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3. GRADE guidelines: 11. Making an overall rating of confidence in effect estimates for a single outcome and for all outcomes

Author

Guyatt, G, Oxman, AD, Sultan, S, Brozek, J, Glasziou, P, Alonso-Coello, P, Atkins, D, Kunz, R, Montori, V, Jaeschke, R, Rind, D, Dahm, P, Akl, EA, Meerpohl, J, Vist, G, Berliner, E, Norris, S, Falck-Ytter, Y, and Schunemann, HJ

Subjects
Systematic review methodology, GRADE, Values and preferences, Quality of evidence, Confidence in estimates, Guideline methodology
Abstract

GRADE requires guideline developers to make an overall rating of confidence in estimates of effect (quality of evidence high, moderate, low, or very low) for each important or critical outcome. GRADE suggests, for each outcome, the initial separate consideration of five domains of reasons for rating down the confidence in effect estimates, thereby allowing systematic review authors and guideline developers to arrive at an outcome-specific rating of confidence. Although this rating system represents discrete steps on an ordinal scale, it is helpful to view confidence in estimates as a continuum, and the final rating of confidence may differ from that suggested by separate consideration of each domain. An overall rating of confidence in estimates of effect is only relevant in settings when recommendations are being made. In general, it is based on the critical outcome that provides the lowest confidence. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Published
2013

5. Genes associated with breast cancer metastatic to bone

Author

Smid, Marcel, Wang, YX, Klijn, Jan, Sieuwerts, Anieta, Zhang, Y (Yong), Atkins, D, Martens, John, Foekens, John, Pathology, Medical Oncology, and Urology

Subjects
SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being
Published
2006

8. Lipid screening in women

Author

Atkins D, Jm, Walsh, Michael Pignone, and Cj, Phillips

Subjects
Adult, Hypercholesterolemia, Age Factors, Middle Aged, Lipids, Cardiovascular Diseases, Risk Factors, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Humans, Mass Screening, Women's Health, Female, Life Style, Aged
Abstract

Evidence of the benefits of lowering cholesterol in various populations continues to grow, but questions persist about screening and treatment of lipid disorders in women. In this paper, we review the distinct features of the epidemiology of lipids and coronary heart disease in women and data from recent long-term treatment trials specific to women. Although data from primary prevention trials in women remain sparse, recent trials demonstrating benefits of cholesterol reduction across a broad range of cholesterol levels and cardiac risk in men and women bolster the conclusion that benefits may extend to asymptomatic women who are otherwise at high risk for coronary disease. Periodic lipid screening beginning in middle age will identify most women who are at high enough risk to merit drug therapy or more intensive individual lifestyle interventions. More detailed consideration of age, diabetes, blood pressure, specific lipid levels, or the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and other risk factors can more accurately estimate individual risk of coronary heart disease and identify high-risk women most likely to benefit from lipid reduction. Advice about healthy diet, weight control, and physical activity can benefit all women, but authorities differ on the benefits of routine lipid screening in low-risk younger women.

Published
2000

10. Population density, change and concentration in Great Britain 1971, 1981 and 1991

Author

Dorling, D and Atkins, D

Abstract

Combining data from the 1971, 1981 and 1991 Censuses, the purpose of this study is to describe how the local areas in which people live in Britain have changed over the last two decades in the most simple way - through their population density. The population of all of Great Britain is considered, and enumeration district data form the 1971 and 1981 Censuses have been combined with ward level data from the 1981 Census, so that the changing population densities of people living in over 10,000 frozen areas can be considered.

