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The objectives of this randomized, cross-over pilot study were to determine whether isometric plantarflexion exercises resulted in an immediate change in Achilles tendon pain during a loading task, and whether this differed in knee extension or flexion. Eleven participants with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy were recruited from NHS community physiotherapy services and local running clubs. Participants were then randomized to complete an isometric calf muscle exercise with the knee fully extended or flexed to 80°. Participants switched to the alternate exercise after a minimum seven-day period. Achilles tendon pain during a specific, functional load test was measured on a 11-point numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) pre- and post-intervention. There was a small, immediate, mean reduction in pain following isometric plantar flexion performed in both knee extension (1.6, 95%CI 0.83 to 2.45, p=0.001) and knee flexion (1.3, 95%CI 0.31 to 2.19, p=0.015). There were no significant differences between the two positions. A non-significant, potentially clinically relevant finding was a 20% larger reduction in symptoms in knee extension versus flexion (p=0.110). In conclusion, isometric plantarflexion holds gave an approximately 50% immediate reduction in Achilles tendon pain with a functional load test. There were no significant differences between the two positions and both were well tolerated.The objectives of this randomized, cross-over pilot study were to determine whether isometric plantarflexion exercises resulted in an immediate change in Achilles tendon pain during a loading task, and whether this differed in knee extension or flexion. Eleven participants with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy were recruited from NHS community physiotherapy services and local running clubs. Participants were then randomized to complete an isometric calf muscle exercise with the knee fully extended or flexed to 80°. Participants switched to the alternate exercise after a minimum seven-day period. Achilles tendon pain during a specific, functional load test was measured on a 11-point numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) pre- and post-intervention. There was a small, immediate, mean reduction in pain following isometric plantar flexion performed in both knee extension (1.6, 95%CI 0.83 to 2.45, p=0.001) and knee flexion (1.3, 95%CI 0.31 to 2.19, p=0.015). There were no significant differences between the two positions. A non-significant, potentially clinically relevant finding was a 20% larger reduction in symptoms in knee extension versus flexion (p=0.110). In conclusion, isometric plantarflexion holds gave an approximately 50% immediate reduction in Achilles tendon pain with a functional load test. There were no significant differences between the two positions and both were well tolerated.

Objectives The main assessment tool for Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is the VISA-A. However, the VISA-A only assesses the physical impairments that result from tendon pain. This study sought to describe and assess tendon pain using other multidimensional pain scales; the short forms of the McGill pain questionnaire (sf-MPQ) and the Brief Pain Inventory (sf-BPI). Design Cross sectional observational study. Methods 124 recreational runners with clinically confirmed mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy for at least 3 months were recruited from Cape Town, South Africa. They described and rated their tendinopathy symptoms by completing the VISA-A, sf-BPI and sf-MPQ questionnaires. Results Tendon pain was largely described as a sensory type of pain with minimal affective elements. Sixty percent described their pain as aching. Significant proportions described it as tender (52.9%), throbbing (33.9%), hot burning (24.8%) and 33.8% ranked it as discomfiting or worse on the pain intensity score of the sf-MPQ. Tendon pain interfered with mood in 50.8% of the participants as well as with walking ability (72.5%), sleep (34.8%) and enjoyment of life (54.2%). Conclusions Tendon pain was described using a variety of adjectives which may suggest that AT has clinical subtypes. Tendon pain interferes with more than just physical function. Therefore, the recommendation is to conduct further studies using various pain questionnaires to elicit more details and better understand the nature of Achilles tendon pain.

Patellofemoral pain is the most common pathology in runners. Mid/fore foot runners experience lower patellofemoral loading compared to those who use a rearfoot strike. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of a 10-week intervention allowing runners with patellofemoral pain to transition from a rearfoot strike pattern. Nine male runners with patellofemoral pain were given a graduated 10-week program which allowed them to convert their habitual rearfoot strike pattern. Lower extremity kinematics, tibial accelerations, loading rates, patellofemoral kinetics and Achilles tendon kinetics were collected. Self-reported knee and Achilles tendon pain were examined using the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score and numeric pain rating scale. Data were collected before and after the 10-week transition. Reductions were found in peak patellofemoral force/pressure (pre-transition = 4.76 body weight (BW) and 13.10 MPa and post-transition = 4.27 BW and 11.48 MPa). Improvements were shown for Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score subscales pain (pre-transition = 62.04 and post-transition = 78.41), sport (pre-transition = 53.61 and post-transition = 72.67), function and daily living (pre-transition = 67.68 and post-transition = 80.08). Increases were however found for peak Achilles tendon force (pre-transition = 5.07 BW and post-transition = 5.58 BW) and Achilles tendon pain (pre-transition = 1.06 and post-transition = 2.67). Transitioning from a rearfoot strike pattern reduces patellofemoral loading and pain symptoms. The key implication is that rearfoot strike runners with patellofemoral pain can reduce their pain symptoms by altering their footstrike pattern; although this may be at the expense of increased pain at the Achilles tendon.

