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Acanthococcus torikurai Tanaka sp. nov. Proposed Japanese common name: Tsutsuji-fukuro-kaigaramushi. Material examined. Holotype: JAPAN: / Hokkaido, Tokoro-gun, / Kunneppu-cho, / Rhododendron sp., / 5. vi.1990, / coll. H. Torikura: adult female mounted singly (ELKU). Paratypes: same data as for holotype: 7 adult females mounted singly (3 ELKU, 4 EUMJ). Description (n = 8) Live adult female: not seen. Slide-mounted adult female (Fig. 1): body oval, 2.5 (2.0–2.6) mm long, 1.8 (1.2–1.8) mm wide. Antenna 7 segmented, 282–289 (253–298) µm long; segment lengths in µm: I: 55–56 (40–60), II: 37–48 (30–48), III: 50–52 (43–57), IV: 46–56 (40–58), V: 21–24 (19–26), VI: 18–20 (15–22), VII: 41 (38–43); segments III and V without flagellate setae; other segments each with a few flagellate setae; apical segment with apical setae 43–52 (43–65) µm long, also with 2 or 3 (mostly 3) sensory falcate setae, longest falcate setae 32–40 (32–45) µm long; 2 preapical segments also each with 1 sensory falcate seta; falcate setae length on segment VI, 31–30 (20–45); V, 28–29 (28–43). Frontal lobe present, 29–30 µm (25–60 µm) wide. Frontal tubercle absent. Eyes each situated on venter near margin. Anterior spiracles each 27–28 (21–29) µm in diameter; posterior spiracles each 29–30 (25–34) µm in diameter. Anal lobe well-developed, not very strong but considerably sclerotized, with 3 (2 or 3) enlarged conical setae with blunt apices on dorsal surface, ventrally with 1 or 2 (mostly 1) flagellate setae, each seta 49–54 (45–75) µm long; anal lobe with apical seta 160 (150–188) µm long. Dorsum. Derm membranous, smooth and without nodulations; anal lobes slightly sclerotized. Enlarged conical setae of 2 sizes: (i) short small setae, each approximately 11–20 (10–25) µm long, present on all dorsal surfaces except for body margin, but distinctly sparse on abdominal segments; (ii) longer conical setae with blunt apices, each 40–53 (30–61) µm long, present in transverse rows on cephalothorax and body margin. Margins of most abdominal segments each with 2 longer enlarged conical setae; submedial and medial areas of abdominal segment VII with 5 (4 or 5) shorter enlarged conical setae and abdominal segment VIII with 0 setae. Macrotubular ducts scattered on dorsal surface, each with outer ductule 10–11 (8–11) µm wide. Microtubular ducts simple, scattered throughout dorsum, each 5–10 µm long, elongate. Anal ring situated on dorsal margin, oval, slightly sclerotized, 50 (44–58) µm wide, 62 (56–68) µm long, partly with 2 rows of pores and 8 long setae; anal ring setae each 100–136 (88–137) µm long. Cauda absent. Venter. Derm membranous, smooth and without nodulation; anal lobes slightly sclerotized. Labium 3 segmented, joint length of 2 apical segments each about 110 (94–124) µm; basal segment with 2 pairs of setae, second segment with 2 (0–2) pairs of flagellate setae, apical segment with 3 (3–5) pairs of flagellate setae; stylet loop 2 to 3x longer than labium. Legs well developed, lengths of segments of prothoracic legs in µm: coxa, 56–61 (50–65); trochanter, 39–40 (34–50); femur, 130–132 (110–132); tibia, 88–89 (78–90); tarsus: 108–116 (101–116) and claw, 31–32 (24–32); length of tarsal digitules 50–57 (39–58); claw digitules 32–34 (18–35); length of segments of mesothoracic legs: coxa, 60–61 (53–65); trochanter, 39–40 (35–53); femur, 128–134 (102–134); tibia, 91–100 (80–100); tarsus, 111–119 (104–123) and claw, 30–32 (27–37); length of tarsal digitules 53–58 (49–58); claw digitules 38–39 (29–39); length of segments of metathoracic legs: coxa, 68–69 (57–72); trochanter, 42–43 (40–54); femur, 134–138 (105–138); tibia, 99–102 (84–102); tarsus, 120–123 (110–130) and claw, 34–37 (28–37); length of tarsal digitules 51–57 (51–60); claw digitules 29–39 (28–42); tarsal and claw digitules slightly knobbed; tarsal digitules longer than claw digitules; claw with a denticle; all coxae without spinulae. Tibia of each prothoracic leg with 5 (4–5) setae; tibia of each mesothoracic leg with 4 (3–4) setae; tibia of each metathoracic legs with 4 (2–5) setae. Multilocular disc pores each 5–6 (4–6) µm in diameter, mostly each with 5 loculi, present in relatively dense rows across abdominal segments, also a few on thoracic segments and head. Macrotubular ducts of 1 size, similar to dorsal macrotubular ducts but with outer ductules rather small and narrow; outer ductules each 6–7 µm wide, mostly present on submarginal to marginal areas. Microtubular ducts absent. A few cruciform pores present, mainly in submarginal areas of thoracic and anterior abdominal segments. A few enlarged conical setae with finely pointed apices present on marginal areas of thoracic segments and anterior abdominal segments; other setae flagellate, mainly present on medial to submedial areas of posterior body segments and on an area between antennae. Host plants. Rhododendron sp. (Ericaceae). Remarks. Acanthococcus torikurai sp. nov. is similar to Ac. glanduliferus Balachowsky 1933 in having two blunt enlarged setae on each margin of each abdominal segment, only a few enlarged setae on the dorsal abdominal segments, and the enlarged setae on the dorsum tending to get larger anteriorly. However, Ac. torikurai differs from Ac. glanduliferus as follows (contrasting character states in Ac. glanduliferus in parentheses): (i) in lacking small pores on hind legs (having small pores on hind legs); (ii) in lacking spinule on surface of meso- and metacoxae (having spinules on anterior surface of meso- and metacoxae); (iii) in lacking a cauda (having a cauda); (iv) in having different sized dorsomedial setae (dorsomedial setae are all of one size); (v) in lacking capitate ventral setae (having capitate ventral setae). Etymology. The new species is named after Mr Hidenori Torikura, the collector of the type series.

Genus Acanthococcus Signoret 1875 Type species: Acanthococcus aceris Signoret 1875 Genus diagnosis of adult female (adapted and slightly modified from Kozár et al. 2013). Ovisac ovoid, feltlike, white or gray, completely enclosing body of female. Adult female elongate-oval, narrowed posteriorly, with anal lobes conical and normally heavily sclerotized, sometimes strongly nodulose with sclerotized teeth on inner margin. Antennae 6, 7, or rarely 8 segmented; frontal lobes or tubercles usually present. Labium 3 segmented, with 2 well-developed distal segments; basal segment weakly developed and sclerotized with 2 pairs of hair-like setae; stylets short or very long, forming a double loop. Legs well developed, mid-coxa and hind coxa often with spinules on anterior surface, claw usually with a denticle; tarsal and claw digitules longer than claw, knobbed. Spiracles often each with a few associated multilocular disc pores; multilocular disc pores present on venter only, usually quinquelocular, but number of loculi varies between 3 and 9; oval disc pores (or cruciform pores) absent from dorsum, but often present on ventral surface of prosoma in a marginal band. Tubular ducts of 2 types, micro- and macrotubular ducts; microtubular ducts slender, scattered, or forming transverse rows or bands across dorsum, often associated with dorsal conical setae; macrotubular ducts often of 2 or 3 sizes, usually forming transverse rows or bands across body surfaces. Enlarged conical setae normally present at least on dorsal margin but often over entire dorsum, where they form transverse bands or rows; hair-like or flagellate setae present on venter only. Anal ring well developed, sclerotized with a partly double row of pores and usually 8 (rarely 6 or 10) anal ring setae each usually shorter than apical seta on anal lobe; each anal lobe with a long apical seta and usually with 3 short dorsal enlarged conical setae, seldom with more but at least with 2, ventral flagellate setae also present; cauda (median dorsal plate) usually well developed, but rarely absent. Remarks. The genus Acanthococcus is similar to Gossyparia Signoret 1875 in having enlarged conical setae present on most areas of the dorsum. It differs from Gossyparia in having dorsal macrotubular ducts present on most parts of dorsum, not restricted to the body margin, whereas Gossyparia has dorsal macrotubular ducts present mostly confined to the body margin., Published as part of Tanaka, Hirotaka & Kamitani, Satoshi, 2023, Two new species of Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) in Japan, pp. 387-395 in Zootaxa 5244 (4) on page 388, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5244.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7663641, {"references":["Signoret, V. (1875) Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homopteres - Coccides), 14 e partie. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, Serie 5, 5, 15 - 40.","Kozar, F., Kaydan, M. B., Konczne Benedicty, Z. & Szita, E. (2013) Acanthococcidae and Related Families of the Palaearctic Region. Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 680 pp."]}

Acanthococcus torikurai Tanaka sp. nov. Proposed Japanese common name: Tsutsuji-fukuro-kaigaramushi. Material examined. Holotype: JAPAN: / Hokkaido, Tokoro-gun, / Kunneppu-cho, / Rhododendron sp., / 5. vi.1990, / coll. H. Torikura: adult female mounted singly (ELKU). Paratypes: same data as for holotype: 7 adult females mounted singly (3 ELKU, 4 EUMJ). Description (n = 8) Live adult female: not seen. Slide-mounted adult female (Fig. 1): body oval, 2.5 (2.0–2.6) mm long, 1.8 (1.2–1.8) mm wide. Antenna 7 segmented, 282–289 (253–298) µm long; segment lengths in µm: I: 55–56 (40–60), II: 37–48 (30–48), III: 50–52 (43–57), IV: 46–56 (40–58), V: 21–24 (19–26), VI: 18–20 (15–22), VII: 41 (38–43); segments III and V without flagellate setae; other segments each with a few flagellate setae; apical segment with apical setae 43–52 (43–65) µm long, also with 2 or 3 (mostly 3) sensory falcate setae, longest falcate setae 32–40 (32–45) µm long; 2 preapical segments also each with 1 sensory falcate seta; falcate setae length on segment VI, 31–30 (20–45); V, 28–29 (28–43). Frontal lobe present, 29–30 µm (25–60 µm) wide. Frontal tubercle absent. Eyes each situated on venter near margin. Anterior spiracles each 27–28 (21–29) µm in diameter; posterior spiracles each 29–30 (25–34) µm in diameter. Anal lobe well-developed, not very strong but considerably sclerotized, with 3 (2 or 3) enlarged conical setae with blunt apices on dorsal surface, ventrally with 1 or 2 (mostly 1) flagellate setae, each seta 49–54 (45–75) µm long; anal lobe with apical seta 160 (150–188) µm long. Dorsum. Derm membranous, smooth and without nodulations; anal lobes slightly sclerotized. Enlarged conical setae of 2 sizes: (i) short small setae, each approximately 11–20 (10–25) µm long, present on all dorsal surfaces except for body margin, but distinctly sparse on abdominal segments; (ii) longer conical setae with blunt apices, each 40–53 (30–61) µm long, present in transverse rows on cephalothorax and body margin. Margins of most abdominal segments each with 2 longer enlarged conical setae; submedial and medial areas of abdominal segment VII with 5 (4 or 5) shorter enlarged conical setae and abdominal segment VIII with 0 setae. Macrotubular ducts scattered on dorsal surface, each with outer ductule 10–11 (8–11) µm wide. Microtubular ducts simple, scattered throughout dorsum, each 5–10 µm long, elongate. Anal ring situated on dorsal margin, oval, slightly sclerotized, 50 (44–58) µm wide, 62 (56–68) µm long, partly with 2 rows of pores and 8 long setae; anal ring setae each 100–136 (88–137) µm long. Cauda absent. Venter. Derm membranous, smooth and without nodulation; anal lobes slightly sclerotized. Labium 3 segmented, joint length of 2 apical segments each about 110 (94–124) µm; basal segment with 2 pairs of setae, second segment with 2 (0–2) pairs of flagellate setae, apical segment with 3 (3–5) pairs of flagellate setae; stylet loop 2 to 3x longer than labium. Legs well developed, lengths of segments of prothoracic legs in µm: coxa, 56–61 (50–65); trochanter, 39–40 (34–50); femur, 130–132 (110–132); tibia, 88–89 (78–90); tarsus: 108–116 (101–116) and claw, 31–32 (24–32); length of tarsal digitules 50–57 (39–58); claw digitules 32–34 (18–35); length of segments of mesothoracic legs: coxa, 60–61 (53–65); trochanter, 39–40 (35–53); femur, 128–134 (102–134); tibia, 91–100 (80–100); tarsus, 111–119 (104–123) and claw, 30–32 (27–37); length of tarsal digitules 53–58 (49–58); claw digitules 38–39 (29–39); length of segments of metathoracic legs: coxa, 68–69 (57–72); trochanter, 42–43 (40–54); femur, 134–138 (105–138); tibia, 99–102 (84–102); tarsus, 120–123 (110–130) and claw, 34–37 (28–37); length of tarsal digitules 51–57 (51–60); claw digitules 29–39 (28–42); tarsal and claw digitules slightly knobbed; tarsal digitules longer than claw digitules; claw with a denticle; all coxae without spinulae. Tibia of each prothoracic leg with 5 (4–5) setae; tibia of each mesothoracic leg with 4 (3–4) setae; tibia of each metathoracic legs with 4 (2–5) setae. Multilocular disc pores each 5–6 (4–6) µm in diameter, mostly each with 5 loculi, present in relatively dense rows across abdominal segments, also a few on thoracic segments and head. Macrotubular ducts of 1 size, similar to dorsal macrotubular ducts but with outer ductules rather small and narrow; outer ductules each 6–7 µm wide, mostly present on submarginal to marginal areas. Microtubular ducts absent. A few cruciform pores present, mainly in submarginal areas of thoracic and anterior abdominal segments. A few enlarged conical setae with finely pointed apices present on marginal areas of thoracic segments and anterior abdominal segments; other setae flagellate, mainly present on medial to submedial areas of posterior body segments and on an area between antennae. Host plants. Rhododendron sp. (Ericaceae). Remarks. Acanthococcus torikurai sp. nov. is similar to Ac. glanduliferus Balachowsky 1933 in having two blunt enlarged setae on each margin of each abdominal segment, only a few enlarged setae on the dorsal abdominal segments, and the enlarged setae on the dorsum tending to get larger anteriorly. However, Ac. torikurai differs from Ac. glanduliferus as follows (contrasting character states in Ac. glanduliferus in parentheses): (i) in lacking small pores on hind legs (having small pores on hind legs); (ii) in lacking spinule on surface of meso- and metacoxae (having spinules on anterior surface of meso- and metacoxae); (iii) in lacking a cauda (having a cauda); (iv) in having different sized dorsomedial setae (dorsomedial setae are all of one size); (v) in lacking capitate ventral setae (having capitate ventral setae). Etymology. The new species is named after Mr Hidenori Torikura, the collector of the type series., Published as part of Tanaka, Hirotaka & Kamitani, Satoshi, 2023, Two new species of Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) in Japan, pp. 387-395 in Zootaxa 5244 (4) on pages 388-389, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5244.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7663641, {"references":["Balachowsky, A. S. (1933) Contribution a l'etude des coccides de France [15 e note]. Un Eriococcus nouveau du departement du Var. Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 38, 36 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 1933.14520"]}

Acanthococcus Signoret 1875 Acanthococcus Signoret 1875: 16. Type species: Acanthococcus aceris Signoret 1875 by monotypy. Atriplicia Cockerell and Rohwer 1909: 169 syn. n. Type species: Atriplicia gallicola Cockerell and Rohwer 1909 by monotypy. Generic diagnosis of adult female: Enlarged setae usually abundant on dorsum, but some species with setae restricted to all or part of body margin; anal lobes generally large and protruding, each with 1 or more enlarged setae, usually 3; macrotubular ducts present on adult female and second-instar male; microtubular ducts present, usually associated with enlarged setae; multilocular pores present at least on venter, usually each with 5 loculi; cruciform pores usually present; translucent pores present on hind legs of adult female and second-instar female, usually on femur and coxa; anal ring usually with 4 pairs of setae and 1 or 2 rows of pores; each femur usually with 5 setae; each tibia usually with 4‒6 setae; claw with denticle; digitules on tarsus and claw usually capitate; antennae 6- or 7-segmented, with sensory setae on distal 3 segments; labium 3-segmented, basal segment small, with 2 setae. Notes: For an explanation and a list of the 20 Nearctic species transferred from Eriococcus to Acanthococcus in this work, please see the Introduction above. In North America, adult females of the species in Acanthococcus are most similar to adult females of species of Ovaticoccus but differ as follows (character states of Acanthococcus are in brackets): anal ring normally with three or fewer pairs of setae (with four pairs of setae); anal lobes not protruding or protruding slightly, inconspicuous (protruding strongly, conspicuous); without frontal lobes (with or without frontal lobes); translucent pores usually on hind coxa only (on hind femur and coxa). Species of Acanthococcus also are similar to the Australasian and Neotropical genus Madarococcus Hoy 1962 (Hardy et al. 2008) but differ as follows (character states of Acanthococcus in brackets): suranal seta expanded (suranal seta flagellate); anal lobes large and almost plate like, heavily sclerotized (anal lobes not plate like, usually slightly sclerotized). Etymology: The generic epithet “ Acanthococcus ” is a combination of the Greek word “ akantha ” meaning spine or thorn, and “ kokkos ” meaning “seed” or “scale insect” and is a masculine noun. The generic epithet is formed to point out the enlarged setae on the dorsum of many species of the genus. Field features: Body usually pear-shaped, with various arrangements and shapes of crystalline wax rods formed on the enlarged setae; forming white felted ovisac that covers body, with small posterior exit hole. Occurring on most parts of host including roots, crown, branches, and leaves, rarely inducing galls. Key to Acanthococcus species treated here, based on first-instar nymphs 1(0) Each hind tibia with 5 setae, including middle seta.......................................................... 4 – Each hind tibia with 4 setae, without middle seta............................................................ 2 2(1) Each front tibia with 4 setae, without middle seta; medial enlarged setae on dorsum of abdomen as large as largest lateral setae............................................................................................... 3 – Each front tibia with 5 setae, with middle seta; medial enlarged setae on dorsum of abdomen smaller than largest lateral setae..................................................................................... kemptoni (Parrott) 3(2) Multilocular pores near spiracles each often with 7 or 9 loculi; multilocular pores on abdomen predominantly each with 5 loculi; cruciform pores present on ventral margin of thorax................................. dennoi Miller and Miller – Multilocular pores near spiracles each with 5 loculi; multilocular pores on abdomen predominantly each with 3 loculi; cruciform pores absent from ventral margin of thorax....................................... pennyae Miller and Stocks sp. n. 4(1) Hind femora each with 5 setae.......................................................................... 5 – Hind femora each with 4 setae......................................................... coccineus (Cockerell) 5(4) Margin of each abdominal segment with 1 enlarged seta...................................................... 6 – Margin of each abdominal segment with 2 enlarged setae.................................... hoyi Miller and Miller 6(5) Medial and mediolateral enlarged setae on dorsum of abdomen about same size as lateral setae; cruciform pores absent.............................................................................. gallicolus (Cockerell & Rohwer) – Medial and mediolateral enlarged setae on dorsum of abdomen smaller than lateral setae; cruciform pores usually present near ventral margin of thorax............................................................... arenosus (Cockerell), Published as part of Miller, Douglass R. & Stocks, Ian C., 2022, New genera and species of felt scales (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Eriococcidae), with descriptions of new species and immature instars of described species, pp. 1-213 in Zootaxa 5221 (1) on page 12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5221.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7441371, {"references":["Signoret, V. (1875) Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homopteres - Coccides), 14 e partie. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, Serie 5, 5, 15 - 40.","Cockerell, T. D. A. & Rohwer, S. A. (1909) A new gall-making coccid on Atriplex. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 10, 169 - 170.","Hoy, J. M. (1962) Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of New Zealand. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin, 146, 1 - 219.","Hardy, N. B., Gullan, P. J., Henderson, R. C. & Cook, L. G. (2008) Relationships among felt scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) of southern beech, Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae), with the first descriptions of Australian species of the Nothofagus - feeding genus Madarococcus Hoy. Invertebrate Systematics, 22 (3), 365 - 405. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 07032"]}

