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We were very interested in the article by Eleid et al1 reporting a large population of 1704 patients with severe aortic stenosis (

It is a pleasure to have the opportunity to refute comments and allegations made by Claverie and Abergel (2014) regarding one of our recent publications (Scheid et al. 2014). We clearly have to state that the so-called misleading statements which they criticized were not “corrected” but were misinterpreted by them to a great extent. To respond directly, we follow the arrangement of the letter of Abergel and Claverie.

This work focuses on the reconstruction of two and three dimensional images of the concentration of paramagnetic species from electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements. A direct operator, modeling how the measurements are related to the paramagnetic sample to be imaged, is derived in the continuous framework taking into account the physical phenomena at work during the acquisition process. Then, this direct operator is discretized to closely take into account the discrete nature of the measurements and provide an explicit link between them and the discrete image to be reconstructed. A variational inverse problem with total variation regularization is formulated and an efficient resolvant scheme is implemented. The setting of the reconstruction parameters is thoroughly studied and facilitated thanks to the introduction of appropriate normalization factors. Moreover, an a contrario algorithm is proposed to derive the optimal resolution at which the data should be acquired. Finally, an in-depth experimental study over real EPR datasets is done to illustrate the potential and limitations of the presented image reconstruction model.

This study aimed to evaluate the ability of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to refine hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk stratification.Six SNPs in PNPLA3, TM6SF2, HSD17B13, APOE, and MBOAT7 affecting lipid turnover and one variant involved in the Wnt-β-catenin pathway (WNT3A-WNT9A rs708113) were assessed in patients with alcohol-related and/or HCV-cured cirrhosis included in HCC surveillance programs (prospective CirVir and CIRRAL cohorts). Their prognostic value for HCC occurrence was assessed using Fine-Gray models combined into a 7-SNP genetic risk score (GRS). Prediction ability of two clinical scores (a routine nongenetic model determined by multivariate analysis and the external aMAP score) without then with the addition of the GRS was evaluated by C-indices. The standardized net benefit was derived from decision curves.Among 1145 patients, 86 (7.5%) developed HCC after 43.7 months. PNPLA3 and WNT3A-WNT9A variants were independently associated with HCC occurrence. The GRS stratified the population into 3 groups with progressively increased 5-yr HCC incidence [Group 1 (n=627, 5.4%), Group 2 (n=276, 10.7%), and Group 3 (n=242, 15.3%); P0.001]. The multivariate model identified age, male sex, diabetes, platelet count, GGT levels, albuminemia and the GRS as independent risk factors. The clinical model performance for 5-yr HCC prediction was similar to that of the aMAP score (C-Index 0.769). The addition of the GRS to both scores modestly improved their performance (C-Index 0.786 and 0.783, respectively). This finding was confirmed by decision curve analyses showing only fair clinical net benefit.Patients with cirrhosis can be stratified into HCC risk classes by variants affecting lipid turnover and Wnt-β-catenin pathway. The incorporation of this genetic information modestly improves the performance of clinical scores.The identification of patients at higher probability of developing liver cancer is pivotal to improve the performance of surveillance. Risk assessment can be achieved by combining several clinical and biological parameters used in routine practice. The addition of patients' genetic characteristics can modestly improve this prediction and will ultimately pave the way for precision medicine in patients eligible for HCC surveillance, allowing physicians to trigger personalized screening strategies.

Granular cell tumor (GCT) was first described by Abrikossoff in 1926. It is a mostly benign tumor with rare malignant transformation. It is defined as a soft tissue neoplasm with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. The mean age of diagnosis for GCT is around 45 years. It is rare for GCT to be found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Within the subset of GI tract, the colon is an extremely rare site for it to be found. Franburg-Smith histopathology criteria are used to differentiate a benign from a malignant GCT. The malignant form is aggressive with high recurrence rates after resection. Histopathology and immunohistochemical stains are used to make a definitive diagnosis. Herein, we present a rare case of an ascending colon polyp that was resected and found to be a benign GCT.

