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Drought stress is a common environmental factor that constrains plants from expressing their ecophysiological potential, disrupting various physiological and biochemical processes. Hence, the objective of this work was to evaluate the growth, development and photosynthetic performance under drought in the vegetative phenological stage of soybean in two lineages with potential difference tolerance to this abiotic stress, lineages (‘Vx-08-10819’ and ‘Vx-08-11614’. For this purpose, biometric traits of development, relative water content in leaves, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange, and chlorophyll a fluorescence were evaluated. The experimental design was a randomized block design with 4 replications and arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial scheme, comprising of two soybean lineages (Vx-08-10819 and Vx-08-11614) in combination with three water availability [100% (control), 60%, and 40% of field capacity]. Relative water content in leaves, total leaf area, and shoot dry weight of lineage Vx-08-10819 were not changed after exposure to drought. Besides that, photosynthetic capacity of lineage Vx-08-10819 was less affected than lineage Vx-08-11614 to drought, showing that this lineage is tolerant to this abiotic stress in at vegetative stage V4. Keywords: chlorophylls; gas exchange; Glycine max (L.) Merr; water relations. Crescimento, desenvolvimento e desempenho fotossintético de duas linhagens de soja em resposta à seca RESUMO: O estresse hídrico é um fator ambiental comum que impede as plantas de expressarem seu potencial ecofisiológico, interrompendo vários processos fisiológicos e bioquímicos. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento, o desenvolvimento e o desempenho fotossintético sob seca na fase fenológica vegetativa da soja em duas linhagens com potencial diferença na tolerância a este estresse abiótico, as linhagens Vx-08-10819 e Vx-08-11614. Para tanto, foram avaliadas características biométricas de desenvolvimento, teor relativo de água nas folhas, pigmentos fotossintéticos, trocas gasosas e fluorescência da clorofila a. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com 4 repetições e dispostos em esquema fatorial 2 × 3, composto por duas linhagens de soja (Vx-08-10819 e Vx-08-11614) em combinação com três disponibilidades hídricas [100% (controle), 60% e 40% da capacidade de campo]. O conteúdo relativo de água nas folhas, a área foliar total e o peso seco da parte aérea da linhagem Vx-08-10819 não foram alterados após a exposição à seca. Além disso, a capacidade fotossintética da linhagem Vx-08-10819 foi menos afetada do que a linhagem Vx-08-11614 à seca, mostrando que esta linhagem é tolerante à este estresse abiótico no estágio vegetativo V4. Palavras-chave: clorofilas; troca gasosa; Glycine max (L.) Merr; relações hídricas.

Fluoride is one of the main phytotoxic environmental pollutants, and high concentrations (10-30 mg L

In the present study, we investigated the sites of aluminum (Al) accumulation and its effects on the growth, morphology and nutritional status in root tips of soybean (Glycine max L.) genotype Conquista. The seedlings were exposed to nutrient Clark solution, pH 4.0, with 0 (control) and 100 µM of Al for 24, 48 and 72 h. Our results showed an Al accumulation in the superficial layers of the root tip, such as the root cap cells, epidermis and cortex cells, and internally in the cell walls of the meristematic cells. The Al accumulation in the outer cells prevented the entry of this metal in the inner tissues. However, scanning electron micrographs showed damage in the external micromorphology of the root tips. This damage resulted in cellular disorganization in the root cap and epidermis cells leading to a reduction in Ca and Mg uptake. Despite that, there was no change in root growth. Taken together, our findings suggest that genotype Conquista has a capacity to avoid Al toxicity, probably by Al immobilization in the cell walls and in the external tissues of the root tip.

Phosphorus (P) is one of the nutrients most required by plants, especially in the initial phase, however, there are species whose growth effects promoted by phosphorus are still unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to test whether increasing levels of phosphorus influence the physiological and morphological behavior and the quality of seedlings of Guazuma ulmifolia. For that purpose, the seedlings were grown in a substrate produced only with Dystrophic RED LATOSOL (Oxisol) under a completely randomized design and subjected to five levels of phosphorus (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg dm-3 ). At 120 days, the biometric and physiological evaluations were performed, and the chlorophyll indices, biomass, allometric relationships, Dickson Quality Index, and the phosphorus content were determined. The data were subjected to analysis of variance by the F-test and subsequently to regression analysis and Pearson’s linear correlation. Phosphorus fertilization promoted significant gains (p ? 0.05) for all variables morphological e physiological, except for the specific leaf area and allometric relationships. The phosphorus content was positively correlated with all tested variables. Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that the seedlings responded positively to phosphorus fertilization. Furthermore, phosphorus fertilization promoted better physiological and morphological performance and higher seedling quality.

Fluoride (F) is one of the main environmental pollutants, and high concentrations are commonly detected in the air and in both surface and groundwater. However, the effects of this pollutant on seed germination and on the initial growth of crop seedlings are still poorly understood. In this context, the aim of this study was to assess morphoanatomical, physiological and biochemical fluoride effect indicators inThe germination parameters, and anatomical, morphological, physiological, biochemical and nutritional characteristics of the seedlings did not show negative effects from exposure to KF at the lowest doses evaluated. On the other hand, treatment with the highest dose of KF (30 mg LOur findings demonstrated that

Fluoride is one of the main phytotoxic environmental pollutants, and high concentrations (10–30 mg L−1) are commonly detected in surface and groundwater. Little, however, is known about the effects of this pollutant on crops that require irrigation during their development, which, in addition to phytotoxicity, may cause negative human health effects. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the effects of potassium fluoride (KF) on the germination of lettuce seeds and identify the physiological and anatomical markers of this pollutant’s action on plants exposed to it during growth. Initially, lettuce seeds were sown in gerboxes and soaked in solutions containing 0 mg L−1, 10 mg L−1, 20 mg L−1, and 30 mg L−1 KF. Plants grown in a greenhouse were treated daily with KF irrigation at the same KF concentrations for 40 days. KF exposure reduced the germination rate and germination speed index of lettuce seeds at 20 mg L−1 and 30 mg L−1, resulting in compromised root development at the highest KF concentration. Lettuce plants displayed a slight photosynthesis reduction and a significant photochemical efficiency decrease after exposures to all KF concentrations. Lower chlorophyll contents and nitrogen balance indices were observed in plants exposed to 30 mg L−1 KF. On the other hand, increases in phenolic compounds and malondialdehyde were noted with increasing KF concentrations. Lettuce plants can, therefore, accumulate fluoride in leaves when irrigated with KF-rich water. The investigated physiological and biochemical variables were proven to be adequate fluoride action biomarkers in lettuce plants and may become an important tool in the study of olericulture contaminants.

Glutathione is essential for plant tolerance to arsenic but few studies have focused on the coordination between the enzymes involved in its metabolism. We exposed Pistia stratiotes to four treatme...

Phytoremediation is considered an ecologically beneficial technique for removing arsenic from aquatic environments but studies on the mechanisms of tolerance to this pollutant, when present in the form of arsenite (AsIII) still need to be performed. Thus, in order to evaluate the potential of Pistia stratiotes to phytoremediation of AsIII and the morphological and biochemical responses involved in metalloid tolerance, P. stratiotes plants were exposed to four treatments: 0 (control), 5, 10 and 20 µM AsIII, remaining under treatment for 24 h for biochemical analysis and for 4 days to analyze the arsenic (As) uptake, biomass production, bioconcentration factor (BCF), translocation factor (TF) and visual symptomatology. The plants were able to accumulate As in both roots and leaves. This accumulation was higher in the treatment with 10 µM AsIII (1120.40 and 31.60 µg g−1 dry weight in roots and leaves, respectively), decreasing in the following concentration. P. stratiotes also showed a high BCF, that was higher than 1000 when exposed to 5 and 10 µM AsIII (1808.38 and 1536.02, respectively). The pollutant was maintained mainly at the root (TF was always lower than 1.0) which may be a defense mechanism of aquatic plants to As. Despite the significant accumulation of pollutant, the plants were able to maintain growth in all evaluated concentrations, although in very different proportions. In fact, while in the lower concentration of As the biomass production was not affected, in the treatment with 20 μM AsIII the dry biomass decreased in approximately 77%. The accumulation of As resulted in the appearance of visual symptoms of toxicity such as chlorosis, darkening and reduction of the root system, which were more conspicuous in the highest As concentration. The metalloid exposition also triggered biochemical alterations, increasing the membrane damage and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and, once again, these damages were more intense in the plants exposed to 20 μM AsIII. The action of the antioxidant system (especially in the leaves) and the compartmentalization of the pollutant in the root system apparently was important in the P. stratiotes response to toxic compounds and allowed the plants to maintain the cell homeostasis and the growth at the two lowest As concentrations. Thus, the data suggest that P. stratiotes may has a potential for phytoremediation of aquatic environments contaminated with AsIII concentrations close to 10 µM.

Cerrado is a Brazilian savannah ecosystem that has a high diversity of flora and fauna and originally covered 2 million km2, but in recent years more than 50% of its area has been converted to grain crops and pastures. The intensive grain production in Cerrado has been accompanied by an increase in pesticide and herbicide use, glyphosate is the most common. This may have implications for biodiversity loss that are still unknown. Seeking this understanding, we assessed biochemical changes in two native Cerrado plants species subjected to glyphosate. The aim of this study was to identify biomarkers in Pouteria torta and Alibertia edulis treated with glyphosate and evaluate their use as phytoindicators of the herbicide on the Cerrado vegetation. The plants were challenged with glyphosate [Roundup Transorb®, containing 480 g L−1 acid equivalent (a. e.)] in two independent experiments. In both, glyphosate was used at 0, 200, 400, and 800 g a. e. ha−1. The activities of the enzymes phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), as well as the concentrations of shikimic acid, phenolic compounds, amino acids, proteins, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were evaluated at 1 and 13 and at 1 and 72 days post-application in P. torta and A. edulis leaves, respectively. Glyphosate had reduced EPSPS activity and blocks the shikimate pathway in P. torta and A. edulis. Thus, this biochemical changes can be biomarkers of glyphosate in both native Cerrado plants. The activity of the PAL and PPO enzymes also showed this potential. Glyphosate caused leaf chlorosis and necrosis in P. torta, in addition, the concentrations of phenolic compounds, proteins, and amino acids were altered only in this species. Thus, concentrations of these cell compounds can be biomarkers of glyphosate stress in susceptible plants. The herbicide did not have the same effects on A. edulis. The changes in P. torta leaves occurred more quickly than in A. edulis. Thus, A. edulis plants may be used as a glyphosate biosensor. P. torta were susceptible and can be a phytoindicator of the herbicide. Its high sensitivity is useful for monitoring the initial effects of glyphosate on native Cerrado vegetation.

