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Avrupa Komisyonu tarafından Aralık 2019’da kabul edilen Yeşil Mutabakat’ın öncü eylemlerinden biri olan AB yeni İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Stratejisi, 24 Şubat 2021 tarihinde açıklanmıştır. Strateji, AB’nin iklim değişikliğinin etkilerine uyum sağlanması konusundaki politika belgelerinin en güncelidir. Belgenin önemi sadece iklim değişikliğine uyumun, iklimle ilişkili artan risk ve afetler karşısında acil eylem gerektiren bir konu olmasından kaynaklanmamaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra yeni Strateji kapsamında gerçekleştirilmesi planlanan eylemlerin, AB ile yakın ilişkileri olan başta Türkiye olmak üzere küresel çapta tüm ülkeler için ekonomik, sosyal ve çevresel sonuçları olmasındandır. İklim değişikliğinin kaçınılmaz etkilerine karşı dirençlilik sağlanması, etki ve etkilenebilirliğin tespit edilerek, iklim değişikliğine uyum eylemlerinin ivedilikle uygulanması; söz konusu etkilerin Türkiye’nin de içinde bulunduğu Akdeniz Havzası gibi kırılgan bölgeler başta olmak üzere, tüm dünyada daha olumsuz sonuçlar ortaya çıkarmasının ön görüldüğü koşullarda sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın ve ulusal güvenliğin sağlanması bağlamlarında her zamankinden önemli hale gelmiştir. Uyum politikalarının geliştirilmesine diğer ülkelerden erken bir tarihte başlamış olan AB’nin söz konusu süreçlerinin gelişiminin, bu kapsamda karşılaştığı sorunların ve uyum politikalarında geldiği güncel durumunun analiz edilmesi; aynı zamanda AB’ye üyelik hedefi bulunan Türkiye’de iklim değişikliğine uyum politikalarının geliştirilmesi bağlamında yararlanılabilecek bir örnek olması bakımından önemlidir. Bu doğrultuda bu çalışmanın amacı, AB’nin iklim değişikliğine uyum politikalarının gelişiminin, Yeşil Kitap (2007), Beyaz Kitap (2009), 2013 yılında açıklanan ve 2018’de gözden geçirilen AB İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Stratejisi ve 2021 yılında açıklanan yeni İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Stratejisi bağlamında incelenmesi ve AB’nin güncel uyum politikalarının Türkiye açısından değerlendirilmesidir. Çalışmada Yeşil Mutabakat ve yeni Uyum Stratejisi kapsamında politikalar geliştirilmesinin, Türkiye açısından toplam ihracatının yaklaşık yarısını gerçekleştirdiği AB ile ticari ilişkileri sürdürmede ve ilerleyen süreçte AB tarafından iklim değişikliğine uyum alanında kapasite geliştirme, teknoloji ve finansman konularında kurulacağı taahhüt edilen ikili iş birlikleri bağlamlarında önemli bir gereklilik olduğu sonucu elde edilmiştir., The EU new Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, one of the priority actions within the scope of the Green Deal, was announced on February 24, 2021. The strategy is very important as the most up-to-date of the EU's policy documents on climate adaptation. The importance of document is not only because climate adaptation is an issue that requires urgent action. Also, actions planned under Strategy have economic, social and environmental consequences for countries, especially Turkey, has relations with EU. Ensuring resilience against the inevitable effects of climate change has become more important for ensuring sustainable development and national security especially in vulnerable regions such as the Mediterranean Basin, where Turkey is located. The EU started the process of developing adaptation policies at an early date. Analyzing these processes in EU is an important example that can be used in the context of policies in Turkey, which also has the goal of the EU membership. This study aims to evaluate the evolution of the EU's climate adaptation policies in the context of Green Paper (2007), White Paper (2009), Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (2013, 2018) and new Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (2021), and to assest the importance of the EU's current climate change policies for Turkey. In the study, it was concluded that the development of policies in the context of the Green Deal and the new Adaptation Strategy is an important requirement for Turkey to maintain commercial relations with EU and to develop cooperation with the EU in climate change adaptation area.