Published
1995

11. ENDARTERECTOMY FOR ASYMPTOMATIC CAROTID-ARTERY STENOSIS

Author

WALKER, M, MARLER, J, GOLDSTEIN, M, GRADY, P, TOOLE, J, BAKER, W, CASTALDO, J, CHAMBLESS, L, MOORE, W, ROBERTSON, J, YOUNG, B, HOWARD, V, PURVIS, S, VERNON, D, NEEDHAM, K, BECK, P, DOZIER, M, LEFKOWITZ, D, HOWARD, G, CROUSE, J, HERRINGTON, D, FURBERG, C, ESSICK, K, HICKS, R, NELSON, J, BALL, W, BLAND, E, CONDON, S, ELLIOTT, T, GRIZZLE, J, HAYES, D, HENLEY, S, JOHNSON, J, LOCKLEAR, J, MISCH, M, PATON, C, SCHWARTZ, S, WALKER, C, WILLIAMS, O, EASTON, J, GOLDSTONE, J, HALLENBECK, J, HOFF, J, KARP, H, KRONMAL, R, BROTT, T, TOMSICK, T, BRODERICK, J, SAUERBECK, L, BLUM, C, DYKEN, M, BRUST, J, DICK, A, GOTSHALL, R, HEYMAN, A, SWANSON, P, ADAMS, H, DEMPSEY, R, ERNST, C, ROTHROCK, J, COHEN, S, NICHOLAS, G, LONGENECKER, J, BARBOUR, P, BERGER, A, CELANI, V, ECKERT, N, GOODREAU, J, HUTCHINSON, J, JENNY, D, LIN, Z, MCDONALD, K, PISTONE, W, RAEGRANT, A, REDENBAUGH, J, REX, J, WOHLBERG, C, KARANJIA, P, SWANSON, M, LOBNER, S, KOLTS, R, KUEHNER, M, HINER, B, MADDEN, K, CARLSON, R, DAVIS, J, GALLANT, T, WARNER, J, FAUST, A, FRYZA, N, HASENAUER, J, REGNER, M, RONKIN, L, SCHAEFER, S, STRACK, D, TURNER, L, WALGENBACH, A, GRAVES, J, MICHALSKI, S, SCHUETTE, L, MOHR, J, TATEMICHI, T, MARSHALL, R, MAST, H, RAMOS, O, CORRELL, J, LIBMAN, R, PETTY, G, CABRERE, A, OROPEZA, L, GONZALEZ, T, PETTIGREW, C, SADLER, R, ENDEAN, E, SHERROW, J, HAUER, M, LEE, C, NORTON, J, MCQUILLEN, M, MATTINGLY, S, DEKOSKY, S, MASSEY, A, SIMARD, D, TURCOTTE, J, BENGUIGUI, C, COTE, J, BOUCHARD, J, ROBERGE, C, BRUNET, D, BEDARD, F, LANGELIER, R, LAJEUNESSE, M, BIGAOUETTE, J, PARENT, J, LYDEN, P, HYE, R, LEWIS, S, CALI, G, BABCOCK, T, TAFTALVAREZ, B, BRODY, M, ZWEIFLER, R, SEDWITZ, M, STABILE, B, FREISCHLAG, J, WOLF, Y, SIVO, J, FORSYTHE, J, ADAME, M, GUPTA, S, BURKE, K, GREISLER, H, LITTOOY, F, KELLY, M, PULSINELLI, W, CAMPBELL, J, CROCKARELL, J, WATRIDGE, C, ACKER, J, ERKULWATER, S, JACEWICZ, M, WALKER, G, OSULLIVAN, P, SAUER, C, VASU, K, GAINES, K, BAKHITIAN, B, BERTORINI, T, BENNETT, S, THOMAS, T, STAHL, N, TAYLOR, C, GIAMPAPA, M, CONNELL, J, RILEY, J, BRADLEY, A, NEWMAN, K, MANNING, R, MCCREA, M, HACHINSKI, V, FERGUSON, G, MAYER, C, BARNETT, J, PEERLESS, S, BUCHAN, A, REICHMAN, H, KERTESZ, A, LOWNIE, S, WHITE, C, FOX, A, RANKIN, R, SPENCE, J, BARR, H, PADDOCKELIASZIW, L, ASSIS, L, PEXMAN, J, DICICCO, M, TATE, B, JAMES, C, RAKER, E, COATSWORTH, J, HARRIS, S, BEEBE, H, BIRCHFIELD, R, BUTLERLEVY, K, CRANE, R, FRYER, D, MACLEAN, J, PATTERSON, L, QUIGLEY, T, RAVITS, J, TAYLOR, L, PULLEN, S, BOSWELL, S, KENNY, K, ROEDERSHEIMER, L, FOWL, R, TEW, J, KEMPCZINSKI, R, REED, R, WELLING, R, SCHOMAKER, B, MCWHORTER, J, BRANCH, C, SATTERFIELD, J, CORDELL, R, DEAN, R, PLONK, G, HARPOLD, G, WALKER, F, NUNN, C, MYERS, L, TEGELER, C, HARDIN, S, MEADS, D, LOFTUS, C, VINING, L, BENDIXEN, B, BILLER, J, CORSON, J, DAVIS, P, GODERSKY, J, GORDON, D, JACOBY, M, KAPPELLE, L, KRESOWIK, T, MARSH, E, LOVE, B, SHAMMA, A, GRIMSMAN, K, KARBOSKI, D, MILLER, E, JOHNSON, C, JONES, C, STONE, B, MAGUIRE, M, EARLEY, C, KAPLAN, P, CAVALUZZI, J, WATERS, G, CHACHICH, B, AUER, A, LOGAN, W, WILCOX, M, GREEN, B, HURLEY, J, PENNELL, R, WOODS, J, LEVINE, R, NEPUTE, J, THOMASSON, J, BLACKBURN, C, FOLDES, M, KLEMP, K, NAPPIER, B, RUTHERFORD, K, SCHROER, S, HOGAN, J, THORPE, L, FEINBERG, W, HUNTER, G, BRUCK, D, BERNHARD, V, MCINTYRE, K, CARTER, L, LABADIE, E, JOHNSON, D, MOSCHONAS, C, HAMILTON, R, FORRER, S, SEEGER, J, CARMODY, R, VOLD, B, LAGUNA, J, KRIKAWA, J, DEVINE, J, CASTRILLO, A, KISTLER, S, LEDBETTER, B, DORR, K, SMITH, R, HAERER, A, BROWN, R, RUSSELL, W, RIGDON, E, RHODES, R, SMITH, E, GRAEBER, M, DOORENBOS, D, SUBRAMONY, S, ATNIP, R, BRENNAN, R, FRIEDMAN, D, NEUMYER, M, THIELE, B, SMITH, F, BARR, J, DUCKROW, R, JANESKY, C, MEILSTRUP, J, MCNAMARA, K, RODICHOK, L, STEWART, L, SULLIVAN, M, WENGROVITZ, M, CLAGETT, G, UNWIN, H, BRYAN, W, MATKINS, C, PATTERSON, C, ALWAY, C, BOYD, P, INMAN, M, ALBISTON, C, SCOGGINS, E, SWILLING, J, WALDEN, K, AHN, S, AMOS, E, BAKER, J, DOBKIN, B, DONAYRE, C, GELABERT, H, JORDAN, S, MACHLEDER, H, QUINONESBALDRICH, W, SAVER, J, ELSADEN, S, HOLGATE, R, JABOUR, B, JACOBS, J, ABRAHAM, T, VESCERA, C, VONRAJCS, J, CARTER, V, CARTER, D, DIXGOSS, D, HERNANDEZ, E, COULL, B, LOBOA, L, MONETA, G, PORTER, J, YEAGER, R, WHITTAKER, L, BRASS, L, GUSBERG, R, LOVEJOY, A, FAYAD, P, SUMPIO, B, MEIER, G, CHANG, V, MARZITELLI, K, CHYATTE, D, HAMMERS, L, LEPORE, F, PAVALKIS, F, MELE, J, KISIEL, D, BARNES, R, CHESSER, M, ARCHER, R, THOMPSON, B, MACDONALD, C, BARONE, G, EIDT, J, HARSHFIELD, D, MCFARLAND, D, NICKOLS, J, HOWARD, C, NIX, M, OVERSTREET, J, TROILLETT, R, TAYLOR, J, LEE, H, AKINS, P, HARBISON, J, PRIDGEON, R, FELTON, W, POSNER, M, SOBEL, M, CLIFTON, G, CONWAY, C, COCKRELL, A, STRINGER, W, WINGO, J, NICHOLS, B, SMOKER, W, FISHER, R, SPETZLER, R, FREY, J, ZABRAMSKI, J, HUNSLEY, S, JAHNKE, H, PLENGE, K, HOLLAND, R, TURNER, R, STRAVA, D, STUMPFF, S, HODAK, J, FLOM, R, DEAN, B, THOMPSON, R, HUGHES, R, LEPLER, B, BOWEN, J, BENOIT, C, HOLLIER, L, OCHSNER, J, STRUB, R, LANG, V, CAHANIN, V, HOBSON, R, WEISBROT, F, KAMIN, S, BACK, T, JAMIL, Z, ROGERS, C, LAINSON, B, HART, L, CAPLAN, L, ODONNELL, T, BARRON, L, PESSIN, M, DEWITT, D, MACKEY, W, BELKIN, M, MCGLAUGHLIN, R, HEGGERICK, P, WELCH, K, WILCZEWSKI, J, ROBERTSON, W, DALEY, S, ELLIOT, J, REDDY, D, SHEPHARD, A, LEVINE, S, RAMADAN, N, TIETJEN, G, MITSIAS, P, GORMAN, M, MCPHARLIN, M, PATEL, S, DEVESHWAR, R, LEE, N, KOKKINOS, J, WEINSTEIN, E, KUNKEL, J, KRATOCHVIL, A, JOHNSON, E, STEEL, S, NORRIS, J, ROWED, D, BOWYER, B, GAWEL, M, COOPER, P, BRODIE, D, KIRKLAND, J, SCHECTER, J, FARRAR, N, CAPPS, R, RHODES, E, ROGERS, D, GLASS, J, NAGUSZEWSKI, R, NAGUSZEWSKI, W, MADDOX, B, DOLLISON, B, MOULTON, L, COLE, P, KINSELLA, P, ANSLEY, A, BRITZ, N, BIVINS, D, WILLIAMS, E, DAVIDSON, J, ELIAS, W, ATKINS, D, TURNER, P, BURCH, J, NOLAN, D, SPEESE, R, FOLEY, C, MILLETTE, T, LANE, K, ALMOND, C, MESTAYER, R, CALANCHINI, P, SZARNICKI, R, RADOSEVICH, P, ELIAS, L, MCCORMICK, P, GOULD, C, NORRIS, F, DENYS, E, BERNSTEIN, R, DUBONO, D, ATKINSON, K, PETERS, M, COHEN, B, YAO, J, ROSTON, S, BLACKBURN, D, CHADWICK, L, MCCARTHY, W, PEARCE, W, FRANK, J, FERNANDEZBEER, E, PATRICK, J, GREEN, R, SATRAN, R, RICOTTA, J, DEWEESE, J, HOLLANDER, J, OBRIEN, M, MCNAMARA, J, ROSE, S, COHEN, D, FURLAN, A, LITTLE, J, BRYERTON, B, SILA, C, AWAD, I, CHIMOWITZ, M, ROBERTSON, S, BECKER, C, PAUSHTER, D, OLEARY, D, JONES, A, GEE, W, SHEBEL, N, FISHER, M, SCHENK, E, FUTRELL, N, MILLIKAN, C, DIENER, H, FIELDS, W, FOLSTEIN, M, GAUTIER, J, HARRISON, M, HASS, W, HENNERICI, M, SPENCER, M, and VONREUTERN, G