Background Previous studies have shown that Crambe abyssinica and Raphanus sativus are physiologically tolerant to water deficits; however, there is a lack of information on the mechanisms responsible for their tolerance regarding root morphological characteristics. This study aimed to characterize morphological changes in the root system of C. abyssinica and R. sativus subjected water deficit, as well as to identify the responses that improve tolerance and post-stress recovery capacity of these plants. Methods Independent experiments for each specieswere performed in a controlled greenhouse, where plants were randomly set in a randomized block design with five replicates. Plants of C. abyssinica and R. sativus were cultivated in pots and exposed to well-watered treatment (WW; 90% water holding capacity–WHC of the substrate) or water deficit (WD; 40% WHC) conditions, at 28 days after planting. The plants were kept under WD for 7, 14, or 21 days with rehydration soon after each episode of water deficit. Assessment of water relations, biomass allocation, leaf and root system morphological characteristics and gas exchange were performed after each period of water deficit and 48 h after rehydration. Results The water deficit reduced the water status of both species, and morphological and biomass allocation were not recovered after rehydration. Photosynthesis of C. abyssinica decreased with prolonged water deficit, which was also not recovered after rehydration. In R. sativus, photosynthesis was not altered by WD for 21 days, and a higher WUE was recorded. Root morphology of R. sativus was mainly affected at 14 days of WD, while the traits related to very fine roots increased at 21 days of WD, when compared to WW plants. Thus, R. sativus has shown greater tolerance to water deficits mainly due to the presence of very fine roots throughout the period of stress, when compared to C. abyssinica in which the fine roots predominated.

Background Fluoride (F) is one of the main environmental pollutants, and high concentrations are commonly detected in the air and in both surface and groundwater. However, the effects of this pollutant on seed germination and on the initial growth of crop seedlings are still poorly understood. In this context, the aim of this study was to assess morphoanatomical, physiological and biochemical fluoride effect indicators in Phaseolus vulgaris L. seeds and seedlings. Methods P. vulgaris seeds were exposed to a liquid potassium fluoride solution (KF, pH 6.0) at concentrations of 0 (control), 10, 20, 30 mg L−1 for 7 days. A completely randomized experimental design was applied, consisting of four treatments with four replications each. During the experimental period, physiological (7 days) anatomical and histochemical (2 days), biochemical and chemical (4 days) assessments. An analysis of variance was performed followed by Dunnett’s test. to determine significant differences between the KF-exposed groups and control seeds; and a multivariate analysis was performed. Results The germination parameters, and anatomical, morphological, physiological, biochemical and nutritional characteristics of the seedlings did not show negative effects from exposure to KF at the lowest doses evaluated. On the other hand, treatment with the highest dose of KF (30 mg L−1) resulted in a lower germination rate index and increase in abnormal seedlings, and higher electrical conductivity. A lower root length, magnesium content and photochemical efficiency were also observed. The exposure of P. vulgaris to KF, regardless the dose did not affect seeds anatomy and the accumulation of starch and proteins, in relation to the control group. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated that P. vulgaris seedlings were tolerant to KF solutions up to 20 mg L−1, and sensitive when exposed to 30 mg KF L−1.

Antioxidant enzymes are important components in the defense against arsenic (As) stress in plants. Here, we tested the hypothesis that Salvinia molesta, an aquatic fern, counteracts the harmful arsenite (AsIII) effects by activating scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) enzymes. Thus, our objective was to investigate the role of the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in S. molesta tolerance to AsIII and indicate the use of this plant in remediation of contaminated water. Plants were grown in nutrient solution at pH 6.5 and exposed to 0, 5, 10, or 20 µM AsIII for 96 h (analyses of As absorption, mineral nutrient content, and relative growth rate) and for 24 h (analyses of oxidative stress indicators and enzymatic antioxidant defenses). In the floating leaves, there was a greater basal activity of the antioxidant enzymes and less accumulation of As than in submerged leaves. The submerged leaves, which function as roots in S. molesta, accumulated more As than floating leaves, and SOD and CAT activities were inhibited. Thus, there was a greater production of ROS and oxidative stress. Our results show that S. molesta presents enzymatic antioxidant defenses to alleviate AsIII toxicity and are more effectives in the floating leaves. These results are important to elucidate the AsIII tolerance mechanisms in S. molesta and the possibility of their use in contamined water phytoremediation. Additional studies exposing plants to more prolonged stress and using AsIII concentrations closer to those found in contaminated environments will confirm this claim.

Little is known about the role of light intensity in modulating plant responses to stress due to water deficit (WD). Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the WD and contrasting irradiance effects on the physiology, anatomy, and grain yield of soybean plants. The experimental design was a randomized block in a growth chamber and a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement: 90% (well-watered, WW) and 40% (WD) of soil field capacities (FC); and 750 (medium irradiance, MI) and 1500 (higher irradiance, HI) μmol (photons) m-2 s-1 irradiance. The WD caused a lower photosynthetic rate - as well as observed in the light curve and in the relative parameters, such as apparent quantum efficiency -, less investment in shoot biomass and pollen grain germination, resulting in lower grain yield. However, there was an increase in non-photochemical energy dissipation, a higher concentration of total soluble sugars, proline, and malondialdehyde. The WD + MI-soybean plants developed thicker spongy parenchyma (related to higher mesophilic conductance of CO2 ). In the WW + HI condition the palisade parenchyma was thicker, conferring maintenance of photosynthetic efficiency. In addition, there was an increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase antioxidant enzymes in leaves due to HI, regardless of FC. This induced higher energy expenditure, reflected in the reduction of the number of leaf and branches, leaf area, dry mass of leaves and stem in the WW + HI. Interestingly, these strategies of osmotic adjustment, photoprotection, and antioxidant defenses act together in the WD + HI.

Background Soybean is the main oilseed crop grown in the world; however, drought stress affects its growth and physiology, reducing its yield. The objective of this study was to characterize the physiological, metabolic, and genetic aspects that determine differential resistance to water deficit in soybean genotypes. Methods Three soybean genotypes were used in this study, two lineages (L11644 and L13241), and one cultivar (EMBRAPA 48-C48). Plants were grown in pots containing 8 kg of a mixture of soil and sand (2:1) in a greenhouse under sunlight. Soil moisture in the pots was maintained at field capacity until the plants reached the stage of development V4 (third fully expanded leaf). At this time, plants were subjected to three water treatments: Well-Watered (WW) (plants kept under daily irrigation); Water Deficit (WD) (withholding irrigation until plants reached the leaf water potential at predawn of −1.5 ± 0.2 MPa); Rewatered (RW) (plants rehydrated for three days after reached the water deficit). The WW and WD water treatments were evaluated on the eighth day for genotypes L11644 and C48, and on the tenth day for L13241, after interruption of irrigation. For the three genotypes, the treatment RW was evaluated after three days of resumption of irrigation. Physiological, metabolic and gene expression analyses were performed. Results Water deficit inhibited growth and gas exchange in all genotypes. The accumulation of osmolytes and the concentrations of chlorophylls and abscisic acid (ABA) were higher in L13241 under stress. The metabolic adjustment of lineages in response to WD occurred in order to accumulate amino acids, carbohydrates, and polyamines in leaves. The expression of genes involved in drought resistance responses was more strongly induced in L13241. In general, rehydration provided recovery of plants to similar conditions of control treatment. Although the C48 and L11644 genotypes have shown some tolerance and resilience responses to severe water deficit, greater efficiency was observed in the L13241 genotype through adjustments in morphological, physiological, genetic and metabolic characteristics that are combined in the same plant. This study contributes to the advancement in the knowledge about the resistance to drought in cultivated plants and provides bases for the genetic improvement of the soybean culture.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:16:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) To meet the growing demand for soybean it is necessary to increase crop yield, even in low water availability conditions. To circumvent the negative effects of water deficit, application of biostimulants with anti-stress effect has been adopted, including products based on fulvic acids and Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) seaweed extracts. In this study, we determined which formulation and dosage of a biostimulant is more efficient in promoting the recovery of soybean plants after stress due to water deficit. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in a double-factorial randomized block design with two additional factors, four repetitions and eleven treatments consisting of three biostimulant formulations (F1, F2 and F3), and three dosages (0.25; 0.50 and 1.0 kg ha−1); a control with water deficit and a control without water deficit. Soybean plants were kept at 50% of the pot's water capacity for three days, then rehydrated and submitted to the application of treatments with biostimulant. After two days of recovery, growth, physiological, biochemical and yield parameters were evaluated. All plants that received the application of the biostimulant produced more than the water-stressed control plants. The biostimulant provided higher photosynthetic rates, more efficient mechanisms for dissipating excess energy and higher activities of antioxidant enzymes. Plants treated with biostimulant were more efficient in the recovery of the metabolic activities after rewatering, resulting in increased soybean tolerance to water deficit and reduced yield losses. The best result obtained was through the application of formulation 2 of the biostimulant at a dosage of 0.25 kg ha−1. Laboratory of Ecophysiology Applied to Agriculture School of Agricultural Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Crop Production Federal Goianian Institute (IF Goiano), Campus Rio Verde Fertilizers Heringer Laboratory of Ecophysiology Applied to Agriculture School of Agricultural Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP)

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivation occurs mainly in regions with acidic soils, where high aluminum (Al) concentration is a major constraint to crop production. In this study, we evaluated tolerance and sensitivity traits to Al exposure and calcium (Ca) deficiency in bean plants, and determined the efficiency of Ca to mitigate the toxic Al effects. Two bean cultivars (BRS Estilo and Campos Gerais) were grown in three soil conditions: (I) soil liming with calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 and Al unavailable (-Al+Ca); (II) fertilized soil with calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2·4H2O] and Al available (+Al+Ca); and (III) soil without Ca addition and Al available (+Al-Ca). At the beginning of the reproductive stage, we evaluated the photosynthetic processes, mineral nutrition, and leaf anatomy and morphological traits of plants. The photosynthetic parameters were good tools for monitor Al sensitivity in bean. +Al+Ca soil treatment mitigated the deleterious effects of Al on growth and mineral nutrition of both bean cultivars. However, Ca did not prevent the toxic effects of Al on leaf anatomy. Al stress and Ca deficiency caused negative effects on nutrient content, photosynthetic activity and leaf anatomy of bean plants. Calcium mitigated Al toxicity, primarily in the Campos Gerais cultivar, showing the potential to improve bean crop productivity in acid soils.