Acanthococcus hoyi Miller and Miller rev. comb. Eriococcus kemptoni Parrott 1900; Ferris 1955: 134-135 (misidentification discovered by Miller and Miller 1992: 47). Acanthococcus hoyi Miller and Miller 1992: 44–48. Eriococcus hoyi (Miller & Miller); Miller and Gimpel 1999: 214 (change of combination). Specimens examined: material not reported previously: UNITED STATES: Arizona: Cochise Co.: Portal, VIII-23- 1968, on Bouteloua curtipendula, D.M. Tuttle (1 second-instar ♀ and 1 second-instar ♁ on 2 slides) CDFA. Texas: Dallam Co.: Dalhart, X-(?)-1912, on Bouteloua sp., C.N. Ainslie (35 first-instar nymphs on 1 slide) USNM. Etymology: The species epithet “ hoyi ” is named in honor of the late Jim M. Hoy, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Zealand who published several important works on the Eriococcidae of New Zealand including two books. Field features: Probably occurring in leaf blade sheaths. Second-instar female (Fig. 9) Description: Slide-mounted specimen 1.1 mm long, 0.4 mm wide. Body elongate, with protruding anal lobes. Anal lobes apically acute, lightly sclerotized; each lobe dorsally with 3 apically truncate enlarged setae, lateral seta longest, anteromedial seta shortest, with 1 microtubular duct; each lobe ventrally with 3 flagellate setae, including suranal seta and elongate anal-lobe seta. Dorsum without flagellate setae. Enlarged setae forming 4 pairs of longitudinal lines, (medial, mediolateral, sublateral and lateral) on abdomen, lines less obvious on head and thorax; enlarged setae of 2 sizes: larger size present along body margin, with 2 present on each margin of each abdominal segment; smaller size present in medial, mediolateral, and sublateral areas; largest lateral enlarged setae each about 41 μm long; largest small-sized setae each about 9 μm; longest lateral seta 4–5 times longer than longest medial seta; lateral setae straight or slightly curved, slender, with blunt apices; medial setae straight, short, with blunt apices; setal rings thin; segment IV with 10 setae. Microtubular ducts each about 4 μm long, with area farthest from dermal orifice sclerotized and divided into 2 parts, apical portion rounded; sclerotized area slightly longer than unsclerotized area; dermal orifice weakly sclerotized; microtubular ducts scattered over entire surface. Multilocular and cruciform pores absent. Microtrichia present on posterior segments. Anal ring apical, with 3 setae on each side of ring, suranal setae flagellate. Anal tube without sclerotization. Venter with longest seta on segment II about 25 μm long; longest on segment VII about 29 μm; anal-lobe seta about 180 μm long. Enlarged setae absent, although sublateral setae more robust than medial setae. Microtubular ducts absent. Multilocular pores of 2 kinds: 5-locular pores most abundant on head and thorax, present mediolaterally on abdomen; 3-locular pores, when present, located near inner margin of middle pair of coxae. Cruciform pores in sublateral line along body margin. Legs with each femur with 5 setae; each tibia with 5 setae, with 1 seta in middle; hind tibia/tarsus 0.8. Antennae each 6-segmented, about 160 μm long. Frontal lobes absent; preantennal pore present. Microtrichia present on abdomen, absent from coxae. Notes: The description is based on one specimen from one locality. The second-instar female of Ac. hoyi is most similar to the second-instar female of Ac. kemptoni by having the lateral enlarged setae noticeably larger than the dorsal medial and mediolateral setae. They differ as follows (character states in brackets are of Ac. hoyi): large-sized lateral setae restricted to abdomen and head (present around entire body margin); each hind tibia without middle seta (with middle seta). Second-instar male (Fig. 10) Description: Slide-mounted specimen 0.8 mm long, 0.3 mm wide. Body elongate, with protruding anal lobes. Anal lobes apically acute; each lobe dorsally with 3 apically truncate enlarged setae, anterolateral seta longest, anteromedial seta shortest, with 1 microtubular duct; each lobe ventrally with 3 flagellate setae including suranal seta and elongate anal-lobe seta. Dorsum without flagellate setae. Enlarged setae forming 4 pairs of longitudinal lines, (medial, mediolateral, sublateral and lateral) on abdomen; arranged in transverse rows from head to segment VII; enlarged setae of 2 sizes: larger size along body margin, with 2 setae on margin of each abdominal segment; smaller size in medial, mediolateral, and sublateral areas; largest lateral enlarged setae each about 32 μm long; largest small-sized setae each about 9 μm; longest lateral seta about 4 times longer than longest medial seta; lateral setae straight or slightly curved, slender, with truncate apices; medial setae straight, with truncate apices; setal rings thin; segment IV with 10 setae. Macrotubular ducts of 1 size, abundant over entire surface. Microtubular ducts each about 4 μm long, with area farthest from dermal orifice sclerotized and divided into 2 parts, apical portion rounded; sclerotized area slightly longer than unsclerotized area; dermal orifice weakly sclerotized; microtubular ducts scattered over entire surface. Multilocular and cruciform pores absent. Microtrichia on segments VII and VIII. Anal ring dorsal, with 3 setae on each side of ring, suranal setae flagellate. Anal tube without sclerotization. Venter with longest seta on segment II about 28 μm long; longest on segment VII about 22 μm long; anal-lobe seta 178–202 μm long. Enlarged setae absent. Macrotubular ducts of 2 kinds: larger size (same size as on dorsum) most numerous near body margin; smaller size in medial areas of head, thorax and abdomen. Multilocular pores all 5-locular pores, present near mouthparts, spiracles, and mediolaterally on abdomen. Microtubular ducts present along body margin on thorax and abdomen. Cruciform pores present along body margin. Legs without pores; each femur with 5 setae; each tibia with 5 setae, 1 seta in middle; hind tibia/tarsus 0.8. Antennae each 7-segmented, about 170 μm long. Frontal lobes absent; preantennal pore present. Microtrichia on mesothorax to VIII, and on hind 2 pairs of coxae. Notes: The description is based on one specimen from one locality. The only other Acanthococcus secondinstar male described here is of Ac. pennyae and it differs as follows (character states in brackets are of Ac. hoyi): dorsal enlarged setae all about same size (dorsal medial and mediolateral enlarged setae conspicuously shorter than the lateral setae); enlarged setae apically acute (enlarged setae apically truncate); tibiae each with four setae (tibiae each with five setae); dorsal multilocular pores present (dorsal multilocular pores absent); ventral cruciform pores absent (cruciform pores present). First-instar nymph (Fig. 11) Description: Slide-mounted specimen 0.5 mm long, 0.2 mm wide. Body elongate, with protruding anal lobes. Anal lobes broad, apically acute, weakly sclerotized; each lobe dorsally with 3 apically rounded enlarged setae, anteromedial seta shortest, remaining setae equal in length, with 0 or 1 microtubular ducts; each lobe ventrally with 3 flagellate setae including suranal seta and elongate anal-lobe seta. Dorsum without flagellate setae; enlarged setae forming 3 pairs of longitudinal lines, (medial, mediolateral and lateral), in transverse rows from head to segment VII; of 2 sizes: larger size present along body margin, with 2 setae present on each margin of each abdominal segment, on anterior abdominal segments anterior seta slightly smaller than posterior seta; smaller size present in medial and submedial areas; largest enlarged setae 20–24 μm long; largest small-sized setae 6–7 μm long; longest lateral seta 3–4 times longer than longest medial seta; lateral setae straight or slightly curved, slender, with rounded apices; medial setae straight, with blunt or rounded apices; setal rings thin; segment IV with 8 setae. Microtubular ducts about 3 μm long, with area farthest from dermal orifice sclerotized, undivided; dermal orifice weakly sclerotized; forming 1 pair of longitudinal lines on abdomen (mediolateral) and 2 pairs of lines on thorax (medial and lateral). Macrotubular ducts, cruciform pores, and multilocular pores absent. Microtrichia on segments I to VIII. Anal ring either apical or ventral, with 3 setae on each side of ring, suranal setae flagellate. Anal tube without sclerotization. Venter with setae flagellate, longest seta on segment II about 13 μm long, on segment VII about 15 μm long; longest anal-lobe seta 172–190 μm long. Enlarged setae, macrotubular ducts, and microtubular ducts absent. Multilocular pores fairly consistent on head and thorax, with about the same numbers of 3-locular pores and 5- locular pores; head pore present; pore near anterior spiracles usually present; pore near posterior spiracle present or absent; pore present near metathoracic legs; pores present or absent on segments II to VII, with total of 4–10 pores on each side of body. Cruciform pores present along lateral margin of thorax, with 3 rarely 4 such pores on each body margin. Legs without pores; each femur with 5 setae; each tibia with 5 setae, 1 in middle of tibia; hind tibia/tarsus 0.7–0.8. Antennae each 6-segmented, about 130 μm long. Frontal lobes absent; preantennal pore present. Microtrichia on segments II to VIII; absent from coxae. Notes: The description is based on 35 specimens from one locality. Among the first-instar nymphs described here, Ac. hoyi is most similar to the first-instar nymph of Ac. kemptoni in having the medial and mediolateral setae conspicuously shorter than the marginal setae. They differ as follows (character states in brackets are of Ac. hoyi): large-sized marginal setae restricted to abdomen and head (present around entire margin); each tibia without middle seta (with middle seta); with 1 large-sized setae on each lateral margin of each abdominal segment (with 2)., Published as part of Miller, Douglass R. & Stocks, Ian C., 2022, New genera and species of felt scales (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Eriococcidae), with descriptions of new species and immature instars of described species, pp. 1-213 in Zootaxa 5221 (1) on pages 24-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5221.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7441371, {"references":["Parrott, P. J. (1900) Studies of grass coccids, with description of new species. Bulletin of the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 98, 137 - 146.","Ferris, G. F. (1955) Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America. Vol. 7. the Families Aclerdidae, Asterolecaniidae, Conchaspididae Dactylopiidae and Lacciferidae. III. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California, 233 pp.","Miller, D. R. & Miller, G. L. (1992) Systematic analysis of Acanthococcus (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) in the western United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 118 (1), 1 - 106.","Miller, D. R. & Gimpel, M. E. (1999) New combinations, new synonymy, and homonomy in the Eriococcidae, new homonomy in the Cerococcidae, and transfer of Cancerococus Koteja to the Margarodidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Proceedings of the Entomological Sociey of Washington, 101, 212 - 218."]}

Acanthococcus arenosus (Cockerell) comb. n. Eriococcus arenosus Cockerell 1897: 514. Acanthococcus arenosus (Cockerell); Miller 1991: 334 (change of combination). Specimens examined: UNITED STATES: New Mexico: Rio Arriba Co.: Embudo, IX-26-1897?, host unknown, T.D.A. Cockerell? (35 first-instar nymphs on 1 slide) USNM. Etymology: The species epithet “ arenosus ” is formed from the Latin word “ arena” meaning “sandy place” and probably refers to the sandy habitat where this species often occurs. First-instar nymph (Fig. 3) Description: Slide-mounted specimens 0.4–0.6 mm long, 0.2–0.3 mm wide. Body slightly pear-shaped, with protruding anal lobes. Anal lobes broad, apically acute, lightly sclerotized; each lobe dorsally with 3 enlarged setae (anteromedial seta normally shortest, posteromedial and lateral setae equal, sometimes all setae about equal), 1 microtubular duct, each lobe ventrally with 3 flagellate setae including suranal seta and anal-lobe seta. Dorsum without flagellate setae; enlarged setae arranged in 3 pairs of longitudinal lines (medial, mediolateral and lateral) in transverse rows from head to segment VII; enlarged setae of 2 sizes; larger size along body margin, with 1 on each margin of each abdominal segment, more numerous on head and thorax; smaller size in medial and mediolateral areas, largest large-sized setae 13–15 μm long, largest small-sized setae 7–9 μm, longest lateral seta about 2 times longer than longest medial seta; lateral setae slightly curved, conical, with slightly rounded apices; medial setae straight, conical, with blunt or rounded apices, increasing in size anteriorly; setal rings thin; segment IV with 5 or 6 setae. Macrotubular ducts absent. Microtubular ducts each with area farthest from dermal orifice sclerotized and divided into 2 parts, apical portion rounded and about ½ length of remaining sclerotized portion; total sclerotized area same length as or longer than unsclerotized area; dermal orifice unsclerotized. Microtubular ducts on abdomen associated with mediolateral pairs of enlarged setae, forming 1 pair of longitudinal lines; on thorax and head, microtubular ducts associated with medial or mediolateral and lateral pairs of enlarged setae, forming 2 pairs of longitudinal lines. Multilocular and cruciform pores absent. Microtrichia present on segments II to VII. Anal ring apical, with 3 setae on each side of ring, suranal setae flagellate, slightly enlarged. Anal tube without sclerotization, with anal flap. Venter with longest flagellate seta on segment II 10–15 μm long, on segment VII 24–32 μm long; longest anallobe seta 170–220 μm long. Enlarged setae on lateral margins from head, thorax, or anterior segments to segment VII, conical. Macrotubular ducts absent. Microtubular ducts absent. Multilocular pores of 2 kinds: 5-locular pores usually present on head and near spiracles; 3-locular pores most numerous, present elsewhere; with 1 pore on each side of head, 1 near medial areas of hind and middle coxae, 1 near each spiracle, and in irregular mediolateral longitudinal line on each side of abdomen. Cruciform pores sometimes present adjacent to mid- and hind coxae. Legs with each femur with 5 setae including 2 proximal setae; each tibia with 5 setae, 1 seta in middle; hind tibia/ tarsus 0.7–0.8. Antennae each 6-segmented, 128–145 μm long. Frontal lobes absent. Preantennal pore present. Microtrichia present in medial areas of metathorax to VIII, absent from coxae. Notes: The description is based on 38 specimens from the type locality. The first-instar nymph of Ac. arenosus is most similar to the first-instar nymph of Ac. coccineus in having the dorsal medial and mediolateral enlarged setae noticeably smaller than the lateral enlarged setae, the predominant multilocular pores with three loculi, and the ventral lateral enlarged setae increase in size anteriorly. The species differ as follows (character states in brackets are of A. arenosus): dorsomedial and mediolateral enlarged setae cylindrical (predominantly conical); each femur with five setae (each femur with four setae)., Published as part of Miller, Douglass R. & Stocks, Ian C., 2022, New genera and species of felt scales (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Eriococcidae), with descriptions of new species and immature instars of described species, pp. 1-213 in Zootaxa 5221 (1) on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5221.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7441371, {"references":["Cockerell, T. D. A. (1897) New insects from Embudo, New Mexico. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 20 (120), 510 - 515. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939709487392","Miller, D. R. (1991) Systematic analysis of Acanthococcus species (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) infesting Atriplex in western North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 93 (2), 333 - 355."]}