Little is known about the diversity in immune profile of the different wild type strains of zebrafish (Danio rerio), despite its growing popularity as an animal model to study human diseases and drug testing. In the case of data resulting from modeling human diseases, differences in the background Danio fishes have rarely been taken into consideration when interpreting results and this is potentially problematic, as many studies not even mention the source and strain of the animals. In this study, we hypothesized that different wild type zebrafish strains could present distinct immune traits. To address the differences in immune responses between two commonly used wild type strains of zebrafish, AB and Tübingen (TU), we used an intestinal inflammation model induced by 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) and characterized the susceptibility and immune profile in these two strains. Our data demonstrates significant differences in survival between AB and TU strains when exposed to TNBS, suggesting important physiological differences in how these strains respond to inflammatory challenges. We observed that the AB strain presented increased mortality, higher neutrophilic intestinal infiltration, decreased goblet cell numbers and decreased IL-10 expression when exposed to TNBS, compared to the TU strain. In summary, our study demonstrates strain-specific immunological responses in AB and TU animals. Finally, the significant variations in strain-related susceptibility to inflammation and the differences in the immune profile shown here, highlight that the background of each strain need to be considered when utilizing zebrafish to model diseases and for drug screening purposes, thus better immune characterization of the diverse wild type strains of zebrafish is imperative.

The paper is topical and up-to-date as analysis of regulatory documents showed that it is very important to develop managerial skills in future teachers so that they can successfully organize project activities of school leavers as this type of activity demonstrates how they have coped with the academic program of secondary education. As for the share of managerial skills in the pedagogical profession, the analysis of the regulatory documents showed that the most part of functions and competences are connected with management. Still FSES competences do not include the ability of managing pupils’ project activities as a part of educational profession. Thus, we offer to add the managerial competence to the list. This competence shows if one is able to manage pupils’ project activities in accordance with the requirements of FSES. The aim of the research is to find out the structure of the competence which characterizes the ability of future teachers to manage pupils’ project activities. The research methods, such as look-back analysis and generalization of the research results content, helped us to state the grounds for distinguishing the professional competence and its structure. The methods also include decomposition of the competence, comparing the content of the professional standard of a teacher with the FSES HE so as to compare the managerial functions and managerial competences. The offered components, criteria, and tools let us see the formation level of structural components of the professional competence, to find the perspective trends of the activity which could help to increase effectiveness of teaching future teachers how to manage project activities of secondary school pupils.

BM Genel Kurulu, 18 Aralık 1992 tarihinde, Ulusal veya Etnik, Dini ve Dilsel Azınlıklara Mensup Kişilerin Haklarına Dair Bildiri’yi 47/135 sayılı Karar ile, oylama yapılmaksızın, kabul etmiştir. Bildiri’nin 30’uncu yıldönümünün kutlanması vesilesiyle, 21 Eylül 2022 tarihinde AB New York’ta bir açıklama yapmıştır. AB Özel Temsilcisi’nin bu husustaki açıklamada, ciddi insan hakları ihlallerinden ve günümüzde dünya çapında öneme sahip insan hakları ihlallerin örneklerinden söz ettiği sırada, uluslararası çaptaki ağır insan hakları ihlalleriyle bir bağlantısı olmayan “Türkiye’deki Rum azınlığına karşı geçmişte yapılan ayrımcılık” iddiasını dile getirmesi, en hafif nitelendirme ile, hayret vericidir. AB İnsan Hakları Özel Temsilcisi Eamon Gilmore’un açıklamasındaki söz konusu cümlenin, Türkiye’ye karşı uygulamakta olduğu karalama kampanyası için AB’yi bir araç olarak kullanmayı alışkanlık haline getirmiş olan Yunanistan’ın ısrarı sonucu açıklamaya eklendiğine şüphe yoktur. AB İnsan Hakları Özel Temsilcisi’nin BM’de yapmış olduğu açıklamada, Yunan yetkilileri tarafından kendisine dayatılan Türkiye’de azınlık statüsüne sahip Yunan Ortodoks Türk vatandaşlarına dair iddiaları uygun biçimde incelemeden öne sürmüş olması üzücüdür. Özel Temsilci’nin görev tanımı, AB üyesi ülkelerindeki insan hakları ihlalleriyle ilgilenme yetkisinin olmadığını göstermektedir. Özel Temsilci’nin, üye ülkelerdeki belirli azınlıklara karşı yapılan insan hakları ihlallerine dair bilgi sahibi olursa, Yunanistan gibi bazı üye ülkeler tarafından kendisine dayatılabilecek sorunlu meseleleri öne çıkartma konusunda daha dikkatli davranabileceği varsayılmaktadır.