Glutathione is essential for plant tolerance to arsenic but few studies have focused on the coordination between the enzymes involved in its metabolism. We exposed

Native Cerrado plants are exposed to soils with low pH and high availability of Al. In this study, we measured the Al content in adult plants, and investigated the effects of various Al doses on germination and early development of Eugenia dysenterica plants. For germination tests, the seeds were soaked in Al solution and evaluated for twenty days in growth chambers. In a second experiment, young plants were cultivated in hydroponic systems with various Al concentrations to evaluate the morphological, anatomical and physiological characteristics of E. dysenterica. Anatomical changes and low germinative vigor were observed in seeds germinated in 600 and 800 μmol Al3+ L−1. In the hydroponic system, 200 μmol Al3+ L−1 stimulated root growth in young plants. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and the accumulation of phenolic compounds were greatest at the highest Al doses, preventing changes in gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence. Starch grain accumulation was noted in plant cells exposed to 200 and 400 μmol Al3+ L−1. Adult E. dysenterica trees also accumulated Al in leaves, bark and seeds. These data suggest that E. dysenterica is tolerant to Al.

The great diversity of plant species in pastures of the Brazilian Cerrado with distinct ecophysiological characteristics indicates the possibility of finding, in the cellular content of this flora, chemical compounds with potential for use in agriculture and human and animal health. Three steps are necessary to prove this hypothesis: phytochemical prospecting, characterization of secondary metabolites, and studies on the biological activities of these metabolites present in these plants. The chemical profile of secondary metabolites present in five species of the Brazilian Cerrado (Davilla elliptica, Remijia ferruginea, Luehea paniculata, Anacardium occidentale, and Acosmium dasycarpum) was traced in this research. These plant species were collected in pasture areas of Felício dos Santos, Minas Gerais. The samples were dried and submitted to two types of extract (ethanolic and hexanic). By using specific chemical reactions, the presence of coumarins, triterpenes/steroids, and anthracenosides was observed in the hexanic extracts, while the presence of alkaloids, triterpenes/steroids, flavonoids, tannins, reducing compounds, and anthocyanins was observed in the ethanolic extracts. The species presented diverse classes of compounds. However, triterpenes/steroids, tannins, reducing compounds and anthocyanins were found in all species, being the use of the solvent ethanol the most efficient in extracting the compounds. The species D. elliptica presented the highest number of classes of compounds. The widespread application in folk medicine justifies further studies on the biological activity of different metabolites in agriculture and health areas.

Tembotrione is registered in Brazil for maize and is used in large areas of the country in each harvest. In recent years, producers have reported carryover effects of this herbicide in succeeding crops to maize. This fact can be attributed to tembotrione recommendations without knowing their interactions with tropical soils colloids. In this study, using high-performance liquid chromatography, it was possible to evaluate the influence of chemical and physical attributes on the sorption and desorption of tembotrione, as well as its metabolite AE 1417268, on seven soils from different regions of Brazil. The coefficients referring to sorption and desorption, as well as the hysteresis index (Kf, 1/n and H) of tembotrione and its metabolite were influenced by pH, clay content and organic matter. In soil samples with low levels of clay and organic matter, values of sorption coefficients were reduced as pH increased. The desorption of tembotrione and its metabolite in all soils were low, mainly in the clayey ones and in soils with higher organic matter content. The sorption of tembotrione and its metabolites varies with the attributes of soil, presenting a direct relation with clay and organic matter contents and an inverse one with soil pH. The desorption of tembotrione and its metabolite decreased with the increase in clay and organic matter contents in the evaluated soils.

Available information on physical compatibility and stability of pesticide mixtures is scarce and often divergent. This knowledge is of fundamental importance in the success of pest, disease, and weed control programs. Compatibility and stability of two glyphosate formulations (WG and SL) in a mixture with fluazinam + deltamethrin + trifloxystrobin/cyproconazole at four diluted water concentrations and different times were evaluated under laboratory conditions. The evaluations were performed at the following time intervals: immediately after mixing and 1, 5, 10, 30, 120, 900, and 1,440 minutes after the mixing of pesticides. Scores were assigned on a scale ranging from 1 to 5, where 1 meant immediate separation of compounds and 5 the perfect mixture stability up to 30 minutes. The data were submitted to descriptive statistics and presented in tables. Mixture stability differed in glyphosate formulations and their concentrations due to the used spray solution volume. Distinct mixtures between glyphosate (SL) and deltamethrin, as well as between glyphosate (WG) and deltamethrin, were physically compatible when stirred again even after 24 hours at rest. The mixture containing glyphosate (SL), deltamethrin, and fluazinam and trifloxystrobin/ cyproconazole was incompatible at a volume of 30 L ha-1. RESUMO: As informações disponíveis sobre compatibilidade física e estabilidade de misturas de agrotóxicos são escassas e muitas vezes divergentes. Esse conhecimento é de fundamental importância no sucesso de programas de controle de insetos-praga, doenças e plantas daninhas. Nesta pesquisa foi avaliada, em condições laboratoriais, a compatibilidade e estabilidade de duas formulações de glyphosate (WG e SL) em mistura com fluazinam + deltametrina + trifloxistrobina/ciproconazol, todas em quatro concentrações diluídas em água e em tempos variáveis. As avaliações foram feitas nos intervalos de tempo assim descritos: imediatamente após a mistura; 1; 5; 10; 30; 120; 900; e 1.440 minutos após a mistura dos agrotóxicos. Atribuíram-se notas em uma escala variando de 1 a 5, em que 1 significava separação imediata dos compostos, e 5, estabilidade perfeita da mistura até os 30 minutos. Os dados foram submetidos à estatística descritiva e apresentados em forma de tabelas. A estabilidade das misturas diferiu quanto às formulações do glyphosate e suas concentrações, em razão do volume de calda a ser utilizado. As misturas distintas entre o glyphosate (SL) e o inseticida deltametrina, bem como entre o glyphosate (WG) e o inseticida deltametrina, apresentaram-se compatíveis fisicamente quando agitadas novamente, mesmo após 24 horas em repouso. A mistura contendo glyphosate (SL), o inseticida deltametrina e os fungicidas fluazinam e trifloxistrobina/ciproconazol foi incompatível no volume de 30 L ha-1.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the weed community in a raw sugarcane renovation area with three soil managements and peanut sowing in succession. The experiment was conducted during the 2007/08 season on a raw sugarcane area harvested without prior burning in the last five cuts. A randomized block design with treatments arranged in a split plot and arranged in four replications was used. The main treatments consisted of three cropping systems: conventional tillage, minimum tillage and direct planting, and subplots consisted in the absence (resting) or presence of crop rotation with peanuts. After 135 days from planting peanuts and 180 days of sugarcane harvest, the number of weeds m-2 was counted and the shoot dry biomass of the weeds collected was determined. The data were interpreted by analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey's test at 5% probability so that phytosociological indices a, b, c e d were calculated. The use of soil conservation tillage and peanut in rotation with sugarcane in the renovation areas is effective in controlling weeds and suppression of weed species difficult to control like Cyperus rotundus, Commelina bengalensis, Urochloa plantaginea, and Digitaria nuda. Acredita-se ser possível reduzir o custo com o controle de plantas daninhas em áreas de reforma de cana crua adotando-se sistemas de manejos adequados. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a comunidade infestante em área de reforma de cana crua submetida a diferentes manejos. Nesta pesquisa, utilizando-se uma área de um canavial colhido sem queima prévia, nos últimos cinco cortes foram avaliados três sistemas de cultivo: convencional, mínimo e plantio direto, associados ao pousio e cultivo do amendoim. Após 135 dias da semeadura do amendoim e 180 dias da colheita da cana-de-açúcar, foi feita a contagem do número de plantas daninhas por meetro quadrado e da matéria seca da parte aérea das plantas daninhas coletadas. Todos os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente. Para interpretação dos resultados, utilizou-se o teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade e valores dos índices fitossociológicos a, b, c e d calculados. Conclui-se que a utilização do sistema de plantio direto associado ao cultivo do amendoim em rotação com a cana-de-açúcar em áreas de cana crua favorece o controle e a supressão de espécies de plantas daninhas de difícil controle, como Cyperus rotundus, Commelina benghalensis, Urochloa plantaginea e Digitaria nuda.

Currently, biomonitoring is a methodology used to verify the environmental impact of new technologies in the agricultural environment, highlighting edaphic entomofauna that is traditionally used as a bioindicator in this sort of research. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the edaphic entomofauna variation depending on glyphosate application in Roundup Ready soybeans. The experiment was carried out in Coimbra, MG during the 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 cropping seasons. The experimental design was a randomized block design with five replications. The treatments were: non-transgenic soybean with mechanical weeding of weeds; transgenic soybean with mechanical weeding of weeds; transgenic soybean with one glyphosate application and transgenic soybean with three glyphosate applications. The populations of the edaphic entomofauna were sampled during two crops. The insertion of the glyphosate tolerance gene did not affect the richness and the abundance of arthropods in the soil. The arthropod richness was reduced in treatments where glyphosate was applied one and three times. The glyphosate application in transgenic soybean reduced the density of the predatory mite Galumnidae (Acari); predator ants Neivamyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Solenopsis sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae); and springtails Entomobryidae (Collembola), Hypogastrura sp. (Collembola: Hypogastruridae) and Onychiuridae (Collembola). Therefore, it is essential to follow the use recommendations of the herbicide glyphosate and adopt good agricultural practices that promote pesticide biodegradation, thereby contributing to the reduction of the toxicological potential of glyphosate on the edaphic entomofauna. RESUMO: Atualmente, o biomonitoramento tem sido uma metodologia bastante adotada para se verificar o impacto ambiental das novas tecnologias no meio agrícola, com destaque para a entomofauna edáfica, que é tradicionalmente utilizada como bioindicadora nesse tipo de pesquisa. Assim, objetivou-se com este estudo investigar a variação da entomofauna edáfica em função da aplicação do herbicida glyphosate em cultivos de soja Roundup Ready. O experimento foi realizado em Coimbra, MG, nas safras agrícolas de 2007/2008 e 2008/2009. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos estudados foram: soja não transgênica com capina mecânica das plantas daninhas; soja transgênica com capina mecânica das plantas daninhas; soja transgênica com uma aplicação de glyphosate; e soja transgênica com três aplicações de glyphosate. As populações da entomofauna edáfica foram amostradas ao longo dos dois cultivos. A inserção do gene de tolerância ao herbicida glyphosate não afetou a riqueza e a abundância de artrópodes do interior do solo. A riqueza dos artrópodes foi reduzida nos tratamentos que receberam uma e três aplicações de glyphosate. A aplicação de glyphosate na soja transgênica reduziu a densidade do ácaro predador Galumnidae (Acari); das formigas predadoras Neivamyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) e Solenopsis sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae); e dos colêmbolos Entomobryidae (Collembola), Hypogastrura sp. (Collembola: Hypogastruridae) e Onychiuridae (Collembola). Diante disso, torna-se essencial atender às recomendações de uso do herbicida glyphosate e adotar boas práticas culturais que favoreçam a biodegradação de pesticidas, para assim contribuir com a redução do potencial toxicológico do glyphosate sobre a entomofauna edáfica.