BackgroundAchilles tendinopathy is a common and often long-lasting injury. We present a 10-year follow-up on a pragmatic study on Achilles tendinopathy treated with controlled exercises supplemented with corticosteroid injections if necessary in order to continue training.MethodsAll patients who completed the original study (n=93) were invited for a 10-year follow-up. 83% participated. Patients were evaluated with ultrasound scanning (n=58) and with a questionnaire (n=77) using the same outcome measures as in the primary study. The 10-year overall outcome on a 4-point scale (excellent, good, fair, poor), other treatments and adverse event and present activity level were recorded.ResultsExcellent outcome was reported in 63% and good outcome in 27%. 76% reported an activity level at 75%–100% of preinjury level. The average Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment-Achilles score for all patients was 84 (SD 19). 16% had surgery. Three ruptures occurred 5–8 years after the primary study. The improvement from entry to 6 months in the primary study was maintained until 10-year follow-up. Insertional tendinopathy did not differ from mid-substance tendinopathy in any outcome measure (short term and long term). We encountered no prognostic markers on ultrasound for the long-term outcome; however, present heterogeneity and increased flow resemble present pain. Thickened tendons seem to maintain their thickness despite improvement of symptoms.ConclusionOne to two corticosteroid injections are a safe and effective supplement to controlled exercises in the treatment of Achilles tendon pain with no signs of deterioration in the very long term. Mid-substance and insertional tendinopathies benefit equally from this treatment.

To determine the prevalence of morphological and mechanical stiffness alterations at the mid Achilles tendon in asymptomatic marathon runners before and after a competition. To assess the relationship between pre-existing Achilles tendon alterations and pain after running. All marathon runners from a local running club who were participating in the Melbourne Marathon 2013 (full marathon category) were invited for conventional ultrasound and sonoelastography 1 week leading up to the marathon and again within 3 days post-marathon. Another group of active, healthy individuals not involved in running activities were recruited as controls. Intratendinous morphological (tendon thickness, hypoechogenicities), Doppler as well as stiffness properties of the Achilles were recorded. Achilles tendon pain was evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment-Achilles (VISA-A). Twenty-one asymptomatic runners (42 Achilles tendons) and 20 healthy controls (40 Achilles tendons) were examined. On the pre-marathon evaluation, runners showed significantly more morphological changes on B-mode ultrasound compared to the controls (p

High-load eccentric exercises have been a key component in the conservative management of chronic Achilles tendinopathy. This study investigated the effects of a 12-wk progressive, home-based eccentric rehabilitation program on ankle plantar flexors' glucose uptake (GU) and myoelectric activity and Achilles tendon GU. A longitudinal study design with control ( n = 10) and patient ( n = 10) groups was used. Surface electromyography (SEMG) from four ankle plantar flexors and GU from the same muscles and the Achilles tendon were measured during submaximal intermittent isometric plantar flexion task. The results indicated that the symptomatic leg was weaker ( P < 0.05) than the asymptomatic leg at baseline, but improved ( P < 0.001) with eccentric rehabilitation. Additionally, the rehabilitation resulted in greater GU in both soleus ( P < 0.01) and lateral gastrocnemius ( P < 0.001) in the symptomatic leg, while the asymptomatic leg displayed higher uptake for medial gastrocnemius and flexor hallucis longus ( P < 0.05). While both patient legs had higher tendon GU than the controls ( P < 0.05), there was no rehabilitation effect on the tendon GU. Concerning SEMG, at baseline, soleus showed more relative activity in the symptomatic leg compared with both the asymptomatic and control legs ( P < 0.05), probably reflecting an effort to compensate for the decreased force potential. The rehabilitation resulted in greater SEMG activity in the lateral gastrocnemius ( P < 0.01) of the symptomatic leg with no other within- or between-group differences. Eccentric rehabilitation was effective in decreasing subjective severity of Achilles tendinopathy. It also resulted in redistribution of relative electrical activity, but not metabolic activity, within the triceps surae muscle.