Underwater explosions (UNDEX) produce severe and complex loadings in naval applications. Increased use of composite materials in naval applications requires better understanding of how composite structures will respond and survive an UNDEX. A legacy underwater shock loading method, using liquid nitrogen, was implemented to study the dynamic structural response and failure of flat carbon composite plates. Pressure data was collected using different layouts to study directionality and to characterize the pressure profile of this loading method. A composite test rig was built and utilized to hold composite plates under different backing conditions, water-back (WB) and air-back (AB). Strain response data was collected and analyzed for each composite plate tested. A comparison of water-back and air-back backing conditions was made to better understand the effects of Fluid Structure Interaction in these contrasting backing conditions. Imagery of failure regions was collected, compared, and characterized. Further research is required to validate and more deeply explain the AB and WB comparison results obtained in this research. A compressed air shock pipe underwater release (CASPUR) system was designed and built. Successful initial operational testing of CASPUR was completed. Future pressure profile characterization of CASPUR is needed. Assessment of its efficacy in providing more consistent loading and structure response compared to that of the legacy loading system is required. Lieutenant, United States Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

IPARD programı Avrupa Birliği’nin OTP çerçevesinde Birliğe üyelik yolundaki aday ve potansiyel aday ülkelere yönelik oluşturulan ve Katılım Öncesi Yardım Aracı’nın (Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance- IPA) Kırsal Kalkınma bileşenidir. Türkiye ekonomisinin çok yönlü kalkınma stratejisinde Avrupa Komisyonu ile ülkemizin ortak yürüttüğü “Kırsal Kalkınma Programı” 2014 – 2020 dönemini kapsayan çok yıllı önemli bir program olarak anılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda IPARD ile sunulan mali desteklerin Türkiye tarımında sürdüre geldiği dış ticaretinin kırsal kalkınma enstrümanı ile istihdamdan GSMH’ya kadar oluşturduğu makro iktisadi etkisinin mevcut ve yeni politika uygulamalarına yansıması kaçınılmaz bir sonuçtur. Bu nedenle IPARD’ın Türkiye tarım ihracatına etkisinin araştırılması bu çalışmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada AB tarımsal ve kırsal kalkınma destek programı (IPARD) çerçevesinde sağlanan desteklerin Türkiye tarım ihracatına etkisi 2013/1 – 2016/12 aylık veriler üzerinden yapısal kırılmalı ekonometrik testlerle analiz edilmektedir. Gregory-Hansen tek kırılmalı eşbütünleşme testi sonuçlarına göre seriler arasında uzun dönemli ilişki görülmüş olup FMOLS tahmincisine göre ise IPARD desteklerindeki artışın Türkiye tarım ihracatına pozitif yönde etkisi olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Hacker-Hatemi nedensellik testi sonuçlarında ise tarım ihracatından IPARD desteklerine doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi görülmüştür.