22 pags., 8 figs., 1 tab., Massive stars disrupt their natal molecular cloud material through radiative and mechanical feedback processes. These processes have profound effects on the evolution of interstellar matter in our Galaxy and throughout the universe, from the era of vigorous star formation at redshifts of 1-3 to the present day. The dominant feedback processes can be probed by observations of the Photo-Dissociation Regions (PDRs) where the far-ultraviolet photons of massive stars create warm regions of gas and dust in the neutral atomic and molecular gas. PDR emission provides a unique tool to study in detail the physical and chemical processes that are relevant for most of the mass in inter-and circumstellar media including diffuse clouds, proto-planetary disks, and molecular cloud surfaces, globules, planetary nebulae, and star-forming regions. PDR emission dominates the infrared (IR) spectra of star-forming galaxies. Most of the Galactic and extragalactic observations obtained with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will therefore arise in PDR emission. In this paper we present an Early Release Science program using the MIRI, NIRSpec, and NIRCam instruments dedicated to the observations of an emblematic and nearby PDR: the Orion Bar. These early JWST observations will provide template data sets designed to identify key PDR characteristics in JWST observations. These data will serve to benchmark PDR models and extend them into the JWST era. We also present the Science-Enabling products that we will provide to the community. These template data sets and Science-Enabling products will guide the preparation of future proposals on star-forming regions in our Galaxy and beyond and will facilitate data analysis and interpretation of forthcoming JWST observations., Support for JWST-ERS program ID 1288 was provided through grants from the STScI under NASA contract NAS5-03127 to STScI (K.G., D.V.D.P., M.R.), Univ. of Maryland (M.W., M.P.), Univ. of Michigan (E.B., F.A.), and Univ. of Toledo (T.S.-Y.L.). O.B. and E.H. are supported by the Programme National “Physique et Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire” (PCMI) of CNRS/INSU with INC/INP co-funded by CEA and CNES, and through APR grants 6315 and 6410 provided by CNES. E. P. and J.C. acknowledge support from the National Science and Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant program (RGPIN-2020-06434 and RGPIN-2021-04197 respectively). E.P. acknowledges support from a Western Strategic Support Accelerator Grant (ROLA ID 0000050636). J.R.G. and S.C. thank the Spanish MCINN for funding support under grant PID2019-106110GB-I00. Work by M.R. and Y.O. is carried out within the Collaborative Research Centre 956, subproject C1, funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)—project ID 184018867. T.O. acknowledges support from JSPS Bilateral Program, grant No. 120219939. M.P. and M.W. acknowledge support from NASA Astrophysics Data Analysis Program award #80NSSC19K0573. C.B. is grateful for an appointment at NASA Ames Research Center through the San José State University Research Foundation (NNX17AJ88A) and acknowledges support from the Internal Scientist Funding Model (ISFM) Directed Work Package at NASA Ames titled: “Laboratory Astrophysics—The NASA Ames PAH IR Spectroscopic Database.”

Speckle filtering is generally a prerequisite to the analysis of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Tremendous progress has been achieved in the domain of single-image despeckling. Latest techniques rely on deep neural networks to restore the various structures and textures peculiar to SAR images. The availability of time series of SAR images offers the possibility of improving speckle filtering by combining different speckle realizations over the same area. The supervised training of deep neural networks requires ground-truth speckle-free images. Such images can only be obtained indirectly through some form of averaging, by spatial or temporal integration, and are imperfect. Given the potential of very high quality restoration reachable by multi-temporal speckle filtering, the limitations of ground-truth images need to be circumvented. We extend a recent self-supervised training strategy for single-look complex SAR images, called MERLIN, to the case of multi-temporal filtering. This requires modeling the sources of statistical dependencies in the spatial and temporal dimensions as well as between the real and imaginary components of the complex amplitudes. Quantitative analysis on datasets with simulated speckle indicates a clear improvement of speckle reduction when additional SAR images are included. Our method is then applied to stacks of TerraSAR-X images and shown to outperform competing multi-temporal speckle filtering approaches. The code of the trained models is made freely available on the Gitlab of the IMAGES team of the LTCI Lab, T\'el\'ecom Paris Institut Polytechnique de Paris (https://gitlab.telecom-paris.fr/ring/multi-temporal-merlin/).