In Brazil, sugarcane is grown in large areas. Weed control in sugarcane fields is done by chemical method, since it is more efficient and less expensive. In this method, herbicides that persist in the environment for long periods are used, among which there are hexazinone and diuron, which are applied in mixtures marketed by the industry. This research evaluated the sorption and desorption of hexazinone and diuron applied alone and in mixture, in two samples of Red-Yellow Latosols (LVAG and LVAV) and a Organosol (OR), with and without manure. Sorption isotherms were built using the batch equilibrium method and the identification and quantification of herbicides was obtained through a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-Vis detector. There were high diuron sorption coefficients (Kf) in the soils. The hexazinone Kf values found were low in LVAG and LVAV soils, and they were high ground only in OR. In all soils, diuron and hexazinone showed higher Kf values when mixed. There was a direct relation between the addition of manure to the substrate and the Kf values . Higher desorption values (Kfd) in relation to those of sorption in LVAG and LVAV soils indicate gradual release of these herbicides in the soil solution when using organic fertilizer, showing increased sorption and desorption of these molecules; this is accentuated when they are mixed. In the Organosol, desorption was very low, and cannot be quantitated by the used method. It is possible to conclude that the incubation of LVAG and LVAV soil with manure helps both the process of sorption and desorption of herbicides. However, sorption and desorption in the Organosol is high indicating very low agrochemicals such strong bonds with soil colloids. RESUMO: No Brasil, a cana-de-açúcar é cultivada em extensas áreas. O controle das plantas daninhas nos canaviais é feito pelo método químico, pois é mais eficiente e de menor custo. Neste método são utilizados herbicidas que persistem no ambiente por longos períodos. Dos produtos recomendados para a cultura, os mais utilizados são o diuron e o hexazinone, aplicados isoladamente ou mistura comercializada pela indústria. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a sorção e dessorção do hexazinone e do diuron, aplicados de forma isolada e em mistura, em duas amostras de Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVAG e LVAV), com e sem adição de esterco, e em um Organossolo (OR) sem adição de esterco. Primeiramente, foi determinado o tempo de equilíbrio dos herbicidas no solo pelo método batch equilibrium, e a identificação e quantificação dos herbicidas foram feitas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC); em seguida, determinaram-se as isotermas de sorção e dessorção. Observaram-se elevados coeficientes de sorção (Kf) do diuron nos solos estudados. Os valores de Kf do hexazinone encontrados foram baixos nos solos LVAG e LVAV e elevados apenas no solo OR. Em todos os solos, o diuron e o hexazinone apresentaram valores de Kf maiores quando em mistura. Ocorreu relação direta entre a adição de esterco ao substrato e os valores do Kf. Maiores valores de dessorção (Kfd) em relação aos da sorção nos solos LVAG e LVAV indicam liberação gradual desses herbicidas na solução dos solos quando se fazem adubações orgânicas, indicando o aumento da sorção e dessorção dessas moléculas, acentuando-se quando em mistura. No Organosolo, a dessorção foi muito baixa e não pôde ser quantificada pelo método utilizado. Conclui-se que a aplicação da mistura diuron+hexazinone aumenta a sorção desses herbicidas ao solo. A recomendação do hexazinone isolado deve levar em consideração o teor de matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). O diuron em aplicação isolada apresenta alta sorção no solo. A dessorção apresenta alta magnitude em relação à sorção nos solos com baixo teor de MOS. No OR, a dessorção é baixa e por isso não pôde ser quantificada. Existe relação direta entre a adição de esterco ao substrato e a sorção nos solos. A incubação dos solos de baixo teor de MOS com esterco favorece tanto o processo de sorção quanto o de dessorção dos herbicidas.

High arsenic (As) concentrations are toxic to all the living organisms and the cellular response to this metalloid requires the involvement of cell signaling agents, such as nitric oxide (NO). The As toxicity and NO signaling were analyzed in Pistia stratiotes leaves. Plants were exposed to four treatments, for 24 h: control; SNP [sodium nitroprusside (NO donor); 0.1 mg L-1]; As (1.5 mg L-1) and As + SNP (1.5 and 0.1 mg L-1, respectively). The absorption of As increased the concentration of reactive oxygen species and triggered changes in the primary metabolism of the plants. While photosynthesis and photorespiration showed sharp decrease, the respiration process increased, probably due to chemical similarity between arsenate and phosphate, which compromised the energy status of the cell. These harmful effects were reflected in the cellular structure of P. stratiotes, leading to the disruption of the cells and a possible programmed cell death. The damages were attenuated by NO, which was able to integrate central plant physiological processes, with increases in non-photochemical quenching and respiration rates, while the photorespiration level decreased. The increase in respiratory rates was essential to achieve cellular homeostasis by the generation of carbon skeletons and metabolic energy to support processes involved in responses to stress, as well to maintaining the structure of organelles and prevent cell death. Overall, our results provide an integrated view of plant metabolism in response to As, focusing on the central role of NO as a signaling agent able to change the whole plant physiology.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o potencial de sorção do sulfentrazone em cinco diferentes tipos de solo, por meio da técnica do bioensaio. O comportamento do herbicida foi estudado nos seguintes tipos de solo: Planossolo Háplico, Argissolo Vermelho, Cambissolo Húmico, Neossolo Regolítico e Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, além de um controle, apenas com areia lavada. O experimento foi realizado no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, e os tratamentos foram constituídos de sete doses crescentes do sulfentrazone em cada um dos tipos de solo. Aos 21 dias após emergência, realizou-se a colheita da planta indicadora e foi determinada a massa da matéria seca, bem como a dose do herbicida capaz de reduzir em 50% o acúmulo de massa da matéria seca das plantas indicadoras (C50). Com esses dados calculou-se a relação de sorção (RS) do sulfentrazone, por meio da comparação da relação dos resultados da C50 de cada solo com a C50 obtida na areia lavada. Os valores de RSdiferiram para os diferentes solos, apresentando a seguinte ordem crescente: Planossolo Háplico < Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo < Argissolo Vermelho < Cambissolo Húmico < Neossolo Regolítico; os solos com maiores teores de matéria orgânica apresentaram os maiores RS e pH de cada solo. Conclui-se que a sorção do sulfentrazone é influenciada pelo teor de matéria orgânica e pH dos solos. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sorption potential of sulfentrazone in five different soil types by bioassays. Herbicide behavior was studied in the following soil types: Haplic Planosol, Red Acrisol, Humic Cambisol, Eutrophic Entisol and Red-Yellow Latosol, in addition to a control treatment, with washed sand only. The experiment was completely randomized, and treatments consisted of seven increasing doses of sulfentrazone in each of the soil types. Twenty-one days after emergence, the indicator plant was collected and dry matter mass and herbicide dose capable of reducing the dry matter mass accumulation of the indicator plants by 50% (C50-) were determined. Based on these data, sorption rate (SR) of sulfentrazone was calculated by comparing the results of C50 of each soil with the C50 obtained in washed sand. Sorption rate values differed between the soils in the following ascending order: Haplic Planosol < Red-Yellow Latosol < Red Acrisol < Humic Cambisol < Eutrophic Entisol; the soils with higher organic matter content showed the highest SR and pH. It was concluded that sulfentrazone sorption is affected by soil organic matter content and pH.

O levantamento fitossociológico é o primeiro passo para implantação do manejo integrado das plantas daninhas em culturas. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência de plantas daninhas em plantios de mandioca na savana de Roraima. As coletas das plantas foram realizadas aleatoriamente 80 vezes em 10 lavouras, em quatro épocas (janeiro, fevereiro, março e abril de 2012). As plantas coletadas foram cortadas ao nível do solo e, depois disso, separadas por espécie, identificadas, quantificadas e pesadas em balança de precisão de 0,01 g. Em seguida foi feita a análise descritiva dos parâmetros fitossociológicos (frequência, densidade, abundância, número total de indivíduos por espécie, frequência relativa, densidade relativa, abundância relativa e índice de valor de importância) para as espécies coletadas. Além destes parâmetros, foram descritas as classes botânicas, famílias, espécies, tipo de propagação, ciclo de vida, hábito de crescimento, número total de espécies e massa seca por hectare. A composição da comunidade da área levantada foi considerada heterogênea, apresentando 27 espécies. As espécies que apresentaram a maior densidade por hectare foram: Digitaria sanguinalis (210.500), Brachiaria brizantha (111.000), Brachiaria decumbens (86.500) e Brachiaria humidicola (69.000). Digitaria sanguinalis obteve maiores densidade relativa (28,08), abundância relativa (26,16) e índice de valor de importância (65,34). A maioria das plantas daninhas apresentou hábito de crescimento herbáceo. A phyto-sociological survey is the first step to implement integrated weed management in crops. In this study, weed occurrence was evaluated in cassava plantations in the savannah of Roraima in northern Brazil. Harvest was performed randomly 80 times in 10 crops over four seasons (January, February, March, and April 2012). The harvested plants were cut at ground level, sorted out per species, identified, quantified, and weighed on a 0.01 g precision scale. A descriptive analysis was conducted of the phyto-sociological parameters (frequency, density, abundance, total number of individuals per species, relative frequency, relative density, relative abundance and importance value index) for the collected species. A description was also made of the botanical classes, families, species, type of propagation, life cycle, growth habit, total number of species and dry weight ha-1. The community in the surveyed area was considered to have a heterogeneous composition, comprising 27 species. The species presenting the highest density per hectare were Digitaria sanguinalis (210,500), Brachiaria brizantha (111,000), Brachiaria decumbens (86,500) and Brachiaria humidicola (69,000). Digitaria sanguinalis had the highest relative density (28.08), relative abundance (26.16) and importance value index (65,34). Most weeds had herbaceous growth habit.