Acanthococcus kemptoni (Parrott) rev. comb. Eriococcus kemptoni Parrott 1900: 144. Nidularia kemptoni (Parrott); Lindinger 1933a: 116 (change of combination). Eriococcus mancus Ferris 1955: 138. (junior synonym discovered by Miller & Miller 1992: 51-54). Notes: The type material of Eriococcus mancus Ferris is misidentified specimens of Eriococcus kemptoni. Acanthococcus kemptoni (Parrott); Miller and Miller 1992: 51–54 (change of combination). Rhizococcus kemptoni (Parrott); Kozár 2009: 109. (change of combination). Specimens examined: material not reported previously: UNITED STATES: Georgia: Fulton Co.: Ft. Mc Pherson, VI-4-1943, on Andropogon virginicus, H.S. McConnell (4 ad. ♀♀, 2 embryonic first-instar nymphs and 40 firstinstar nymphs on 2 slides) USNM. Kansas: Barber Co.: 10 mi. N. Medicine Lodge, VI-28-1970, on grass, tended by Formicidae, Crematogaster punctulata, D.R. Miller (5 second-instar ♀♀, 3 first-instar nymphs on 1 slide) USNM; Butler Co.: Douglass, VI-28-1970, on grass, D.R. Miller (10 first-instar nymphs on 1 slide) USNM. Virginia: independent city in Commonwealth of Virginia, 7 mi. E. Fredericksburg, III-15- 1971, V-7-1971 and VII-17-1971, on A. virginicus, S. Nakahara and D.R. Miller (41 first-instar nymphs on 4 slides) USNM. Etymology: The species epithet “ kemptoni ” is named in honor of one of the original collectors (R.H. Kempton) from Kansas. Field features: Occurring on grass leaf blades. Second-instar female (Fig. 12) Description: Slide-mounted specimens 1.1–1.2 mm long, 0.5–0.6 mm wide. Body elongate, with protruding anal lobes. Anal lobes apically acute, lightly sclerotized; each lobe dorsally with 3 elongate, apically rounded enlarged setae, all about same length; each lobe ventrally with 3 flagellate setae including anal-lobe seta and 2 or 3 multilocular pores. Dorsum without flagellate setae. Enlarged setae forming 3 or 4 pairs of longitudinal lines (medial, mediolateral, sublateral and lateral); enlarged setae of 2 sizes: larger size along body margin on segments IV to VIII and on head, with 2 on each margin of each abdominal segment; smaller size in medial, mediolateral and sublateral areas; largest lateral enlarged setae each about 38 μm long; largest small-sized setae each about 8 μm; longest lateral seta 4–5 times longer than longest medial seta; lateral setae straight or slightly curved, slender, with rounded apices; medial setae straight, short, with blunt apices; setal rings thin; segment IV with 9–11 setae. Microtubular ducts absent. Multilocular and cruciform pores absent. Microtrichia present on segments II to VIII. Anal ring apical, with 3 setae on each side of ring, suranal setae flagellate. Anal tube without sclerotization. Venter with longest seta on segment II about 18 μm long; longest on segment VII about 20 μm; anal-lobe seta about 310–330 μm long. Enlarged setae of small size only, present in lateral and sublateral areas of head, thorax and anterior abdominal segments. Microtubular ducts absent. Multilocular pores of 2 kinds: 5-locular pores scattered over head and thorax, present mediolaterally on abdomen; 7-locular pores common, 5-locular pores most abundant. Cruciform pores variable, present laterally and sublaterally on head, thorax, and anterior abdominal segments, sometimes scattered in medial areas of thorax and abdomen. Legs with hind coxae with 2 or 3 indefinite pores on dorsal surface; hind 2 pairs of tibiae each with 4 setae, without seta in middle of tibia, front tibiae each with 5 setae, with 1 seta in middle of tibia; hind tibia/tarsus 0.7–0.9. Antennae each 6-segmented, about 190 μm long. Frontal lobes absent; preantennal pore present. Microtrichia present on mesothorax to segment VIII. Notes: The description is based on five specimens from one locality. The presence of two large-sized enlarged setae on each lateral margin of segments IV to VIII and also on the head, but not on the remaining part of the lateral head, thorax, and anterior abdomen, is unique for the second-instar female of Ac. kemptoni. It also is distinctive in having five setae on each front tibia but only four on each hind tibia. For a comparison of this species with Ac. hoyi see the “Notes” section of the second-instar female of that species. First-instar nymph (Figs 13 and 14) Description: Slide-mounted specimens 0.6–1.0 mm long, 0.3–0.5 mm wide.Body elongate oval, with protruding anal lobes. Anal lobes broad, apically rounded, slightly sclerotized; each lobe dorsally with 3 apically enlarged setae with apices narrowly rounded, all setae about same length, without microtubular ducts; each lobe ventrally with 3 flagellate setae including suranal seta and elongate anal-lobe seta. Dorsum without flagellate setae. Enlarged setae forming 3 pairs of longitudinal lines on abdomen (medial, mediolateral and lateral), less obvious on thorax and head; enlarged setae of 2 sizes: larger size along body margin on segments II, III, or IV to VIII and on head, with 1 present on each margin of each abdominal segment; smaller size in medial and mediolateral areas; largest lateral enlarged setae 33–35 μm long; largest small-sized setae each about 8 μm; longest lateral seta 4–5 times longer than longest medial seta; lateral setae straight or slightly curved, slender, with rounded or pointed apices; medial setae straight, short, with blunt apices; setal rings thin; segment IV with 6 setae. Microtubular ducts rare or absent. Multilocular and cruciform pores absent. Microtrichia present on segments II to VIII. Cauda present. Anal ring apical, with 3 setae on each side of ring, suranal setae flagellate. Anal tube without sclerotization. Venter with setae flagellate, longest seta on segment II 13–19 μm long, longest seta on VII 10–18 μm long; longest anal-lobe seta about 250 μm long. Small-sized enlarged setae present laterally on most anterior abdominal segments; macrotubular ducts and microtubular ducts absent. Multilocular pores all 5-locular, present near base of antenna, near each spiracle, and mediolaterally on 1 or more abdominal segments, sometimes present near mouth parts. Cruciform pores present along lateral margin of thorax and anterior abdomen, with 3 such pores on each body margin. Legs without pores; each femur with 5 setae; hind tibiae each with 4 setae, without seta in middle of hind tibia; front tibiae each with 5 setae, with seta in middle of tibia; hind tibia/tarsus 0.7. Antennae each 6-segmented, 140–150 μm long. Frontal lobe absent; preantennal pore present. Microtrichia present on mesothorax to segment VIII. Notes: For an explanation of the transfer of Rhizococcus kemptoni from Rhizococcus to Acanthococcus, please see the Introduction and “Notes” on Ac. coccineus above; we are reinstating the assignment of this species to the widespread genus Acanthococcus. The description is based on 131 first-instar nymphs and two embryos from three localities. For a comparison of the first-instar nymph of Ac. kemptoni with the first-instar nymph of Ac. hoyi, see the “Notes” section of that species., Published as part of Miller, Douglass R. & Stocks, Ian C., 2022, New genera and species of felt scales (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Eriococcidae), with descriptions of new species and immature instars of described species, pp. 1-213 in Zootaxa 5221 (1) on pages 29-33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5221.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7441371, {"references":["Parrott, P. J. (1900) Studies of grass coccids, with description of new species. Bulletin of the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 98, 137 - 146.","Lindinger, L. (1933 a) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Schildlause (Hemipt. - Homopt., Coccid.). Entomologischer Anzeiger, 13, 77 - 166.","Ferris, G. F. (1955) Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America. Vol. 7. the Families Aclerdidae, Asterolecaniidae, Conchaspididae Dactylopiidae and Lacciferidae. III. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California, 233 pp.","Miller, D. R. & Miller, G. L. (1992) Systematic analysis of Acanthococcus (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) in the western United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 118 (1), 1 - 106.","Kozar, F. (2009) Zoogeographical analysis of knowledge of the Eriococcidae (Hemiptera), with a world list of species. Bolletino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, Milano, 41 (2), 87 - 121."]}

Acanthococcus coccineus (Cockerell) rev. comb. Eriococcus coccineus Cockerell 1894a: 204. Eriococcus coccineus lutescens Cockerell 1894a: 204 (junior synonym discovered by Ferris 1955: 116). Eriococcus saboteneus Kuwana and Tanaka 1922: 215‒221 (junior synonym discovered by Kozár et al. 2013: 432). Nidularia coccinea (Cockerell); Lindinger 1933a: 108 (change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender). Acanthococcus coccineus (Cockerell); Miller and Miller 1992: 19–22 (change of combination). Rhizococcus coccineus (Cockerell); Kozár 2009: 106 (change of combination). Acanthococcus coccineus (Cockerell); Hodgson and Miller 2010: 99–100 (revived combination; previously published). Rhizococcus coccineus (Cockerell); Kozár, Kaydan, Konczné Benedicty and Szita 2013: 432 (revived combination; previously published). Specimens examined: UNITED STATES: Maryland: Prince Georges Co.: Beltsville, in greenhouse, VI-3-1977, on Mammillaria sp., J. Tassone (6 first-instar nymphs on 2 slides) USNM. New York: Bronx County, The Bronx, VIII-31-1944, on Mammillaria sp. and Harrisia sp., G. Rau (42 first-instar nymphs on 1 slide) USNM. Texas: El Paso Co.: El Paso, IV-29-1925, on cactus, T.A. Arnold (42 first-instar nymphs on 1 slide) USNM; El Paso, X-12-1926, on Neomammillaria sp., T.A. Arnold (27 first-instar nymphs on 1 slide) USNM. Etymology: The species epithet “ coccineus ” is formed from the Latin word “ coccineus ” meaning “scarlet” or “red like a berry” and probably refers to the red color of this species under certain circumstances. Notes: Based on the synonymy given above, it is clear that generic assignments of species within the Eriococcidae are sometimes confused. Kozár et al. (2013) distinguished adult females of Acanthococcus species from adult females of Rhizococcus species as follows (character states of Acanthococcus are in brackets): hind tibiae each with five setae (four) and microtubular ducts short (long). Koteja (1974) also indicated that Acathococcus (=Acanthococcini) differs from Rhizococcus (= Rhizococcus group), with the former having eight pairs of setae on the labium while the latter has nine. Examination of these character states in the publication by Kozár et al. (2013) shows considerable incongruence. For example (the generic character state is given in brackets), R. brevenniae (Goux 1993) has eight pairs of labial setae (nine), Ac. altaicus Matesova 1967 (= Ac. spiraeae Borchsenius 1949) has nine pairs (eight), Ac. isacanthus Danzig 1975 has nine pairs (eight), R. heteroacanthus (Balachowsky 1927) has four tibial setae (five), Ac. latialis (Leonardi 1907) has five tibial setae (four), and there is some overlap in the microtubular duct lengths. We here consider these character states to be useful in species-level diagnoses, but, until more detailed analyses can be undertaken on the classification of eriococcid genera, we are reinstating the assignment of this species to the widespread genus Acanthococcus. First-instar nymph (Fig. 4) Description: Slide-mounted specimens about 0.5 mm long, 0.2–0.3 mm wide. Body slightly pear-shaped, with protruding anal lobes. Anal lobes narrow, apically acute, lightly sclerotized; each lobe dorsally with 3 enlarged setae (anteromedial seta normally shortest, posteromedial and lateral setae equal, sometime all setae about equal), 1 microtubular duct, each lobe ventrally with 3 flagellate setae including suranal seta and anal-lobe seta. Dorsum without flagellate setae; enlarged setae arranged in 3 pairs of longitudinal lines (medial, mediolateral and lateral) in transverse rows from head to segment VII; enlarged setae of 2 sizes: larger size present along body margin, with 1 on margin of each abdominal segment, more numerous on head and thorax; smaller size in medial and mediolateral areas; largest enlarged setae 15–18 μm long; largest small-sized setae 5–6 μm; longest lateral seta 3–4 times longer than longest medial seta; lateral setae straight or slightly curved, conical, with acute to slightly rounded apices; medial setae straight, cylindrical, with blunt or rounded apices, cylindrical setae increasing in size anteriorly; setal rings thin; segment IV with 6 setae. Macrotubular ducts absent. Microtubular ducts with area farthest from dermal orifice sclerotized and divided into 2 parts, apical portion rounded and about ½ length of remaining sclerotized portion; total sclerotized area longer than unsclerotized area; dermal orifice unsclerotized. Microtubular ducts on abdomen associated with mediolateral pairs of enlarged setae, forming 1 pair of longitudinal lines; on thorax and head, microtubular ducts associated with medial or mediolateral and lateral pairs of enlarged setae, forming 2 pairs of longitudinal lines. Multilocular and cruciform pores absent. Microtrichia present on segments II to VII. With numerous nodules on medial areas of thorax and head. Anal ring apical, with 3 setae on each side of ring, suranal setae flagellate, slightly enlarged. Anal tube without sclerotization, with anal flap. Venter with longest flagellate seta on segment II 7–9 μm long, on segment VII 22–30 μm; longest anal-lobe seta 144–160 μm long. Enlarged setae on lateral margins from head to segment VII, ranging from conical anteriorly to cylindrical posteriorly. Macrotubular ducts absent. Microtubular ducts absent. Multilocular pores of 3 or 4 kinds: 5-locular pores and 4-locular pores normally present near spiracles; 7-locular pores usually absent, sometimes on thorax; 3-locular pores most numerous, present elsewhere; with 1 pore on each side of head, 1 near medial areas of mid- and hind coxae, and 1 pore on each side of any or all of segments II to VII, forming 1 pair of mediolateral longitudinal lines. Cruciform pores absent. Legs with each tibia with 5 setae, 1 seta in middle; each femur with 4 setae including 1 proximal seta; hind tibia/tarsus 0.7–0.8. Antennae each 6-segmented, 128–135 μm long. Frontal lobes absent. Preantennal pore present. Microtrichia in medial areas of metathorax to segment VIII, absent from coxae. Notes: The description is based on 131 specimens from four localities. The first-instar nymph of Ac. coccineus is most similar to the first-instar nymph of Ac. arenosus by the dorsal medial and mediolateral enlarged setae noticeably smaller than the lateral enlarged setae, the predominant multilocular pores with 3 loculi, and the ventrolateral enlarged setae increasing in size anteriorly. The species differ as follows (character states in brackets are of Ac. coccineus): dorsomedial and mediolateral enlarged setae conical (predominantly cylindrical); each femur with five setae (each femur with four setae)., Published as part of Miller, Douglass R. & Stocks, Ian C., 2022, New genera and species of felt scales (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Eriococcidae), with descriptions of new species and immature instars of described species, pp. 1-213 in Zootaxa 5221 (1) on pages 15-17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5221.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7441371, {"references":["Cockerell, T. D. A. (1894 a) Descriptions of new Coccidae. Entomological News, 5, 203 - 204.","Ferris, G. F. (1955) Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America. Vol. 7. the Families Aclerdidae, Asterolecaniidae, Conchaspididae Dactylopiidae and Lacciferidae. III. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California, 233 pp.","Kuwana, S. I. & Tanaka, K. (1922) A new Eriococcus on cactus from Japan. Insect World, 26, 215 - 221.","Kozar, F., Kaydan, M. B., Konczne Benedicty, Z. & Szita, E. (2013) Acanthococcidae and related families of the Palearctic Region. Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 680 pp","Lindinger, L. (1933 a) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Schildlause (Hemipt. - Homopt., Coccid.). Entomologischer Anzeiger, 13, 77 - 166.","Miller, D. R. & Miller, G. L. (1992) Systematic analysis of Acanthococcus (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) in the western United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 118 (1), 1 - 106.","Kozar, F. (2009) Zoogeographical analysis of knowledge of the Eriococcidae (Hemiptera), with a world list of species. Bolletino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, Milano, 41 (2), 87 - 121.","Hodgson, C. J. & Miller, D. R. (2010) A review of the eriococcid genera (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) of South America. Zootaxa, 2459 (1), 1 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2459.1.1","Koteja, J. (1974) Comparative studies on the labium in the Coccinea (Homoptera). Zeszty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej w Warszawie, Rozprawy Naukowe, 89, 1 - 162.","Goux, L. (1993) Description de trois especes nouvelles d' Eriococcus appartent a la faune Francaise (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Eriococcidae). Bulletin de la Societe Linnea de Provence, 44, 65 - 69.","Matesova, G. I. (1967) [Mealybugs (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Eriococcidae) damaging willows in Kazakhstan]. Zoologicheskii Zhurmal, Moscow, 46, 1193 - 1202.","Borchsenius, N. S. (1949) [Insects, Homoptera, suborders mealybugs and scales (Coccoidea). family mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). Vol. VII]. Fauna SSSR, Zoologicheski Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR, New Series, 38, 1 - 382.","Danzig, E. M. (1975) New species of the genus Acanthococcus Sign. (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Eriococcidae) from the far east of USSR. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenye, 54, 62 - 81.","Balachowsky, A. S. (1927) Contribution a l'etude des coccides de l'Afrique mineure (1 re note). Annales de las Societe Entomologique de France, 96, 175 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 1928.28048","Leonardi, G. (1907) Contribuzione alla conoscenza delle cocciniglie Italiane. Bolletino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria dell R. Sculoa Superiore de Agricoltura, 1, 135 - 169."]}

Acanthococcus dennoi Miller and Miller rev. comb. Acanthococcus dennoi Miller and Miller 1993: 27. Eriococcus dennoi (Miller & Miller); Miller and Gimpel 1999: 213 (change of combination). Specimens examined: material not reported previously: UNITED STATES: Georgia: Bryan Co.: no specific locality, IX-17-1974, on Spartina patens, R.J. Beshear (2 first-instar nymphs on 2 slides) USNM. South Carolina: Charleston Co.: Isle of Palms, IX-15-1963, on Spartina sp. grass, J.T. Rogers (37 first-instar nymphs on 1 slides) USNM. Etymology: The species epithet “ dennoi ” was named in honor of the late Robert F. Denno, Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, USA, who collected this and many other interesting scale insects. First-instar nymph (Fig. 5) Description: Slide-mounted specimens 0.5–0.7 mm long, 0.2–0.3 mm wide. Body pear-shaped, with protruding anal lobes. Anal lobes apically rounded; each lobe dorsally with 3 apically acute enlarged setae, posteromedial seta largest, lateral seta smallest, microtubular ducts absent; each lobe ventrally with 3 flagellate setae including suranal seta and anal-lobe seta. Dorsum without flagellate setae. Enlarged setae arranged in 3 pairs of longitudinal lines (medial, mediolateral and sublateral), in transverse rows from head to segment VII; of 2 sizes: larger setae on head and anal lobes with acute apices; smaller size over remainder of surface with acute apices; largest enlarged setae 16–19 μm long, largest seta on head 14–18 μm long; largest small-sized setae 7–8 μm long; with 8 setae on segment IV. Microtubular ducts each about 3 μm long, forming 1 pair of irregular longitudinal lines on mediolateral area of head, thorax and abdomen. Macrotubular ducts, cruciform pores, and multilocular pores absent. Microtrichia present on abdomen. Anal ring ventral or apical, with 3 setae on each side of ring, suranal setae flagellate. Anal tube without sclerotization, with anal flap. Venter with setae flagellate, longest seta on segment II approximately 13 μm long, on segment VII about 11 μm; longest anal-lobe seta 130 μm long. Enlarged setae absent. Macrotubular ducts and microtubular ducts absent. Multilocular pores of 3 kinds: 9-locular pores, if present, located near spiracles; 7-locular pores most abundant on thorax; 5-locular pores most abundant on abdomen. Cruciform pores restricted to thorax, with 2 or 3 pores along each thoracic body margin. Legs without pores; each femur with 5 setae, 3 distal and 2 proximal; each tibia with 4 setae; hind tibia/tarsus 0.7–0.8. Claw without denticle near tip. Antennae each 6-segmented, about 95 μm long. Without frontal lobe. Preantennal pore present. Microtrichia present on abdomen, absent from coxae. Notes: The description is based on 29 specimens from two localities. Of the seven Acanthococcus species treated in this publication, the first-instar nymph of Ac. dennoi is most similar to the first-instar nymph of Ac. pennyae in having four setae on each hind tibia, five setae on each hind femur, and dorsomedial enlarged setae usually about same size as lateral setae. They differ as follows (character states in brackets are of Ac. dennoi): the predominant multilocular pore on the ventral abdomen with 3 loculi (5 loculi); cruciform pores absent (present)., Published as part of Miller, Douglass R. & Stocks, Ian C., 2022, New genera and species of felt scales (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Eriococcidae), with descriptions of new species and immature instars of described species, pp. 1-213 in Zootaxa 5221 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5221.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7441371, {"references":["Miller, D. R. & Miller, G. L. (1993) Eriococcidae of the Eastern United States (Homoptera). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 27 (4), 1 - 91.","Miller, D. R. & Gimpel, M. E. (1999) New combinations, new synonymy, and homonomy in the Eriococcidae, new homonomy in the Cerococcidae, and transfer of Cancerococus Koteja to the Margarodidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Proceedings of the Entomological Sociey of Washington, 101, 212 - 218."]}