We report the observation of pulsed solid state MASER from hyperpolarized proton spin system using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) at cryogenic temperature. Induction decays exhibiting multiple asymmetric maser pulses and persistent for tens of second were observed in DNP experiments performed on negatively polarized water samples at cryogenic. These experiments a qualitatively reproduced by simulations of this non-linear spin dynamics by combining the Bloch-Maxwell equations for radiation damping that further incorporate dipolar interactions, on the one hand, and a simplified model of DNP, on the other hand.

DNP cross-talk experiments in the thermal mixing regime provide energy transfer rates between the different reservoirs. The dependence of the kinetic parameters on the radical concentration and H/D ratio sheds light onto the nature of “hidden” spins.

Purpose To present our experience in the management of selected extraconal orbital roof lesions utilizing the transorbital endoscopic approach. Methods A retrospective case series of patients who underwent transorbital endoscopic orbital surgery in a single medical center between 2015 to 2020. Results Eleven patients underwent transorbital endoscope assisted surgery for various indications. The mean age at surgery was 31.9 years (range, 6–73 years). Mean follow-up time was 18 months (range, 1–30). The aim of surgery was curative in 10 cases and diagnostic in one patient. Adequate specimen for tissue diagnosis was obtained from all patients. In 8 patients the procedure was completed through a superior eyelid crease incision, and in three patients a combined approach including functional endoscopic sinus surgery was used for achieving complete excision. None of the patients required conversion to an external wider orbital procedure. Intraoperative complication included cerebrospinal fluid leak in one case, which was addressed immediately; and postoperative complications included one case of pre-septal orbital cellulitis treated by intravenous antibiotics with complete resolution. Conclusion Endoscopic-assisted transorbital approach enabled safe removal of selected lesions involving the orbital roof and provides an effective and less invasive alternative to a traditional frontal craniotomy or lateral orbitotomy.

ObjectiveThe transnasal endoscopic approach may provide better visualisation and a safer approach to the orbital apex. This study presents a case series of orbital apex lesions managed by this approach.MethodThis study was an eight-year retrospective analysis of seven patients who were operated on for orbital apex lesions in two tertiary medical centres.ResultsComplete tumour removal was performed in three patients and partial removal was performed in four patients. Visual acuity improved in three patients, remained stable in one patient and decreased in the other two patients. The visual field improved in four patients and did not change in two patients. Complications included worse vision and visual fields in 28.6 per cent of patients and late enophthalmos (of −1.25 ± 4.6 mm) in 2 patients.ConclusionThe transnasal approach to orbital apex lesions in selected cases may provide a rational alternative to transorbital surgery. Complete tumour removal should be weighed against the risk of damage to the optic nerve.

The Mimivirus 1.2Mb genome is organized into a nucleocapsid-like genomic fiber composed of a mixture of two GMC-oxidoreductase paralogs (1). Surprisingly, these proteins also constitute the glycosylated fibril layer that decorates the virion (2). The individual inactivation of each gene by homologous recombination-based knockout (KO) confirmed that they are not essential. The resulting genomic fiber corresponds to a 5- and a 6-start helix, similar to the wild type structures, and is composed of the remaining GMC-oxidoreductase. A model is proposed explaining the transition from a 6- to a 5-start helix and their coexistence. The two single mutants and the double mutant, for which both genes have been KO, showed equivalent fitness in laboratory conditions with no impact on the glycosylation of the layer of fibrils surrounding the capsids. Their major protein components can be easily exchanged, as highlighted by the double KO fibril layer composition. Accordingly, we show that the proteins composing the fibril layer can already be different between different members of the family (moumouviruses and megaviruses), echoing their differences in glycan composition (3, 4). These results obtained on two distinct essential processes (genome packaging and virion infectivity) illustrate the exceptional functional redundancy of theMimiviridae, which may be the major evolutionary force behind their giant genomes.One-Sentence Summary: Functional redundancy warrants mimivirus genomic fiber and fibril layer formation.Subject Area: Biological sciences/Microbiology/Virology/Viral evolution; Biological sciences/Microbiology/Virology/Virus structures

Coil migration is a known complication of endovascular coiling of cerebral aneurysms. We report an acute coil migration occurring during coiling of an unruptured anterior choroidal aneurysm, while a separate coil was retrieved into the microcatheter concomitantly without direct contact between the coils. The “pulling” of a previously deployed stable coil is presented as an adverse effect that should be noted. This case exemplifies that not only direct entanglement or erroneous malposition can generate acute migration, but possibly, also alteration of physical forces during coil retrieval. A potential mechanism, similar to a venturi effect, caused by a quick suction within the microcatheter at its distal end, is suggested, and the clinical relevance of the case is discussed.