Native Cerrado plants are exposed to soils with low pH and high availability of Al. In this study, we measured the Al content in adult plants, and investigated the effects of various Al doses on germination and early development of Eugenia dysenterica plants. For germination tests, the seeds were soaked in Al solution and evaluated for twenty days in growth chambers. In a second experiment, young plants were cultivated in hydroponic systems with various Al concentrations to evaluate the morphological, anatomical and physiological characteristics of E. dysenterica. Anatomical changes and low germinative vigor were observed in seeds germinated in 600 and 800 &mu, mol Al3+ L&minus, 1. In the hydroponic system, 200 &mu, 1 stimulated root growth in young plants. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and the accumulation of phenolic compounds were greatest at the highest Al doses, preventing changes in gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence. Starch grain accumulation was noted in plant cells exposed to 200 and 400 &mu, 1. Adult E. dysenterica trees also accumulated Al in leaves, bark and seeds. These data suggest that E. dysenterica is tolerant to Al.

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a eficiência de espécies vegetais na remediação de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo contaminado com sulfentrazone. O trabalho foi conduzido em duas etapas. Na primeira, avaliou-se o crescimento de Helianthus annus, Canavalia ensiformis, Dolichos lab lab e Arachis hypogaea em solo contaminado com sulfentrazone; na segunda, cultivou-se, no mesmo solo, uma espécie (sorgo) indicadora de resíduo de sulfentrazone no solo, para avaliar a capacidade remediadora dessas espécies. Na primeira etapa, foram utilizados vasos contendo 6,0 kg do substrato. Após a irrigação dos vasos, aplicou-se na superfície do solo o herbicida. Um dia após essa aplicação, procedeu-se à semeadura das espécies vegetais, as quais foram colhidas 100 dias depois e secas em estufa, determinando-se a matéria seca da parte aérea. Na segunda etapa, foram coletadas amostras de 3,0 kg de solo de cada vaso, onde foi cultivada a planta indicadora. Aos 20 e 50 dias após a emergência, foi avaliada, visualmente, a intoxicação das plantas de sorgo, sendo determinada a matéria seca da parte aérea dessas plantas aos 50 dias após a emergência e aos 50 dias após o primeiro corte. A produção de matéria seca da parte aérea de H. annus, C. ensiformis, D. lab lab e A. hypogaea não foi alterada, indicando que essas espécies foram tolerantes ao sulfentrazone; entretanto, H. annus apresentou melhor capacidade para remediação de solo contaminado com esse herbicida. The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of plant species in the remediation of a red-yellow Hapludalf contaminated with sulfentrazone. The work was conducted at two stages. At the first, the growth of Helianthus annus, Canavalia ensiformis, Dolichos lab lab and Arachis hypogaea was evaluated in soil contaminated with sulfentrazone. At the second stage, a species (sorghum) indicator of residues of this herbicide was sown in the same soil. At the first stage, pots containing 6.0 kg of substrate were used. After the pots were irrigated, the herbicide was applied on the soil surface. One day after the application, the vegetal species were sown. These species were collected 100 days later and stove-dried for determination of shoot dry matter accumulation. At the second stage, soil samples of 3.0 kg were collected from each pot where the species indicator of sulfentrazone residues was cultivated. At 20 and 50 days after emergence, the intoxication of the sorghum plants was visually determined and the shoot dry matter of these plants was determined 50 days after emergence and 50 days after the first cut. The production of shoot dry matter of H. annus, C. ensiformis, D. lab lab and A. hypogaea was not affected, indicating that all species were tolerant to sulfentrazone. However, H. annus showed greater capacity for remediation of soil contaminated with this herbicide.

The objective of this work was to determine the coefficients of sorption and desorption of picloram in Ultisol (PVA) and Oxisol (LVA), displaying different physical and chemical characteristics. Samples of soil were collected at the 0 20 cm depth in degraded pasture areas in Viçosa-MG. Firstly, the equilibrium time between the herbicide in solution and the herbicide which was sorbed in the soil was determined by the Batch Equilibrium method. The time required was 24 hours. Sorption and desorption studies were carried out under controlled laboratory conditions; the sorption evaluation consisted in adding 10.0 mL of herbicide solutions at different concentrations to tubes containing 2.00 g of soil, with vertical rotary agitation being maintained during the pre-determined equilibrium time. After centrifugation, supernatant extract cleaning and filtration, herbicide concentration was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection at 254 nm. Desorption was evaluated using the samples in the tubes after the sorption tests. The Freundlich model was used for interpretation of the sorption process. Ultisol showed higher adsorption coefficient (Kf a) compared with Oxisol, which may be attributed to the lower pH of the soil and its higher organic matter content. Desorption process occurred in both soils; the LVA allowed greater release of the previously sorbed molecules. Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar os coeficientes de sorção e dessorção do picloram em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (PVA) e Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA) com diferentes características físico-químicas. As amostras desses solos foram coletadas na profundidade de 0 20 cm em áreas de pastagens degradadas, na região de Viçosa, MG. Primeiramente, determinou-se o tempo de equilíbrio entre o herbicida em solução e aquele que ficou sorvido no solo, por meio do método "Batch Equilibrium". O tempo necessário foi 24 h. Os estudos de sorção e dessorção foram realizados sob condições laboratoriais controladas; a avaliação da sorção consistiu em adicionar 10,0 mL de solução do herbicida com diferentes concentrações em tubos contendo 2,00 g de solo, permanecendo sob agitação rotatória vertical pelo tempo de equilíbrio predeterminado. Após centrifugação, limpeza do extrato sobrenadante e filtração, a concentração do herbicida foi determinada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), com detector UV a 254 nm. A dessorção foi avaliada utilizando as amostras contidas nos tubos, após os ensaios de sorção. O modelo de Freundlich foi utilizado para a interpretação do processo sortivo. O Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo apresentou maior coeficiente de sorção (Kf a) quando comparado com o Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, o que pode ser atribuído ao menor pH deste solo e ao seu maior teor de matéria orgânica. O processo de dessorção ocorreu em ambos os solos; o LVA permitiu maior liberação das moléculas anteriormente sorvidas.