Acanthococcus gallicolus (Cockerell & Rohwer) comb. n. Atriplicia gallicola Cockerell and Rohwer 1909: 169. Eriococcus gallicola (Cockerell & Rohwer); Lindinger 1914: 116 (change of combination and misspelling of species epithet). Nidularia gallicola (Cockerell & Rohwer); Lindinger 1933a: 113 (change of combination). Eriococcus gallicolus Ferris 1957: 85 (revived combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender). Type material: We have examined two series of specimens (received at USNM October 30, 1908 and November 9, 1908 from L.C. Bragg) with identical information as the type series except they were sent to the USNM rather than to Cockerell and Rohwer. There is no doubt that these specimens are identical to the type series but were not used for the original description. We also have seen specimens collected by Townsend in 1896 that were mentioned by Cockerell and Rohwer (1909) in the original description of the species but were excluded from the type series. Specimens examined: Locality?: received at USNM V-?-1927, on Atriplex sp., T.D.A Cockerell (2 ad. ♀♀ on 1 slide) USNM. UNITED STATES: California: Inyo Co.: Deep Springs, IX-27-1925, on Atriplex sp., G.F. Ferris (2 ad. ♀♀ on 1 slide) UCD. Colorado: Las Animas Co.: Trinidad, received at USNM XI-9-1908, on A. canescens, L.C. Bragg (9 ad. ♀♀, 8 second-instar ♀♀ exuviae on 5 slides) USNM; Trinidad, received at USNM X-30-1908, on A. canescens, L.C. Bragg (13 ad. ♀♀, 2 second-instar ♀♀, 2 first-instar nymphs on 9 slides) USNM. New Mexico: Dona Ana Co.: Las Cruces, X-9-1896, on A. canescens, C.H.T. Townsend (5 ad. ♀♀, 1 second-instar ♀ exuviae, 7 first-instar nymphs on 3 slides) USNM; Mesilla Park, V-5-1909, on A. canescens, C.N. Ainslie (6 ad. ♀♀, 26 firstinstar nymphs on 4 slides) USNM. Etymology: The species epithet “ gallicolus ” is formed from the Latin word “ galla ” meaning “gall” or “oak apple” and apparently refers to the gall induced by this species. Field features: Acanthococcus gallicolus induces the leaf of the host to fold, forming a gall. According to Cockerell and Rohwer (1909: 170), “The gall, about 4.5 mm long, consists of the subglobular swollen base of the Atriplex leaf, the sides being folded upwards, leaving an open slit above, the margins of which are curled outward. The end of leaf makes a pointed process at the end of each gall.” According to Felt (1918), the galls are alternate on the host plant. Dried galls contain the exuviae of the second-instar female and the withered adult female, and are lined with a thin layer of wax similar to the secretion produced on the venter of many eriococcids. Adult female (Fig. 6) Description: Slide-mounted specimens, 0.9–2.4 mm long, 0.8–2.1 mm wide. Body rotund, with anal lobes protruding. Anal lobes each slender, apically acute, either lightly sclerotized or without sclerotization. Each lobe dorsally with 3 slender setae and no microtubular ducts; each lobe ventrally with 3 or 4 flagellate setae including suranal seta and anal-lobe seta and 0 or 1 multilocular pores. Dorsum with all setae flagellate, without longitudinal lines, arranged in transverse rows on head to segment VII; of 1 variable size: largest seta about 7 μm long; segment IV with 10–13 setae. Macrotubular ducts in small numbers over surface. Microtubular ducts absent. Multilocular pores scattered over surface, of 3 kinds: 7-locular pores and 3-locular pores uncommon; 5-locular pores abundant. Cruciform pores absent. Microtrichia present from segment III or IV to VIII. Anal ring normally bent around posterior apex of abdomen, usually with 4 setae on each side of ring, suranal setae flagellate. Anal tube without sclerotization or weakly sclerotized. Venter with flagellate setae noticeably longer than those on dorsum, setae on segment II 85–122 μm long, on segment VII 61–82 μm; anal-lobe seta 162–270 μm long; setae apically acute. Enlarged setae absent. Macrotubular ducts smaller than those on dorsum, on abdomen only. Microtubular ducts absent. Multilocular pores with 5-loculi only, scattered over entire surface, most abundant near vulva. Cruciform pores absent. Large numbers of weakly indicated pores on metathorax and anterior abdominal segments, surrounding hind pair of legs. Legs with hind coxae dorsally each with 0–6 pores, absent ventrally; each femur with 5 setae; each tibia with 5 setae, 1 in middle of tibia; tibia/tarsus 0.7–1.0; claws each with denticle near tip; tarsal and claw digitules apically capitate. Antennae each 7-segmented, rarely with 6, 189–208 μm long. Frontal lobes absent. Preantennal pore present. Microtrichia present on all coxae; in medial areas of segment II to VIII, sometimes absent. Notes: The description is based on 33 specimens from six localities. The adult female of A. gallicolus is unique in lacking dorsal enlarged setae, dorsal microtubular ducts, and in having dorsal multilocular pores and numerous pores on the derm next to the hind coxae. As is the case for many gall-inducing species of eriococcids, the morphology of Ac. gallicolus appears to have evolved to accommodate living in a different microhabitat. The main character state separating this species from other Acanthococcus species is the absence of enlarged setae. The enlarged setae of species of Acanthococcus serve as the base of crystalline wax rods that may function in camouflaging the species or in protecting it from natural enemies. In the case of Ac. gallicolus, the enlarged setae apparently have been lost because their utility would seem to be unnecessary within the confines of a gall. Since the first-instar nymph of Ac. gallicolus is nearly identical to the first-instar nymphs of many other North American species of Acanthococcus we agree with Lindinger (1914) and Ferris (1957) and consider Atriplicia to be a junior subjective synonym, in this case of Acanthococcus, not Eriococcus. Second-instar female (Fig. 7) Description: Slide-mounted specimens each 0.9 mm long, 0.6 mm wide. Body pear-shaped, with protruding anal lobes. Anal lobes narrow and pointed, lightly sclerotized on both surfaces, each lobe dorsally with 3 flagellate setae, each lobe ventrally with 3 or 4 flagellate setae including suranal seta and elongate anal-lobe seta. Dorsum with all setae flagellate, scattered over head and anterior thorax, arranged in 3 pairs of longitudinal lines (medial, sublateral and lateral), from posterior thorax to segment VII; of 2 sizes, largest 10–12 μm long on abdomen, smallest on head and thorax about 5 μm long; segment IV with 7 or 8 setae. Microtubular ducts each about 3 μm long, with area farthest from dermal orifice sclerotized and divided into 2 parts, apical portion rounded and about ½ length of remaining sclerotized portion; when present restricted to segment VIII. Multilocular pores of 5-locular kind only, scattered over entire surface. Cruciform pores absent. Microtrichia present on segments II to VIII. Anal ring apical, with 3 setae on each side of ring, suranal setae flagellate. Anal tube without sclerotization. Venter with longest flagellate seta on segment II about 43 μm long, on segment VII about 36 μm; anal-lobe seta 102–196 μm long; setae apically acute. Enlarged setae absent. Microtubular ducts absent. Multilocular pores scattered over entire surface, of 2 kinds: 5-locular pores most abundant; 3-locular pores rare. Legs with each femur with 5 setae; each tibia with 5 setae, with 1 in middle; tibia/tarsus 0.7–0.8. Antennae each 6-segmented, 108–147μm long. Frontal lobes absent. Preantennal pore present. Microtrichia present on coxae, absent elsewhere. Notes: The description is based on 11 specimens from two localities. The illustration and description are based on exuviae and may have some discrepancies. The second-instar female of Ac. gallicolus is unique in lacking dorsal enlarged setae, and in having dorsal multilocular pores. First-instar nymph (Fig. 8) Description: Slide-mounted specimens 0.4–0.5 mm long, 0.2–0.3 mm wide. Body slightly pear-shaped, with protruding anal lobes. Anal lobes broad, apically acute, lightly sclerotized; each lobe dorsally with 3 enlarged setae (anteromedial seta normally shortest, posteromedial and lateral setae equal, rarely all setae equal), microtubular ducts usually absent from lobes, each lobe ventrally with 3 or 4 slender setae including suranal seta and anal-lobe seta. Dorsum without flagellate setae; enlarged setae arranged in 3 pairs of longitudinal lines (medial, mediolateral and lateral), on thorax and abdomen, with no additional setae between lines except on head; setae of 1 variable size, becoming smaller anteriorly, present in transverse rows from head to segment VII; setae straight or slightly curved, with slightly rounded apices; segment IV with 6 setae. Macrotubular ducts absent. Microtubular ducts with area farthest from dermal orifice sclerotized and divided into 2 parts, apical portion rounded and about ½ length of remaining sclerotized portion; total sclerotized area longer than unsclerotized area; dermal orifice unsclerotized. Microtubular ducts on abdomen associated with mediolateral pairs of enlarged setae forming 1 pair of longitudinal lines; on thorax and head microtubular ducts associated with medial or mediolateral and lateral pairs of enlarged setae forming 2 pairs of longitudinal lines. Multilocular and cruciform pores absent. Microtrichia present on segments IV to VIII. Anal ring apical, with 3 setae on each side of ring, suranal setae flagellate. Anal tube without sclerotization. Venter with body setae flagellate, longest seta on segment II approximately 11 μm long, on segment VII about 19 μm; longest anal-lobe seta 100–171 μm long. Enlarged setae on lateral margins of segments VI and VII and near spiracles. Macrotubular ducts absent. Microtubular ducts absent. Multilocular pores of 2 kinds: 5-locular pores most numerous; 3-locular pores uncommon but present on all specimens examined; distribution of these pores relatively constant, rarely with pore near anterior margin of metathoracic pairs of legs, otherwise same as in illustration. Cruciform pores absent. Legs with each femur with 5 setae; each tibia with 5 setae, 1 seta in middle; tibia/tarsus 0.7– 0.8. Antennae each 6-segmented, 104–161 μm long. Frontal lobes absent. Preantennal pore present. Microtrichia absent from coxae, present in medial areas of segments IV to VIII. Notes: The description is based on 37 specimens from three localities. The first-instar nymph of Ac. gallicolus is most similar to the first-instar nymph of Ac. arenosus in having five setae on each hind tibia and five setae on each hind femur. They differ as follows (character states of Ac. gallicolus are given in brackets): medial and mediolateral enlarged setae smaller than the lateral enlarged setae (about the same size as the lateral setae); cruciform pores usually present (absent)., Published as part of Miller, Douglass R. & Stocks, Ian C., 2022, New genera and species of felt scales (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Eriococcidae), with descriptions of new species and immature instars of described species, pp. 1-213 in Zootaxa 5221 (1) on pages 19-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5221.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7441371, {"references":["Cockerell, T. D. A. & Rohwer, S. A. (1909) A new gall-making coccid on Atriplex. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 10, 169 - 170.","Lindinger, L. (1914) Die Cocciden-Literatur des Jahres 1909. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftiche Insektenbiologie, 10, 114 - 120 + 155 - 160 + 243 - 249.","Lindinger, L. (1933 a) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Schildlause (Hemipt. - Homopt., Coccid.). Entomologischer Anzeiger, 13, 77 - 166.","Ferris, G. F. (1957) A review of the family Eriococcidae (Insecta: Coccoidea). Microentomology, 22, 81 - 89.","Felt, E. P. (1918) Key to American insect galls. Bulletin of the New York State Museum of Natural History, 2, 127 - 128."]}

Acanthococcus pennyae Miller and Stocks sp. n. Eriococcus sp. “CA1” Cook and Gullan 2004: 445, 447 (informal designation). Specimens examined: Adult female holotype (single specimen on slide) with right label “ Acanthococcus / pennyae / Miller & Stocks / Holotype;” left label “ Glamis, Imperial / Co., CALIFORNIA / 18-V-1969 / ex. Olneya tesota / Coll. D. Dyer / OR69E22-45;” label on back of slide “ Acanthococcus / pennyae Miller & Stocks / CDFA / HOLOTYPE / Glamis 69.” Holotype is in CDFA. Paratypes: UNITED STATES: Arizona: Maricopa Co.: Mesa, II-28-1925, on Olneya tesota, P.T. Vorhies (4 first-instar nymph paratypes on 1 slide) UCD (1 slide). California: Imperial Co.: Glamis, V-18-1969, on O. tesota, D. Dyer (1 ad. ♀ holotype, 13 ad. ♀♀, 8 first-instar nymphs and 1 second-instar ♁ on 23 slides) ANIC (1 slide), NHM (3 slides), CDFA (9 slides), FSCA (2 slides), MNHN (1 slide), UCD (2 slides), UNAM (1 slide), USNM (4 slides); Glamis, IV-16-1970, on O. tesota, R.A. Flock and R.F. Wilkey (4 ad. ♀♀, 2 second-instar ♁♁ and 22 first-instar nymphs on 4 slides) CDFA (3 slides), UCD (1 slide); Winterhaven, VI-29-1972, on O. tesota, Davis and Paddock (4 ad. ♀ ♀ on 4 slides): CDFA (2 slides), UCD (1 slide), USNM (1 slide). Etymology: This species is named in honor of Penny Gullan (ANIC) who has made many amazing contributions to the field of coccidology and entomology. The species was chosen because Penny and the first author (DRM) independently became aware of its unusual habit of inducing galls on its host. There is only one other species of Acanthococcus in the USA that induces galls, namely Ac. gallicolus. We had planned to describe the species together, but Penny returned to her homeland in Australia and DRM was slow in making it a priority. Field features: Occurring in leaf roll galls on the host, which is commonly called desert ironwood or palo fierro, and is the only species in the genus Olneya (Fabacaeae). Adult female (Fig. 15) Description: Holotype, slide-mounted specimen 1.8 mm long, 0.9 mm wide (paratypes 1.6–2.6 mm long, 0.9–1.7 mm wide). Body pear-shaped, with strongly protruding anal lobes. Anal lobes each dorsally with 3 weakly capitate enlarged setae, anteromedial seta shortest, remaining setae about equal, with 1 microtubular duct; each lobe ventrally with 3 flagellate setae including anal-lobe seta and 2 5-locular pores. Dorsum without flagellate setae. Enlarged setae not arranged in longitudinal lines; in transverse rows from head to segment VII; enlarged setae of 1 variable size: largest seta 45 μm long (paratypes 40–50 μm); smallest seta 18 μm long (paratypes 15–19 μm); present in medial and mediolateral areas, becoming increasingly smaller anteriorly; enlarged setae straight, posterior setae each with slightly capitate apex, remaining setae each with acute apex; setal rings thin; segment IV with 37 enlarged setae (paratypes with 37–44). Macrotubular ducts of 2 kinds: larger size in areas with enlarged setae; smaller size restricted to lateral regions of anterior abdominal segments. Microtubular ducts approximately 6 μm long (paratypes 5–6 μm), with area farthest from dermal orifice sclerotized and divided into 2 parts, apical portion rounded or bilobed, about ½ length of remaining sclerotized portion; total sclerotized area either same length as, or longer than, unsclerotized area; dermal orifice unsclerotized or slightly sclerotized. Multilocular pores of 2 kinds: 5-locular pores most abundant, scattered over entire surface; 3-locular pores most common along anterior margins of anterior abdominal segments and on head and thorax. Cruciform pores uncommon along body margin of head and thorax. Microtrichia on segments IV to VIII. Anal ring apical, with 4 setae on each side of ring, suranal setae flagellate. Anal tube without sclerotization. Venter with longest seta on segment II 55 μm long (paratypes 52–68), on segment VII 52 μm long (paratypes 42–58 μm); longest anal-lobe seta 105 μm long (paratypes 87–117 μm). Enlarged setae absent. Macrotubular ducts scattered over entire surface except on head. Microtubular ducts absent. Multilocular pores of 2 kinds: 5-locular pores most abundant, present over entire surface except on medial areas of thorax; 3-locular pores in small numbers over surface, most abundant on thorax and head. Cruciform pores along body margin from head to anterior abdominal segments. Small pores on derm anterior to hind coxae. Legs with hind coxae unusually large, dorsally with 40 pores (paratypes with 45–67), ventrally with 33 (paratypes with 26–50); each femur with 5 setae, each hind femur with 11 pores dorsally (paratypes with 3–12), 6 pores ventrally (paratypes with 2–9), each tibia with 4 setae, without seta in middle of tibia, without pores; hind tibia/tarsus 0.8 (paratypes 0.6–0.8). Antennae each 6- or 7-segmented, 175 μm long (paratypes 170–200 μm). Frontal lobe absent. Preantennal pore present. Microtrichia on mesothorax to segment VIII; also present on all coxae. Notes: The description is based on 22 specimens from three localities. The adult female of Ac. pennyae is distinct when compared with other members of the genus by having: unusually large hind coxae; a few small pores on the derm anterior of the hind coxa; multilocular pores on the dorsum; enlarged setae restricted to the dorsum; and microtubular ducts absent from the venter. This species was sequenced by Lyn Cook based on specimens from Olneya in California, and was included in the phylogenetic analysis presented in Cook and Gullan (2004). It was labeled informally as Eriococcus sp. “CA1” in Table 1 and Fig. 1 of that publication and has GenBank accession numbers for 18S (AY795537) and for COII (AY791958). Second-instar male (Fig. 16) Description: Slide-mounted specimen 0.9 mm long, 0.5 mm wide. Body pear-shaped, with protruding anal lobes.Anal lobes apically acute; each lobe dorsally with 3 apically acute enlarged setae, approximately equal in size, with 1 or 2 microtubular ducts; each lobe ventrally with 3 or 4 flagellate setae including suranal seta and anal-lobe seta. Dorsum without flagellate setae. Enlarged setae with weak indication of 3 pairs of longitudinal lines of slightly larger setae (medial, mediolateral and sublateral), enlarged setae present over entire surface, of 1 variable size: largest seta about 30 μm long; enlarged setae elongate, straight or slightly curved, with acute apices; with 10 enlarged setae on segment IV. Macrotubular ducts of 1 size, abundant over entire surface. Multilocular pores abundant over entire surface, of 2 kinds: 5-locular pores most numerous anteriorly and posteriorly, 3-locular pores most abundant on thorax and anterior abdominal segments. Microtubular ducts each about 5 μm long, with area farthest from dermal orifice sclerotized and divided into 2 parts, apical portion rounded; sclerotized area slightly longer than unsclerotized area; dermal orifice weakly sclerotized; microtubular ducts scattered over entire surface. Cruciform pores absent. Microtrichia present on abdomen. Anal ring dorsal, with 3 setae on each side of ring, suranal setae flagellate. Anal tube unsclerotized. Venter with longest seta on segment II about 42 μm long; longest on segment VII about 42 μm; longest anallobe seta 155–188 μm long. Slightly enlarged flagellate setae on sublateral areas of anterior abdominal segments. Macrotubular ducts of 2 kinds: larger size same size as on dorsum, most numerous on abdomen; smaller size on thorax and head. Multilocular pores of 2 kinds: 5-locular pores and 3-locular pores in approximately equal numbers. Microtubular ducts and cruciform pores absent. Legs without pores; each femur with 5 setae; each tibia with 4 setae, without seta in middle of tibia; hind tibia/tarsus 0.8. Antennae each 7-segmented, about 142 μm long. Frontal lobe absent. Preantennal pore present. Microtrichia present on prothorax to segment VIII; also present on all coxae. Notes: This description is based on three specimens from one locality. The second-instar males of Ac. pennyae are unique in having dorsal multilocular pores and five setae on each femur. For a comparison of the second-instar males of Ac. pennyae and Ac. hoyi see the “Notes” section of the latter. First-instar nymph (Fig. 17) Description: Slide-mounted specimens 0.5–0.6 mm long, 0.3–0.4 mm wide. Body pear-shaped, with protruding anal lobes. Anal lobes apically acute; each lobe dorsally with 3 apically acute enlarged setae, either all setae equal in size or posteromedial longest and anteromedial shortest; microtubular ducts absent; each lobe ventrally with 3 flagellate setae including suranal seta and anal-lobe seta. Dorsum without flagellate setae. Enlarged setae present over entire surface, fewer present along margins of anterior abdominal segments and on thorax, forming transverse rows from head to segment VII; enlarged setae of 2 sizes: larger setae variable, on segments II or III to VII forming 3 pairs of longitudinal lines (medial, mediolateral and lateral), enlarged setae on head, thorax, and segments I and II more abundant and without conspicuous longitudinal pattern; smaller-sized setae in single longitudinal line along body margin, decreasing in size posteriorly: largest enlarged setae each about 28 μm long; largest small-sized setae each about 10 μm long; large setae each elongate, straight or slightly curved, with acute apices, small setae each short, conical, straight with acute apices; segment IV with 6 setae. Microtubular ducts each about 4 μm long, with area farthest from dermal orifice sclerotized and divided into 2 parts, apical portion rounded; sclerotized area slightly longer than unsclerotized area; dermal orifice weakly sclerotized; microtubular ducts scattered over entire surface, forming 1 pair of longitudinal lines on abdomen (mediolateral) and 2 pairs of lines on thorax (mediolateral and lateral). Macrotubular ducts, cruciform pores, and multilocular pores absent. Microtubular ducts on segments I to VIII. Anal ring apical, dorsal, or ventral, with 3 setae on each side of ring, suranal setae flagellate. Anal tube without sclerotization. Venter with setae flagellate, longest seta on segment II approximately 12 μm long, on segment VII about 18 μm; longest anal-lobe seta 132–162 μm long. Enlarged setae absent. Macrotubular ducts and microtubular ducts absent. Multilocular pores fairly consistent, of 2 kinds: 3-locular pores most abundant, rarely with 5-locular pores near spiracles; head pore present; pore near anterior spiracles usually present; pore near posterior spiracle present or absent; pore present near metathoracic legs; pores present or absent on segments III to VII, with total of 5–7 pores on each side of body. Cruciform pores absent. Legs without pores; each femur with 5 setae; each tibia with 4 setae, without seta in middle of tibia; hind tibia/tarsus 0.7–0.8. Antennae each 6-segmented, 88–98 μm long. Frontal lobe absent. Preantennal pores present. Microtrichia present from mesothorax to segment VIII. Notes: The description is based on 22 specimens from three localities. The first-instar nymphs of Ac. pennyae are similar to the first-instar nymphs of Ac. dubius (not illustrated or described here). They are similar by the arrangement of the dorsal enlarged setae, which are all about the same size and shape and are organized in three pairs of longitudinal lines on the abdomen. They can be separated as follows (character states in brackets are of Ac. pennyae): with five or six setae on each hind tibia including one or two in the middle (with 4 setae on each hind tibia, without seta in the middle)., Published as part of Miller, Douglass R. & Stocks, Ian C., 2022, New genera and species of felt scales (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Eriococcidae), with descriptions of new species and immature instars of described species, pp. 1-213 in Zootaxa 5221 (1) on pages 33-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5221.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7441371, {"references":["Cook, L. G. & Gullan, P. J. (2004) The gall-inducing habit has evolved multiple times among the eriococcid scale insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 83 (4), 441 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2004.00396. x"]}

Crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS; Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae Kuwana) is an invasive insect that was first discovered in the United States in 2004. The polyphagous feeding habit of CMBS has allowed it to infest a wide range of plant species beyond its primary host, Lagerstroemia. Using molecular approaches, we studied the genetic relationships between CMBS specimens and their hosts from different geographic locations. Naturally occurring CMBS infestations were confirmed on American beautyberry (Callicarpa americana L.), a native plant species in the United States, and spirea (Spiraea L.). The new infestation of CMBS found on Spiraea raises the alarm that other economically important crops in the Amygdaloideae subfamily (subfamily under Rosaceae) might be susceptible to CMBS attacks.

The crapemyrtle bark scale, Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae, is an invasive scale insect pest of crapemyrtles. Crawler populations were monitored using double-sided sticky tape on established crapemyrtle trees in Tyler (TX), Huntsville (TX), Dallas (TX), College Station (TX), Shreveport (LA), and Little Rock (AR) from 2015 - 2017 to determine crawler activity and determine if degree-day models could predict the first peak in crawler activity. Difference in crawler densities on upper and lower branches of trees was also determined by using double-sided sticky tapes. The first peak in crapemyrtle bark scale crawler activity was between March 26th and May 22nd across all locations and years, with multiple subsequent peaks per season frequently found, suggesting multiple generations. Using the average date (May 2nd) to predict the first peak crawler activity resulted in the lowest variance and was subsequently considered a better predictor compared to any degree-day model. There was no apparent difference in crawler activity between upper and lower branches of crapemyrtle trees across an entire season. This study provides the first set of population dynamics data for crapemyrtle bark scale in the U.S. and will help with future bark scale management decisions. Index words:, Crapemyrtle bark scale, invasive insect, population dynamics, Lagerstroemia spp Species used in this study: Crapemyrtle bark scale (Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae Kuwana); Crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia spp.)

Acanthococcus adenostomae (Ehrhorn) (Fig. 15) Eriococcus adenostomae Ehrhorn 1898, 244. Type data: USA, California, Santa Clara Co., near Mountain View, on Adenostoma fasciculatum, date unknown, E.M. Ehrhorn. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Miller & Miller 1992, 7 –9). Type depository: USNM. Acanthococcus adenostomae (Ehrhorn); Miller & Miller 1992, 7 –9. Change of combination. Material examined. USA, California, Stanislaus Co., Del Puerto Cyn., on Adenostoma sp. (Rosaceae), 19.iii.1982, R.J. Gill (USNM): 2/4ad ♂ (g). Mounted material: small, total body length 1.15–1.45 mm; antennae quite long, about 2/3rds total body length, most segments with capitate setae plus short fleshy setae (fs); body with few setae, all hs; fleshy setae (fs) apparently absent; length of fs on antennae half to one-third width of antennal segments; fs on legs very short and stubby. Wings about equal to total body length and about a third as wide as long. Head: approximately triangular, broadest posteriorly; length 185–210 μm, width across genae 220–235 μm. Median crest (mc) not demarcated and not reticulated but with a very long dorsal mid-cranial ridge (dmcr), extending to postoccipital ridge posteriorly; postoccipital ridge (por) distinct, with lateral arms extending both anteriorly and posteriorly; with (on each side) 4–7 hs dorsal head setae (dhs) plus 2 or 3 pores (+ a very short fs or convex pore on each side). Ventral mid-cranial ridge (vmcr) short and narrow, extending from lateral arms (lmcr) posteriorly to occipital sclerite; without any reticulation laterally. Genae (g) not reticulated; each side with 1–3 hs genal setae (gs) just laterad to postoccipital ridge. Eyes: with two pairs of round simple eyes, each subequal in size, 20–25 μm wide; dorsal eyes (dse) placed rather laterally, slightly posterior to ventral simple eyes (vse). Ocelli (o) large, situated laterally, each 8–15 μm wide, just touching postocular ridge. Ocular sclerite (ocs) partially sclerotised, particularly around and between simple eyes; lightly reticulated around each simple eye. Preocular ridge (procr) possibly extending medially to anterior to each ventral simple eye ventrally; dorsally possibly absent. Postocular ridge (pocr) strongly developed. Interocular ridge absent. Dorsal ocular setae absent. Ventral head setae (vhs): with 4 or 5 on each side just anterior to each ventral simple eye and with a pair of ventral mid-cranial (vmcrs) hs anteriorly. Preoral ridge (pror) poorly developed. Cranial apophysis (ca) short, 13–18 μm long, 25–30 μm wide, with a trifid apex. Antennae: 10-segmented and filiform; 850–925 μm long (ratio of total body length to antennal length 1:0.68). Scape (scp) 48–60 μm long, 55–67 μm wide, with 5 hs. Pedicel (pdc) arising anteriorly from scape: length 70–80 μm, width 45–52 μm; with a few faint concentric ridges, mainly on distal half; with 8–14 hs + 10–16 fs; no cam- paniform pore detected. Segments III–X 24–42 μm wide; each fs fairly short and stout, 13–25 μm long; lengths of segments (μm): III 153–166; IV 110–145; V 100–118; VI 95–100; VII 75–93; VIII 60–84; IX 50–58 and X 48–68; approximate number of setae per segment: III 26–29 fs + 13–15 hs; IV 17–22 fs + 2 hs; V 23–30 fs, 0–3 hs + 4 or 5 capitate setae (caps); VI 18–27 fs, 1 or 2 hs + 3–5 caps; VII 15 or 16 fs, 0 or 1 hs + 3–5 caps; VIII 13 or 14 fs, 0 or 1 hs, 5 caps + 1 bristle; IX 10 or 11 fs, 1 hs, 4 caps + 1 bristle, and segment X with 4 or 5 fs, 2 or 3 hs (1 on apex), 3 large + 2 smaller bristles (one apical) on apical third + 4 or 5 caps; sensilla basiconica (sb) not detected; apex bluntly pointed. Thorax. Prothorax: pronotal ridge (prnr) well-developed and probably fused dorsally; extending ventrally and nearly touching proepisternum + cervical sclerite (pepcv); pronotal sclerite (prn) absent or represented by a small triangular area dorsolaterally; without lateral pronotal setae (lpns). Medial pronotal setae absent; post-tergite possibly present, small, without post-tergital and antemesospiracular dorsal setae or pores. Sternum (stn 1) lightly sclerotised, without a median ridge but transverse ridge fairly well developed; without prosternal setae or pores. Anteprosternal setae absent. Mesothorax: prescutum (prsc) oval, 70–85 μm long, 145–160 μm wide; sclerotised but not reticulated, with 1 pair hs prescutal setae (prscs); prescutal ridge (pscr) well developed anteriorly but quickly narrowing; prescutal suture (pscs) narrow. Scutum (sct): median area with 2 oval unsclerotised areas, each 35–45 μm long, 43–47 μm wide; distance of prescutum from scutellum 40–60 μm; scutal setae (scts): 2 hs on each side; margins laterad to prescutum sclerotised and reticulated. Prealare ridge (prar) and triangular plate (tp) well developed. Scutellum (scl) 140–167 μm wide, 70–80 μm long; with a distinct scutellar ridge (sclr) and a large foramen; scutellar setae (scls): 1 or 2 hs on each side + an occasional minute pore; postnotal wing process (pnp) broad and extending postero-laterally. Basisternum (stn 2) 215–240 μm wide, 125–150 μm long; without a median ridge; bounded anteriorly by a strong marginal ridge (mr) and precoxal ridge (pcr 2); without basisternal setae; lateropleurite (lpl) broad, with a distinct extension from marginal ridge along anterior and lateral margins; furca (f) well developed, narrow-waisted, arms very divergent and extending about half-way to marginal ridge anteriorly. Mesopostnotum (pn 2) well developed; postnotal apophysis (pna) well developed. Area bounded anteriorly by scutellum and laterally and posteriorly by mesopostnotum not sclerotised but sometimes with some striations. Mesepisternum (eps 2) not reticulated; subepisternal ridge (ser) long and well developed. Postalare (pa) without postalare setae. Mesothoracic spiracle (sp 2): width of peritreme 20–22 μm; without associated loculate pores. Postmesospiracular setae absent. Tegula (teg) present, with 2–5 hs tegular setae (tegs). Metathorax: with 1 or 2 hs metatergal setae (mts) medially. Dorsospiracular setae: a group of 0–3 laterally on each side. Metapostnotal sclerite (pn 3) distinct. Dorsal part of metapleural ridge (plr 3) present, but without a suspensorial sclerite (ss). Posterior part of metapleural ridge well developed; episternum (eps 3) not sclerotised and without postmetaspiracular setae; precoxal ridge (pcr 3) lightly sclerotised, extending medially 80–100 μm; metasternal apophysis (sta) not detected. Metepimeron (epm 3) sclerotised, but without setae. Antemetaspiracular setae absent. Metathoracic spiracle (sp 3): width of peritreme 21–28 μm; without loculate pores. Metasternum (stn 3) membranous, with 2 hs anterior metasternal setae (amss) and 2–4 hs posterior metasternal setae (pmss). Wings: hyaline, 1250–1300 μm long, 450–500 μm wide (ratio of length to width 1:0.37; ratio of total body length to wing length 1:0.98); alar lobe (al) well developed; each wing with 1–3 hs alar setae (als) but no circular sensoria. Hamulohalteres (h) 102–110 μm long, 25–33 μm wide, each with a single hooked hamulus, 62–80 μm long. Legs: subequal in length. Fleshy setae (fs) present on all or most segments, each very short and fat. Coxae (cx): I 80–110; II 100–120; II: 95–110 μm long; setae of coxa III: 0–2 fs + 10–13 hs; long setae on each coxa not differ- entiated. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): I 195–235; II 150–230; III 200–230 μm long; trochanter III with 0 fs + 5–7 hs; each trochanter with 3 semi-circular sensoria on each side arranged in a triangle medially; long trochanter seta 40–45 μm; femur III with 6–8 fs + 18–24 hs. Tibia (ti): I 250–275; II 240–260; III 270–280 μm; tibia III with 19–20 fs + 39–44 hs, a few becoming spur-like on distal third of leg; with 2 apical spurs (tibs) on all legs; length of longest 18–25 μm. Tarsi (ta) two segmented, proximal segment narrow and ringlike, length of both segments combined: I 75–90; II 78–90; III 90 μm long (ratio of length of tibia III to length of tarsus III 1:0.32); tarsus III with 1–3 fs + 19–25 other setae, mainly spur-like; tarsal spurs undifferentiated; tarsal campaniform pore present; tarsal digitules (tdt) subequal to length of claw. Claws (c) subequal to or slightly longer than width of tarsus; length III: 25–30 μm; with a small denticle; claw digitules (cdt) with minute capitate apices and slightly longer than claw. Abdomen: segments I–VII: tergites and sternites lightly sclerotised, tergum (at) and sternum (as) otherwise unsclerotised and without obvious oval membranous areas in inter-segmental membranes. Caudal extension (ce) on segment VII absent. Without loculate pores. Dorsal setae (ads): segments I–VII each with 2–8 hs. Pleural setae: dorsopleural setae (dps) on each side: I–IV 2 hs; V & VI 3 hs; VII 2 hs; ventropleural setae (vps) on each side: I–VII 1 hs. Ventral setae (avs): II 2 hs; III–VII each with 4–6 hs. Segment VIII: tergite (at) sclerotised in a transverse band; sternite (as) more heavily sclerotised, with a pair of small lateral, longitudinal sclerotisations; with 2 hs ante-anal setae; sternite with 1 or 2 hs ventral abdominal setae (avs) on each side; caudal extension (ce) rounded, each with 4 or 5 hs pleural setae. Glandular pouches (gp) present, moderately deep, each with loculate pores spreading out of glandular pouch; each glandular pouch with 2 setae (gls) often of different lengths and both capitate, length 95–120 μm. Genital segments: penial sheath (ps) divided into two sections: a broad segment IX and a short, triangular style (st); ventrally with a broad, possibly unsclerotised, area around and anterior to basal rod; segment IX with 2 or 3 long setae dorsally, 2 long setae ventrally and 2 or 3 long setae (each 21–45 μm long) laterally, more or less around membranous area; style without setae. Length of penial sheath (from anterior border to apex: 132 μm, width across base 95–100 μm); style 55–67 μm long. Basal rod (bra) short, 13–17 μm. Aedeagus parallel-sided at base, gradually narrowing towards apex, but not reaching apex of penial sheath, 64–73 μm long. Comment. This is a typical male acanthococcid except that there is a pair of small membranous areas medially on the scutum. The very short fleshy setae on the legs also appear to be unusual., Published as part of Hodgson, Chris, 2020, A review of neococcid scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) based on the morphology of the adult males, pp. 1-264 in Zootaxa 4765 (1) on pages 44-46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4765.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3774174, {"references":["Ehrhorn, E. M. (1898) New Coccidae. Canadian Entomologist, 30, 244 - 246. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 30244 - 9","Miller, D. R. & Miller, G. L. (1992) Systematic analysis of Acanthococcus (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) in the western United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 18 (1), 1 - 106."]}

SummaryTwo new species of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae), Puto (Ceroputo) chetverikovi n. sp. and Fonscolombia toubkalensis n. sp., are described and illustrated. Thirteen other species are noted for the first time to fauna of Morocco or to Africa as a whole. Additionally, one species of closely related family Eriococcidae, Acanthococcus ericae (Signoret, 1875), is also reported for the first time to Morocco.

