stem of labral fan; proportional lengths of first, second, and third articles 1.0:0.7:0.8��� 0.9. Labral fan with 38���42 primary rays. Mandible (Fig. 8 H) with three comb-teeth decreasing in length from first tooth to third; mandibular serration composed of two teeth (one medium-sized, one small); major tooth at angle of little less than 90 degree against mandible on apical side; supernumerary serrations absent. Hypostoma (Fig. 8 I) with row of nine apical teeth, of which median tooth is longer than each corner tooth; lateral margin smooth; four or five hypostomal bristles per side lying nearly parallel to lateral margin. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 8 J) arrow-headshaped (though not pointed apically), medium-long, 2.1���2.6 times length of postgenal bridge. Cervical sclerites composed of pair of small yellow rod-like pieces. Thorax and Abdomen. Thoracic proleg without hairs; thoracic cuticle and abdominal cuticle of segments 1 and 2 almost bare; abdominal cuticle of segments 3 and 4 sparsely covered with minute seate dorsally, that of segments 5���9 moderately covered with slightly darkened unbranched minute setae mixed with unpigmented shorter minute setae (Fig. 8 K) on dorsal and dorsolateral surfaces; last abdominal segment densely covered with unbranched colorless minute setae on dorsolateral and lateral surfaces of each side of anal sclerite and on each lateral surface even down to base of ventral papilla; thorax and abdomen without dorsal protuberances. Rectal scales absent. Rectal organ compound, each of three lobes with 8���11 finger-like secondary lobules. Anal sclerite of usual X-form, with anterior arms 1.1 times as long as posterior ones, broadly sclerotized at base; no sensilla on broad base and posterior to posterior arms; accessory sclerite absent. Last abdominal segment with pair of large conical ventral papillae. Posterior circlet with 74 or 75 rows of hooklets with up to 13 or 14 hooklets per row. Type material. HOLOTYPE: Male (with its associated pupal exuviae and cocoon) in 80% ethanol) labeled in a vial as [UMSRP: Vietnam 0 24, Holotype, Simulium (G.) chaudinhense, Male, coll. Vietnam, 11-XII-2015, Takaoka et al.], reared from a pupa collected from a slow-flowing stream (width 1.0 m, depth 5���10 cm, bottom sandy, water temperature 18.0˚C, shaded, elevation 80 m, 19˚30���46.589���N/105˚09���10.470���E), Chau Dinh, Quy Chau, Nghe An Province, northern Vietnam, 11-XII-2015, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, C.D. Chen & K.W. Lau. PARATYPES: Six females, two males and three mature larvae, labeled in vials as [UMSRP: Vietnam 0 24, Paratype, Simulium (G.) chaudinhense, coll. Vietnam, 11-XII-2015, Takaoka et al.], same data as those of holotype. Ecological notes. The pupae and larvae of this new species were attached to grass leaves trailing in the current. Associated species were S. (G.) parahiyangum and S. (G.) unii sp. nov. Distribution. Vietnam (Nghe An). Etymology. The species name chaudinhense refers to the locality name, Chau Dinh, where this new species was collected. Remarks. This new species is similar to S. (G.) asakoae but is distinguished in the female by the shorter sensory vesicle (Fig. 8 A) and longer claw tooth, in the male by the smaller number of upper-eye facets, in the pupa by the presence of minute tubercles on abdominal segments 1 and 2 (Fig. 8 C), and in the larva by abdominal segments 1 and 2 each encircled with a grayish band (Fig. 8 E)., Published as part of Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya'Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Low, Van Lun, Pham, Xuan Da & Adler, Peter H., 2017, The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Vietnam, pp. 1-165 in Zootaxa 4261 (1) on pages 23-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.571608

Simulium (Simulium) sansahoense Takaoka & Chen sp. nov. Female. Body length 2.5 – 2.6 mm. Head. Slightly narrower than thorax. Frons black, shiny, with bluish reflection when illuminated at certain angles, with several dark stout hairs along lateral margins and few to several yellow fine hairs near antennal bases; frontal ratio 1.3:1.0:0.9–1.1; frons:head ratio 1.0:3.3–3.5. Fronto-ocular area well developed, short, directed laterally, and rounded or pointed apically. Clypeus black, shiny and white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with dark-brown medium-long hairs mixed with yellow fine hairs (though mediolongitudinal portion somewhat widely bare on upper half to three-fifths). Labrum 0.6 times length of clypeus. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, dark brown, except scape, pedicel and first flagellomere yellow when viewed ventrally, but dark brown except scape, pedicel and basal one-third of first flagellomere yellow when viewed dorsally. Maxillary palp with five segments, medium brown except third segment dark brown; proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0:1.2:2.7; third segment (Fig. 34 A) of moderate size, with medium-sized ellipsoidal sensory vesicle (0.3 – 0.4 times length of third segment) having medium-sized opening. Maxillary lacinia with 11 or 12 inner and 13 – 15 outer teeth. Mandible with 29 inner and 12 outer teeth. Cibarium (Fig. 34 B) with 30 or 31 minute processes near posterodorsal margin. Thorax. Scutum black, shiny and white pruinose with three faint dark vittae (one median, two submedian) when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with yellow short fine hairs interspersed with several dark-brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum brownish black, covered with