There are currently no generally accepted, consistent results that clearly characterize factors causing Achilles tendon pain (AT) in runners. Therefore, we carried out a prospective study to evaluate the multifactorial influence of clinical, biomechanical (isometric strength measurements and three-dimensional kinematics) and training-related risk factors on the development of AT. Two hundred sixty-nine uninjured runners were recruited and underwent an initial examination. One hundred forty-two subjects completed their participation by submitting training information on a weekly basis over a maximal period of 1 year. Forty-five subjects developed an overuse injury, with 10 runners suffering from AT. In an uninjured state, AT runners already demonstrated decreased knee flexor strength and abnormal lower leg kinematics (sagittal knee and ankle joint) compared with a matched control group. A relationship between years of running experience or previous overuse injuries and the development of new symptoms could not be established. The interrelationship of biomechanical and training-specific variables on the generation of AT is evident. A combination of alterations in lower leg kinematics and higher impacts caused by fast training sessions might lead to excessive stress on the Achilles tendon during weight bearing and thus to AT in recreational runners.

Background: Discrete-choice experiments are based on the premise that any good or service can be described by its characteristics (or attributes), and the extent to which an individual values a good or service depends on the levels of these characteristics. Little is known about patient preferences for treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain such as Achilles tendinopathy. Methods: A discrete-choice experiment was conducted in 58 adults with a history of Achilles tendon pain at the conclusion of a three-arm randomized clinical trial. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of ten hypothetical treatment scenarios and some sociodemographic questions. For each scenario, participants were asked to choose which option they would prefer if seeking treatment for their painful Achilles tendon. A mixed logit model was estimated to quantify subject preferences and marginal willingness to pay for the treatment attributes. Results: A response rate of 62% was achieved. A significant positive impact on utility was observed for chance of treatment success. A significant negative impact on utility was observed for cost, weeks before exercise can be completed free of pain, chance of side effects (p - 0.06), and injections as a stand-alone treatment. Respondents were willing to pay Australian dollars (&dollar;A)238 (95% CI -312, 788) for a 10% increase in the chance of treatment success. Conclusions: Study participants with Achilles tendon pain who had either participated or expressed an interest in participating in a randomized trial prefer a treatment that costs less, has a greater chance of success, has a shorter duration before being able to exercise free of pain, and has less likelihood of side effects. On average, participants preferred exercises over injections as a stand-alone treatment. Further research is required to confirm the findings in patients outside of the trial setting. Nevertheless, this study contributes to an area that is deficient in research by identifying priorities and marginal willingness to pay for attributes related to Achilles tendinopathy.

The relationship between Achilles tendon ultrasound abnormalities, including a spindle shape and heterogeneous echogenicity, is unclear. This study investigated the relationship between these abnormalities, tendon thickness, Doppler flow and pain. Sixty-one badminton players (122 tendons, 36 men, and 25 women) were recruited. Achilles tendon thickness, shape (spindle, parallel), echogenicity (heterogeneous, homogeneous) and Doppler flow (present or absent) were measured bilaterally with ultrasound. Achilles tendon pain (during or after activity over the last week) and pain and function [Victorian Institute of Sport Achilles Assessment (VISA-A)] were measured. Sixty-eight (56%) tendons were parallel with homogeneous echogenicity (normal), 22 (18%) were spindle shaped with homogeneous echogenicity, 16 (13%) were parallel with heterogeneous echogenicity and 16 (13%) were spindle shaped with heterogeneous echogenicity. Spindle shape was associated with self-reported pain (P

Sever's injury (apophysitis calcanei) is considered to be the dominant cause of heel pain among children between 8 and 15 years. The traditional advice is to reduce and modify the level of physical activity. Recommended treatment in general is the same as for adults with Achilles tendon pain. The purpose of the study was to find out if insoles, of two different types, were effective in relieving heel pain in a group of boys (n=38) attending a Sports Medicine Clinic for heel pain diagnosed as Sever's injury. The type of insole was randomized, and self-assessed pain during physical activity in the treatment phase with insoles was compared with pain in the corresponding pre- and post-treatment phases without insoles. There were no other treatments added and the recommendations were to stay on the same activity level. All patients maintained their high level of physical activity throughout the study period. Significant pain reduction during physical activity when using insoles was found. Application of two different types of insoles without any immobilization, other treatment, or modification of sport activities results in significant pain relief in boys with Sever's injury.

Background The most frequent injuries in badminton players are in the lower extremities, especially in the Achilles tendon. Hypothesis The game of badminton may be related to abnormal intratendinous flow in the Achilles tendon as detected by color Doppler ultrasound. To a certain extent, this blood flow might be physiological, especially when examined after match. Study Design Cohort study (prevalence); Level of evidence, 3. Methods Seventy-two elite badminton players were interviewed regarding Achilles tendon pain (achillodynia) in the preceding 3 years. Color Doppler was used to examine the tendons of 64 players before their matches and 46 players after their matches. Intratendinous color Doppler flow was graded from 0 to 4. The Achilles tendon was divided into dominant (eg, right side for right-handed players and vice versa) and nondominant side and classified as midtendon, preinsertional, and calcaneal areas. Results Of 72 players, 26 had experienced achillodynia in 34 tendons, 18 on the dominant side and 16 on the nondominant side. In 62% of the players with achillodynia, the problems had begun slowly, and the median duration of symptoms was 4 months (range, 0-36 months). Thirty-five percent had ongoing pain in their tendons for a median duration of 12 months (range, 0-12 months). Achillodynia was not associated with the self-reported training load or with sex, age, weight, singles or doubles players, or racket side. Forty-six players were scanned before and after match. At baseline, color Doppler flow was present in the majority of players, and only 7 (16%) players had no color Doppler flow in either tendon. After match, all players had some color Doppler flow in 1 or both tendons. Achillodynia and color Doppler flow were related in the nondominant Achilles tendon (chi-square, P =. 008). The grades of Doppler flow also increased significantly after match in the preinsertional area in both the nondominant (P =. 0002) and dominant (P =. 005) side tendons. Conclusion A large proportion of the players had experienced achillodynia and habitually played with a degree of pain that demanded medication. The self-reported pain was associated with increased intratendinous color Doppler flow in the nondominant Achilles tendon. Doppler flow was found in most players before and in all players after the match and therefore may in part be a physiological response to activity.

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term results of tendon lengthening surgery for the treatment of chronic Achilles tendon pain. Methods: The results of 21 procedures in 18 patients were assessed. Each patient had an open Z-plasty to lengthen the Achilles tendon by 1 cm. Results: Results showed a long-term (7.5 years) reduction in visual analogue pain scores for sporting activity in 20 of 21 procedures (median 50 point reduction, p < 0.0005). The tendon lengthening was apparent in a mean increase in dorsiflexion of 5 degrees. Two patients had minor gait abnormalities postoperatively. One patient had a reduction in plantarflexion power on the operated side, but five patients had improved power compared to the nonoperated limb. One major and five minor surgical complications were noted. Conclusions: The retrospective nature of this study must be noted in drawing conclusions. However, the results suggest excellent long-term reduction of Achilles pain after tendon lengthening. This must be weighed against a relatively high complication rate for any procedure in this region. This treatment does not appear to cause long-term deficits in plantarflexion power or gait.

Background and Purpose. Use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics is reported to be a cause of adverse musculoskeletal effects, such as tendinopathies and tendon ruptures. The purpose of this case report is to describe the management and outcomes of a patient with bilateral Achilles tendinopathy secondary to fluoroquinolone antibiotic use. Case Description. The patient was a 41-year-old man who developed bilateral Achilles tendon pain on the third day of levofloxacin use. The physical therapy intervention consisted of an initial phase to reduce stress on the tendon through the use of crutches and orthoses and a second phase to progressively stress the tendon through exercise and functional activities. Outcomes. After 11 weeks of physical therapy (14 treatments), the patient's pain decreased from 3/10 to 1/10 on a visual analog scale and his Lower Extremity Functional Scale score increased from 28/80 to 71/80. Discussion. An overlapping 2-phased intervention approach based on connective tissue remodeling principles may be effective in elimination of pain and restoration of function following fluoroquinolone-induced Achilles tendinopathy.

