Search

The investigation of the radiation effects of the atomic bombing in Hiroshima and Nagasaki has revealed concerns about the impact of the residual radioactive dust produced in the soil. Manganese-56 is one of the major radioisotopes produced by neutrons from the bomb; hence, we previously examined the biological effects of manganese dioxide-56 (56MnO2) in Wistar rats, in which significant changes were found in the lung. In the present study, ten-week-old male C57BL mice were exposed to three doses of radioactive 56MnO2, stable MnO2 particles, or external γ-rays (2 Gy) to further examine the effects of 56MnO2 in a different species. The estimated absorbed radiation doses from 56MnO2 were 26, 96, and 250 mGy in the lung. The animals were examined at 3, 14, and 70 days post exposure. Histologically, no exposure-related changes were found in the lungs of any group. However, pulmonary mRNA expression of aquaporin 1, which is a useful marker for lung pathophysiology, was significantly elevated at 14 and 70 days, although no such changes were found in the mice exposed to external γ-rays (2 Gy). These data indicated that the inhalation exposure to 56MnO2 particles, with

Practice shows that with insufficiently high traction qualities of traction vehicles deteriorate its operational properties. At present, extensive research is under way at home and abroad to find inexpensive but highly effective ways and techniques to improve the traction qualities of vehicles. The design of running systems with reduced resistance to movement and slipping will help to significantly increase the productivity of vehicles and reduce fuel consumption. This, in turn, will contribute to greater operational efficiency for traction vehicles. The authors of this study have developed the design of a traction vehicle with a half-tracked propulsor. The objective of the study is to develop a mathematical model for calculating the efficiency of operating a traction vehicle equipped with a half-tracked propulsior with rubber tracks. The proposed mathematical expression takes into account the deformability of the rubber tracks of the propulsor, the uneven distribution of normal pressure along the length of the track, slipping, geometric parameters of the propulsor and the physical and mechanical properties of the soil. Using numerical methods, calculations were carried out to determine the effect of the tangential tractive force on the slipping of a wheeled traction vehicle with a different layout of the running system. The dependences of the amount of slipping on the tangential thrust force are determined. It has been found that with an increase in the traction force, the slipping increases, however, the intensity of growth of a half-tracked propulsor compared to a wheeled propulsor is much lower.

The article discusses the development of the mechanisms of deliberative democracy in Kazakhstan during the period of political transition on the example of the National Council of Public Trust under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The head of state, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, in his Address to the people on March 16, 2022, stated that the National Council of Public Trust “successfully fulfilled its tasks”. Thus, the National Council ceases to exist, on its basis the “National Kurultai” will be created, which makes it possible to analyze the results of the activities of the National Council from the moment it was launched until the moment it ceased to work.Kazakhstan is at a critical stage of political development. President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev is pursuing a policy of fundamental political reforms aimed at building an effective democratic socially oriented society. There is a lot of work to be done to restructure the political architecture of the country. At the same time, the world political science has been considering the shortcomings of institutional democracy associated with the capitalist mode of production and the development of information technologies for several decades. Various methods for improving democracy are proposed. Deliberative democracy is one of them. It should be noted that elements of deliberative democracy are already beginning to be used in Kazakhstan in the form of the institution of the National Council of Public Trust, as well as Public Councils in various areas of public administrationThe article uses the methods of structural-functional and discursive analysis, discusses official documents, as well as potential scenarios for the development of events

A difficulty of ensuring the required accuracy of the product lies in the need to take into account many factors that affect the technological process of its manufacture and cause certain operational errors. Hence, it is advisable to use probabilistic and statistical methods, the versatility of which allows them to be used for solving a wide range of scientific and technical problems. The probabilistic approach to the forming the accuracy of the required product dimensions is a promising area of research, as it allows analyzing the general laws of the of the technological process kinetics, regardless of the physical and mechanical properties of materials, the shaping method, the features of the metal-cutting tool, etc. At the same time, the probabilistic approach allows the random nature of the influence of numerous factors on the formation of the accuracy of required dimensions to be integrally taken into account by determining the most probable result or probability value in a particular outcome of a particular test - a technological operation. The concept of a functionally significant technological perturbation of the process of forming a required size is used as the basis for solving the problem, leading to the appearance of a corresponding manufacturing error.