dark-brown upright long and yellow short hairs. Postnotum brownish black, shiny and white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, brownish black, shiny and white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Legs. Foreleg: coxa and trochanter whitish yellow; femur yellow with apical cap light brown; tibia whitish yellow except apical cap dark brown, with median outer surface widely white and with bright white sheen when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus greatly dilated, 5.8 – 5.9 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa dark brown; trochanter whitish yellow with apical portion partially light brown; femur yellow except apical cap light brown; tibia whitish yellow except apical tip light brown, and with whitish sheen widely on posterior surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus medium brown except basal four-fifths of basitarsus whitish yellow. Hind leg: coxa medium to dark brown; trochanter yellowish white; femur yellow except apical cap light brown; tibia white on posterior surface of basal half and yellow on rest except apical cap medium brown, and with whitish sheen widely on posterior surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus medium brown except little more than basal two-thirds of basitarsus (though base light brown) and basal half of second tarsomere yellowish white; basitarsus (Fig. 34 C) nearly parallel-sided, 6.2 – 6.3 times as long as wide, and 0.8 and 0.7 times as wide as greatest widths of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 34 C) moderately developed, nearly as long as wide, and 0.4 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 34 C) well developed; claw (Fig. 34 D) with small subbasal tooth. Wing. Length 2.5 – 2.7 mm. Costa with dark spinules and hairs; subcosta haired except apical one-fifth to half bare; basal section of radial vein bare; R1 with dark-brown spinules and hairs; R2 with dark-brown hairs; hair tuft on base of radius dark brown; basal cell absent. Halter. White except base darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale dark brown, with fringe of yellow hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium brown to brownish black, with dark short hairs; tergite 2 shiny and silvery iridescent when illuminated at certain angles and tergites 6–9 shiny when illuminated at certain angles. Ventral surface light to medium brown; segment 7 without sternal plate. Terminalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 34 E) well sclerotized and bare medially, covered with 6–10 long and medium-long stout hairs and three or four short fine hairs on each side. Ovipositor valves (Fig. 34 E) nearly tongue-like, rounded posteromedially, membranous, each densely covered with microsetae together with five to eight short to medium-long hairs; inner margin deeply concave medially. Genital fork (Fig. 34 F) of inverted-Y form; stem slender and well sclerotized; arms of moderate width, each with strongly sclerotized apical portion having distinct projection directed anterodorsally. Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 34 G) nearly quadrate, with anteromedian portion depressed and moderately sclerotized having eight or nine sensilla on its surface; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 34 H) somewhat produced ventrally, 0.7 times as long as wide, covered with 15–19 short to medium-long hairs and numerous microsetae on lateral and ventral surfaces. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 34 H) short, rounded posteriorly, 0.56 times as long as its greatest width, and covered with medium-long and short hairs. Spermatheca (Fig. 34 I) ovoidal, 1.2 times as long as wide, sclerotized except duct and narrow area of juncture with duct unsclerotized, without discernible reticulate surface patterns; minute internal setae present; accessory ducts subequal in thickness to each other and slightly thicker than main duct. Male. Body length 2.6–3.0 mm. Head. Slightly wider than thorax. Upper eye medium brown, with large facets in 21 or 22 vertical columns and in 21–23 horizontal rows. Clypeus black, thickly white pruinose, silvery or bluish, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, covered with dark-brown hairs along lateral margins and near ventral margin (medial portion widely bare). Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, medium brown to brownish black except base of first flagellomere dark yellow; first flagellomere elongate, 1.7 times as long as second one. Maxillary palp grayish to dark brown, composed of five segments with proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0:1.3:2.9; third segment (Fig. 35 A) of moderate size; sensory vesicle (Fig. 35 A) small, ellipsoidal (0.3 times as long as third segment), and with small opening. Thorax. Scutum black, with white pruinose pattern, i.e., anterior pair of crescent spots on shoulders extending posteriorly along lateral margins connected near base of wings to large transverse posterior spot entirely covering prescutellar area; these pruinose areas silvery or bluish iridescent when illuminated at certain angles; scutum uniformly and moderately covered with yellow recumbent short hairs interspersed with dark-brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum brownish black, with several dark-brown long upright hairs and yellow short hairs. Postnotum black, white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, black, white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Legs. Foreleg: coxa whitish yellow; trochanter light brown except base whitish yellow; femur light