[Purpose] This study developed heel support banding (HSB) using an elastic band for flexible heel support and investigated its effect on chronic Achilles tendon pain of a mountaineer. [Subject] A 40-year-old male mountaineer with chronic Achilles tendon pain [Methods] Ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion angles, VISA-A questionnaire, load-induced pain, total pain threshold and tenderness at 3 kg of pressure were measured before and after applying HSB. [Results] After one month of applying HSB, the dorsiflexion and plantar flexion angles increased; the VISA-A questionnaire score increased; the load-induced pain assessment score decreased; the pain threshold increased; and tenderness at 3 kg decreased. [Conclusion] These results indicate that HSB use improves ankle range of motion, decreases pressure and pain, and could provide a new approach for effective intervention and management of chronic Achilles tendon pain.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to investigate the cause/s of Achilles tendon injury among elite Ethiopian middle and long distance athletes. Materials and methods The subjects of the study are 11(3 females and 8 males) athletes aged X =24.8, all reported to our centre complaining of Achilles tendon pain. Assessment card was used to carefully register the subjective and the objective findings. Different therapeutic procedures, such as massage (manual and machine), paraffin wax, American plaster, etc were used. Results Most of them recovered from their pain and demonstrated full range of motion. The most probable cause is found to be training terrain and poor coaching. Conclusion It can be concluded that coaches should give due attention while training on rough and tough trainees (hilly, ups and downs).

Once upon a time, a young triathlete named Goldilocks visited three sports medicine doctors. She was experiencing Achilles tendon pain and was concerned about her ability to train and compete. The first doctor told her she was training too much and simply needed complete rest; the second doctor told her she could bike and swim but could not run; the third doctor told her she could continue to train but prescribed a course of physical therapy. Goldilocks was confused and did not know what treatment was just right. The Goldilocks Principle states that something must fall within certain margins, as opposed to reaching extremes. In the care of multisport athletes, we often apply this principle to define the appropriate balance of training volume, intensity and recovery to avoid and treat injury. This principle may work for a girl in the forest looking for a warm meal and a proper sized bed to sleep in, but anyone who has ever watched the video footage of triathlete Julie Moss stumbling, staggering and eventually crawling across the finish line in Kona at the 1982 World Championship understands that ‘extreme’ is what many multisport endurance triathletes do. The remarkable force of mental and physical will that defines many of these athletes is also the Achilles heel that exposes them to injury. Overuse injury risk has been reported to be higher during the competitive race season as opposed to preseason training,1 likely because of the strong competitive drive of these athletes. After hours and hours of training, these athletes are focused on accomplishing their competitive goals first and dealing with injury later. It is not always the competition, however, that forces an athlete to the sideline, but sometimes their …

We describe the case of a 43-year-old woman with a history of bilateral Achilles tendon pain. Ultrasound scanning revealed chronic Achilles paratendonitis with tendonitis. Conservative measures failed but surgical intervention under local anaesthesia was successful.

Overuse injuries are the most frequent type in badminton, generally localized in the legs. An earlier study found 32% of young Swedish elite badminton players to have experienced disabling pain in the Achilles tendon region during the previous 5 years. The present investigation examined the prevalence and characteristics of painful conditions in the Achilles tendon region in 32 middle-aged competitive badminton players by means of questionnaire and physiotherapist's examination. Pain in the Achilles tendon region was reported by 44%, either presently or during the past 5 years, generally localized in the middle portion of the tendon. Symptoms had lasted 2 weeks-1 year (96 days). On the competition days 22% of the reported pain currently in the region. Age was found to be correlated to Achilles tendon pain, but there was no relationship between symptoms of pain and body mass index, gender, training quantity, or years of playing badminton. In conclusion, Achilles tendon pain seems to be relatively common among Swedish middle-aged competitive badminton players, particularly in the older ones.

Achilles tendon pain or rupture after fluoroquionolone treatment has been described as an uncommon adverse effect. We report two patients with ciprofloxacin-associated Achilles tendon disease, one with histopathological examination. Microscopic evaluation showed irregular collagen fiber arrangement, hypercellularity, and increased interfibrillar glycosaminoglycans. These pathological features are also seen in tendon overuse injuries in athletes.