International audience; Background and aims: Non-O blood group promotes deep vein thrombosis and liver fibrosis in both general population and hepatitis C. We aimed to evaluate the influence of Non-O group on the outcome of Child-Pugh A cirrhotic patients.Methods: We used two prospective cohorts of Child-Pugh A cirrhosis due to either alcohol or viral hepatitis. Primary end point was the cumulated incidence of 'Decompensation' at 3 years, defined as the occurrence of ascites , hydrothorax, encephalopathy, gastrointestinal bleeding related to portal hypertension, or bilirubin >45 μmol/L. Secondary end points were the cumulated incidences of (1) 'Disease Progression' including a « decompensation» or « the occurrence of one or more parameters » among: prothrombin time (PT)

Gadolinium is a metal used in contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. Although gadolinium is widely used in clinical settings, many concerns regarding its toxicity and bioaccumulation after gadolinium-based contrast agent administration have been raised and published over the last decade. To date, most toxicological studies have focused on identifying acute effects following gadolinium exposure, rather than investigating associated toxicity mechanisms. In this study, we employ functional toxicogenomics to assess mechanistic interactions of gadolinium with

The detailed proteomic analysis ofMarseilleviridaeicosahedral capsids revealed that the two most abundant protein components of the virions were the Major Capsid Protein (MCP) and the product of an ORFan gene conserved in allMarseilleviridae. The noumeavirus NMV_189 3D structure revealed a common fold with fiber head proteins used by a variety of viruses to recognize their cellular receptor. However, the trimeric structure of NMV_189 uniquely lacking a tail domain, presented a deep concave site suggesting it could be directly anchored to the pseudo-hexagonal capsomers of the virion. This was confirmed by the unambiguous fit of the structure in the melbournevirus 4.4 Å cryo-EM map. In parallel, our structural genomic study of zamilon vitis virophage capsid proteins revealed that Zav_19 shared the same trimeric fiber head fold, but presented an N-terminal tail with a unique β-prism fold. The fiber head fold thus appears to be conserved in all types of non-enveloped icosahedral virions independently of their genomic contents (dsDNA, ssRNA, dsRNA). This could be a testimony of a common origin or the result of convergent evolution for receptor binding function.IMPORTANCEGiant viruses and their associated virophages exhibit a large proportion (≥60%) of orphan genes,i.e. genes without homologs in databases, and thus a vast majority of their proteins are of unknown function. The structural characterization of two ORFans, NMV_189 and Zav_19, both major components of noumeavirus and zamilon virophage capsids, respectively, revealed that despite a total lack of sequence homology, the two proteins share a common trimeric fold typical of viral receptor binding proteins and could be responsible for host receptor recognition. These two structures extend the range of unrelated viruses using fiber head structures as common receptor binding fold.

Maladaptive daydreaming is considered a pathological condition characterized by a compulsive absorption in complex and vivid fantasies. Over the last years, this clinical condition has received increasing scientific and social interest. Nevertheless, it is not yet officially classified in diagnostic manuals. Maladaptive daydreamers report that one of the most powerful triggers to enter their fantasies is music. The aim of this project is to further investigate the role of music in inducing and modifying the phenomenology of daydreaming in this population.

Carbon is an essential element for life but how much can be delivered to young planets is still an open question. The chemical characterization of planet-forming disks is a crucial step in our understanding of the diversity and habitability of exoplanets. Very low-mass stars ($, version submitted to Nature Astronomy