The spleen is a complex secondary lymphoid organ that plays a crucial role in controlling blood‐stage infection with Plasmodium parasites. It is tasked with sensing and removing parasitized RBCs, erythropoiesis, the activation and differentiation of adaptive immune cells, and the development of protective immunity, all in the face of an intense inflammatory environment. This paper describes how these processes are regulated following infection and recognizes the gaps in our current knowledge, highlighting recent insights from human infections and mouse models., Graphical Abstract Reviews the spleen's function during malaria infection; shows how this organ serves as a central hub for activating and exerting effector mechanisms within the immune response to control blood‐stage infection with Plasmodium parasites.

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is directly related to A&beta, amyloidosis&mdash, a hallmark of Alzheimer&rsquo, s disease (AD). However, the impact of environmental factors upon APP biology and A&beta, amyloid pathology have not been well studied. The increased use of nanoparticles (NPs) or engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) has led to a growing body of evidence suggesting that exposure to metal/metal oxide NPs, such as Fe2O3, CuO, and ZnO, may contribute to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD through neuroinflammation. Our previous studies indicated that exposure to CuO nanoparticles (CuONPs) induce potent in vitro neurotoxicity. Herein, we investigated the effects on APP expression in neuronal cells exposed to different metal oxide NPs. We found a low dose of CuONPs effectively activated the NF&kappa, B signaling pathway and increased APP expression. Moreover, the inhibition of p65 expression using siRNA abolished CuONP-mediated APP expression, suggesting that NF&kappa, B-regulated APP expression in response to CuONP exposure may be associated with AD pathology.

Peynir, protein ve kalsiyum bakımından zengin bir gıda maddesi olmasının yanı sıra, uluslararası ticarette de önemli bir yere sahiptir. Dünya süt ürünleri ihracatının %40,3‘ü peynir ticaretinden oluşmaktadır. Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinden Almanya, Hollanda, Fransa, İtalya ve Danimarka yanında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Yeni Zelanda ve Avusturalya uluslararası peynir ticaretinde önemli bir paya sahiptir. Almanya, Hollanda, Fransa, İtalya ve Danimarka 2016 yılı itibariyle dünya peynir ticaretinin %54,8‘ini ve Avrupa Birliği toplam peynir ihracatının %71,8‘ini gerçekleştirmektedir. Türkiye 2016 yılındaki 150 milyon dolar peynir ihracatı ile dünya sıralamasında 25. sırada yer almaktadır. Türkiye süt ürünleri ihracatının %45,0‘i peynir ihracatından oluşmaktadır. Türkiye ve AB uluslararası peynir ticaretinde net ihracatçı konumdadır. Çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye peynir sektörünün uluslararası ticaretteki rekabet gücünü belirlemek ve AB ve seçilmiş AB üyesi ülkelerle karşılaştırmaktır. Çalışmanın verileri Uluslararası Ticaret Merkezi veri tabanından (2001-2016) derlenmiştir. Uluslararası rekabet gücünü ölçmede Balassa (RCA) ve Vollrath (RXA, RTA, RC) indeksleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada bu indekslerin yanı sıra uluslararası rekabet gücünün karşılaştırılmasında Ticaret Dengesi İndeksi de kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada, Türkiye‘nin ortalama RXA, RTA, RC ve TBI indeks sonuçları sırasıyla 0,44, 0,34, 1,51 ve 0,49 ve AB-28‘için bu sonuçlar sırasıyla 2,21, 0,34, 0,17 ve 0,10 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Türkiye uluslararası peynir ticaretinde karşılaştırmalı avantaja sahip olmasına rağmen, AB‘nin avantajı, Türkiye‘ye göre daha fazladır.