Background: Discrete-choice experiments are based on the premise that any good or service can be described by its characteristics (or attributes), and the extent to which an individual values a good or service depends on the levels of these characteristics. Little is known about patient preferences for treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain such as Achilles tendinopathy. Methods: A discrete-choice experiment was conducted in 58 adults with a history of Achilles tendon pain at the conclusion of a three-arm randomized clinical trial. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of ten hypothetical treatment scenarios and some sociodemographic questions. For each scenario, participants were asked to choose which option they would prefer if seeking treatment for their painful Achilles tendon. A mixed logit model was estimated to quantify subject preferences and marginal willingness to pay for the treatment attributes. Results: A response rate of 62% was achieved. A significant positive impact on utility was observed for chance of treatment success. A significant negative impact on utility was observed for cost, weeks before exercise can be completed free of pain, chance of side effects (p = 0.06), and injections as a stand-alone treatment. Respondents were willing to pay Australian dollars ($A)238 (95% CI -312, 788) for a 10% increase in the chance of treatment success. Conclusions: Study participants with Achilles tendon pain who had either participated or expressed an interest in participating in a randomized trial prefer a treatment that costs less, has a greater chance of success, has a shorter duration before being able to exercise free of pain, and has less likelihood of side effects. On average, participants preferred exercises over injections as a stand-alone treatment. Further research is required to confirm the findings in patients outside of the trial setting. Nevertheless, this study contributes to an area that is deficient in research by identifying priorities and marginal willingness to pay for attributes related to Achilles tendinopathy.

Persistent pain in the Achilles tendon is often caused by partial ruptures leading to a hypoxic state in the tissues, insufficient healing, and a remaining, immature, and painful scar. The rupture is caused by overuse and conservatively treated with orthotic devices to reduce tendon load and physiotherapy to correct training errors and strength the muscle-tendon unit. Significant partial ruptures seem to respond poorly to conservative measures and do not improve with time. Surgical treatment with excision of degenerated tissue which leads to complete pain relief and full restoration of function with long-standing effects in most cases is why persistent Achilles tendon pain due to partial rupture preferably should be treated surgically.

Objective: To investigate the frequency of symptoms and symptom correlates of achillodynia in recreational runners. Design: Quantitative correlation study. Setting: Subjects were recruited at a “runners room” in Ontario. Participants: 87 women and men with a history of “recreational running,” which was defined as running at least 3 times/wk, ≥5km/wk. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Data were collected immediately after runs of 10km or 20km. Subjects underwent a physical examination of the Achilles’ tendon bilaterally involving measures of pain on palpation of the tendon at 5 points with a pressure of 4kg/cm, calf girth, and pain on plantarflexion. Measures of exercise history were obtained from questionnaires. Comparisons were made between symptomatic and nonsymptomatic subjects. The chi-square statistic was used to analyze proportions. The t test was used to compare means. Results: Of the 87 runners, 25 had pain on examination in at least 1 of 5 tendon locations in either leg. Symptomatic subjects did not differ from nonsymptomatic subjects with respect to differences between left and right calf diameter or the frequency of palpable nodules. The symptomatic subjects were older (P

The range of motion in the ankle joints were studied in two groups of badminton players during their training season. In one group, the exercise program consisted of tip-toe raising, whereas in the other group stretching exercise was added. The range of motion in the ankle joint in badminton players did not deviate from that of a control group. Both programs, stretching as well as regular exercise, increased the range of motion by approximatively 5 degrees during a 12-week period. No lengthening of the gastrocnemius muscle could be measured under maximal dorsiflexion from 30-35'. Too short or too tight a calf muscle does not explain the high incidence of Achilles tendon rupture and Achilles tendon pain in badminton players.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1983;5(2):74-77.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine whether calf compression sleeves (CS) affects physiological and biomechanical parameters, exercise performance, and perceived sensations of muscle fatigue, pain and soreness during a prolonged (~2 h 30 min) outdoor trail running. Methods: Fourteen healthy trained males took part in a randomized, cross-over study consisting in two identical 24-km trail running sessions (each including one bout of running at constant rate on moderately flat terrain, and one period of all-out running on hilly terrain) wearing either degressive CS (23 ± 2 mmHg) or control sleeves (CON, 6 on a 10-cm scale) with no difference between conditions. However, Achilles tendon pain was significantly lower after the trial in CS than CON (p < 0.05). Discussion: Calf compression did not modify muscle oxygenation during ~2h30 of trail running but significantly changed running biomechanics and lower limb muscle functional capabilities toward a more dynamic behavior compared to control session. However, wearing compression sleeves did not affect performance and exercise-induced DOMS, while it minimized Achilles tendon pain immediately after running.