A determinação da habilidade competitiva de cultivares de cevada com plantas daninhas torna-se relevante para a adoção do método de manejo cultural; desse modo, podemse diminuir os custos de produção, bem como os impactos ambientais causados por outros métodos de manejo, como o químico. Este trabalho comparou as habilidades competitivas relativas de três cultivares de cevada e um biótipo de azevém. Foram realizados experimentos em casa de vegetação na estação de crescimento 2008/09, utilizando-se delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em série de substituição e constituíram-se de cinco proporções de plantas de cevada e do azevém competidor com a cultura: 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 e 0:100. A cevada foi representada pelos cultivares BRS Greta, BRS Elis e BRS 225, e o competidor, pelo azevém. A análise da competitividade foi efetuada por meio de diagramas aplicados a experimentos substitutivos, mais uso de índices de competitividade relativa. As variáveis estudadas foram: afilhamento, estatura, área foliar e massa da matéria seca da parte aérea das plantas. O azevém afetou o afilhamento, a área foliar e a massa da matéria seca da parte aérea de plantas dos cultivares de cevada BRS Greta, BRS Elis e BRS 225, demonstrando grande habilidade competitiva com a cultura pelos recursos disponíveis no meio. Entre os cultivares de cevada avaliados, BRS Elis foi o mais competitivo na presença do azevém, que é uma das espécies daninhas que necessitam de controle mesmo quando presente em baixas proporções na cultura da cevada. Characterization of the competitive ability of barley varieties against weed species is relevant for the adoption of the cultural method of weed control; thus, it is possible to reduce both the production costs and environmental impacts caused by other management methods, including the use of chemicals. This work assessed the competitive ability of barley varieties against ryegrass. Trials were installed under greenhouse conditions at the 2008/2009 cropping season, in a completely randomized block design, with four replications. Treatments were arranged in a substitution series design constituted by five proportions of plants of both species: 100:0; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75; and 0:100. Barley varieties BRS Greta, BRS Elis and BRS 225 were tested against ryegrass as the competitor. The competitive analysis was carried out through diagrams applied to the substitutive design, plus determination of relative competitiveness indexes. Plant height, tillering, leaf area and shoot dry mass were evaluated. The presence of ryegrass reduced tillering, leaf area and dry mass accumulation for all varieties of barley tested, showing to be an aggressive competitor. Among the barley varieties tested, BRS Elis showed the highest competitive ability against ryegrass. Ryegrass requires the adoption of control techniques even when present at low proportions in the field.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o potencial de lixiviação do Picloram em colunas preenchidas com Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, submetidas a diferentes volumes de chuva. Para isso, foram avaliados 30 tratamentos (um solo associado a três intensidades de chuva e dez profundidades). Utilizou-se o esquema de parcela subdividida em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. A montagem do experimento consistiu em preencher com amostras do solo colunas de PVC de 10 cm de diâmetro por 50 cm de comprimento, preparadas para estudos de lixiviação de herbicidas. Essas colunas foram preenchidas com os solos, umedecidas e colocadas na posição vertical por 48 horas para drenagem do excesso de água, aplicando a seguir o herbicida e as chuvas simuladas no topo destas, em intensidades especificadas de acordo com o tratamento, para forçar a lixiviação do Picloram. Setenta e duas horas após a simulação, todas as colunas foram dispostas na posição horizontal e abertas longitudinalmente, realizando-se amostragens de solo a cada intervalo de 5 cm de profundidade, para posterior extração e quantificação do herbicida e análise por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. O restante das amostras de solo de cada intervalo foi colocado em potes plásticos, e, nas respectivas profundidades, semeou-se a espécie indicadora Cucumis sativus. Aos 21 dias após a emergência (DAE) das plantas indicadoras foram realizadas avaliações dos sintomas de intoxicação provocados pelo Picloram. Concluiu-se que o Picloram apresentou lixiviação diretamente dependente do volume de chuva aplicado. O herbicida atingiu regiões mais profundas no solo cuja intensidade de chuva foi maior. Houve boa concordância entre os resultados obtidos pelo bioensaio e o método cromatográfico. The present study aimed to evaluate the leaching potential of Picloram in Ultisol columns under different rainfall amounts. For such, 30 treatments were evaluated (one soil associated with three levels of rainfall and ten depths).The experiments were arranged in a split-plot design, in a completely randomized design, with four replications. PVC columns of 10 cm in diameter and 50 cm in length were filled with these soils, moistened, and placed upright for 48 hours to drain the excess water. The herbicide was applied and rainfall simulations were carried out at specified intensities, according to the treatments, to force Picloram leaching. After 72 hours, all the columns were arranged in a horizontal position and opened lengthwise. Then, soil sampling was carried out every 5 cm of depth for subsequent herbicide extraction and quantification and analysis by high performance liquid chromatography. The remaining soil samples were placed in plastic pots, and, at the respective depths, the indicator species Cucumis sativus was sown. Twenty-one days after the emergence (DAE) of the indicator plants, evaluations were conducted to verify the symptoms of toxicity caused by Picloram in the plants. It was concluded that Picloram leaching is directly dependent on the volume of rain applied. The herbicide reached the deepest regions in the soil with the highest intensity of rain. The results obtained by bioassay were in agreement with those found by liquid chromatography.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos de ametryn e trifloxysulfuronsodium, em aplicações isoladas ou em mistura, sobre as características associadas à eficiência do uso da água em genótipos de cana-de-açúcar. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas foram compostas pelos herbicidas ametryn e trifloxysulfuron-sodium e pela mistura formulada de ametryn + trifloxysulfuron-sodium, aplicados aos 65 dias após o plantio, além de uma testemunha sem presença de plantas daninhas; e as subparcelas, pelos genótipos RB72454, RB835486, RB855113, RB867515, RB947520 e SP80-1816. Decorridos 15 dias da aplicação dos herbicidas, foram realizadas as avaliações de condutância estomática de vapores de água (Gs), gradiente entre temperatura da folha e do ar (ΔT) e taxa de transpiração (E), sendo calculada ainda a eficiência do uso da água (WUE). Foi determinada também a matéria seca da parte aérea das plantas. O genótipo RB855113 foi o que apresentou maiores danos à eficiência do uso da água e transpiração, sendo, por isso, considerado o mais sensível aos herbicidas ametryn e trifloxysulfuron-sodium, enquanto os genótipos SP80-1816 e RB867515 estiveram entre os mais tolerantes. Condutância estomática, temperatura da folha, transpiração e eficiência de uso da água são características eficientes para identificar danos de herbicidas a plantas cultivadas, principalmente aqueles com efeito sobre a taxa fotossintética. Os genótipos de cana-de-açúcar avaliados diferiram quanto à sensibilidade aos herbicidas aplicados; as variedades SP80-1816 e RB867515 destacaram-se como as menos afetadas pelo ametryn e trifloxysulfuron-sodium, isolados ou em mistura, enquanto RB855113 foi a mais sensível. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the herbicides ametryn and trifloxysulfuron-sodium, applied alone or in mixture, on the characteristics associated to water use efficiency in sugarcane varieties under field conditions. The trial was installed in a completely randomized block design with split-plots and four replications. Plots were composed by the herbicides ametryn, trifloxysulfuron-sodium or a commercial mixture of ametryn + trifloxysulfuron-sodium, applied 65 days after planting, plus a control mechanically free of weed infestation; split-plots were composed by sugarcane varieties (RB72454, RB835486, RB855113, RB867515, RB947520 and SP80-1816). Fifteen days after herbicide application, stomatal conductance (Gs), temperature gradient between leaf and air (DT) and transpiration rate (E) were evaluated, and water use efficiency (WUE) was obtained as a function of photosynthesis and transpiration rates. Plant shoots were also collected for dry matter determination. Variety RB855113 presented the greatest damage to water use efficiency and transpiration and was thus considered the most sensitive to ametryn and trifloxysulfuron, while varieties SP80-1816 and RB867515 were the most tolerant. In these varieties, herbicides caused only minor changes in water use efficiency and thermal gradient. Stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, transpiration and water use efficiency were effective in identifying herbicide damage to crops, mainly those caused by photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides; sugarcane genotypes showed a different behavior in relation to herbicide susceptibility and varieties SP80-1816 and RB867515 were the less affected by the herbicide treatments; on the other hand, RB855113 was the most severely affected.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a habilidade competitiva de plantas de arroz cultivar BRS Pelota com biótipos de capim-arroz resistente ou suscetível ao herbicida quinclorac. Para isso, foi instalado experimento em casa de vegetação, em delineamento completamente casualizado com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 2 x 6. As unidades experimentais constaram de vasos plásticos contendo 10 dm3 de solo, cujo pH e nível de nutrientes foram previamente corrigidos. Os tratamentos consistiram na competição entre uma planta de arroz, cultivar BRS Pelota, com populações (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ou 5 plantas por vaso) dos biótipos de capim-arroz resistente (ECH-13) ou suscetível (ECH-12) ao herbicida quinclorac. As avaliações foram realizadas aos 40 dias após emergência, sendo avaliados; massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA), taxa de crescimento (TC), área foliar específica (AFE), razão de massa foliar (RMF), razão de área foliar (RAF) e índice de área foliar (IAF). A interferência no desenvolvimento do cultivar de arroz BRS Pelota foi proporcionalmente maior com o aumento da população de ambos os biótipos de capim-arroz. Os biótipos apresentaram, em geral, habilidade competitiva similar. The objective of this study was to evaluate the competitive ability of the rice cultivar BRS Pelota with biotypes resistant or susceptible to the herbicide Quinclorac. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized design with four replications, with the treatments arranged in a 2 x 6 factorial. The experimental units consisted of plastic pots containing 10 dm3 of soil, with pH and nutrient level being previously corrected. The treatments consisted of a competition between a rice plant, BRS Pelota cultivar, with populations (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 plants per pot) of the barnyardgrass biotypes resistant (ECH-13) or susceptible (ECH -12) to the herbicide Quinclorac. The evaluations were performed at 40 DAE,including shoot dry weight (MSPA), growth rate (TC), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf mass ratio (LWR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and leaf area index (LAI). The interference in the development of the BRS Pelota rice cultivar was proportionally higher with population increase of both barnyardgrass biotypes. The biotypes showed, in general, similar competitive ability.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as características associadas à eficiência de uso da água por plantas de arroz irrigado, quando sob competição com biótipos de capim-arroz resistente ou suscetível ao herbicida quinclorac, em diferentes densidades. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, em delineamento de blocos casualizados e esquema fatorial 2 x 6 (dois biótipos e seis densidades de infestação), com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em manter uma planta de arroz no centro da unidade experimental, competindo com 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ou 5 plantas do biótipo resistente ou suscetível na periferia. Aos 50 DAE (dias após a emergência) foram avaliadas a condutância estomática de vapores de água, a pressão de vapor na câmara subestomática, a temperatura da folha e a taxa transpiratória, sendo calculada ainda a eficiência do uso da água. As plantas foram coletadas junto à superfície do solo, acondicionadas em sacos de papel e secas em estufa (70 ± 1 ºC) com circulação forçada de ar até massa constante, para obtenção da massa seca de planta. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F; em caso de significância, aplicou-se o teste de Duncan para avaliar o efeito da densidade de plantas e o teste da Diferença Mínima Significativa (DMS) para diferenças entre as influências dos biótipos resistente e suscetível sobre as plantas de arroz. Plantas de arroz foram afetadas pelo aumento no número de plantas de capim-arroz competindo com a cultura, mas não foram observadas diferenças na maioria das variáveis estudadas em função do biótipo com o qual essas plantas competiam. Variáveis-chave, como a eficiência do uso da água, foram mais afetadas quando as plantas de arroz competiam com plantas de capim-arroz do biótipo suscetível ao herbicida quinclorac. Em condições de lavoura, essa característica pode não influenciar significativamente o desenvolvimento das plantas de arroz quando em interação com outros fatores. The objective of this work was to evaluate the characteristics related to water use efficiency of rice plants, under competition with different densities of Echinochloa crusgalli plants. The trial was installed under greenhouse conditions, in a completely randomized block design, and factorial scheme 2 x 6 (two biotypes and six infestation densities), with four replications. The treatments consisted of one rice plant at the center of the plot, under competition with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 plants of Echinochloa crusgalli, resistant or susceptible to quinclorac, at the periphery of the plot. Fifty days after emergence, water vapor stomatal conductance, sub-stomatal water pressure, leaf temperature and transpiration rate were evaluated, as well as water use efficiency. The plants were cut at the soil level and put into paper bags and dried at 70 ± 1 ºC until dry mass stabilization. Data were analyzed by the F-test and, in case of significance, submitted to the DMRT test to evaluate the effect of increasing competition with Echinochloa over the rice plants, and to DMS test to compare the rice plants submitted to the biotypes at each competition level. Rice plants were more affected as the barnyardgrass density increased, but differences related to the biotype were not observed. Important variables, such as water use efficiency, were more affected when rice plants were under competition with plants of the susceptible biotype. Under field conditions, this characteristic may not be relevant to rice plant development, when interacted with other factors.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a ação de herbicidas na atividade e no crescimento de isolados bacterianos solubilizadores de fosfato, provenientes da rizosfera de plantas de cana-de-açúcar. Dois isolados bacterianos, Sac 4 e Sac 13, classificados como de alta e de baixa capacidade de solubilização de fosfato inorgânico, respectivamente, foram usados no experimento. O crescimento e a atividade dos isolados solubilizadores foram avaliados na presença dos herbicidas trifloxysulfuron-sodium, ametryn e trifloxysulfuron-sodium + ametryn, nas doses de 0, ½, ¾, 1 e 2 vezes a dose de referência (0,45, 60 e 0,74 + 30 mg L-1, respectivamente). O isolado Sac 4 teve seu crescimento reduzido na presença dos herbicidas ametryn e trifloxysulfuron-sodium + ametryn, sendo a maior redução na presença da mistura (92,43%). Não se observaram efeitos dos herbicidas no crescimento do isolado bacteriano Sac 13. A atividade solubilizadora de fosfato inorgânico de ambos os isolados não foi alterada na presença dos herbicidas, indicando que esses compostos apresentam seletividade a algumas populações de microrganismos do solo. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of herbicides on the phosphate-solubilizing activity and growth of bacteria isolated from sugarcane rhizosphere. Two bacterial isolates, Sac 4 and Sac 13, classified as being of high and low capability of solubilizing inorganic phosphate, respectively, were used in the experiments. The growth and phosphate-solubilizing activities were evaluated in the presence of trifloxysulfuron-sodium, ametryn, and trifloxysulfuron-sodium + ametryn, at 0, ½, ¾, 1, and 2 times the reference dose (0.45, 60, 0.74 + 30 mg L-1, respectively). For Sac 4, the herbicides ametryn and trifloxysulfuron-sodium + ametryn reduced growth, with the largest reduction being observed for trifloxysulfuron-sodium + ametryn, while for Sac 13, no effect of the herbicides was observed. The phosphate-solubilizing activity of both bacterial isolates was not affected by the herbicides tested; this indicates that the impact of these compounds on the soil microorganisms is selective to certain populations.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar os efeitos dos herbicidas na atividade respiratória da microbiota, na biomassa microbiana e no quociente metabólico em solo cultivado com plantas de cana-de-açúcar. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas, avaliou-se o efeito dos herbicidas e, nas subparcelas, o efeito do tempo após a aplicação destes. Os herbicidas utilizados foram: 2,4-D (1,30 kg ha-1), ametryn (1,00 kg ha-1), trifloxysulfuron-sodium (0,0225 kg ha-1) e a mistura ametryn+trifloxysulfuron-sodium (1,463+0,0375 kg ha-1, respectivamente). Realizou-se a aspersão dos herbicidas aos 60 dias após a brotação das gemas do material propagativo. Aos 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas, amostras de solos rizosférico e não-rizosférico foram coletadas e analisadas quanto às seguintes características: taxa respiratória (TR), carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), quociente metabólico (qCO2) e acúmulo total de C-CO2 evoluído do solo (ATC). O ametryn aplicado isolado ou em mistura com trifloxysulfuron-sodium propiciou maiores TRs, ao passo que o 2,4-D apresentou pouca influência nessa variável. Maiores acúmulos de C-CO2 aos 60 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas foram verificados nos tratamentos com trifloxysulfuron-sodium, ametryn e na mistura de ambos os produtos. A BM do solo foi reduzida na presença do ametryn isolado ou em mistura. Esses tratamentos resultaram em maiores valores de qCO2 aos 45 e 60 dias da aplicação. The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of the herbicides ametryn and trifloxysulfuron-sodium, singly or combined, and 2,4-D, on respiratory rate, microbial biomass, and metabolic quotient on sugar cane-cultivated soil. A completely randomized design was adopted in a split-plot scheme with four replications. The effect of the herbicides was evaluated in the plots and the effect of time after herbicide application in the split-plots. The herbicide doses, in kg ha-1, were: 1.30 (2,4-D), 1.00 (ametryn), 0.0225 (trifloxysulfuron-sodium), and 1.463 + 0.0375 for the mixture ametryn + trifloxysulfuron-sodium,, respectively. At 60 days after shoot emergence, the herbicides were sprayed on the sugarcane plants. At 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after herbicide application, rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric soil samples were collected and analyzed for respiratory rate (RR) microbial biomass (MB), metabolic quotient (qCO2), and total C-CO2 evolved from the soil (TCE). Ametryn applied singly or combined with trifloxysulfuron-sodium led to higher RR, while 2,4-D alone had little influence on this variable. Higher TCEs were verified in the soils of the treatments with trifloxysulfuron-sodium, ametryn, and with the compounds combined. Soil MB was reduced in the presence of ametryn applied singly or combined. These treatments resulted in higher values of qCO2 at 45 and 60 days of application, respectively.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o acúmulo de nutrientes e a translocação de glyphosate em biótipos de azevém. Para isso, foram montados dois ensaios: no primeiro aplicou-se 14C-glyphosate, adicionando 10 µL da calda sobre a face adaxial da primeira folha com lígula totalmente visível, quando as plantas de azevém apresentavam três perfilhos. A quantidade de glyphosate absorvido, translocado e exsudado foi avaliada 64 horas após aplicação, por meio da medição da radiação emitida pelo 14C-glyphosate, em espectrômetro de cintilação líquida. O glyphosate foi quantificado em folha de aplicação, perfilhos, raízes e na solução nutritiva onde foram cultivados os biótipos de azevém. No segundo experimento, aplicou-se o glyphosate (480 g ha-1) tanto no biótipo sensível quanto no resistente. Após dez dias da aplicação, a parte área e as raízes das plantas foram coletadas e secas em estufa, sendo determinados os teores de macronutrientes. No primeiro ensaio, verificou-se exsudação radicular em ambos os biótipos, nos quais a quantidade de glyphosate exsudada foi semelhante, não ultrapassando 5% do total que penetrou na planta. No perfilho principal do biótipo sensível, comparado ao resistente, foi observada maior concentração do produto marcado. O biótipo resistente apresentou maior acúmulo de produto marcado na folha de aplicação; no sensível, a maior parte do glyphosate foi encontrada nas raízes. Com relação ao segundo ensaio, na presença de herbicida o biótipo sensível apresentou menor teor de fósforo tanto na parte aérea quanto na planta. Os biótipos resistente e sensível, sem aplicação de herbicida, tenderam a apresentar maiores teores de N total e N inorgânico na parte aérea e na planta como um todo, quando comparados aos tratamentos em que foi realizada a aplicação do produto. Ambos os biótipos mostraram a mesma capacidade de absorção e acúmulo de macronutrientes na ausência do produto. This work aimed to evaluate nutrient accumulation and glyphosate translocation in ryegrass biotypes. Two trials were conducted: in the first, 10 uL of 14C-glyphosate ware applied on the upper side of the first leaf showing completely visible ligule, with ryegrass plants at the three-tiller stage. The amount of glyphosate absorbed, translocated and exudated was evaluated 64 hours after application, by using a liquid scintillation spectrometer. Glyphosate was quantified in the leaf it had been applied, in the tillers, roots and in the nutritive solution the plants were grown. In the second trial, glyphosate was applied on the resistant and the susceptible biotypes at the rate of 480 g L-1. Ten days after application, the shoot and roots were collected and oven-dried and the levels of macronutrients were determined. In the first trial, root exudation was observed in both biotypes, in which the amount of exudated glyphosate was similar and not greater than 5% of the absorbed glyphosate. In the main tiller of the susceptible biotype, a higher concentration of 14C-glyphosate was observed, compared to the resistant one. The resistant biotype showed more glyphosate accumulation in the leaf it had been applied and in the susceptible biotype; most 14-C glyphosate was found in the root system. In the second trial, the susceptible biotype showed less P accumulation than the resistant one. Both the resistant and susceptible biotypes tended to accumulate more total N and inorganic N in the shoot and in the whole plant in the absence of glyphosate, compared to the applied treatments. Both biotypes presented the same absorption capacity and macronutrients accumulation in the absence of the glyphosate.