brown with apical cap medium brown, though inner surface of basal half yellowish; tibia medium brown except median large portion widely white on outer surface, and with bright white sheen widely on outer surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus brownish-black to black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus greatly dilated, 6.6–6.8 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa brownish black; trochanter medium brown except base yellowish white; femur light brown with apical cap medium brown; tibia light brown except basal one-third yellow and apical cap medium brown; tibia with white sheen on posterior surface of basal one-third when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus medium to dark brown except basal half or little more of basitarsus whitish yellow. Hind leg: coxa dark brown; trochanter whitish yellow; femur medium brown except base whitish yellow and apical cap dark brown; tibia medium brown except apical cap brownish black and basal tip yellowish white; tarsus (Fig. 35 B) medium to dark brown except basal half or little more of basitarsus whitish yellow (though extreme base darkened) and basal half of second tarsomere yellowish white; basitarsus (Fig. 35 B) much enlarged, gradually widened from base to apical one-third, then slightly narrowed to apex, 4.1–4.9 times as long as its greatest width, and 0.7–0.8 and 0.9 times as wide as greatest widths of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 35 B) small, slightly shorter than wide, 0.3 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 35 B) well developed. Wing. Length 2.6–2.7 mm. Other features as in female except subcosta bare. Halter. White except basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale brownish black, with fringe of dark long hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen dark brown to brownish black, with dark short hairs; segments 2, 5, 6 and 7 each with pair of silvery or bluish iridescent spots dorsolaterally, those on segment 2 broadly connected in middle to each other. Genitalia. Coxites, styles and ventral plate in ventral view as in Fig. 35 C. Coxite in ventrolateral view (Fig. 35 D) 0.8 times as long as wide. Style in ventrolateral view (Fig. 35 E) elongate, 2.9 times as long as its greatest width near base, nearly parallel-sided from base to little more than basal one-third, then tapered toward middle, and nearly parallel-sided or slightly widened to apex, and with distinct apical spine; style in medial view (Fig. 35 F) 1.4 times as long as coxite, widened from base to basal one-fourth, tapered to little less than apical one-third, then nearly parallel-sided to apex. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 35 C) well sclerotized, with narrow body having ventrally produced process posteriorly, which bears toothed posterolateral margins and is covered with many minute setae on anterolateral surface; arms divergent outward, then convergent apically; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 35 G) with posterior margin serrated from base to apical tip and with anterolateral surfaces covered with many microsetae; ventral plate in end view (Fig. 35 H) elliptical, with both lateral margins gently rounded, and each with several teeth. Median sclerite in lateral view (Fig. 35 G) arising from anterior margin of body of ventral plate, directed dorsally; median sclerite in caudal view (Fig. 35 I) plate-like, nearly parallel-sided to apex, with round apex, brown basally, but not so well sclerotized apically. Paramere in caudal view (Fig. 35 J) with enlarged basal portion and with several distinct hooks and several smaller ones. Aedeagal membrane densely covered with minute setae, and with moderately sclerotized dorsal plate in form of horizontal bar (Fig. 35 K). Abdominal segment 10 (Fig. 35 L, M) with three or five hairs on ventral surface and three to five hairs on lateral surface on each side. Cercus (Fig. 35 L, M) small, rounded, with 10 or 11 distinct hairs. Pupa. Body length 3.0– 3.2 mm. Head. Integument ochreous except ventral and lateral surfaces whitish yellow and antennal sheaths yellow, densely covered with small round tubercles; frons with two pairs of unbranched short slender trichomes (Fig. 36 A), arising close together; face with pair of unbranched medium-long somewhat stout trichomes (Fig. 36 B). Thorax. Integument light brown except wing sheaths yellow, moderately covered with small round tubercles; thorax with three medium-long stout anterodorsal trichomes (one posterior trichome somewhat narrower than two anterior ones) (Fig. 36 C), two medium-long stout anterolateral trichomes (anterior trichome shorter and more slender than posterior one) (Fig. 36 D), one medium-long stout mediolateral trichome (Fig. 36 E), and three ventrolateral trichomes (one anterior trichome short and slender, two other trichomes medium-long and stout) (Fig. 36 F), on each side; all unbranched. Gill (Fig. 36 G) with eight slender thread-like filaments arranged as (2+2)+(2+2) from dorsal to ventral, arising from short common basal stalk; all pairs short-stalked except second pair from above almost sessile; length of filaments variable: upper filaments of first and second pairs from above shortest (0.84 mm long), two filaments of fourth pair from above longest (1.2–1.3 mm long), and other filaments intermediate in length (1.0– 1.1 mm long); all filaments subequal in thickness to one another, though two filaments of fourth pair slightly thicker than others; all filaments dark brown, slightly tapered toward apices, with annular furrows (annular ridges not