The purpose of the article is to study the state of the problem of the development of image-related competencies of future physical education teachers in psychological and pedagogical literature. The article analyses the development of the problem of image-related competencies of future physical education teachers by examining philosophical, psychological, and pedagogical literature, the regulatory documents, and analytical materials of the Ministry of Education and Science of Kazakhstan, and using the synthesis and interpretation of scientific data, and experimental research with 139 participants. The results of the ascertaining experiment showed that future physical education teachers are constantly in need of the social approval of their actions. The image of a physical education teacher is also understood as a purposefully developed image, which is stereotypical and has an emotional and psychological impact on students, colleagues, and the social environment. Keywords: Diagnostics; development; Empathy; Image-related competencies; physical education; teachers.

The necessity of psychophysiological selection of a motor vehicle driver is substantiated. Among the types of professional selection, psychophysiological selection has a special place due to the fact that psychophysiological studies make it possible to quickly and objectively measure a large number of psychophysiological properties. Psychophysiological characteristics of a person can be a quantitative measure of professionally important qualities, and have a sufficiently high prognostic value for occupations related to "man—machine" systems. The necessity of using non-invasive measuring devices to determine the degree of reliability of a motor vehicle driver is justified. Analysis of the statistics of road accidents gives reason to believe that the biggest number of accidents is observed on road sections where the drivers experience biggest tense anxiety and mental stress. This confirms that the reliability of the driver’s work is consistent with one of the main laws of psychophysiology: the outcome of the work correlates with mental stress. According to this pattern, there is optimal level of emotional tension of a person, at which he or she performs the work with the greatest efficiency. Exceeding this optimal level, as well as reducing it, is accompanied by deterioration in performance. In psychophysiological studies, the assessment criteria of the impact of various road conditions on the driver are the values of psychophysiological indicators corresponding to the optimal level of emotional stress. Based on this, one can determine the degree of reliability of the driver’s actions. When conducting an experiment to determine the psychophysiological characteristics of the driver, the use of non-invasive measuring devices makes it possible to assess the degree of reliability of the driver. The review of measuring devices for psychophysiological measurements of noninvasive form is given. The article also describes the most popular measuring methods, such as electroencephalography, electrocardiography, electromyography, eye tracking. The principle of operation of each non-invasive measuring methods is considered in detail, the advantages and disadvantages of each method are described. It is proposed to synchronize the measuring devices and use them comprehensively regarding the functional power of universal computing tools for a more accurate assessment of the psychophysiological condition of the driver of the vehicle.

The education system should be designed to help in the preparation of individuals for life in the 21st Century. The purpose of this study is to use the Lesson Study approach in studying the geography of the updated content, to improve the professional competencies of teachers based on the results of students' perception levels. The research methods used included observation, experiment, interview, statistical analysis, comparison, and synthesis. The results exhibited that the Lesson Study approach can be used in improving the professional competencies of teachers and increasing the quality of teaching. The main provisions and conclusions obtained in the scientific article can be used to improve teachers' pedagogical skills in the context of the updated education content. Keywords: content update; educational process; Lesson-Study; pedagogical approach.