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a influência da luz e da temperatura na germinação de três espécies de plantas daninhas comuns em lavouras brasileiras. As espécies estudadas foram Alternanthera tenella, conyza bonariensis e Digitaria ciliaris, nas quais se testou a influência de quatro variações de temperatura (15/25, 20/30, 20/35 e 30/40 ºC), com e sem a presença de luz, no percentual de germinação e no índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG). As sementes foram coletadas em canteiros experimentais, sendo elas selecionadas para permitir a homogeneização amostral. Posteriormente, 50 sementes de cada espécie foram colocadas em caixas do tipo gerbox, previamente preparadas com papel duplo umedecido de germinação "germitest". As caixas foram armazenadas em germinadores verticais tipo BOD, com controle de temperatura. As temperaturas foram mantidas na proporção de 16/8 horas diurna e noturna, respectivamente. As avaliações iniciaram-se aos três dias após incubação, sendo consideradas germinadas as sementes com protusão radicular igual ou superior a 1 mm. Constatou-se efeito significativo da luz para a germinação de todas as espécies, principalmente para D. ciliaris. A. tenella apresentou germinação elevada em todas as variações de temperatura testadas, embora 30/40 ºC tenham restringido a germinação de C. bonariensis. Os tratamentos também afetaram o IVG, cujo comportamento foi similar ao percentual de germinação, sendo o maior efeito constatado em D. ciliaris. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of light and temperature on the germination of three common Brazilian weed species: Alternathera tenella, Conyza bonariensis and Digitaria ciliaris. The influence of four temperature variations (15/25, 20/30, 20/35 and 30/40 ºC) with and without light was tested on germination percentage and germination velocity rate (GVR). The seeds were collected in experimental seedbeds to allow sample homogenization. Fifty seeds of each species were placed in gerbox type boxes, previously prepared with humidified "germitest" germination double layer paper. The boxes were stored in temperature-controlled BOD type vertical germinators. The temperatures were maintained at the ratio of 16/8 hours day and night, respectively. Evaluations started three days after incubation, with the seeds displaying roots equal or over 1 mm being considered to have germinated. A significant light effect on germination was confirmed fort all the species, mainly D. ciliaris. A. tenella, presented high germination at all temperatures tested, even though 30/40 ºC restricted C. bonariensis germination. The treatments also affected GVR, whose behavior was similar to the germination percentage, with the highest effect being confirmed in D. ciliaris.