Background To date, studies investigating the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patient experience with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have consistently reported that the observed rate of COVID-19 within this population is similar to the general population. Limited research has suggested that corticosteroid use in the IBD population may be associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes, but it is still yet to be determined if specific IBD-related clinical factors are associated with worse outcomes. Our goal was to describe clinical COVID-19 outcomes for IBD patients and to identify the clinical factors that may be associated with worse outcomes. Methods In this retrospective study, we utilized the inpatient database within the largest hospital network in the New York City Metropolitan area to identify all IBD patients with confirmed COVID-19. Results Of 83 IBD/COVID-19 patients presenting to a hospital network emergency room, 56 were hospitalized. Overall, 19.6% of hospitalized IBD patients died, compared with 22.2% of all hospital system COVID-19 patients during the time period. There was no association between pre-admission corticosteroid use or biologic treatment with a severe course of COVID-19. Conclusions In contrast to some prior reports, we did not observe an association of pre-admission corticosteroid use and adverse outcomes. While the mortality rate was high for IBD/COVID-19 patients, it was not greater than that for hospitalized COVID-19 patients generally. Though our results are encouraging, we continue to support the recommendations of the leading gastrointestinal and IBD societies to regard our patients as “at risk”, and to observe caution in their care.

Cet article s’intéresse au rôle du zonage agricole dans la professionnalisation de l’agriculture québécoise et dans la limitation de l’accès à la profession d’agriculteur (1), ainsi qu’à ses conséquences pour le développement et le renouvellement de l’agriculture aujourd’hui (2). À partir d’anciens débats sur la protection du territoire et des activités agricoles, nous montrons que la question de la protection du territoire agricole est indissociable de celle de la professionnalisation de l’agriculture, et que les évolutions actuelles concernant la multifonctionnalité, bien qu’ambigües, invitent à s’interroger tant sur le modèle québécois en matière de protection des terres agricoles que sur les critères exclusifs sur lesquels repose la professionnalité agricole., This paper analyzes the role played by agricultural zoning in both the professionalization of Quebec agriculture and in restricting access to the profession (1) including its impacts on the development and renewal of agriculture today (2). Based on historical debates about the protection of rural territory and agricultural activities, we demonstrate that the issue of territorial protection is intrinsically linked to the professionalization of agriculture. In addition, recent developments concerning multifunctionality, while remaining ambiguous, raise questions about Quebec’s model of rural land protection and about the exclusion criteria which define the agricultural profession.

One quarter of the Northern hemisphere is underlain by permanently frozen ground, referred to as permafrost. Due to climate warming, irreversibly thawing permafrost is releasing organic matter frozen for up to a million years, most of which decomposes into carbon dioxide and methane, further enhancing the greenhouse effect. Part of this organic matter also consists of revived cellular microbes (prokaryotes, unicellular eukaryotes) as well as viruses that remained dormant since prehistorical times. While the literature abounds on descriptions of the rich and diverse prokaryotic microbiomes found in permafrost, no additional report about “live” viruses have been published since the two original studies describing pithovirus (in 2014) and mollivirus (in 2015). This wrongly suggests that such occurrences are rare and that “zombie viruses” are not a public health threat. To restore an appreciation closer to reality, we report the preliminary characterizations of 13 new viruses isolated from 7 different ancient Siberian permafrost samples, 1 from the Lena river and 1 from Kamchatka cryosol. As expected from the host specificity imposed by our protocol, these viruses belong to 5 different clades infectingAcanthamoeba spp. but not previously revived from permafrost: Pandoravirus, Cedratvirus, Megavirus, and Pacmanvirus, in addition to a new Pithovirus strain.

We present JWST-MIRI MRS spectra of the protoplanetary disk around the low-mass T Tauri star GW Lup from the MIRI mid-INfrared Disk Survey (MINDS) GTO program. Emission from $^{12}$CO$_{2}$, $^{13}$CO$_{2}$, H$_{2}$O, HCN, C$_{2}$H$_{2}$, and OH is identified with $^{13}$CO$_{2}$ being detected for the first time in a protoplanetary disk. We characterize the chemical and physical conditions in the inner few au of the GW Lup disk using these molecules as probes. The spectral resolution of JWST-MIRI MRS paired with high signal-to-noise data is essential to identify these species and determine their column densities and temperatures. The $Q$-branches of these molecules, including those of hot-bands, are particularly sensitive to temperature and column density. We find that the $^{12}$CO$_{2}$ emission in the GW Lup disk is coming from optically thick emission at a temperature of $\sim$400 K. $^{13}$CO$_{2}$ is optically thinner and based on a lower temperature of $\sim$325 K, may be tracing deeper into the disk and/or a larger emitting radius than $^{12}$CO$_{2}$. The derived $N_{\rm{CO_{2}}}$/$N_{\rm{H_{2}O}}$ ratio is orders of magnitude higher than previously derived for GW Lup and other targets based on \textit{Spitzer}-IRS data. This high column density ratio may be due to an inner cavity with a radius in between the H$_{2}$O and CO$_{2}$ snowlines and/or an overall lower disk temperature. This paper demonstrates the unique ability of JWST to probe inner disk structures and chemistry through weak, previously unseen molecular features., 15 pages, 10 figures. Accepted to ApJL