well developed), and densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, all segments unpigmented except segments 1 and 2 entirely light brown, and also segment 3 occasionally with wide darkened area anteriorly; segment 1 with one unbranched short hair-like seta (Fig. 36 H) on each side; segment 2 with one unbranched short hair-like seta and five minute setae, of which three or four are stout (Fig. 36 I), on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with four distinct hooks and one unbranched minute seta on each side; segment 5–7 lacking spine-combs; segment 8 with distinct spine-combs in transverse row on each side; segments 6–9 each with comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segment 9 with pair of small conical terminal hooks (Fig. 36 J). Ventrally, segments 3–8 unpigmented, each with comb-like groups of minute spines; segment 4 with few minute setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of bifid hooks submedially and few minute setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and unbranched outer hooks somewhat separated from each other, and few minute setae on each side. Grapnel-shaped hooklets absent on each side of segment 9. Cocoon (Fig. 36 K, L). Corbicular, moderately woven, ochreous, not extended ventrolaterally, and with several large open spaces anteriorly; individual threads invisible; 3.5–4.2 long by 1.0– 1.3 mm wide. Mature larva. Body length 5.3–6.0 mm. Body vermilion to ochreous (though intersegmental areas from thoracic segment 3 to abdominal segment 5 paler) except ventral surface of thorax and abdominal segments 1–4 light grayish-green, and that of abdominal segments 5–9 unpigmented. Head. Cephalic apotome (Fig. 37 A) variable in color patterns: e.g., some cephalic apotome whitish yellow to yellow though medial portion narrowly darkened along posterior margin, with faint or moderate positive head spots; some others whitish yellow on anterior three-fifths, with faint anterior spot of mediolongitudinal spots, and light to dark brown on posterior twothirds with faint to moderate negative or obscure spots; some others light to medium brown on anterior one-third, medium to dark brown on posterior two-thirds, with faintly or moderately negative spots, and medial portion between dark areas yellow, with obscure or faintly positive anterior spot of mediolongitudinal spots; some others widely yellowish except narrow area along posterior margin darkened and somewhat light brown medially, with obscure or negative head spots. Lateral surface of head capsule light to medium brown except eye-spot region whitish and anterior portion near anterior margin and area below eye-spot region yellowish to varying extent, with spots near posterior margin obscure or faintly or moderately negative, and isolated spot below eye-spot region often positive; eyebrow distinct. Ventral surface of head capsule (Fig. 37 B) light to medium brown except anterior area near hypostoma and both lateral areas yellowish to varying extent; long spot on each side of postgenal cleft obscure or faintly positive or negative. Head capsule sparsely covered with minute colorless setae. Antenna composed of three articles and apical sensillum, much longer than stem of labral fan; length ratio of three articles (from base to tip) 1.0:1.3 – 1.4:0.6. Labral fan with 52–56 primary rays. Mandible (Fig. 37 C) with mandibular serration composed of two teeth (one medium-sized, one small); main tooth at obtuse angle against mandible on apical side; supernumerary serrations absent; comb-teeth decreasing in length from first to third. Hypostoma (Fig. 37 D) with nine anterior teeth, of which median tooth is slightly longer than corner teeth, and intermediate teeth on each side shortest; lateral margins serrate apically; six or seven hypostomal bristles per side lying divergent posteriorly from lateral margin. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 37 B) rounded, 4.0 times length of postgenal bridge; sheath of subesophageal ganglion weakly pigmented. Cervical sclerites on each side composed of one light-brown rod-like piece and one light-brown elliptical piece, not fused to occiput. Thorax and Abdomen. Histoblast of pharate pupal gill with eight short filaments. Thoracic cuticle sparsely covered with minute colorless setae dorsally. Abdominal segments 1 – 5 each with pair of small protuberances (Fig. 37 E) dorsally; abdominal cuticle sparsely or moderately covered with minute colorless setae dorsally and dorsolaterally; last abdominal segment moderately covered with short colorless setae on each side of anal sclerite. Rectal scales present. Rectal organ compound, each lobe with 14 – 18 finger-like secondary lobules. Anal sclerite X-shaped, with short broad anterior arms 0.7 times length of posterior ones; one to five sensilla on base of anal sclerite; four to six sensilla posterior to posterior arms. Last abdominal segment somewhat swollen laterally but lacking ventral papillae. Posterior circlet with 84 – 86 rows of hooklets with up to 16 – 19 hooklets per row. Type material. HOLOTYPE: Female (with its associated pupal exuviae and cocoon) in 80% ethanol, labeled in a vial as [UMSRP: Vietnam 0 34, Holotype, Simulium (S.) sansahoense, Female, coll. Vietnam, 20-XII-2014, Takaoka et al.], reared from a pupa collected from a river (width 6.0 m, depth 12 cm, water temperature 10.0˚C, exposed to the sun, elevation 1,194 m, 22˚19’44.349”N/103˚49’49.930”E), moderately flowing from a natural forest, San Sa Ho, Sapa, Lao Cai Province, northern Vietnam, 20-XII-2014, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C.D. Chen & K.W. Lau. PARATYPES: Four females, six males (all reared from pupae), two pupae and 10 mature larvae, in 80% ethano,l same data as those of the holotype, labeled in each vial as [UMSRP: Vietnam 0 34, Paratype, Simulium (S.) sansahoense, coll. Vietnam, 20-XII-2014, Takaoka et al.]. Biological notes. The pupae and larvae of this new species were collected from plastic plates in the current. The associated species were S. (S.) daoense sp. nov. and S. (S.) phuluense sp. nov. Distribution. Vietnam (Lao Cai). Etymology. The species name sansahoense refers to the name of the locality, San Sa Ho, where this new species was collected. Remarks. Simulium (S.) sansahoen