Günümüzdünyasında devletleri barış ve güvenliğe katkı sağlamaları için işbirliğineyönlendiren suçluların geri iadesi hem hukuki bir terim olarak hem deuluslararası hukukta yasal bir süreç olarak oldukça önemli bir faktör olarakkarşımıza çıkmaktadır. Tüm dünyada ülkeler barış ve güvenliği güçlendirmekadına suçluların geri iadesi ilkesini mümkün olan en iyi şekilde dizayn etmek içinçabalamakta ve her faili yakalamak, mahkemeye çıkarmak ve cezalandırmak içinyasal mekanizmalarını koordine etmektedirler. Suçluların geri iadesi ilkesigünümüzde hem Avrupa Birliği hem de AB'ye üye olmak isteyen ülkeler için de,örneğin Arnavutluk ve Kosova Cumhuriyeti, önemli bir mekanizmadır. Buçalışma, öncelikle AB'nin daha sonra da Arnavutluk ve KosovaCumhuriyeti'nin suçluların iadesi ilkesi konusunda neler yaptığını, ve süreciiyileştirmek adına ne gibi mekanizmalar geliştirdiğini analiz etmektedir. ABveArnavutluk'tan farklı olarak Kosova örneğinde devletlerin Kosova'yı tanımaması gibi karşılıklı işbirliğini etkileyen 'extra'engeller bulunmaktadır., Extraditionas legal concept as well as legal phenomenon at the international law has beenand is becoming one of the most important aspects to push states cooperates inorder to contribute to peace and security in the world today. As such, it isbroadly known phenomenon in the today’s world. Countries worldwide are goingthrough serious attempts to consolidate and design it in the best possiblemodel aiming strengthening of peace and security by coordinating the activitiesand mechanism in order to ensure detention, put in trial or suffer thepunishment of each and every perpetrator. Extradition today appears one of themost important mechanism and instruments within the framework of EuropeanUnion. It is also becoming an important mechanism beyond Europe, namely incountries aspiring to be members of the European Union like Republic of Albaniaand Republic of Kosova. Thus this paper attempts to present and analyze theapproaches that, first of all EU is doing and in the following Republic ofAlbania and Republic of Kosovo, institutions are using to improve the process and consolidate theinstitute of Extradition, through which an rule of law, respect of humanrights, transparency and democratic life is promoted. Different from the usualpractices at EU level as well as countries like Albania with no contestedstatehood, in Kosovo case there are some “extra” obstacles as those of mutualcooperation between states which are still refusing the recognition of thecountry.

Subjective listening tests are routinely conducted by academic researchers and industry professionals to assess the quality of various speech and audio processing algorithms and transmission services. Listening tests often take place in controlled environments for the sake of consistency, but in many cases, listening tests could be undertaken remotely using a suitable web interface. Despite the work of several projects in the past, there is no publicly available, fully hosted listening test platform which allows for easy test creation, deployment and data collection. Here, we present a fully functional end-to-end listening test platform which allows a user to create and share MUSHRA, ACR and A/B tests within minutes. Collected data can then be downloaded in various forms. For users who would prefer to host the system on their own servers, we provide Docker and AWS images for easy installation.

Contains fulltext : 215751.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) BACKGROUND: Measures of general cognitive and adaptive ability in adults with Down syndrome (DS) used by previous studies vary substantially. This review summarises the different ability measures used previously, focusing on tests of intelligence quotient (IQ) and adaptive behaviour (AB), and where possible examines floor effects and differences between DS subpopulations. We aimed to use information regarding existing measures to provide recommendations for individual researchers and the DS research community. RESULTS: Nineteen studies reporting IQ test data met inclusion for this review, with 17 different IQ tests used. Twelve of these IQ tests were used in only one study while five were used in two different studies. Eleven studies reporting AB test data met inclusion for this review, with seven different AB tests used. The only AB scales to be used by more than one study were the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scale (VABS; used by three studies) and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale 2nd Edition (VABS-II; used by two studies). A variety of additional factors were identified which make comparison of test scores between studies problematic, including different score types provided between studies (e.g. raw scores compared to age-equivalent scores) and different participant inclusion criteria (e.g. whether individuals with cognitive decline were excluded). Floor effects were common for IQ tests (particularly for standardised test scores). Data exists to suggest that floor effects may be minimised by the use of raw test scores rather than standardised test scores. Raw scores may, therefore, be particularly useful in longitudinal studies to track change in cognitive ability over time. CONCLUSIONS: Studies assessing general ability in adults with DS are likely to benefit from the use of both IQ and AB scales. The DS research community may benefit from the development of reporting standards for IQ and AB data, and from the sharing of raw study data enabling further in-depth investigation of issues highlighted by this review.