ImportanceThe increasing HIV incidence rates and suboptimal rates of testing, engagement, and retention in care for people who inject drugs (PWID) in Kazakhstan underscore the need for effective HIV care continuum interventions for PWID.ObjectiveTo determine the effectiveness of the Bridge HIV care continuum intervention implemented in needle and syringe programs (NSPs) in Kazakhstan.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis stepped-wedge cluster trial was conducted from February 2017 to May 2020, with implementation beginning sequentially across 3 cities (Almaty, Karaganda-Temirtau, and Shymkent) in August 2017, January 2018, and May 2019. Intervention effect sizes were estimated via population-averaged models, and hypothesis testing relied on a permutation testing approach. The primary unit of analysis was an NSP. Data analysis was performed from October 2020 to April 2022.InterventionsThe intervention addresses the full HIV care continuum: identification, testing, referral to services, and linkage to HIV care. The 3 intervention components were (1) a social network strategy, a peer-driven recruitment approach for HIV testing; (2) HIV counseling, rapid testing, and referral following international and national guidelines and protocols; and (3) enhanced antiretroviral treatment and access to services.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcomes were the effectiveness of implementing Bridge’s enhanced service integration approach in increasing the number of PWID served at NSPs, increasing the number of PWID who are tested for HIV in NSPs, and improving linking HIV-positive PWID with HIV care. Secondary outcomes included numbers of clients registered for HIV care, initiation of antiretroviral therapy, and viral suppression.ResultsTwenty-four NSPs (8 in each city) served a total of 1225 PWID (369 in Almaty, 618 in Karaganda-Temirtau, and 238 in Shymkent) at the preimplementation study step; 1015 clients (82.9%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 36.7 (7.1) years. Compared with preimplementation study steps, during Bridge intervention implementation steps, NSPs experienced a significant increase in the number of PWID clients registered (incidence rate ratio, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.48-3.78) and the number of PWID who received rapid HIV tests (incidence rate ratio, 3.98; 95% CI, 2.30-6.90). No significant increase in referral to HIV care was observed. The study also found significant support for secondary outcomes of antiretroviral therapy initiation and the number of clients who achieved viral suppression.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this stepped-wedge cluster trial, the findings suggest that implementation of the Bridge intervention was associated with significant improvement in several steps in the continuum of HIV care for PWID in Kazakhstan.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02796027

We have studied the biological effects of the internal exposure to radioactive manganese-56 dioxide (56MnO2), the major radioisotope dust found in soil after atomic bomb explosions. Our previous study of blood chemistry indicated a possible adverse effect of 56MnO2 on the liver. In the present study, we further examined the effects on the liver by determining changes in hepatic gene expressions. Male Wistar rats were exposed to 56MnO2 particles (three groups with the whole-body doses of 41, 90, and 100 mGy), stable MnO2 particles, or external 60Co γ-rays (2 Gy), and were examined together with the non-treated control group on postexposure day 3 and day 61. No histopathological changes were observed in the liver. The mRNA expression of a p53-related gene, the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A, increased in 56MnO2 as well as in γ-ray irradiated groups on postexposure day 3 and day 61. The expression of a stress-responsive gene, nuclear factor κB, was also increased by 56MnO2 and γ-rays on postexposure day 3. However, the expression of cytokine genes (interleukin-6 or chemokine ligand 2) or fibrosis-related TGF-β/Smad genes (Tgfb1, Smad3, or Smad4) was not altered by the exposure. Our data demonstrated that the internal exposure to 56MnO2 particles at less than 0.1 Gy significantly affected the short-term gene expressions in the liver in a similar manner with 2 Gy of external γ-irradiation. These changes may be adaptive responses because no changes occurred in cytokine or TGF-β/Smad gene expressions.

The conception of probable alimentary chromium role in connection with metabolic reasons emergence of insulin resistance in the alimentary obesity and type 2 diabetes is represented. The violation of insulin receptors structural organization and conformation with these pathological conditions in connection with redox states of chromium is supposed. Based on information from general chemistry and chromium metabolism, higher biological activity of hexavalent chromium when compared to the activity of trivalent chromium is assumed in insulin-resistant conditions. Aim. To analyze the literature data on the a supposed participation of chromium in food and chromium nutraceuticals in connection with insulin resistance at the metabolic level. Material and methods. The analysis of the literature was carried out by the method of manual search and selection of the most important and significant for the analyzed issue monographs and articles up to 60 years in depth. The search criteria were works directly related to the association of food chromium with the insulin-dependent metabolic response of cells and the activity of insulin receptors. No works published over the past 10 years that introduce principled novelty and are of principled importance for the present problem have not been identified. Results and discussion. The concept of the supposed participation of chromium as an essential element in connection with the metabolic reasons for the formation of insulin resistance and the structural organization of insulin receptors depending on the redox state of chromium is presented. Keywords: hexavalent and trivalent chromium, insulin resistance, redox state, insulin receptor, alimentary obesity, diabetes.