Summary The effects of application of the herbicides fluazifop-p-butyl and fomesafen and the commercial mixture of these herbicides on the microbial activity of a soil, cultivated with common bean under no-till (NTS) and conventional-till (CTS) systems, were evaluated. Microbial respiration was monitored for 63 days after application (DAA) of the herbicides, and the following evaluated at 12 and 51 DAA: microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial quotient (qMIC), metabolic quotient (qCO2), percentage of bean root colonisation by mycorrhizal fungi and grain yield at the end of the cycle. A greater microbial respiratory rate was observed under NTS, with fluazifop-p-butyl providing the lowest respiration. At 12 DAA, MBC and qMIC were most affected negatively by fomesafen and by the commercial mixture of the two herbicides. Mycorrhizal colonisation was affected by the herbicides only at 12 DAA under CTS; however, in both periods, the highest value was found under NTS. All the herbicides caused a decrease in the MBC and qMIC values at 51 DAA; the qCO2, which is related to the soil system stability, indicated a greater NTS balance over CTS. The herbicide fomesafen induced lower stability in the system. Lower grain yield was obtained without weed control (no herbicides) and with fomesafen-only treatments, which may be attributed to the high weed infestation in the experimental area.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o efeito da dessecação química de plantas de feijão, em pré-colheita, sobre a qualidade de sementes armazenadas. A dessecação na cultura foi realizada utilizando-se quatro doses de carfentrazone-ethyl (0, 10, 30 e 60 g ha1), aplicadas aos 30 dias após o florescimento, no final do estádio R8, quando as sementes já haviam atingido a maturidade fisiológica. As sementes, depois de colhidas e beneficiadas, foram acondicionadas em câmara fria (12 ºC e 70% de umidade relativa) por 80 dias. Após esse período, as sementes foram separadas em dois tamanhos: maiores (retidas em peneira de crivo oblongo 16/64" x 19,05 mm) e menores (as que passaram pela mesma peneira). Além do teste de germinação (TG) e do índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE), avaliou-se também a sanidade das sementes por meio do blotter test. Sementes oriundas de plantas dessecadas com carfentrazone-ethyl, na dose de 60 g ha1, apresentaram índice de plântulas normais abaixo de 10%. As sementes maiores foram mais sensíveis ao produto, observando-se, mesmo na dose de 10 g ha-1, 44% de plântulas anormais. Não se observou efeito dos tratamentos sobre a sanidade das sementes. Considerando que, anteriormente ao armazenamento, a germinação das sementes avaliadas e a emergência de suas plântulas não eram afetadas pelo carfentrazone-ethyl, conclui-se que esse produto prejudica a qualidade das sementes após o armazenamento por 80 dias. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of chemical desiccation on quality of stored bean seeds at pre-harvest. Desiccation was achieved by applying four rates (0,10, 30 and 60 g ha1) of carfentrazone-ethyl, 30 days after flowering at the end of R8 stage, when the seeds had reached physiological maturity. After harvest, the seeds were stored (12 ºC and 70% of relative humidity) during 80 days. The seeds were then classified "larger" (retained in 16/64" x 19.05mm sieves) and "small" (passed through 16/64" x 19.05 sieves). Seed sanity was evaluated by applying the "blotter test", as well as the germination test and emergence velocity index. Index of abnormal seedlings above 90% was obtained in seeds from plants desiccated in 60 g ha-1 of carfentrazone-ethyl. The larger seeds were more sensitive to the product and no treatment effect on seed sanity was verified. Considering that prior to storage time, seed germination and seedling emergence were not affected by carfentrazone-ethyl, it was concluded that such product has a negative effect on the quality of the seeds after 80-day storage.

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência de controle de plantas daninhas, a tolerância e a produção de milho-pipoca UFVM2 aos herbicidas atrazine (1.500 g ha-1), foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron methyl sodium + atrazine (15+1+1.500 e 30+2+1.500 g ha-1), foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron methyl sodium (15+1, 30+2, 45+3 e 60+4 g ha-1), nicosulfuron + atrazine (8+1.500 e 16+1.500 g ha-1) e nicosulfuron (16 g ha-1). A aplicação dos herbicidas foi realizada aos 25 dias após a emergência da cultura. As plantas daninhas predominantes na área foram Brachiaria plantaginea, Brachiaria decumbens e Ipomoea spp. Os herbicidas foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron methyl sodium, em todas as doses testadas, proporcionaram maiores índices de toxidez à cultura, aos 7, 14 e 28 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos (DAA). Todas as combinações de herbicidas proporcionaram controle acima de 90% para B. plantaginea e B. decumbens, aos 28 DAA. O nicosulfuron aplicado isoladamente proporcionou controle de apenas 80% e o atrazine não controlou essas espécies daninhas. Para Ipomoea spp., nenhum tratamento herbicida proporcionou controle equivalente ao da testemunha capinada. A competição das plantas daninhas resultou em menores teores de clorofila total, N, P e K no tecido foliar das plantas de milho-pipoca e menor rendimento de grãos. Para o cultivar UFVM2, as sulfoniluréias isoladas ou associadas ao atrazine não afetaram o estado nutricional da cultura, o rendimento e a capacidade de expansão dos grãos de milho-pipoca. The efficiency of different herbicide combinations for weed control and tolerance and yield of UFVM2 popcorn maize were evaluated. The herbicide treatments and respective doses were: atrazine (1.500 g ha-1); foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron methyl sodium + atrazine (15+1+1.500 and 30+2+1.500 g ha-1); foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron methyl sodium (15+1, 30+2, 45+3, and 60+4 g ha-1); nicosulfuron + atrazine (8+1.500 and 16+1.500 g ha-1) and nicosulfuron (16 g ha-1). The herbicides were applied 25 days after crop emergence. The predominant weeds in the area were Brachiaria plantaginea, Brachiaria decumbens, and Ipomoea spp. The herbicides foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron methyl sodium in all doses provided the highest rates of toxicity in popcorn maize 7, 14, and 28 days after application (DAA). All herbicide combinations controlled over 90% of B. plantaginea and B. decumbens up to the 28 DAA. Nicosulfuron controlled only 80% with no atrazine control being observed. The competition with the weeds resulted in lower contents of total chlorophyll, N, P, and K in the leaf tissue of the popcorn maize plants and smaller grain yield. For the UFVM2 cultivar, the sulfonylureias isolated or associated to atrazine had no effect on the nutritional state of the culture, yield and kernel expansion volume of the maize-popcorn.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o crescimento de Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG5 submetida a doses reduzidas de fluazifop-p-butil, visando a viabilização do consórcio desta espécie com a soja. Os efeitos de três doses do herbicida (0, 18,75 e 37,50 g ha-1) sobre o crescimento de B. brizantha foram avaliados em oito épocas (14, 18, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56 e 70 dias após a emergência – DAE). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Em cada época de avaliação fez-se a coleta das plantas e a determinação da área foliar e da biomassa seca de folhas, colmos e raízes. Com base nesses dados, foram determinadas a taxa de crescimento absoluto e relativo, a taxa de assimilação líquida, a razão de área foliar, a área foliar específica e a razão de biomassa dos colmos e das folhas. Observou-se que doses reduzidas do fluazifop-p-butil promoveram a quebra da dominância apical de B. brizantha, induzindo acentuado perfilhamento. Nessa condição, verificou-se ainda aumento da participação dos colmos na biomassa seca total e redução do comprimento dos colmos em relação ao tratamento sem herbicida. Além disso, as plantas tratadas com fluazifop-p-butil apresentaram folhas mais finas, com redução de área foliar e da taxa de crescimento absoluto, demonstrando a possibilidade da utilização de doses reduzidas de fluazifop-p-butil somente para reduzir o crescimento de B. brizantha. The objective of this work was to evaluate Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG5 growth under reduced rates of fluazifop-p-butyl to allow its intercropping with soybean. The effects of three doses of the herbicide (0, 18,75 and 37.50 g ha-1) on B. brizantha growth were evaluated in eight timings (14, 18, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56 and 70 days after emergence – DAE). The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design, with four replications. At each timing, the plants were harvested and the biomass of the leaves, stem, roots and leaf area was obtained. Absolute growth rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, stem and leaf weight ratio were calculated using dry biomass and leaf area data. B. brizantha had suppressed the apical dominance by reduced rates of fluazifop-p-butyl inducing greater tillering. The stems presented greater total biomass and stem length was reduced in the plants treated with the herbicide. The plants treated with fluazifop-p-butyl had thinner leaves, reduced leaf area and absolute growth rate, showing that it is possible to use reduced doses of fluazifop-p-butyl only to reduce B. brizantha growth.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de espécies vegetais na remediação do herbicida trifloxysulfuron-sodium em solos, utilizando o feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris) como planta indicadora. Os tratamentos foram compostos pela combinação entre as espécies Calopogonium mucunoides, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria spectabilis, Vicia sativa, Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Medicago sativa, Dolichus lab lab, Penisetum glaucum, Stylosantes guianensis, Mucuna deeringiana, Mucuna cinereum, Mucuna aterrima, Raphanus sativus e Lupinus albus. Todas as espécies foram semeadas em vasos no dia seguinte à aplicação do trifloxysulfuron-sodium em três doses (0,00; 3,75; e 15,00 g ha-1). Após 80 dias da semeadura, as espécies vegetais foram cortadas na altura do coleto e a parte aérea destas descartada. A seguir, foi realizada a semeadura do feijão (cultivar Pérola). Aos 45 dias após a emergência das plantas de feijão avaliaram-se a altura e a massa seca da parte aérea das plantas. Melhor eficiência na descontaminação do trifloxysulfuron-sodium em solo foi obtida pelas espécies M. aterrima e C. ensiformis. This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of vegetable species in the remediation of the herbicide trifloxysulfuron-sodium in soils using the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) as a bio indicator. The treatments were composed by the combination of the species Calopogonium mucunoides,Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria spectabilis, Vicia sativa, Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Medicago sativa, Dolichus lab lab, Penisetum glaucum, Stylosantes guianensis, Mucuna deeringiana, Mucuna cinereum, Mucuna aterrima, Raphanus sativus and Lupinus albus, sown in vases the day following application of the herbicide at three doses (0.00; 3.75; and 15.00 g ha-1.) Eighty days after sowing, the plants were cut and the shoot discarded, followed by bean ("Perola" cultivar) sowing. At 45 days post emergence, bean height and shoot dry matter were evaluated. Greater efficiency in trifloxysulfuron-sodium decontamination in soil was obtained with the species M. aterrima and C. ensiformis.

Summary The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) applied as a herbicide at two timings after coffee blossoming, on fruit shedding from lower or upper plagiotropic branches on the canopy, as well as on crop yield. 2,4-D was sprayed between the rows on a 0.75 m-wide strip of land, starting on the border of canopy projection. Toxicity to the plants, final crop yield per plant and fruit shedding (FS) were assessed. The identical FS was observed for both application timings. Control plots showed an FS 13% lower than those where the highest 2,4-D dose was employed. FS was greater on the lower branches (46.8%) than on the upper ones (39.4%). This was probably due to injury to the lower plant canopy caused by the 2,4-D drift. Ripe or dried cherries and coffee bean yield per plant were not affected. It was concluded that despite the increased FS in the lower plant canopy, final coffee production was not significantly affected in response to 2,4-D application.