Simulium (Simulium) xuandai Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun & Ya���cob, 2014 Simulium (Simulium) xuandai Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun & Ya���cob (in Takaoka et al., 2014a): 361���364 (Male and pupa). Distribution. Vietnam (Vinh Phuc). Remarks. This species was described from a male reared from a pupa collected from Tam Dao, Vinh Phuc Province, northern Vietnam (Takaoka et al. 2014a). The female and larva remain to be collected., Published as part of Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya'Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Low, Van Lun, Pham, Xuan Da & Adler, Peter H., 2017, The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Vietnam, pp. 1-165 in Zootaxa 4261 (1) on page 125, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.571608, {"references":["Takaoka, H., Sofian-Azirun, M., Ya'cob, Z., Chen, C. D., Lau, K. W. & Pham, H. T. (2014 a) New species and records of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam. Zootaxa, 3838 (3), 347 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3838.3.6"]}

Simulium (Gomphostilbia) inthanonense Takaoka & Suzuki, 1984 Simulium (Gomphostilbia) inthanonense Takaoka & Suzuki, 1984: 18 ���21 (Female, male, pupa and larva). Distribution. South China, Thailand and Vietnam (Bac Thai and Ha Thai). Remarks. This species was originally described from Thailand by Takaoka and Suzuki (1984), and later recorded from Vietnam by Pham (1998, 1999). There remains a possibility that the species recorded as S. (G.) inthanonense is either S. (G.) phulocense or S. (G.) unii sp. nov. or another related species, as its identification was based on only two pupae and three larvae. These three species and a few other related species have the same shape of the cocoon with a short anterodorsal projection, as shown in Fig. 19 E., Published as part of Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya'Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Low, Van Lun, Pham, Xuan Da & Adler, Peter H., 2017, The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Vietnam, pp. 1-165 in Zootaxa 4261 (1) on page 53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.571608, {"references":["Takaoka, H. & Suzuki, H. (1984) The blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 35 (1), 7 - 45.","Pham, X. D. (1998) New records of six black fly species (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Vietnam. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 49 (2), 121 - 123.","Pham, X. D. (1999) Additional records of three black fly species (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Vietnam. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 50 (4), 335 - 336."]}

Simulium (Nevermannia) maeaiense Takaoka & Srisuka, 2011 Simulium (Nevermannia) maeaiense Takaoka & Srisuka, 2011: 57 –70 (Female, male, pupa and larva). Specimens examined. One female and one male, reared from pupae collected from a small stream (width 20 cm, depth 2 cm, bottom rocky, water temperature 7.0˚C, partially shaded, elevation 1,893 m, 22˚21’28.378”N/ 103˚45’52.084”E) slowly flowing in shrubs, Lai Chau, Sapa, Lao Cai Province, northern Vietnam, 20-XII-2014, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C.D. Chen & K.W. Lau. Distribution. Thailand and Vietnam (Lao Cai) (New record). Remarks. Simulium (N.) maeaiense was described from Thailand (Takaoka and Srisuka 2011). This is the first record of this species from Vietnam. This species is characterized by the female genital fork with a sclerotized horizontal bar at the base of the anterodorsal projection on each lateral arm, male upper-eye facets in 19 vertical columns and 20 horizontal rows, paramere with five or six hooks, pupal gill with six long filaments arranged horizontally as 2+1+2+1 from inside to outside, and cocoon with an elongate anterodorsal projection (Takaoka and Srisuka 2011). There are differences in several morphological features between Vietnamese and Thai specimens (characters of Thai specimens in parentheses): in the female, body length 3.2 mm (2.4–2.6 mm), wing length 3.1 mm (2.6–2.8 mm), cibarium with 33 processes (40–44 processes), fore basitarsus 8.5 times as long as its greatest width (8.4 times), hind basitarsus 7.6 times as long as its width (6.2–6.8 times), 0.7 times as wide as the hind tibia (0.8 times), 0.6 times as wide as the hind femur (0.6–0.7 times), claw with a large basal tooth 0.46 times as long as the claw (0.49 times), spermatheca ovoidal and 1.3 times as long as its width (1.2 times); in the male, body length 3.0 mm (2.6–2.9 mm), wing length 2.9 mm (2.4–2.5 mm), scutum brownish black to black with no longitudinal vittae (dark brown with three longitudinal vittae), subcosta with three to five hairs (without hairs), hind basitarsus 4.4 times as long as wide (4.6–4.9 times), 1.0 times as wide as the hind tibia (0.9 times), 1.1 times as wide as the hind femur (0.9 times).