Visual Abstract, Highlights • The combination of a Western-diet and aortic banding results in a cardio-metabolic heart failure phenotype in Ossabaw swine. • Ossabaw swine with cardio-metabolic heart failure display cardiac dysfunction at the whole heart and cellular levels. • The left ventricle transcriptome showed gene signatures consistent with pro-inflammatory heart failure. • Cardio-metabolic heart failure was coupled with microvascular dysfunction in the heart, skeletal muscle, and brain. • Ossabaw swine with cardio-metabolic heart failure are sedentary and obese with liver dysfunction., Summary The development of new treatments for heart failure lack animal models that encompass the increasingly heterogeneous disease profile of this patient population. This report provides evidence supporting the hypothesis that Western Diet−fed, aortic-banded Ossabaw swine display an integrated physiological, morphological, and genetic phenotype evocative of cardio-metabolic heart failure. This new preclinical animal model displays a distinctive constellation of findings that are conceivably useful to extending the understanding of how pre-existing cardio-metabolic syndrome can contribute to developing HF.

Background\ud The WHO elimination strategy for hepatitis C virus advocates scaling up screening and treatment to reduce global hepatitis C incidence by 80% by 2030, but little is known about how this reduction could be achieved and the costs of doing so. We aimed to evaluate the effects and cost of different strategies to scale up screening and treatment of hepatitis C in Pakistan and determine what is required to meet WHO elimination targets for incidence.\ud \ud Methods\ud We adapted a previous model of hepatitis C virus transmission, treatment, and disease progression for Pakistan, calibrating using available data to incorporate a detailed cascade of care for hepatitis C with cost data on diagnostics and hepatitis C treatment. We modelled the effect on various outcomes and costs of alternative scenarios for scaling up screening and hepatitis C treatment in 2018–30. We calibrated the model to country-level demographic data for 1960–2015 (including population growth) and to hepatitis C seroprevalence data from a national survey in 2007–08, surveys among people who inject drugs (PWID), and hepatitis C seroprevalence trends among blood donors. The cascade of care in our model begins with diagnosis of hepatitis C infection through antibody screening and RNA confirmation. Diagnosed individuals are then referred to care and started on treatment, which can result in a sustained virological response (effective cure). We report the median and 95% uncertainty interval (UI) from 1151 modelled runs.\ud \ud Findings\ud One-time screening of 90% of the 2018 population by 2030, with 80% referral to treatment, was projected to lead to 13·8 million (95% UI 13·4–14·1) individuals being screened and 350 000 (315 000–385 000) treatments started annually, decreasing hepatitis C incidence by 26·5% (22·5–30·7) over 2018–30. Prioritised screening of high prevalence groups (PWID and adults aged ≥30 years) and rescreening (annually for PWID, otherwise every 10 years) are likely to increase the number screened and treated by 46·8% and decrease incidence by 50·8% (95% UI 46·1–55·0). Decreasing hepatitis C incidence by 80% is estimated to require a doubling of the primary screening rate, increasing referral to 90%, rescreening the general population every 5 years, and re-engaging those lost to follow-up every 5 years. This approach could cost US$8·1 billion, reducing to $3·9 billion with lowest costs for diagnostic tests and drugs, including health-care savings, and implementing a simplified treatment algorithm.\ud \ud Interpretation\ud Pakistan will need to invest about 9·0% of its yearly health expenditure to enable sufficient scale up in screening and treatment to achieve the WHO hepatitis C elimination target of an 80% reduction in incidence by 2030.\ud \ud Funding\ud UNITAID.