The crapemyrtle bark scale is an invasive felt scale in the family Eriococcidae (or Acanthococcidae, as the taxonomy of this family is still being debated). This group is in the superfamily Coccoidea (scale insects) and the order Hemiptera (true bugs). Felt scales, also called bark scales, are not considered either armored scales or soft scales. As of early 2018, crapemyrtle bark scale has not yet been reported in Florida, however, it has been found in Alabama and Georgia and is expected eventually to spread into Florida. At that time, early detection and treatment will be critical to minimize further spread within the state. Includes: Introduction - Synonymy - Distribution - Description - Life Cycle and Biology - Hosts - Damage - Management - Selected References.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1218 Previously published at http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/ORN/SCALES/crapemyrtle_bark_scale.html

Acanthococcus punctatae Juárez & González sp. nov. (Fig. 2) Type material. Holotype: adult female located centrally on the slide, marked with a red circle. Argentina, Mendoza, Potrerillos surroundings (32°57'59" S, 69°14'45" W), on Zuccagnia punctata, -/ XI/1940, Ruiz Leal col., 1(9) (CALyT). Paratypes: the other 8 specimens on the holotype slide plus: same host, collector and locality data as holotype slide but dated -/ VI/1928, 1(4) (CALyT). Species diagnosis, adult female. Dorsal setae conical, variable in size, all smaller than marginal setae; medial plate present. Ventral surface with sparse quinquelocular pores; cruciform pores present; other types of dermal pores absent; translucent pores on metacoxae present in small groups; frontal lobes present. Description. Slide-mounted adult female body oval, about 1.7 (1.70–1.92) mm long, 1.18 (0.9–1.25) mm wide. Anal lobes membranous, but with a sclerotized bar along anterior and lateral part of outer margin; each about 60 (41–50) µm long, 41 (42–43) µm wide, with 3 dorsal conical setae of similar length, each about 36 (29) µm, and 2 ventral flagellate setae: anterior seta about 48 (31) µm long, posterior seta about 24 (36) µm long; apical setae about 162 (149–152) µm; medial plate present, triangular. Dorsal surface: setae narrow and conical, each with a slightly rounded apex, variable in size, each 8–27 (7–19) µm long, smaller than marginal setae, scattered; largest in cephalic region and in lateral areas of thorax, smaller on abdomen. Macrotubular ducts symmetrical, each about 5 (5) µm wide, 20 (20) µm long; internal ductule with a terminal gland, abundant on margin and sub-margin of abdomen, less abundant on thorax. Microtubular ducts sparse, of type B. Anal ring with six setae and a single row of pores. Margin: with two conical setae on each abdominal segment, each with a slightly rounded apex; variable in size, largest 29–40 (43–54) µm long, smallest 12–19 (19–27) µm long; larger setae distributed regularly along margin of thorax and cephalic region. Ventral surface: setae of 2 types present: flagellate setae, each about 36 (36) µm long, numerous, with 10–12 setae in a line across each abdominal segment and also present medially in thoracic and cephalic regions; enlarged setae, each about 24 (24) µm long, present along body margin singly on each segment. Suranal seta flagellate, each about 51 (70) µm long. Macrotubular ducts abundant, each about 24 (24) µm long and 5 (5) µm wide, some on abdominal segments narrower, each about 2 (2) µm wide. Microtubular ducts absent. Quinquelocular pores, each about 5 (5) µm diameter, present close to spiracles and sparsely throughout abdomen. Cruciform pores present on margins of thoracic and cephalic regions. Other types of pores absent. Spiracles each about 41 (19–29) µm long, 24 (5–10) µm wide. Legs well developed; all claws each with a denticle; tarsal and claw digitules equal-sized. Prothoracic legs: each coxa about 72 (36) µm long; trochanter + femur about 125 (72) µm; tibia about 67 (38) µm, with 5 setae; tarsus about 84 (60) µm; claw about 24 (22) µm long. Mesothoracic legs: each coxa about 82 (41) µm long, with microspinules; trochanter + femur about 137 (77) µm; tibia about 79 (48) µm; tarsus about 96 (67) µm; claw about 48 (24) µm long. Metathoracic legs: each coxa about 84 (41) µm long, with microspinules and with 15– 20 pores distributed in small groups; trochanter + femur about 149 (84) µm; femur with 5 setae; tibia about 84 (48) µm, with 4 setae; tarsus about 103 (96) µm; claw about 24 (24) µm long. Antennae each about 206 (195) µm long, with 7 segments, third segment longest, about 24 (24–31) µm long, without setae. Frontal lobes present. Labium 3 segmented, basal segment with 2 pairs of setae. Anal tube not sclerotized. Observations. The specimens seen in this study were identified by Lizer y Trelles as Eriococcus diversispinus (Leonardi), but we did not find the type material of this species in either of the collections studied, nor did Miller & Gimpel (2000), who wrote: “Notes: According to S. Marotta (personal communication, June 5, 1996) ‘I have not found any specimens, on slide or dried, of Eriococcus diversispinus ’ ”. In addition, there is no depository cited for the type specimens in the original description. Miller & Gimpel (2000) cite Mendoza, Luján, Los Papagallos, as the type locality of E. diversispinus, but in the study of Leonardi (1911), the type locality is given as Cacheuta, Mendoza. The original description of E. diversispinus by Leonardi (1911) is very poor, and the type locality of A. punctatae sp. nov. is not the same as that cited by Leonardi (1911) or by Miller & Gimpel (2000). In order to avoid further confusion, we have opted to describe this species as new. Distribution. Argentina; South American Transition Zone, Monte Province. Comments. Adult female A. punctatae sp. nov. resemble those of A. perplexus Hempel. Both species have pores on the metacoxae distributed in small groups, the same type of dorsal setae, and both lack a sclerotized anal tube. They differ in that A. perplexus has (character-states for A. punctatae in brackets): (i) large dorsal conical setae throughout the entire surface (restricted to cephalic region and lateral areas of thorax), (ii) two types of microtubular ducts (of type B only), and (iii) no frontal lobes (frontal lobes present). According to their respective descriptions, A. diversispinus and A. punctatae sp. nov. are found on the same host, and (i) have a similar oval body shape, (ii) the same conical-shaped dorsal setae, and (iii) both have two enlarged setae along the margin of each abdominal segment. However, A. diversispinus has six-segmented antennae, an anal ring with eight setae and anal lobes each with three ventral setae, whereas A. punctatae sp. nov. has seven-segmented antennae, an anal ring with six setae and anal lobes each with two ventral setae. Etymology. The name of this species refers to the specific epithet of the host plant, Zuccagnia punctata.

Acanthococcus diversispinus (Leonardi) Eriococcus diversispinus Leonardi 1911: 15 ���17. Eriococcus diverspinus, Hoy 1963: 86. Error of specific epithet. Acanthococcus diverspinus, Miller & Gimpel 1996: 600. Error of specific epithet. Type material. Argentina. Mendoza, Luj��n, Los Papagallos (32��52'3" S, 68��51'42" W), on Zuccagnia punctata, unknown date, collector and depositary (Miller & Gimpel, 2000). Diagnosis. Slide-mounted adult female with dorsal setae conical; 2 setae on margin on either side of each segment on abdomen; antenna 6 segmented; anal ring with 8 setae, and anal lobe with 3 ventral setae (Modified from Leonardi 1911). Distribution. Argentina, Neotropical region, Chaco subregion, Chaco province., Published as part of Gonz��lez, Patricia, Claps, Luc��a E., Ju��rez, Andrea & Moreno, Diego, 2017, Review of the Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) infesting Fabaceae in Argentina, with descriptions of three new species of Acanthococcus Signoret, pp. 41-57 in Zootaxa 4232 (1) on page 50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/292749, {"references":["Leonardi, G. (1911) Contributo alla Conoscenza delle Cocciniglie della Repubblica Argentina. Bolletino Della Real Scuola Uppere di Agricoltura Portici, Series 2, 10, 3 - 50.","Hoy, J. M. (1963) A Catalogue of the Eriococcidae of the World. New Zealand Department of Science and lndustrial Research Bulletin, 150, 1 - 260.","Miller, D. R. & Gimpel, M. E. (1996) Nomenclatural changes in the Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 98 (3), 597 - 606.","Miller, D. R. & Gimpel, M. E. (2000) A Systematic Catalogue of the Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the World. Intercept Ltd., Andover, 589 pp."]}

Acanthococcus gracielae González & Claps Acanthococcus gracielae González & Claps 2011: 267 –268. Material examined. Holotype: Argentina, Salta, Río Colorado (24°48'0″ S, 62°27'0″ W), unknown host, 6/XI/ 1993, M.C.G. Willink col. (IFML). Paratypes: 3 adult females with the same data as the holotype. Additional material examined. Argentina, Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán (26° 49′ 0″ S, 65° 13′ 0″ W), on “tatané” Chloroleucon tenuiflorum, -/5/2015, Claps & Moreno col., 2(5); on “churqui” Acacia caven, same date and collector, 2(4) (IFML). Diagnosis. Slide-mounted adult female with abundant dorsal conical setae in transverse lines on abdominal and thoracic segments; symmetrical macrotubular ducts; numerous microtubular ducts of type B on both surfaces; marginal setae undifferentiated from dorsal setae; metacoxa each with approximately 50 pores, 30 on dorsal surface and 20 on ventral surface; anal lobes with 2 ventral setae (González & Claps 2011). Observations. Severe attacks have been noted on urban trees of Chloroleucon tenuiflorum (Fig. 5), an unusual phenomenon among eriococcids in Argentina. Such attacks can damage hosts. Distribution. Argentina, Neotropical region, Chaco subregion, Chaco province.

Acanthococcus riojensis Ju��rez & Gonz��lez sp. nov. Type material. Holotype: female located towards the right of the preparation, marked with a red circle. Argentina, La Rioja, road to Chilecito (29��13'21" S, 67��29'13" W), 28/IV/1991, on Acacia, M.C.G. Willink col., 1(2) (IFML). Paratypes: 1 (1+2 second-stage female nymphs, with same data as holotype slide) (IFML). Species diagnosis, adult female (Fig. 3). Dorsal setae conical and numerous; macrotubular ducts symmetrical; microtubular ducts of both types A and B present. Margin with single conical seta on each abdominal segment. Ventral surface with a line of small, conical setae in submargin; microtubular ducts of both types present, sparse; legs long and slender; metathoracic coxae with sparse pores. Description. Body of slide-mounted adult female oval, 1.59 (1.35���1.50) mm long, 0.80 (0.73���0.80) mm wide. Anal lobes enlarged, partially sclerotized, each about 98 (58) ��m long, 49 (43) ��m wide; dorsal surface with 3 conical setae: inner posterior seta about 43 (41) ��m, inner anterior seta about 41(50) ��m, outer seta about 24 (29) ��m long; ventral surface with 2 flagellate setae, anterior about 65 (48) ��m and posterior about 72 (84) ��m long; apical setae each about 179 (177) ��m long. Medial plate absent. Dorsal surface: with straight or slightly curved conical setae, each with slightly rounded apices; variable in size, each 19���53 (19���49) ��m long, larger setae on margin and in lateral and medial longitudinal lines, latter reaching as far posteriorly as abdominal segment V. Smaller conical setae distributed over thoracic and abdominal surface and medially on segments VI, VII and VIII. Microspinules present medially on abdominal segments. Macrotubular ducts symmetrical, barely visible, each about 14 (14) ��m long, 5 (5) ��m wide. Microtubular ducts distributed over entire surface and on margin, of both types A and B present, type A most numerous. Anal ring with 6 setae, each 50���79 (62���89) ��m long, with a single row of pores. Margin: with one conical seta on either side of each abdominal segment, each about 48 (36) ��m long; setae undifferentiated from dorsal setae on thorax and cephalic region. Ventral surface: setae of three types present: flagellate setae, abundant over entire ventral surface, of variable length, each 36���72 ��m, longest between antennae; straight conical setae, of similar size to those on dorsum, each 12���19 ��m long, present along sub-margin; and small, marginal spinose setae, each 12���19 ��m long, extending from cephalic region to about abdominal segment V. Suranal setae flagellate. Microspinules present medially on abdominal segments. Quinquelocular pores present on abdominal segments, each about 5 (5) ��m diameter; also sparsely present near spiracles and antennal bases; trilocular pores restricted to near spiracles. Cruciform pores sparse submarginally on thoracic segments, extending posteriorly to abdominal segment IV. Macrotubular ducts sparse, each about 12 (12) ��m long, 5 (5) ��m wide. Microtubular ducts of both type A and B present, sparse on thorax and margin, absent elsewhere. Spiracles each about 48 (38) ��m long, 24 (24) ��m wide. Legs well developed, large but slender; all claws each with a denticle; tarsal and claw digitules equal-sized. Prothoracic legs: coxa about 108 (108) ��m long; trochanter + femur about 168 (144) ��m; tibia about 100 (84) ��m, with 5 setae; tarsus about 115 (108) ��m; claw about 36 (31) ��m long. Mesothoracic legs: coxa about 144 (72) ��m long, with microspinules; trochanter + femur about 199 (156) ��m; tibia about 125 (103) ��m; tarsus about 132 (120) ��m; claw about 36 (31) ��m long. Metathoracic legs: coxa about 120 (103) ��m long, with microspinules and about 10 irregularly-shaped pores; trochanter + femur about 211 (168) ��m; femur with 4 setae, without pores; tibia about 139 (108) ��m, with 4 setae; tarsus about 149 (103) ��m; claw about 36 (36) ��m long. Antenna about 205 (210) ��m long, with 7 segments; third segment longest, without setae. Frontal lobes present, smaller than first antennal segment. Labium 3 segmented, basal segment with two pairs of setae. Anal tube sclerotized. Comments. Acanthococcus riojensis sp. nov. resembles A. microspinus Koz��r & Konczn�� Benedicty in the types of setae, the presence of frontal lobes and the presence of small medial setae on the posterior abdominal segments (Koz��r & Konczn�� Benedicty 2008). However, the two species differ in that A. microspinus exhibits (character-states for A. riojensis in brackets); (i) larger dorsal setae, each 36���67 ��m long (19���53 ��m long); (ii) larger dorsal setae not forming longitudinal lines (forming longitudinal lines); (iii) only one type of microtubular duct (two types), and (iv) a 2-segmented labium (3 segmented). Second nymphal instar (considered to be male) (Fig. 4). Description. Body mounted on slide oval, 1.0 (1.0���1.2) mm long, 0.5 (0.5���0.97) mm wide. Anal lobes enlarged; dorsal surface with 3 conical setae: inner posterior seta about 36 (36) ��m long, inner anterior seta about 36 (36) ��m long and outer seta about 19 (24���29) ��m long; ventral surface with two flagellate setae, anterior seta about 36 (53) ��m, posterior seta about 53 (60) ��m long; apical seta very long, about 168 (168) ��m. Medial plate absent. Dorsal surface: setae conical, slender, straight or slightly curved, with slightly rounded apex, varying in size, each 12���36 (19���36) ��m long, similar to or smaller than marginal setae, smallest setae present submarginally and interspersed amongst largest setae. Macrotubular ducts symmetrical, each about 14 (14) long, 5 (5) ��m wide, very sparse and barely visible. Microtubular ducts of type B present on margin and dispersed sparsely throughout. Anal ring with 6 setae, each 67���80 (67���84) ��m long, and a single row of pores. Margin: with one marginal seta on either side of each abdominal segment, similar in size to larger dorsal setae. Ventral surface: flagellate setae present throughout, each 12���53 (19���60) ��m long. Straight conical setae present submarginally along entire margin, each 14���30 (19���36) ��m long. Quinquelocular pores each about 5 (5) ��m in diameter, and trilocular pores present on abdominal segments and near each spiracle. Cruciform pores sparse marginally on thoracic segments. Macrotubular ducts present sparsely near margin, each about 12 (12) ��m long, 5 (5) ��m wide. Microtubular ducts absent. Spiracles each about 43 (36) ��m long and 26 (24) ��m wide. Legs welldeveloped, long and slender; all claws each with a denticle; tarsal and claw digitules equal-sized. Prothoracic legs: coxa about 96 (106) ��m long; trochanter + femur about 124 (127) ��m; tibia about 79 (94) ��m, with five setae; tarsus about 100 (103) ��m; claw about 29 (26) ��m long. Mesothoracic legs: coxa about 84 (108) ��m long; trochanter + femur about 156 (151) ��m; tibia about 103 ��m; tarsus about 120 ��m; claw about 31 ��m long. Metathoracic legs: coxa about 96 (103) ��m long; trochanter + femur about 156 (175) ��m; femur shorter than tarsus, with 4 setae; tibia about 108 (110) ��m, tarsus about 132 (139) ��m; claw about 31 (36) ��m long. Meso- and metacoxae both with microspinules. Antenna 7 segmented, about 175 (192) ��m long, third segment longest, about 31 (31) ��m. Labium 3 segmented, basal segment with 2 pairs of setae. Anal tube sclerotized. Observations. Usually, second-instar male Acanthococcus have macrotubular ducts and 7-segmented antennae, and second-instar females lack macrotubular ducts and have 6-segmented antennae (Miller et al. 1992, Hodgson & Trencheva 2008, Koz��r et al. 2008). Based on these characters, we consider our specimens to be like second instar males, although one of the second-stage nymphs has large, irregular pores on the metathoracic coxae, a character present in adult females. Distribution. Argentina, South American Transition Zone, Monte province. Etymology. The name riojensis refers to the province La Rioja, in Argentina, where the species was found., Published as part of Gonz��lez, Patricia, Claps, Luc��a E., Ju��rez, Andrea & Moreno, Diego, 2017, Review of the Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) infesting Fabaceae in Argentina, with descriptions of three new species of Acanthococcus Signoret, pp. 41-57 in Zootaxa 4232 (1) on pages 46-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/292749, {"references":["Kozar, F. & Konczne Benedicty, Z. (2008) Description of three new genera, five new species and some additional data on the taxonomy and distribution of Neotropic Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae). Bolletino di Zoologia agraria e di Bachicoltura, Series II, 40 (2), 117 - 144.","Miller, D., Liu, T. X. & Howell, J. O. (1992) A new species of Acanthococcus (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from sundew (Drosera) with a key to the instars of Acanthococcus. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 94 (4), 512 - 523.","Hodgson, C. & Trencheva, K. (2008) A new species of Eriococcus (Hemiptera: Sternorryncha: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) and redescriptions of Eriococcus roboris Goux and E. thymelaeae Newstead, with a key to the Eriococcus species on Quercus in the western Paleartic. Zootaxa, 1959, 1 - 38."]}