Simulium (Simulium) nigrogilvum Summers, 1911 Simulium nigrogilvum Summers, 1911: 586 ���588 (Female). Simulium (Himalayum) nigrogilvum: Takaoka & Suzuki, 1984: 22 ���27 (Female, male, pupa and larva). Simulium (Simulium) nigrogilvum: Otsuka et al., 2003: 113 ���120. Distribution. Thailand and Vietnam. Remarks. This species was assigned to the subgenus Himalayum Lewis (Takaoka and Suzuki 1984) but later transferred to the subgenus Simulium (Otsuka et al. 2003). The females of this species are known to be anthropophilic (Choochote et al. 2005) and to transmit an unknown filarial parasite in Thailand (Fukuda et al. 2003). This species was recorded from Vietnam by Crosskey and Howard (1997). However, data including the material collected and its locality were not given. Simulium (Simulium) turgidum Takaoka & Pham sp. nov. Female. Body length 3.3 mm. Head. Nearly as in female of S. (S.) laocaiense sp. nov. except following characters: Frontal ratio 1.2:1.0:1.0, frons:head ratio 1.0:4.3. Labrum 0.7 times length of clypeus. Antenna: first flagellomere 1.36 times length of second one. Maxillary palp: proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0:1.3:3.4; third segment (Fig. 41 A) with apex somewhat produced medially, with medium-sized ellipsoidal sensory vesicle (0.4 times length of third segment) having large or medium-sized opening. Maxillary lacinia with12���13 inner and 13 or 14 outer teeth. Mandible with 25 inner and 12 or 13 outer teeth. Cibarium (Fig. 41 B) with 38 minute processes near posterodorsal margin. Thorax, Legs, Wing and Halter. As in female of S. (S.) laocaiense sp. nov. except following characters: Scutum covered with yellow short hairs. Fore tibia whitish yellow except apical one-fifth brownish black, and little more than apical two-fifths of inner surface light brown to brownish black. Fore basitarsus greatly dilated, 5.8 times as long as its greatest width. Mid tarsus light to medium brown except basal one-third to one-half of basitarsus yellow (though its border not well defined). Hind basitarsus (Fig. 41 C) gradually widened toward apical one-third, then slightly narrowed toward apex, 5.6 times as long as wide, and 0.8 and 0.7 times as wide as greatest widths of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 41 C) moderately developed, 0.7 times as long as wide, and 0.5 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 41 C) well developed. Wing length 3.1 mm. Subcosta haired except near apex bare. Abdomen. Basal scale medium brown to brownish black, with fringe of yellowish hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium brown to black; tergite 2 shiny and white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles and tergites 6���9 shiny. Ventral surface light brown except basal portion of segment 2 white; sternal plate on segment 7 indistinct. Terminalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 41 D) with 11 or 12 dark-brown medium-long to long stout hairs and three to six yellow short hairs on each lateral surface. Ovipositor valve (Fig. 41 D) wide, somewhat thick except narrow areas along inner and posterior margins thin and transparent, somewhat rounded ventrally, densely covered with microsetae (except narrow transparent portions along inner and posterior margins bare) interspersed with 22���25 yellow short hairs; inner margins somewhat separated from each other. Genital fork (Fig. 41 E, F) of inverted-Y form, with narrow well sclerotized stem; arms of moderate width, each with heavily sclerotized lateral portion, with short projection directed anterodorsally. Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 41 G) nearly quadrate, 1.2 times as long as its width, with 23 or 24 short to medium-long hairs on lateral and ventral surfaces; anterior surface strongly sclerotized and pigmented, and with four or five short sensilla; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 41 H) 0.7 times as long as wide, and protruding ventrally beyond ventral margin of cercus. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 41 H) short, rectangular, 0.6 times as long as wide, with numerous short to medium-long hairs. Spermatheca (Fig. 41 I) globular, 1.1 times as long as greatest width, well sclerotized except small portion of junction with duct unsclerotized, with faintly defined reticulate surface patterns; internal setae present; accessory ducts subequal in thickness to each other, and slightly thicker than major duct. Male. Unknown. Pupa. Body length (excluding gill filaments) 4.0 mm. Head. Integument dark brown except ventral surface ochreous, and bare, without tubercles (though surface appearing to have micro-sculptures formed by numerous fine ridges); frons with two bifid medium-long trichomes (Fig. 42 A); face with one bifid or trifid medium-long trichome on each side (Fig. 42 B). Thorax. Integument dark brown except wing sheaths ochreous, and bare except dorsal surface of posterior half sparsely to moderately covered with round tubercles and basal portions of gills densely covered with tubercles having minute secondary projections (though bare surface appearing to have microsculptures formed by numerous fine ridges); thorax with three long anterodorsal trichomes with four to six branches (Fig. 42 C), two long or medium-long anterolateral trichomes with four branches (anterior one little shorter than posterior one) (Fig. 42 D), one unbranched or bifid medium-long mediolateral trichome (Fig. 42 E), and three ventrolateral trichomes (two unbranched medium-long, one bifid in left side (Fig. 42 F); one unbranched medium-long, one quadrifid medium-long, and one unbranched short (Fig. 42 G) in right side), on each side. Gill (Fig. 42 H) with six somewhat inflated filaments in pairs; common basal stalk short, with small basal fenestra ventrally; all pairs almost sessile; outer filament of dorsal pair longest (1.8 mm long), followed by inner filament of dorsal pair and outer filament of middle pair (1.4 mm long), inner filament of middle pair and outer filament of ventral pair (1.1 mm long), and inner filament of ventral pair (1.0 mm long); each filament widened from base to basal one-fifth to