Turkiye’de Taylor Kurali’nin Asimetrik Nedensellik Testi Oz Ulkeler icin Taylor Kurali’nin gecerliligini test eden cok sayida ampirik calisma yapilmistir. Bu calismada diger calismalardan farkli olarak asimetrik nedensellik testi kullanilacaktir. Analizde, 2006-2015 doneminde Turkiye’de Taylor Kurali baglaminda nominal faiz oraninin; enflasyon acigi, cikti acigi ve doviz kuru ile asimetrik nedensellik iliskisi incelenmistir. Calismanin sonuclarina gore Turkiye’de enflasyondan faiz oranina dogru bir asimetrik nedensellik iliskisi bulunmustur. Nominal faiz orani ile doviz kuru arasinda ise sadece doviz kuruna verilen pozitif soklar, faiz oranini pozitif yonde etkilemektedir. Diger yandan calismanin bulgulari, sadece nominal faiz oranina verilen negatif soklar karsisinda uretimin pozitif tepki verdigini gostermektedir. Bu bulgu, literaturde Taylor kuralini destekleyen ampirik calismalarla celismektedir. Calismanin bir diger bulgusu ise, uretimin maruz kaldigi negatif soklar karsisinda faiz orani duserek tepki vermektedir.

The WTO is facing difficult times as the renewal of the members of its Appellate Body seems to be in a deadlock. The opposition of some Members of the Organization to the process means the number of adjudicators is slowly dwindling. In this paper, we put this problem in context, by linking it to the greater concerns about consent in international adjudication. Consent amounts to the effective transfer of adjudicative power to a given tribunal. It is therefore argued that the non-renewal of AB members amounts to a withdrawal of consent by the parties concerned, be it legal or not. Should the problem persist, the WTO's dispute settlement system could be profoundly impacted, transforming it into a mere conciliatory body.

This policy review article discusses the humanitarian challenges posed by Arab Spring against the EU’s migration policy. The mass movements following the uprisings throughout the Middle East and the North Africa further highlighted the need for a coherent and comprehensive migration policy for the EU. Hence, migration is at the top of the EU’s political agenda more than ever. Since 2011 the EU and member states have faced a dilemma between the security of their own citizens and the rights and security of the people who have asked for protection. In this article, the EU’s current migration policy is reviewed from a human security perspective. The question of how the EU's commitment to human rights and security was challenged by the influx of people following the Arab Spring will be attempted to answer here.

The recent discoveries of hydrocarbonresources in the Eastern Mediterranean not only opens a great deal ofopportunity for closer regional cooperation by providing channels of communication but also holds much potentialto complicate further the region’s conflict-prone geopolitical architecture.However, the latest developments have proved that realism is the only game inthe town and guides the regional countries in their nationally controversialissues, i.e. energy, maritime borders, exclusive economic zones. The EasternMediterranean countries have, so far, preferred forming their policies inaccordance with the zero-sum-game principles at the expense of the achievementswith their near or far neighbors. Therefore, the competing interests, rivalclaims and distrust among the regional countries would highly be expected tojeopardize the potentially conciliatory role of natural gas as opposed to therole of coal and steel in triggering European integration in the 1950s.Keywords: EasternMediterranean, natural gas, energy security, European Union, Russia

Avrupa Birliği ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) arasında oluşturulmuş Yüksek Seviyeli Çalışma Grubu “Nihai Rapor”unda iki ekonomi arasında ticari ve yatırım ilişkilerini ele alan kapsamlı bir anlaşmanın yapılması önerisiyle ‘ABD – AB Transatlantik Ticaret ve Yatırım Ortaklığı (TTYO)’ çalışmalarına başlanmıştır. AB ve ABD’nin planladığı bu anlaşma Dünya gayri safi milli hâsılasının neredeyse yarısını ve küresel ticaret akışının da üçte birini teşkil etmektedir. AB ve ABD’nin bu anlaşmaya Türkiye’yi de dâhil etmesi halinde ülkemizde önemli ticari ve hukuki sonuçlar doğuracak nitelikte bir gelişme yaşanabilecektir. Aksi durumda ise yapılacak bu anlaşma ülkemiz dış ticaretini negatif etkileyebilecektir. Yapılan bu çalışma ile ABD – AB Serbest Ticaret Anlaşması ile Türkiye aleyhine oluşacak ticaret sapmasının Gümrük Birliği'nin işleyişini tehdit eder boyuta ulaşma riski ortaya konularak, alternatif stratejilerle oluşturulmak istenen Türkiye – ABD Transatlantik Serbest Ticaret Anlaşmasının önemi ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır., Between the European Union and the United States of America ( USA) is formed High-Level Working Group of "Final Report" of the two economies has begun addressing trade and investment relations to deal with the proposal of a comprehensive 'U.S. - EU Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). This agreement has planned of the EU and the U.S to nearly half of the world's gross national product, and constitutes one third of global trade flows. In this study will be presented the U.S. - EU Free Trade Agreement with Turkey trade distortion will occur against the risk of reaching a threat for the functioning of the Customs Union.