Acanthococcus riojensis Juárez & González sp. nov. Type material. Holotype: female located towards the right of the preparation, marked with a red circle. Argentina, La Rioja, road to Chilecito (29°13'21" S, 67°29'13" W), 28/IV/1991, on Acacia, M.C.G. Willink col., 1(2) (IFML). Paratypes: 1 (1+2 second-stage female nymphs, with same data as holotype slide) (IFML). Species diagnosis, adult female (Fig. 3). Dorsal setae conical and numerous; macrotubular ducts symmetrical; microtubular ducts of both types A and B present. Margin with single conical seta on each abdominal segment. Ventral surface with a line of small, conical setae in submargin; microtubular ducts of both types present, sparse; legs long and slender; metathoracic coxae with sparse pores. Description. Body of slide-mounted adult female oval, 1.59 (1.35–1.50) mm long, 0.80 (0.73–0.80) mm wide. Anal lobes enlarged, partially sclerotized, each about 98 (58) µm long, 49 (43) µm wide; dorsal surface with 3 conical setae: inner posterior seta about 43 (41) µm, inner anterior seta about 41(50) µm, outer seta about 24 (29) µm long; ventral surface with 2 flagellate setae, anterior about 65 (48) µm and posterior about 72 (84) µm long; apical setae each about 179 (177) µm long. Medial plate absent. Dorsal surface: with straight or slightly curved conical setae, each with slightly rounded apices; variable in size, each 19–53 (19–49) µm long, larger setae on margin and in lateral and medial longitudinal lines, latter reaching as far posteriorly as abdominal segment V. Smaller conical setae distributed over thoracic and abdominal surface and medially on segments VI, VII and VIII. Microspinules present medially on abdominal segments. Macrotubular ducts symmetrical, barely visible, each about 14 (14) µm long, 5 (5) µm wide. Microtubular ducts distributed over entire surface and on margin, of both types A and B present, type A most numerous. Anal ring with 6 setae, each 50–79 (62–89) µm long, with a single row of pores. Margin: with one conical seta on either side of each abdominal segment, each about 48 (36) µm long; setae undifferentiated from dorsal setae on thorax and cephalic region. Ventral surface: setae of three types present: flagellate setae, abundant over entire ventral surface, of variable length, each 36–72 µm, longest between antennae; straight conical setae, of similar size to those on dorsum, each 12–19 µm long, present along sub-margin; and small, marginal spinose setae, each 12–19 µm long, extending from cephalic region to about abdominal segment V. Suranal setae flagellate. Microspinules present medially on abdominal segments. Quinquelocular pores present on abdominal segments, each about 5 (5) µm diameter; also sparsely present near spiracles and antennal bases; trilocular pores restricted to near spiracles. Cruciform pores sparse submarginally on thoracic segments, extending posteriorly to abdominal segment IV. Macrotubular ducts sparse, each about 12 (12) µm long, 5 (5) µm wide. Microtubular ducts of both type A and B present, sparse on thorax and margin, absent elsewhere. Spiracles each about 48 (38) µm long, 24 (24) µm wide. Legs well developed, large but slender; all claws each with a denticle; tarsal and claw digitules equal-sized. Prothoracic legs: coxa about 108 (108) µm long; trochanter + femur about 168 (144) µm; tibia about 100 (84) µm, with 5 setae; tarsus about 115 (108) µm; claw about 36 (31) µm long. Mesothoracic legs: coxa about 144 (72) µm long, with microspinules; trochanter + femur about 199 (156) µm; tibia about 125 (103) µm; tarsus about 132 (120) µm; claw about 36 (31) µm long. Metathoracic legs: coxa about 120 (103) µm long, with microspinules and about 10 irregularly-shaped pores; trochanter + femur about 211 (168) µm; femur with 4 setae, without pores; tibia about 139 (108) µm, with 4 setae; tarsus about 149 (103) µm; claw about 36 (36) µm long. Antenna about 205 (210) µm long, with 7 segments; third segment longest, without setae. Frontal lobes present, smaller than first antennal segment. Labium 3 segmented, basal segment with two pairs of setae. Anal tube sclerotized. Comments. Acanthococcus riojensis sp. nov. resembles A. microspinus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty in the types of setae, the presence of frontal lobes and the presence of small medial setae on the posterior abdominal segments (Kozár & Konczné Benedicty 2008). However, the two species differ in that A. microspinus exhibits (character-states for A. riojensis in brackets); (i) larger dorsal setae, each 36–67 µm long (19–53 µm long); (ii) larger dorsal setae not forming longitudinal lines (forming longitudinal lines); (iii) only one type of microtubular duct (two types), and (iv) a 2-segmented labium (3 segmented). Second nymphal instar (considered to be male) (Fig. 4). Description. Body mounted on slide oval, 1.0 (1.0–1.2) mm long, 0.5 (0.5–0.97) mm wide. Anal lobes enlarged; dorsal surface with 3 conical setae: inner posterior seta about 36 (36) µm long, inner anterior seta about 36 (36) µm long and outer seta about 19 (24–29) µm long; ventral surface with two flagellate setae, anterior seta about 36 (53) µm, posterior seta about 53 (60) µm long; apical seta very long, about 168 (168) µm. Medial plate absent. Dorsal surface: setae conical, slender, straight or slightly curved, with slightly rounded apex, varying in size, each 12–36 (19–36) µm long, similar to or smaller than marginal setae, smallest setae present submarginally and interspersed amongst largest setae. Macrotubular ducts symmetrical, each about 14 (14) long, 5 (5) µm wide, very sparse and barely visible. Microtubular ducts of type B present on margin and dispersed sparsely throughout. Anal ring with 6 setae, each 67–80 (67–84) µm long, and a single row of pores. Margin: with one marginal seta on either side of each abdominal segment, similar in size to larger dorsal setae. Ventral surface: flagellate setae present throughout, each 12–53 (19–60) µm long. Straight conical setae present submarginally along entire margin, each 14–30 (19–36) µm long. Quinquelocular pores each about 5 (5) µm in diameter, and trilocular pores present on abdominal segments and near each spiracle. Cruciform pores sparse marginally on thoracic segments. Macrotubular ducts present sparsely near margin, each about 12 (12) µm long, 5 (5) µm wide. Microtubular ducts absent. Spiracles each about 43 (36) µm long and 26 (24) µm wide. Legs welldeveloped, long and slender; all claws each with a denticle; tarsal and claw digitules equal-sized. Prothoracic legs: coxa about 96 (106) µm long; trochanter + femur about 124 (127) µm; tibia about 79 (94) µm, with five setae; tarsus about 100 (103) µm; claw about 29 (26) µm long. Mesothoracic legs: coxa about 84 (108) µm long; trochanter + femur about 156 (151) µm; tibia about 103 µm; tarsus about 120 µm; claw about 31 µm long. Metathoracic legs: coxa about 96 (103) µm long; trochanter + femur about 156 (175) µm; femur shorter than tarsus, with 4 setae; tibia about 108 (110) µm, tarsus about 132 (139) µm; claw about 31 (36) µm long. Meso- and metacoxae both with microspinules. Antenna 7 segmented, about 175 (192) µm long, third segment longest, about 31 (31) µm. Labium 3 segmented, basal segment with 2 pairs of setae. Anal tube sclerotized. Observations. Usually, second-instar male Acanthococcus have macrotubular ducts and 7-segmented antennae, and second-instar females lack macrotubular ducts and have 6-segmented antennae (Miller et al. 1992, Hodgson & Trencheva 2008, Kozár et al. 2008). Based on these characters, we consider our specimens to be like second instar males, although one of the second-stage nymphs has large, irregular pores on the metathoracic coxae, a character present in adult females. Distribution. Argentina, South American Transition Zone, Monte province. Etymology. The name riojensis refers to the province La Rioja, in Argentina, where the species was found.

Acanthococcus punctatae Ju��rez & Gonz��lez sp. nov. (Fig. 2) Type material. Holotype: adult female located centrally on the slide, marked with a red circle. Argentina, Mendoza, Potrerillos surroundings (32��57'59" S, 69��14'45" W), on Zuccagnia punctata, -/ XI/1940, Ruiz Leal col., 1(9) (CALyT). Paratypes: the other 8 specimens on the holotype slide plus: same host, collector and locality data as holotype slide but dated -/ VI/1928, 1(4) (CALyT). Species diagnosis, adult female. Dorsal setae conical, variable in size, all smaller than marginal setae; medial plate present. Ventral surface with sparse quinquelocular pores; cruciform pores present; other types of dermal pores absent; translucent pores on metacoxae present in small groups; frontal lobes present. Description. Slide-mounted adult female body oval, about 1.7 (1.70���1.92) mm long, 1.18 (0.9���1.25) mm wide. Anal lobes membranous, but with a sclerotized bar along anterior and lateral part of outer margin; each about 60 (41���50) ��m long, 41 (42���43) ��m wide, with 3 dorsal conical setae of similar length, each about 36 (29) ��m, and 2 ventral flagellate setae: anterior seta about 48 (31) ��m long, posterior seta about 24 (36) ��m long; apical setae about 162 (149���152) ��m; medial plate present, triangular. Dorsal surface: setae narrow and conical, each with a slightly rounded apex, variable in size, each 8���27 (7���19) ��m long, smaller than marginal setae, scattered; largest in cephalic region and in lateral areas of thorax, smaller on abdomen. Macrotubular ducts symmetrical, each about 5 (5) ��m wide, 20 (20) ��m long; internal ductule with a terminal gland, abundant on margin and sub-margin of abdomen, less abundant on thorax. Microtubular ducts sparse, of type B. Anal ring with six setae and a single row of pores. Margin: with two conical setae on each abdominal segment, each with a slightly rounded apex; variable in size, largest 29���40 (43���54) ��m long, smallest 12���19 (19���27) ��m long; larger setae distributed regularly along margin of thorax and cephalic region. Ventral surface: setae of 2 types present: flagellate setae, each about 36 (36) ��m long, numerous, with 10���12 setae in a line across each abdominal segment and also present medially in thoracic and cephalic regions; enlarged setae, each about 24 (24) ��m long, present along body margin singly on each segment. Suranal seta flagellate, each about 51 (70) ��m long. Macrotubular ducts abundant, each about 24 (24) ��m long and 5 (5) ��m wide, some on abdominal segments narrower, each about 2 (2) ��m wide. Microtubular ducts absent. Quinquelocular pores, each about 5 (5) ��m diameter, present close to spiracles and sparsely throughout abdomen. Cruciform pores present on margins of thoracic and cephalic regions. Other types of pores absent. Spiracles each about 41 (19���29) ��m long, 24 (5���10) ��m wide. Legs well developed; all claws each with a denticle; tarsal and claw digitules equal-sized. Prothoracic legs: each coxa about 72 (36) ��m long; trochanter + femur about 125 (72) ��m; tibia about 67 (38) ��m, with 5 setae; tarsus about 84 (60) ��m; claw about 24 (22) ��m long. Mesothoracic legs: each coxa about 82 (41) ��m long, with microspinules; trochanter + femur about 137 (77) ��m; tibia about 79 (48) ��m; tarsus about 96 (67) ��m; claw about 48 (24) ��m long. Metathoracic legs: each coxa about 84 (41) ��m long, with microspinules and with 15��� 20 pores distributed in small groups; trochanter + femur about 149 (84) ��m; femur with 5 setae; tibia about 84 (48) ��m, with 4 setae; tarsus about 103 (96) ��m; claw about 24 (24) ��m long. Antennae each about 206 (195) ��m long, with 7 segments, third segment longest, about 24 (24���31) ��m long, without setae. Frontal lobes present. Labium 3 segmented, basal segment with 2 pairs of setae. Anal tube not sclerotized. Observations. The specimens seen in this study were identified by Lizer y Trelles as Eriococcus diversispinus (Leonardi), but we did not find the type material of this species in either of the collections studied, nor did Miller & Gimpel (2000), who wrote: ���Notes: According to S. Marotta (personal communication, June 5, 1996) ���I have not found any specimens, on slide or dried, of Eriococcus diversispinus ��� ���. In addition, there is no depository cited for the type specimens in the original description. Miller & Gimpel (2000) cite Mendoza, Luj��n, Los Papagallos, as the type locality of E. diversispinus, but in the study of Leonardi (1911), the type locality is given as Cacheuta, Mendoza. The original description of E. diversispinus by Leonardi (1911) is very poor, and the type locality of A. punctatae sp. nov. is not the same as that cited by Leonardi (1911) or by Miller & Gimpel (2000). In order to avoid further confusion, we have opted to describe this species as new. Distribution. Argentina; South American Transition Zone, Monte Province. Comments. Adult female A. punctatae sp. nov. resemble those of A. perplexus Hempel. Both species have pores on the metacoxae distributed in small groups, the same type of dorsal setae, and both lack a sclerotized anal tube. They differ in that A. perplexus has (character-states for A. punctatae in brackets): (i) large dorsal conical setae throughout the entire surface (restricted to cephalic region and lateral areas of thorax), (ii) two types of microtubular ducts (of type B only), and (iii) no frontal lobes (frontal lobes present). According to their respective descriptions, A. diversispinus and A. punctatae sp. nov. are found on the same host, and (i) have a similar oval body shape, (ii) the same conical-shaped dorsal setae, and (iii) both have two enlarged setae along the margin of each abdominal segment. However, A. diversispinus has six-segmented antennae, an anal ring with eight setae and anal lobes each with three ventral setae, whereas A. punctatae sp. nov. has seven-segmented antennae, an anal ring with six setae and anal lobes each with two ventral setae. Etymology. The name of this species refers to the specific epithet of the host plant, Zuccagnia punctata., Published as part of Gonz��lez, Patricia, Claps, Luc��a E., Ju��rez, Andrea & Moreno, Diego, 2017, Review of the Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) infesting Fabaceae in Argentina, with descriptions of three new species of Acanthococcus Signoret, pp. 41-57 in Zootaxa 4232 (1) on pages 44-46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/292749, {"references":["Miller, D. R. & Gimpel, M. E. (2000) A Systematic Catalogue of the Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the World. Intercept Ltd., Andover, 589 pp.","Leonardi, G. (1911) Contributo alla Conoscenza delle Cocciniglie della Repubblica Argentina. Bolletino Della Real Scuola Uppere di Agricoltura Portici, Series 2, 10, 3 - 50."]}

Acanthococcus haywardi Ju��rez & Gonz��lez sp. nov. (Fig. 1) Type material. Holotype: adult female placed towards the right of the slide, marked with a red circle. Argentina, Santiago del Estero, Park (27��46'54" S, 64��15'2" W), on Acacia caven, -/ XI/1943, Hayward col. 1(2) (IFML). Species diagnosis, adult female. Dorsal setae each conical with an acute apex; macrotubular ducts symmetrical and very large. Margin with 2 setae on each abdominal segment and on metathorax. Ventral surface with enlarged conical setae absent; microtubular ducts absent; quinquelocular, trilocular and cruciform pores sparse; metathoracic coxa with about 50 pores; metathoracic tibia with 4 setae and prothoracic tibia with 5 setae. Description. Slide-mounted adult female: body oval, 1.20 (1.10) mm long, 0.80 (0.88) mm wide. Anal lobes elongated, each 62 (60) ��m long, 45 (43) ��m wide, with 3 dorsal conical setae of different lengths: anterior inner seta 31 ��m, posterior inner seta 52 ��m and outer seta 38 ��m long; each lobe also with two flagellate ventral setae, anterior seta 22 ��m and posterior seta 31 ��m long (setae not visible on paratype specimen). Medial plate absent. Dorsal surface: conical setae each straight or slightly curved with an acute apex, smaller than those on margin, sizes varying from 15���35 (17���31) ��m long, larger setae located in cephalic region and smaller setae in lines one or two wide, parallel to intersegmental lines; present over entire surface. Macrotubular ducts symmetrical and very long, each about 34 (29) ��m long, 5 (5) ��m wide, distributed throughout. Microtubular ducts of both type A and B present, sparse, scattered throughout. Anal ring with 8 setae, each about 72 (72) ��m long, plus a single row of pores. Margin: conical setae present around entire margin, with two setae of different sizes on each abdominal segment and on metathorax, longer seta 34���42 (30���41) ��m long, and shorter seta about 23 (18���22) ��m long. Ventral surface: with numerous long, narrow flagellate setae of varying lengths, each 38���72 (36���96) ��m long, present on abdominal segments and on medial area of thorax; largest setae located on cephalic region. Enlarged conical setae absent. Suranal setae flagellate, each 48���60 (46���50) ��m long. Macrotubular ducts symmetrical, narrow and very long, each about 29 (24) ��m long and 5 (5) ��m wide, scattered over entire surface; ducts on abdominal segments narrower. Microtubular ducts absent. Quinquelocular pores, each about 5 (5) ��m diameter, present close to spiracles and sparse across all abdominal segments. Trilocular pores restricted to near spiracles. Cruciform pores sparse, present marginally in cephalic and thoracic regions. Spiracles each about 60 (46) ��m long, 28 (14) ��m wide. Legs well developed, large in relation to body size; claws each with a denticle; claw and tarsal digitules of equal size, narrow and with slightly expanded apices. Prothoracic legs: coxae each about 113 (120) ��m long; trochanter + femur each about 180 (168) ��m; tibia each about 91 (91) ��m, with 5 setae; tarsi each about 108 (106) ��m; claw about 29 (29) long. Mesothoracic legs: coxae each about 120 (120) ��m long, with microspinules; trochanter + femur about 180 (187) ��m long; tibia about 120 (120) ��m long; tarsi each about 132 (120) ��m; claw about 38 (38) ��m long. Metathoracic legs: coxae each about 136 (127) ��m long, with microspinules and with about 50 irregularly-shaped pores; trochanter + femur about 191 (186) ��m; femur with 5 setae and 10���12 marginal pores; tibia about 132 (98) ��m long with 4 setae; tarsi each about 140 (108) ��m; claw about 24 (24) ��m long. Antennae each about 196 (166) ��m long, with 7 segments, third segment longest, about 48 (48) ��m long, without setae. Frontal lobes absent. Labium 3 segmented, basal segment with 2 pairs of setae. Anal tube sclerotized. Distribution. Argentina, Neotropical region; Chaco subregion; Chaco province. Comments. The adult female of A. haywardi Juarez & Gonz��lez sp. nov. resembles that of A. dubius (Cockerell), but differs in that the latter species has (character-states for A. haywardi in brackets): (i) five setae on the metathoracic tibiae (four); (ii) six setae on the prothoracic tibiae (five); (iii) dorsal setae arranged in longitudinal bands (in lines parallel to intersegmental lines); (iv) one type of microtubular ducts (two types); (v) several cruciform pores on the abdomen (absent); (vi) ventral conical setae present (absent), and (vii) that it lacks a sclerotized anal tube (anal tube present). Although A. dubius, which has been recently found in Brasil on Calliandra sp. and in Venezuela on Prosopis sp. (Foldi & Koz��r 2007), is a highly variable species, the above combination of character-states is considered to be sufficient to separate the two species. Etymology. The name of the species is dedicated to Kenneth Hayward, British entomologist, who worked in Argentina in the 20th century and is internationally recognized for his contribution to agricultural entomology., Published as part of Gonz��lez, Patricia, Claps, Luc��a E., Ju��rez, Andrea & Moreno, Diego, 2017, Review of the Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) infesting Fabaceae in Argentina, with descriptions of three new species of Acanthococcus Signoret, pp. 41-57 in Zootaxa 4232 (1) on pages 42-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/292749, {"references":["Foldi, I. & Kozar, F. (2007) New species and new records of Eriococcus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from South America. Zootaxa, 1573, 51 - 64."]}

Acanthococcus gracielae Gonz��lez & Claps Acanthococcus gracielae Gonz��lez & Claps 2011: 267 ���268. Material examined. Holotype: Argentina, Salta, R��o Colorado (24��48'0��� S, 62��27'0��� W), unknown host, 6/XI/ 1993, M.C.G. Willink col. (IFML). Paratypes: 3 adult females with the same data as the holotype. Additional material examined. Argentina, Tucum��n, San Miguel de Tucum��n (26�� 49��� 0��� S, 65�� 13��� 0��� W), on ���tatan����� Chloroleucon tenuiflorum, -/5/2015, Claps & Moreno col., 2(5); on ���churqui��� Acacia caven, same date and collector, 2(4) (IFML). Diagnosis. Slide-mounted adult female with abundant dorsal conical setae in transverse lines on abdominal and thoracic segments; symmetrical macrotubular ducts; numerous microtubular ducts of type B on both surfaces; marginal setae undifferentiated from dorsal setae; metacoxa each with approximately 50 pores, 30 on dorsal surface and 20 on ventral surface; anal lobes with 2 ventral setae (Gonz��lez & Claps 2011). Observations. Severe attacks have been noted on urban trees of Chloroleucon tenuiflorum (Fig. 5), an unusual phenomenon among eriococcids in Argentina. Such attacks can damage hosts. Distribution. Argentina, Neotropical region, Chaco subregion, Chaco province., Published as part of Gonz��lez, Patricia, Claps, Luc��a E., Ju��rez, Andrea & Moreno, Diego, 2017, Review of the Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) infesting Fabaceae in Argentina, with descriptions of three new species of Acanthococcus Signoret, pp. 41-57 in Zootaxa 4232 (1) on page 50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/292749, {"references":["Gonzalez, P. & Claps, L. E. (2011) Redescripcion de una especie y descripcion de dos especies nuevas de Acanthococcus Signoret (Hemiptera, Eriococcidae) de la region Neotropical. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 55 (2), 206 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262011005000020"]}

Acanthococcus siambonensis Gonz��lez & Nicosia Acanthococcus siambonensis Gonz��lez & Nicosia 2014: 4 ���6. Material examined. Holotype: Adult female. Argentina, Tucum��n, Raco, El Siamb��n (26��42'13" S, 65��26'33" W), on Acacia sp., XI/1991, Willink col. 1(1) (IFML). Paratypes: 4 (8 + 1 second-stage nymph (undetermined sex), with same collection data (IFML). Additional material examined. Argentina, Tucum��n, Burruyac��, Piedra Tendida (26��26'27" S, 64��55'34" W), on Acacia aroma, 19/VIII/1989, M.C.G. Willink col., 3(5) (IFML). Entre R��os, Federal, 1 km of Arroyo Federal Chico (30��58'14" S, 58��50'15" W), on Acacia caven, 1/XI/1998, L. Claps col. 4(9) (IFML). Diagnosis. Slide-mounted adult female with dorsal surface with spinose setae; cruciform pores present in cephalic and thoracic regions. Margin with 1seta on either side of each abdominal segment. Ventral surface with flagellate and enlarged spinose setae; cruciform pores abundant along entire margin and submargin; multilocular pores, each with 7 loculi, present on abdomen; metacoxa with approximately 70 pores on both surfaces (Gonz��lez & Nicosia 2014). Distribution. Argentina, Neotropical region, Chaco subregion, Chaco and Pampa provinces., Published as part of Gonz��lez, Patricia, Claps, Luc��a E., Ju��rez, Andrea & Moreno, Diego, 2017, Review of the Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) infesting Fabaceae in Argentina, with descriptions of three new species of Acanthococcus Signoret, pp. 41-57 in Zootaxa 4232 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/292749

Although yew scale insects Parthenolecanium pomeranicum (Kawecki, 1954) have been known in the fauna of Latvia for more than 35 years already, this species has been recently reported as the first record for Estonia and Latvia. Historically, P. pomeranicum was first recorded in Latvia in 1972 by Amands Rupais. As there are no reasons for not trusting Rupais, this article presents a comprehensive bibliographical list of P. pomeranicum in the fauna of Latvia. To date, P. pomeranicum is confirmed for Latvia from two sites – Salaspils and Saulkrasti. Other literature data on P. pomeranicum in Latvia are general, without exact information on its distribution. Additionally, the history of scale insect research in Latvia is reviewed and the destiny of scale insect material including the species described by Biruta Rasiņa is discussed.