The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term efficacy of hemorrhoidal radiofrequency thermocoagulation (RFT) on bleeding, prolapse, quality of life (QoL), and recurrence.This retrospective, single-center study, with RFT performed using procedure modified via hemorrhoid exteriorization assessed the evolution of hemorrhoidal prolapse rated by Goligher scale; bleeding and discomfort (0-10), feeling of improvement and satisfaction (-5 to +5/5) by analog scales; the impact of hemorrhoids on QoL by HEMO-FISS-QoL score.From April 2016 to January 2021, 124 patients underwent surgery and 107 could be interviewed in September 2021. The average follow-up was 30 months (range, 8-62 months). The mean work stoppage was 3 days, none in 71.0% of the cases. A mean of 4,334 J was applied. No analgesics were required for 66.4% of patients. External hemorrhoidal thrombosis was the only immediate complication in 9 patients, with no long-term reported complication. Bleeding disappeared in 53 out of 102 patients or dropped from 7 to 3/10 (P0.001). Prolapse reduced from mean grade 3 to 2 (P0.001), discomfort from 7 to 2/10 (P0.001). HEMO-FISS-QoL score improved from 22 to 7/100 (P0.001). Feeling of improvement and overall satisfaction rate are +4/5. Recurrence occurred in 21.5% of patients at 22 months, and 6 required reoperation. Of the patients, 91.6% would choose the same procedure again and 96.3% recommend it.RFT, although imperfect, leads to a significant improvement in hemorrhoidal symptoms and a lasting increase in QoL with minimal pain and downtime, high acceptance, and low complication and recurrence rates.

Dividing attention during the encoding process is associated with a decrease in episodic memory performance (Naveh-Benjamin & Brubaker, 2019; Uncapher & Rugg, 2005). An episode of mind wandering, defined as “task-unrelated and stimulus-independent thoughts” (Smallwood & Schooler, 2006), is associated with a perceptual decoupling akin to a division of attention. Thus, this phenomenon can also impair episodic memory performance (for a review, see Blondé et al., 2022). In a previous study investigating to which extent attentional variation during encoding in a virtual reality environment can predict episodic memory performance, surprising results were reported (Blondé et al., 2021). We found a quadratic reversed U-shaped relationship between the probability of giving a response based on recollection and the score of mind wandering. This means that if the participants had a high score of mind wandering, the probability that they would answer "I know" (the familiarity-based response) was high. Surprisingly, if the participants were fully focusing on the environment and had a low score of mind wandering, the probability of giving a familiarity-based response was also high. However, when the participants were neither fully focused on the task nor their thoughts (intermediate level of mental wandering), the probability that they answered, "I remember" (the recollection-based response) was the highest. These results diverge from the previously described pattern showing a negative linear relationship between mind wandering and recollection-based retrieval. One explanation could be that, on the one hand, when a high level of mind wandering is experienced, it creates a decoupled state of attention hindering the encoding of any items (attended or not). On the other hand, when mind wandering is low, it may be associated with a narrowing of the attentional focus on some attended feature of the scene, which will be better encoded at the expense of the unattended information (e.g., the context). Nevertheless, as this experiment was conducted in a complex environment, and there was no specific task that forced the participant to process the critical items, it is difficult to establish the focus of participants’ attention. Thus, we conducted another experiment to test this hypothesis in a more controlled setting (Blondé et al., in prep) in which the critical items were words encoded during an incidental task. However, the recognition response pattern showed that participants did not distinguish unattended items from the distractors, suggesting that unattended items did not receive any processing during encoding. The purpose of this experiment is thus to test our previous hypotheses with the use of pictures to figure a more complex environment. The use of visual stimuli will allow us to use an eye-tracker during the encoding task to measure fixation times for both attended and unattended stimuli in order to have an implicit assessment of attention received during encoding.