one-third, then tapered toward apex; relative thickness of six filaments from dorsal to ventral when widest portion compared 1.0:0.9:0.9:0.8:0.7:0.6; all filaments dark brown, gradually tapered toward apex; outer filament of dorsal pair and inner filament of ventral pair divergent basally at angle of 60 degrees; cuticular surface with well-defined annular ridges and furrows throughout their length forming definite reticulate surface patterns, covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, entire surface of segment 1 and anterior half of segment 2 light brown, other segments unpigmented; segment 1 sparsely covered with minute spines laterally, with one unbranched slender medium-long seta (Fig. 42 I) on each side; segment 2 covered with comb-like groups of minute spines submedially, with one unbranched slender short seta and five unbranched minute setae, of which four are stout (Fig. 42 J), on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with four unbranched hooked spines and one unbranched minute seta on each side; segments 7 and 8 each with spine-combs in transverse row on each side; segments 6���9 each with comb-like groups of minute spines; segment 9 without terminal hooks. Ventrally, all segments unpigmented; segment 4 with one unbranched hook and few short setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of unbranched or bifid hooks submedially and few unbranched short seta on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and unbranched outer hooks widely spaced and few unbranched short seta on each side; segments 3���8 each with comb-like groups of minute spines. Grapnel-like hooklets absent. Cocoon (Fig. 42 K, L). Wall-pocket-shaped, thickly woven, with anterolateral windows, ochreous, not extended ventrolaterally; individual threads invisible; 4.0��� 4.2 mm long by 1.6���1.8 mm wide. Mature larva. Body length 6.7���7.5 mm. Body ochreous or partially reddish brown, mottled to varying extent with grayish-black to black pigment except ventral surface of abdominal segments 3���9 unpigmented. Head. Cephalic apotome (Fig. 43 A) whitish yellow on little more than anterior half and light to medium brown on rest (though small medial area in front of posterior margin dark brown); posterior spot of mediolongitudinal spots and posterior half of each mediolateral spot dark brown, anterior spot of mediolongitudinal spots light brown, and other spots indistinct, merged into dark background, or anterior spot of posterolateral spots on each side faintly negative. Lateral surface of head capsule light to medium brown except eye-spot region, eyebrow and median small area along anterior margin yellowish white, with faint or distinct negative spots except one small spot below eye-spot region light brown. Ventral surface of head capsule (Fig. 43 B) light to medium brown except postgenal bridge lighter medially, and elongate spot on each side of cleft indistinct, merged into dark background. Antenna (Fig. 43 C) composed of three articles and apical sensillum, slightly longer than stem of labral fan; antenna yellowish white except third segment dark brown; length ratio of articles (from base to tip) 1.0:1.2���1.3:0.5. Labral fan with 49���51 primary rays. Mandible (Fig. 43 D) with mandibular serration composed of two teeth (one medium-sized and one small); major tooth at obtuse angle apically against mandible; comb-teeth decreasing in length from first to third; supernumerary serrations absent. Hypostoma (Fig. 43 E) with nine anterior teeth, of which median tooth slightly longer than each corner tooth; lateral margins weakly serrate apically; seven or eight hypostomal bristles divergent posteriorly from lateral border on each side. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 43 B) medium-long, triangular, 1.4 times length of postgenal bridge; sheath of subesophageal ganglion well pigmented, wine-glass-shaped. Cervical sclerites on each side composed of one light-brown elliptical piece, not fused to occiput. Thorax and Abdomen. Thoracic and abdominal cuticle bare except last segment of abdomen moderately covered with short colorless setae on each side of anal sclerite. Rectal scales present. Rectal organ compound, each of three lobes with 23���25 fingerlike secondary lobules. Anal sclerite X-shaped, with broadened anterior arms 0.7���0.9 times length of posterior ones; no sensilla on base of anal sclerite and 12 sensilla posterior to posterior arms. Last abdominal segment bulged laterally but lacking ventral papillae. Posterior circlet with 104���110 rows of hooklets with up to 17 or 18 hooklets per row. Type material. HOLOTYPE: Female (with its associated pupal exuviae and cocoon) in 80% ethanol, labeled in a vial as [UMSRP: Vietnam 0 36, Holotype, Simulium (S.) turgidum , Female, coll. Vietnam, 20-XII-2014, Takaoka et al.], reared from a pupa collected from a stream (width 0.5���2.5 m, bottom rocky, water temperature 10.0˚C, exposed to the sun, elevation 1,812 m, 22˚21���27.450���N/103˚46���35.743���E) moderately flowing in a forest, Sapa, Lao Cai Province, northern Vietnam, 20-XII-2014, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya���cob, C.D. Chen & K.W. Lau. PARATYPES: One pupa in 80% ethanol, labeled in a vial as [UMSRP: Vietnam 0 36, Paratype, Simulium (S.) turgidum, Pupa, coll. Vietnam, 20-XII-2014, Takaoka et al.], collected from a stream (width 0.5 m, bottom rocky, water temperature 11.0˚C, exposed to the sun, elevation 1,750 m, 22˚21���43.110���N/ 103˚47���19.221���E) moderately flowing in a secondary forest, Sapa, Lao Cai Province, northern Vietnam, 20-XII- 2014, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya���cob, C.D. Chen & K.W. Lau; one mature larva, same data as those of the holotype. Biological notes. The pupae of S. (S.) turgidum were collected from trailing grasses. Associated species were S. (M.) nigrofilum sp. nov., S. (N.) laichauense sp. nov., S. (S.) sapaense sp. nov., S. (S.) giayense sp. nov., S. (S.) sp. (S. multistriatum species-group) and S. (S.) sp. (S. variegatum species-group). Distribution. Vietnam (Lao Cai). Etymology. The species name turgidum refers to the inflated gill filaments of