We use the material medium approach to derive the refractive index that can be associated with the gravitational field of a compact object with a quadrupole moment. We consider both a static deformation and a stationary rotation of the gravitational source as the source of the quadrupole. We show that up to the first order in the quadrupole, the refractive indices of both configurations are equivalent such that from the point of view of refraction, a mimicking effect can occur. This also holds at the level of the deflection angle. We argue that it is possible to use the refractive indices and the parameters of the trajectories of light rays that propagate in a gravitational field to determine the physical parameters of the source.

Percutaneous spinal endoscopy is used for the treatment of disorders of the lumbar spine, as it has several advantages over traditional surgical methods. The performance of percutaneous spinal endoscopy is not possible without applying anesthesia methods. Two types (local and general) of anesthesia are used for percutaneous spinal endoscopy. Both, local and general anesthesia approaches contribute to safety in surgical procedures. Although it is believed that the method of local anesthesia has more benefits over general anesthesia, such as lowering the risk of postoperative neurological complications in a patient, the literature on the topic is inconclusive. The study aims to perform a comparative analysis of the two anesthesia methods using a prospective case-control design. Patients were divided into two groups: those who received local anesthesia (LA) (20 patients), and those who underwent general anesthesia (GA) (20 patients). As a result of the study, 40% of the patients experienced moderate pain and 5% of the patients experienced excruciating pain intraoperatively in the LA group. Although Visual Analog Scale and Oswestry Disability Index scores improved more rapidly in LA group, at the 12-month check-up point there was no significant difference between cases and controls. Nevertheless, there were postoperative complications such as nerve root injury in 10% of the patients; nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness in 15% of the patients in the GA group, and an insignificant or no such complications in patients of the LA group. The present study demonstrates that LA contributes to more positive short-term outcomes for patients as it facilitates nerve root damage prevention, and has no postoperative side effects on patients' well being.

We derive a particular approximate solution of Einstein equations, describing the gravitational field of a mass distribution that slightly deviates from spherical symmetry. The deviation is described by means of a quadrupole parameter that is responsible for the appearance of a curvature singularity, which is not covered by a horizon. We investigate the motion of test particles in the gravitational field of this naked singularity and show that the quadrupole parameter affects the properties of Schwarzschild trajectories. By investigating radial geodesics, we find that no effects of repulsive gravity are present. We interpreted this result as indicating that repulsive gravity is non-linear effect., 18 pages, 8 figures

Objectives. To compare the peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) biomarker levels, peri-implant status, and marginal bone level (MBL) differences of implants restored with randomly assigned nonplatform-switched (NPS) or platform-switched (PS) abutments. Methods. Ninety-four implants in 27 subjects were included in this study. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) levels in PICF, peri-implant health, and the change in the MBL were evaluated at the time of restoration ( T 1 ) and after 12 months ( T 2 ). Results. The IL-1β levels decreased and the RANKL, OPG, and MCP-1 levels increased from T 1 to T 2 ( P < 0.05 ) in both groups. RANKL/OPG ratio at T 1 , MCP-1 levels at T 2 , and the MCP-1 change from T 1 to T 2 were lower in the PS group than in the NPS group ( P < 0.05 ). MBL change was lower ( 0.51 ± 0.31 mm) in the PS group than that ( 0.75 ± 0.29 mm) in the NPS group at T 2 ( P < 0.001 ). Peri-implant health status between the study groups was negligible. Conclusion. PS was superior to NPS regarding the preservation of MBL. Higher MCP-1 levels, altered RANKL/OPG ratio, and lower OPG levels in the NPS group could be associated with subclinical peri-implant bone remodeling.