The Coccoidea of cultivated and non-cultivated areas of Ankara Province, in central Anatolia, Turkey, were surveyed between 1999 and 2001. Eleven species of Eriococcidae were collected, of which nine are new records for Turkey:Acanthococcus greeni Newstead,A. micracanthus Danzig,A. munroi Boratynski,A. roboris (Goux),A. zernae Tereznikova,Rhizococcus cingulatus (Kiritchenko),R. cynodontis (Kiritchenko),R. herbaceus Danzig andR. pseudinsignis (Green).

Three new species of Eriococcidae from Argentina, namely Acanthococcus haywardi Juárez & González sp. nov., A. punctatae Juárez & González sp. nov. and A. riojensis Juárez & González sp. nov., are described and illustrated, bringing the total number of eriococcid species now known from Argentina to 12, of which six belong to Acanthococcus Signoret and six to Hempelicoccus Kozár. They are found on 11 species of Fabaceae (subfamilies Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioidae), are widely distributed and are all restricted to the Neotropical region and the South American Transitional Zone. A key to the 12 Eriococcidae species now known on Fabaceae in Argentina is included.

Acanthococcus ericae (Signoret, 1875) Recorded by Borg (1932) as occurring ���here and there on Erica multiflora at Buskett, Wardija and Wied Incita���. Malta was also included in the distribution range of this species by Hoy (1963) and Koz��r et al. (2013). No Maltese specimens have been seen during the present work., Published as part of Mifsud, David, Mazzeo, Gaetana, Russo, Agatino & Watson, Gillian W., 2014, The scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the Maltese Archipelago, pp. 499-525 in Zootaxa 3866 (4) on page 513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4930613, {"references":["Borg, J. (1932) Scale Insects of the Maltese Islands. Government Printing Office, Malta, 20 pp.","Hoy, J. M. (1963) A catalogue of the Eriococcidae of the World. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin, 150, 1 - 260.","Kozar, F., Kaydan, M. B., Konczne Benedicty, Z. & Szita, E. (2013) Acanthococcidae and related families of the Palaearctic Region. Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary, 679 pp."]}

Eight species collected in the upper Volga Area are listed. Six species, Orthezia urticae (Linnaeus), Trionymus perrisii (Signoret), Acanthococcus baldonensis Rasina, Greenisca brachypodii Borchsenius & Danzig, Eriopeltis lichtensteini Signoret, and Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus) are recorded from the Volga Area for the first time. Variability of Trionymus perrisii (Signoret) is discussed and illustrated.

Genus Acanthococcus SIGNORET, 1875 Type species: Acanthococcus aceris SIGNORET, 1875. Generic diagnosis – Ovisac ovoid, completely encloses female body. Adult female elongate-oval, with anal lobes conical and normally heavily sclerotized; antennae 6-, 7-, rarely 8-segmented; labium 3-segmented, with 16 setae (of these 10 on apical segment); legs well-developed, coxa often with translucent sensory pores, claw usually with a denticle; spiracles often with a few associated disc pores; disc pores on venter only, most usually quinquelocular, but the number of loculi vary between 3 to 9; oval disc pores (or cruciform pores) absent from dorsum, but often on prosomal venter in a marginal band; tubular ducts of 2 types: micro- and macrotubular ducts; microtubular ducts ca 7 µm long and 2 µm wide, scattered or form transverse rows or bands on dorsum, often associated with dorsal conical setae; macrotubular ducts often of 2 sizes, usually form transverse rows or bands on body surfaces; enlarged conical setae normally present at least in dorsal margin, but often on entire dorsum where they form transverse bands or rows; hairlike setae on venter only; anal ring well developed, sclerotized with partly double row of pores and 8, rarely 6, anal ring setae, latter often as long as apical seta on anal lobes; each anal lobe with a long apical seta and usually with 3 short dorsal conical setae, seldom with more, but at least with 2, ventral hairlike setae also present (BORCHSENIUS 1949, HODGSON & MILLER 2010, KOSZTARAB & KOZÁR 1988, KOZÁR & KONCZNÉ BENEDICTY 2008)., Published as part of Szita, É., Benedicty, Zs., Kozár, F. & P. O, 2011, Description Of A New Species Of Acanthococcus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) From Austria, pp. 35-41 in Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 57 (1) on page 36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5732020, {"references":["SIGNORET, V. (1875) Essai sur les cochenilles ou gall insectes (Homopteres-Coccides), 14 e partie. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, (serie 5) 5: 15 - 40.","BORCHSENIUS, N. S. (1949) Fauna of USSR (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae). Vol. 7. Akademii Nauk Zoologicheskogo Instituta Leningrad (n. s. 38), Leningrad, 383 pp. [in Russian]","HODGSON, C. J. & MILLER, D. R. (2010) A review of the eriococcid genera (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) of South America. Zootaxa 2459: 1 - 101.","KOSZTARAB, M. & KOZAR, F. (1988) Scale insects of Central Europe. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 456 pp.","KOZAR, F. & KONCZNE BENEDICTY, ZS. (2008) Description of three new genera, five new species and some additional data on the taxonomy and distribution of Neotropic Eriococcidae (Homoptera Coccoidea Eriococcidae). Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura (Ser. II) 40: 1 - 8."]}

Acanthococcus thaleri SZITA et KOZÁR, sp. n. (Fig. 1) Type data – Holotype: female, Austria, Siebenstein (near Molln vill., Kirchdorf an der Krems distr., 47°49’ N, 14°12’E, ca. 1100 m altitude) on Erica carnea, E. E. GREEN, ex. coll. No: Nat. Hist. Mus. Vienna EEG. 5/34, no. 2. Deposited in the scale insect collection of the British Museum of Natural History, coll. No: BM, 1940, 180. Paratypes: Two females on a separate slide, Austria, Gloggnitz town (Neunkirchen distr., ca. 47°40’N 15°56’E), on Erica carnea, E. E. GREEN, ex. coll. No: Nat. Hist. Mus. Vienna EEG. 5/34, no. 3. Deposited in the scale insect collection of the British Museum of Natural History, coll. No: BM, 1940, 180. Adult female. Live appearance – Not seen. Mounted female – Body elongate oval (Fig. 1), 1.55 (1.55–2.02) mm long and 0.88 (0.88–1.04) mm wide. Venter – Labium 3-segmented, 86 (86–91) µm long; basal segment not well developed, but with two setae on each side; median setae on apex of labium needle-like. Antenna 6 segmented, length of segments: I: 31 (30–31), II: 17 (17–25), III: 55 (55–70), IV: 14 (14–15), V: 14 (14–17), VI: 24 (24–30) µm; segment II with 1 sensory pore; segment III almost parallel sided; all segments with a few hair-like setae; apical segment with apical seta 31 (28–31) µm long; apical segment also with 3 falcate sensory setae, each 24 (24–25) µm long; two preapical segments each also with 1 sensory falcate seta: on segment IV 12 (12–14), V 14 µm long. Frontal tubercle and frontal lobe present. Eyes situated on venter near margin. Legs normal: prothoracic legs: coxa 48 (46–48) µm, trochanter 43 (43–45) µm, femur 89 (89–104) µm, tibia 72 (70–80) µm; tarsus 84 (84–96) µm and claw 24 (24–29) µm, tarsal digitules 45 µm, claw digitules (30) µm; mesothoracic legs: coxa 48 (48–50) µm, trochanter 46 (46–55) µm, femur 84 (84–105) µm, tibia 77 (77–84) µm, tarsus 82 (82–108) µm, claw 26 µm, length of tarsal digitules unknown, claw digitules (31) µm; metathoracic legs: coxae 52 (50–58) µm, trochanter 48 (48–55) µm, femur 89 (89–110) µm, tibia 79 (79–90) µm, tarsus 89 (89–102) µm; claw 29 (29–30) µm, tarsal digitules 47 (47–48) µm, claw digitules 34 µm, tarsal and claw digitules slightly knobbed. Meso- and metathoracic coxae with spinulae on anterior surface; metathoracic coxae and femur also with small pores on posterior surface. Each trochanter with two pores on each side. Claw with a denticle. Legs with a few hair-like setae, and with one sensory pore on tarsus. Tibia with 4 or 5 setae, tarsus with 5 setae. Multilocular pores each 4–6 µm in diameter and with 3–9 loculi, mostly 5, distributed in sparse rows on all abdominal and thoracic segments. Width of anterior spiracles 31 (31–38) µm. A few hair-like setae present on submedian venter. Margin with a row of truncate conical spines, each 19–29 µm long plus a band of macrotubular ducts, each 7 µm wide and18 µm long. Smaller macrotubular ducts, each 4 µm wide and 18 µm long; scattered throughout venter but most abundant submarginally. Microtubular ducts sparse submarginally and marginally. Cruciform pores sparse on submargin, each 4 µm wide. Blunt conical spines, each 17 µm long, present on submargin, forming a wide band, together with small macrotubular ducts, cruciform pores and microtubular ducts. Suranal setae hair-like. Dorsum – Dorsal setae truncate conical spines, each 19–29 µm long, width at base ca. two thirds of its length, in rows across all segments. Macrotubular ducts each 7 µm wide and 18 µm long, associated with truncate conical spines. Microtubular ducts each 4 µm long, scattered throughout. Anal ring strongly sclerotized, oval, 53 (53–62) µm wide, 62 (62–72) µm long, with partly double rows of pores but posterior part without pores, with 4 pairs of long setae, each 74 (74–86) µm long; anal ring situated on margin of dorsum. Anal lobes well developed, membranous, each with three spines on dorsal surface, one spine stronger. Anal lobe seta 139 (139–160) µm long. Cauda not seen. Comment – The most conspicuous diagnostic character of the species is the wide truncate conical spines on the dorsum, rare for the genus Acanthococcus. The closest species is A. devoniensis (GREEN, 1896) in the Palaearctic Region which lives on several species of Ericaceae. The new species differs from A. devoniensis by having 6-segmented antennae; dorsal truncate setae much shorter, wider; and the number of setae on last abdominal tergit only about half the number on A. devoniensis (WILLIAMS, 1985). There are several palaearctic Acanthococcus species feeding on Erica spp. (Ericaceae) – A. ericae (SIGNORET, 1875), A. thymi (SCHRANK, 1801), A. timidus (HULDEN, 1985), A. uvaeaursi (LINNEAUS, 1761) – but their morphology is clearly different from A. thaleri. In the Nearctic region, three species seem to be similar to the new species: Acanthococcus arenosus (COCKERELL, 1897), A. barri (MILLER, 1991) and A. mackenziei (MILLER et MILLER, 1992). A. arenosus differs from A. thaleri in having 7-segmented antennae; truncate dorsal setae of two distinct sizes, all of them three times longer than wide,larger ones slightly curved and more abundant near the margins; and absence of cruciform pores. A. barri differs from the new species by having 7 segmented antennae; much more abundant dorsal setae in three sizes; absence of cruciform pores; and more robust legs. A. mackenziei differs from A. thaleri in having truncate setae two times longer than wide that are much more abundant on dorsum; absence of loculate pores with more than five loculi; tarsi much longer than tibiae. Etymology – The new species is named to the honour and memory of arachnologist Prof. Dr. KONRAD THALER, who has collected several new scale insect species in Austria., Published as part of Szita, É., Benedicty, Zs., Kozár, F. & P. O, 2011, Description Of A New Species Of Acanthococcus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) From Austria, pp. 35-41 in Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 57 (1) on pages 37-39, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5732020, {"references":["WILLIAMS, D. J. (1985) The British and some other European Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 51: 347 - 393.","SIGNORET, V. (1875) Essai sur les cochenilles ou gall insectes (Homopteres-Coccides), 14 e partie. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, (serie 5) 5: 15 - 40.","SCHRANK, F. (1801) Fauna Boica: Durchgedachte Geschichte der in Baiern einheimischen und zahmen Thiere. Vol. 2 (1). Stein'schen Buch-handlung, Nurnberg, 274 pp.","MILLER, D. R. (1991) Systematic analysis of Acanthococcus species (Homoptera: Coccoidea; Eriococcidae) infesting Atriplex in Western North America. Proceedings Entomological Society of Washington 93: 333 - 355.","MILLER, D. R. & MILLER, G. L. (1992) Systematic analysis of Acanthococcus (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) in the Western United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 118: 1 - 106."]}

Acanthococcus insignis (Newstead) K 582, Bulgaria, Rila Mts., the bank of river Maritsa, about 1400 m, on leaves of (?) Brachypodium sp., 21.VII. 2008., Published as part of Gavrilov, Ilya A., 2010, Descriptions of two new species of Pseudococcidae (Homoptera: Coccinea) and additions to the scale insect fauna of Bulgaria, pp. 32-40 in Zootaxa 2635 on page 39, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.198404

Acanthococcus aceris Signoret Eriococcus melnikensis Hodhson & Trencheva, 2008. syn. nov. К 569, Bulgaria, Osogovo Mts., about 10 km S of Kustendil, flank of the mountain road, on twigs of Quercus sp., 22. VI. 2008. Additionally 29 adult females from different localities in Germany, Poland, Ukraine and Russia. Notes. Recently, a new species Eriococcus melnikensis Hodgson & Trencheva (2008), similar to A. aceris, was described from Bulgaria. Unfortunately, the diagnosis of the new species in the original description did not include a comparison of the adult females with those of A. aceris. Moreover, the description of A. aceris in Hodgson & Trencheva (2008) is very brief in comparison with huge description of the new species and was based on the short description by Williams (1985) and several females collected from one population in Padova (Italy). The two characters used by Hodgson & Trencheva (2008) for the separation of these two species were included in the key only (p. 37, l.c.). These two characters were: 1) A. aceris, in contrast to A. (Eriococcus) melnikensis, has setae on antennal segment III. However, there is no enlargement of the antennae in the figure of A. aceris (Fig. 11, page 29, in Hodgson & Trencheva). Based on material preserved in Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg, and on descriptions by Borchsenius (1949) and Williams (1985), A. aceris can have 6 or 7 segmented antennae. When a female has 6 segments, segment III is rather long and bears 2 or 3 setae on its distal part. However, segment III is often more or less divided in two parts and then the new! segment III has no setae, because these remain on the new segment IV. It is well known, that the division or fusion of antennal segments often occurs in scale insects and sometimes a female can have different numbers of segments on two her antennae. 2) A. melnikensis has ���ventral medium-sized macrotubular ducts only present submarginally, mainly on head and posterior abdominal segments��� in contrast to A. aceris, which has ���ventral medium-sized macrotubular ducts present medially on most abdominal segments���. However, in the figure (Fig. 7, p. 18, l.c.), only two sizes of ducts are enlarged. Moreover, the description of the new species does not include the size of these ducts; it is written (p. 14) that they are ���slightly smaller��� than the large ones. In the description of A. aceris (p. 28, l.c.), the sizes of the ducts are not mentioned at all. In the description of A. aceris by Williams (1985), the medium-sized ducts are "... not numerous [and are present], in more or less single rows on abdominal segments and around submargins to head". So, there is no significant difference in this character even in the descriptions of A. aceris and A. melnikensis. Based on a study of material in St Petersburg of A. aceris from different localities, these two species appear to be identical. Unfortunately, this is not surprising because the distribution and number of ducts (or pores) varies very significantly in many scale insect species, especially in widely distributed common species, such as A. aceris Signoret. Differences were also noted by Hodgson & Trencheva (2008) between first-instar larvae of these two species ��� in particular, the size and form of the spinose setae. These differences were based on a study of 3 larvae from one population of each species. As the variation of morphological characters in the larvae of scale insects has not been well studied, it is not known what the differences between larvae from different localities, different host plants, etc are likely to be significant. Until there is a clearer understanding of this variation, their taxonomic significance is unknown. Therefore, based on the above mentioned comments, I consider that A. melnikensis is a new junior synonym of A. aceris., Published as part of Gavrilov, Ilya A., 2010, Descriptions of two new species of Pseudococcidae (Homoptera: Coccinea) and additions to the scale insect fauna of Bulgaria, pp. 32-40 in Zootaxa 2635 on pages 38-39, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.198404, {"references":["Hodgson, C. J. & Trencheva, K. (2008) A new species of Eriococcus (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) and redescriptions of Eriococcus roboris Goux and E. thymelaeae Newstead, with a key to the Eriococcus species on Quercus in the western Palaearctic. Zootaxa, 1959, 1 - 38.","Gavrilov I. A. & Trapeznikova, I. V. (2008) Cytogenetic studies of European Pulvinariini (Homoptera: Coccidae). Comparative Cytogenetics, 2008 (2), 131 - 138.","Williams, D. J. (1985) The British and some other European Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology Ser. 51, 347 - 393."]}

Acanthococcus (type species: A. antarcticus J.D. Hooker et Harvey), from southern South America and the Falkland Islands, is shown to be correctly placed in the Cystocloniaceae. Geographically remote from other members of the family, Acanthococcus is readily distinguished anatomically from the other genera. Successive axial cells each initiate a single cortical filament in an alternate-distichous arrangement. Periaxial and inner cortical cells first produce ascending rhizoids that form a bundle around the central axis. At a greater distance from the apex, the rhizoids may branch extensively between inflated medullary and inner cortical cells. Carpogonial branches are straight, 3-celled, with hypogynous cells initially broader than the basal cells. The supporting cell elongates after fertilization, cortical cells distal to the auxiliary cell are transformed into a nutritive tissue, and short files of nutritive filaments produced secondarily from vegetative cells surround the supporting cell. Termi...