this new species. The Latin adjective ���turgidus��� means ���inflated���. Remarks. As for S. (S.) laocaiense sp. nov., S. (S.) turgidum sp. nov. also is placed in the S. griseifrons species-group based on the similarity of the female enlarged ovipositor valve (Fig. 41 D) to that of S. (S.) rudnicki, which is a member of the S. griseifrons species-group. In having inflated pupal gill filaments (Fig. 42 H), this new species is similar to S. (S.) tumidilfilum Luo, Yang & Chen described from Hubei, China (Luo et al. 2010), and S. (S.) waterfallum Zhang, Yang & Chen described from Hainan, China (Zhang et al. 2003), both of which were wrongly placed in the S. multistriatum species-group. However, this new species is distinguished in the female from the latter two species by the ovipositor valve which is triangular with 22���25 short hairs (tongue-like with 5���8 short hairs in S. (S.) tumidilfilum and S. (S.) waterfallum), and in the pupa from S. (S.) tumidilfilum by each inflated filament slightly narrowed at its base (much narrowed in S. (S.) tumidilfilum), and from S. (S.) waterfallum by abdominal segments 7 and 8 each with spine-combs (abdominal segments 6���8 each with spine-combs in S. (S.) waterfallum)., Published as part of Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya'Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Low, Van Lun, Pham, Xuan Da & Adler, Peter H., 2017, The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Vietnam, pp. 1-165 in Zootaxa 4261 (1) on pages 96-100, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.571608, {"references":["Takaoka, H. & Suzuki, H. (1984) The blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 35 (1), 7 - 45.","Otsuka, Y., Takaoka, H., Aoki, C. & Choochote, W. (2003) Phylogenetic analysis of the subgenus Himalayum within the genus Simulium s. l. (Diptera: Simuliidae) using mitochondrial 16 S rRNA gene sequences. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 54 (1), 113 - 120.","Crosskey, R. W. & Howard, T. H. (1997) A New Taxonomic and Geographical Inventory of World Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Natural History Museum, London, 144 pp.","Luo, H. B., Yang, M. & Chen, H. B. (2010) A new species of genus Simulium from Xingdou mountain, China (Diptera, Simuliidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 35 (3), 472 - 474."]}

Simulium (Gomphostilbia) breviflagellum Takaoka & Sofian-Azirun, 2015 Simulium (Gomphostilbia) breviflagellum Takaoka & Sofian-Azirun (in Takaoka et al., 2015a): 53���57 (Male and pupa) Distribution. Vietnam (Lam Dong). Remarks. This species was described from Lam Dong Province in southern Vietnam by Takaoka et al. (2015a). The female and larva of this species are unknown., Published as part of Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya'Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Low, Van Lun, Pham, Xuan Da & Adler, Peter H., 2017, The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Vietnam, pp. 1-165 in Zootaxa 4261 (1) on page 61, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.571608, {"references":["Takaoka, H., Sofian-Azirun, M., Ya'cob, Z., Chen, C. D., Lau, K. W. & Pham, X. D. (2015 a) The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa, 3961 (1), 1 - 96."]}

Simulium (Gomphostilbia) thuathienense Takaoka & Sofian-Azirun, 2015 Simulium (Gomphostilbia) thuathienense Takaoka & Sofian-Azirun: (in Takaoka et al., 2015a): 48–52 (Female, pupa and larva). Distribution. Vietnam (Thua Thien Hue). Remarks. This species was described from Thua Thien Hue Province in central Vietnam by Takaoka et al. (2015a). The male of this species remains unknown.

Simulium (Gomphostilbia) phulocense Takaoka & Chen, 2015 Simulium (Gomphostilbia) phulocense Takaoka & Chen (inTakaoka et al., 2015a):18–24 (Female, male and pupa). Distribution. Vietnam (Thua Thien Hue). Remark. This species was described from Thua Thien Hue Province in central Vietnam (Takaoka et al. 2015a).

Simulium (Gomphostilbia) thuathienense Takaoka & Sofian-Azirun, 2015 Simulium (Gomphostilbia) thuathienense Takaoka & Sofian-Azirun: (in Takaoka et al., 2015a): 48���52 (Female, pupa and larva). Distribution. Vietnam (Thua Thien Hue). Remarks. This species was described from Thua Thien Hue Province in central Vietnam by Takaoka et al. (2015a). The male of this species remains unknown., Published as part of Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya'Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Low, Van Lun, Pham, Xuan Da & Adler, Peter H., 2017, The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Vietnam, pp. 1-165 in Zootaxa 4261 (1) on pages 60-61, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.571608, {"references":["Takaoka, H., Sofian-Azirun, M., Ya'cob, Z., Chen, C. D., Lau, K. W. & Pham, X. D. (2015 a) The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa, 3961 (1), 1 - 96."]}

Simulium (Gomphostilbia) duolongum Takaoka & Davies, 1995 Simulium (Gomphostilbia) duolongum Takaoka & Davies, 1995: 19 ���24 (Female, male, pupa and larva). Distribution. Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Vietnam (Bac Thai). Remarks. This species was originally described from Peninsular Malaysia (Takaoka and Davies 1995) and recorded from Vietnam based on two pupae and two larvae by Pham (1999). The identity of the species regarded as S. (G.) duolongum in Vietnam should be confirmed based on the adult males and females., Published as part of Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya'Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Low, Van Lun, Pham, Xuan Da & Adler, Peter H., 2017, The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Vietnam, pp. 1-165 in Zootaxa 4261 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.571608, {"references":["Takaoka, H. & Davies, D. M. (1995) The Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of West Malaysia. Kyushu University Press, Fukuoka, viii + 175 pp.","Pham, X. D. (1999) Additional records of three black fly species (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Vietnam. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 50 (4), 335 - 336."]}