The article provides information about the problem of suicide and the anxiety about its spread in society and in educational institutions in recent years. Along with the joy of new discoveries, news, achievements in the field of science and the technical process, difficulties, complex problems, and stressful situations also entered into all spheres of life of modern mankind. As a result, over the past decade, adolescents at the psychological level have become more frequent cases of anxiety, anxiety, failure, inflatedness, fear, feelings of negative perception, inappropriate behavior of children, isolation, lack of information from children and lack of awareness of parents in the difficulties of their children. Unreadiness of children for independent solution of problems in life, especially among children of dysfunctional families, has generated mental efforts in the public. This affected the psyche of adolescent children, especially among disadvantaged families, which led to unreasonable anxiety about their perspective in this complex life. Along with the characteristic of this problem, the article highlights measures to prevent it among adolescents.

The experiment was performed in support of a Japanese initiative to investigate the biological effects of irradiation from residual neutron-activated radioactivity that resulted from the A-bombing. Radionuclide 56Mn (T1/2 = 2.58 h) is one of the main neutron-activated emitters during the first hours after neutron activation of soil dust particles. In our previous studies (2016–2017) related to irradiation of male Wistar rats after dispersion of 56MnO2 powder, the internal doses in rats were found to be very inhomogeneous: distribution of doses among different organs ranged from 1.3 Gy in small intestine to less than 0.0015 Gy in some of the other organs. Internal doses in the lungs ranged from 0.03 to 0.1 Gy. The essential pathological changes were found in lung tissue of rats despite a low level of irradiation. In the present study, the dosimetry investigations were extended: internal doses in experimental mice and rats were estimated for various activity levels of dispersed neutron-activated 56MnO2 powder. The following findings were noted: (a) internal radiation doses in mice were several times higher in comparison with rats under similar conditions of exposure to 56MnO2 powder. (b) When 2.74 × 108 Bq of 56MnO2 powder was dispersed over mice, doses of internal irradiation ranged from 0.81 to 4.5 Gy in the gastrointestinal tract (small intestine, stomach, large intestine), from 0.096 to 0.14 Gy in lungs, and doses in skin and eyes ranged from 0.29 to 0.42 Gy and from 0.12 to 0.16 Gy, respectively. Internal radiation doses in other organs of mice were much lower. (c) Internal radiation doses were significantly lower in organs of rats with the same activity of exposure to 56MnO2 powder (2.74 × 108 Bq): 0.09, 0.17, 0.29, and 0.025 Gy in stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and lungs, respectively. (d) Doses of internal irradiation in organs of rats and mice were two to four times higher when they were exposed to 8.0 × 108 Bq of 56MnO2 (in comparison with exposure to 2.74 × 108 Bq of 56MnO2). (e) Internal radiation doses in organs of mice were 7–14 times lower with the lowest 56MnO2 amount (8.0 × 107 Bq) in comparison with the highest amount, 8.0 × 108 Bq, of dispersed 56MnO2 powder. The data obtained will be used for interpretation of biological effects in experimental mice and rats that result from dispersion of various levels of neutron-activated 56MnO2 powder, which is the subject of separate studies.

In the problem of relational bounded three bodies, the stability of quasicircular orbits close to the central body was investigated. In the case when it is not relational, the orbits of the test body can be described through the Hill surfaces. The location of the central body corresponds to the origin, the second body moves in a circular orbit that is around the central (first) body. The equations of motion of the problem of bounded, relational three bodies were investigated for circular orbits. Using these equations of relational motion, the stability problem of the relational quasicircular orbits of the test body in regions close to the central body was investigated.