Published
1995

12. National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference Statement: Multivitamin/mineral supplements and chronic disease prevention

Author

Mcginnis, J. M., Birt, D. F., Brannon, P. M., Carroll, R. J., Gibbons, R. D., Hazzard, W. R., Kamerow, D. B., Levin, B., Ntambi, J. M., Paneth, N., Rogers, D., Saftlas, A. F., Vaughan, W., Alberg, A. J., Ames, B. N., Benford, D., Caballero, B., Dobson, A., Greenwald, P., Heaney, R. P., Huang, H. -Y, Murphy, S., Pitkin, R. M., Prentice, R. L., Rock, C. L., Rosenberg, I. H., Seddon, J. M., Sloan, A. E., Stampfer, M. J., Maret Traber, Woo, J. J. Y., Yetley, E., Dwyer, J., Coates, P. M., Akil, M., Atkins, D., Bowman, B. A., Bray, E. A., Chew, E., Combs Jr, G., Coopey, M., Davis, C. D., Everhart, J., Finkelstein, J. A., Grave, G. D., Khan, L. K., Klein, M. A., Kramer, B. S., Kretsch, M., Loria, C., Marciel, K. K., Mcgowan, J. A., Meyers, L. D., Nerurkar, L. S., Nesheim, M. C., Packer, L., Rossi, S., Sangiovanni, J. P., Sheehy, P. A., Starke-Reed, P., Subar, A. F., Thurn, A., Trumbo, P. R., Eschenbach, A. C., Straus, S. E., Sieving, P. A., Hodes, R. J., Katz, S. I., Alexander, D., Rodgers, G. P., Gerberding, J. L., and Johanns, M.

13. Evaluation of the cellular uptake of hexitol nucleic acids in HeLa cells

Author

Atkins D, Miller M, De Bouvere B, van Aerschot A, and Piet Herdewijn

Subjects
Nucleic Acids, Ribonuclease H, Humans, Hexosephosphates, Oligonucleotides, Antisense, Fluorescent Dyes, HeLa Cells
Abstract

Two major hurdles to the widespread use of synthetic nucleic acids as drugs are the biological stability of the compounds and efficiency of cellular penetration. Recent advances in the chemistry of nucleic acids has given rise to highly stable derivatives with an anhydrohexitol backbone. This report addresses the cellular uptake of these molecules. We show that the uptake of HNA in the absence of a carrier is very low but HNA is efficiently internalized with a range of transfection reagents.

14. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement | Ítems de referencia para publicar Revisiones Sistemáticas y Metaanálisis: La Declaración PRISMA

Author

Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., Antes, G., Atkins, D., Barbour, V., Barrowman, N., Berlin, J. A., Clark, J., Clarke, M., Cook, D., D Amico, R., Deeks, J. J., PJ Devereaux, Dickersin, K., Egger, M., Ernst, E., Gøtzsche, P. C., Grimshaw, J., Guyatt, G., Higgins, J., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Kleijnen, J., Lang, T., Magrini, N., Mcnamee, D., Moja, L., Mulrow, C., Napoli, M., Oxman, A., Pham, B., Rennie, D., Sampson, M., Schulz, K. F., Shekelle, P. G., Tovey, D., and Tugwell, P.

15. International comparison of 19 clinical guideline programmes - A survey of the AGREE Collaboration | Internationaler vergleich von 19 leitlinien-programmen - Eine ubersicht der AGREE Collaboration

Author

Burgers, J., Grol, R., Klazinga, N., Bij, A., Mäkelä, M., Zaat, J., Ollenschläger, G., Grilli, R., Slutsky, J., Palmhøj-Nielsen, C., Bruun Madsen, P., Durieux, P., Brouwers, M., Rod Jackson, Meulenberg, F., Ten Have, P., Fervers, B., Grimshaw, J., Burnand, B., Miller, J., Mäkelä, J., Dosquet, P., Eccles, M., Silagy, C., Bowersox, J., Irwin, P., Dahlgren, H., and Atkins, D.

16. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement,Ítems de referencia para publicar Revisiones Sistemáticas y Metaanálisis: La Declaración PRISMA

Author

Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., Antes, G., Atkins, D., Barbour, V., Barrowman, N., Berlin, J. A., Clark, J., Clarke, M., Cook, D., D Amico, R., Deeks, J. J., Devereaux, P. J., Dickersin, K., Matthias Egger, Ernst, E., Gøtzsche, P. C., Grimshaw, J., Guyatt, G., Higgins, J., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Kleijnen, J., Lang, T., Magrini, N., Mcnamee, D., Moja, L., Mulrow, C., Napoli, M., Oxman, A., Pham, B., Rennie, D., Sampson, M., Schulz, K. F., Shekelle, P. G., Tovey, D., and Tugwell, P.

18. Multi-center validation of the 76-gene prognostic signature in lymph node negative (LNN) primary breast cancer

Author

Foekens, J. A., Atkins, D., Sweep, C. G. J., Harbeck, N., Paradiso, A., Cufer, T., Eppenberger, S., Daxenbichler, G., Kotzsch, M., Sieuwerts, A. M., Talantov, D., Timmermans, M., Paul Span, Tjan-Heijnen, V. C. G., Specht, K., Mangia, A., Wight, E., Angerer, J., Zito, A. F., Hoefler, H., Berns, E. M. J., Golouh, R., Barreton, G., Schittulli, F., Schmitt, M., Beex, L. V. A., Klijn, J. G. M., Wang, Y., and Erasmus, M. C.

19. What's new in pediatrics?

Author

Sanders, K., Wacker, D., Lombard, K., Grose, C., Trigg, M., Morriss, J., Atkins, D., Eva Tsalikian, and Mcguinness, G.

20. The magic words are squeamish ossifrage [RSA public key cryptography]

Author

Atkins, D., Graff, M., Lenstra, Arjen K., and Leyland, P. C.

Subjects
data privacy, Internet, number theory, algorithm theory, public key cryptography
Abstract

We describe the computation which resulted in the title of this paper. Furthermore, we give an analysis of the data collected during this computation. From this data, we derive the important observation that in the final stages, the progress of the double large prime variation of the quadratic sieve integer factoring algorithm can more effectively be approximated by a quartic function of the time spent, than by the more familiar quadratic function. We also present, as an update to “Factoring by electronic mail” by Lenstra and Manasse (1990), some of our experiences with the management of a large computation distributed over the Internet. Based on this experience, we give some realistic estimates of the current readily available computational power of the Internet. We conclude that commonly-used 512-bit RSA moduli are vulnerable to any organization prepared to spend a few million dollars and to wait a few months

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