The gravitational field of a limited mass distribution is specified as a solution to the Poisson equation in the Newtonian approximation. One can investigate some limiting cases of this metric in order to understand its physical meaning and structure. In this paper, we give a short introduction to essential concepts of multipole moments in Newtonian gravitation to motivate the definition for the relativistic definitions. In the static Newtonian case, we can get a complete description of the gravitational field outside a massive object by means of the multipole moments and these multipole moments are relatively easy to obtain by an expansion in terms of spherical harmonics. In the relativistic case, however, the situation is much more difficult. There are several relativistic definitions of coordinate independent multipole moments and they can be compared to the Newtonian multipole moments. The explicit calculation of multipole moments is really quite tedious and laborious. We present some recurrence formulas which simplify the calculations. We will present some examples for calculating multipole moments of the static q-metric. We will use the Geroch-Hansen method because the calculations in this case are straightforward and the method is coordinate-independent.In addition, the Elers definition of the Newtonian limit is presented and it is used to determine the multipolemoments in the Newtonian approximation of this metric.

The purpose of the article was to evaluate trends of uterine submucousal myomas after the embolization of uterine arteries. Uterine fibroids are a common disease in women of reproductive age, accounting for 10 to 30 %, according to various authors. The submucous location of the myomatous node is an unfavorable type of localization of fibroids since it almost always requires surgical treatment. In this work, we would like to report on the results of endovascular x-ray occlusion of the uterine arteries in the treatment of submucous myomatous nodes. Percutaneous through catheter occlusion of uterine arteries with submucousal myomatous nodes was performed in 21 patients where 18 of them through the femoral, and 3 of them through beam access. The patients’ age was under 32 up to 47 with average 36,5. Myomatous nodes’ size is from 3,0 till 9,0 centimeters. There were noted self-expulsions of 10 from 21 submucousal myomatous nodes after X-ray endovascular occlusion during the 7 days and until 3 months. In the gynecological department they performed removal of partially born submucosal nodes in 3 out of 21 patients within 3 months. In the remaining 8 of 21 observations (381 %), submucosal nodes underwent myolysis in the following 12 months. After X-ray endovascular occlusion there might be expulsion or myolysis of myoma nodes in different terms during the submucosal myomatous of uterine.

Construction and demolition waste are one of the major waste streams in the world. Aggregates must be used in significant quantities during road construction and maintenance as base and sub-base materials. Government and local businesses are promoting the use of recycled material in old pavement andconstruction material due to the high cost of virgin aggregates. Concrete, road subgrade, and railroad ballast materials can all be made from recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), a type of recycled material. The engineers must properly comprehend the material's qualities, including its unsaturated properties, in order to use RCA in these projects. The goal of this project is to investigate the unsaturated permeability and thewater characteristic curve of RCA. These unsaturated qualities were discovered through sophisticated laboratory experimentation. The study's findings showed that the RCA has the same qualities as gravel or natural aggregate.

Landslides bring destruction to buildings, and nearby located structures and mostly occur in rural areas. Such hazard commonly takes place in mountainous areas in Central Asia. Kazakhstan region has highly vulnerable areas to rainfall-induced landslides in South-Eastern parts due to presence of many mountains. The purpose of the research is to demonstrate the effect of slope geometry on slope stabilityunder heavy rainfall in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Transient seepage analyses were conducted using Seep/W while limit equilibrium slope stability analyses were performed using Slope/W. 15 sets of numerical analyses were carried out on different slope angle and slope height incorporating the soil-water characteristic curve and unsaturated permeability and unsaturated shear strength of soil from Almaty. According to the obtained simulation results in GeoStudio software for seepage analysis, the pore-water pressure is increased almost for 80 kPa at the mid slope of each simulation. The change of FoS for the gentlest slope with 27 degrees slope angle is the lowest for 10 m slope height and the highest for 30 m slope height, whereas the change of FoS for slope with 45 degrees of slope angle (9%) is almost the same for all slope height.