Targeting tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs) with specific Abs is a promising therapeutic approach for cancer treatment, although the molecular mechanism(s) responsible for the Abs’ biological activity are not completely known. We targeted the transmembrane RTK for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) with a monoclonal Ab (DN30). In vitro , chronic treatment of carcinoma cell lines resulted in impairment of HGF-induced signal transduction, anchorage-independent growth, and invasiveness. In vivo , administration of DN30 inhibited growth and metastatic spread to the lung of neoplastic cells s.c. transplanted into immunodeficient nu / nu mice. This Ab efficiently down-regulates HGF receptor through a molecular mechanism involving a double proteolytic cleavage: ( i ) cleavage of the extracellular portion, resulting in “shedding” of the ectodomain, and ( ii ) cleavage of the intracellular domain, which is rapidly degraded by the proteasome. Interestingly, the “decoy effect” generated by the shed ectodomain, acting as a dominant negative molecule, enhanced the inhibitory effect of the Ab.

After the 2nd World War, Europe entered the economic integration process, especially in order to enable the multidirectional equalization in the world trade, to stimulate the foreign trade, and established the various organizations. The most important and effective one among these is customs union, applied among the members in the body so called European Union today. With signification of Paris Treaty that established Coal and Steel Community (Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherland, and Luxemburg), the foundations of the future Europe were laid. Turkey is a country that wants to be the member of European Union and that makes an effort for this. In this context Turkey presents its efforts about this matter, developing its relationships in the economic, political,, cultural, and security areas with Western agencies The association agreement signed between Turkey and European Economic Community in 1963 formed the basis of relationships with European countries. Agreement on Customs Union, signed in 1996, is the turning point of relationships. The relationships of EU – Turkey, in the summit held in Helsinki in December 10 -12, 1999, together we with the acceptation of candidateship of Turkey, was fully built in the perspective of full membership. The packages of Adaptation Law, Turkey Advancement Reports, National Programs that were prepared, and the decisions made in the EU summits got Turkey approached to Europe one step more. In accordance with the decision made in intergovernmental conference held on the date of October 3, 2005, AB started the negotiations on the full membership with Turkey., II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra Avrupa özellikle dünya ticaretinde çok yönlü denkleşmeye imkan sağlamak, dış ticareti canlandırmak amacıyla ekonomik bütünleşme sürecine girmiş ve çeşitli organizasyonlar kurmuştur. Bunlardan en önemlisi ve etkilisi; bugün AB(Avrupa Birliği) olarak adlandırılan yapıda üyeler arasında uygulanan GB (Gümrük Birliği)’dir. AKÇT (Avrupa Kömür Çelik Teşkilatı)’nı kuran Paris Antlaşması’nın imzalanmasıyla (Almanya, Fransa,İtalya,Belçika, Hollanda ve Lüksemburg) gelecekteki AB’nin temelleri atılmıştır. Türkiye, Avrupa Birliği’ne üye olmak isteyen ve bunun için çaba gösteren bir ülkedir. Bu bağlamda Türkiye, bu konudaki çalışmalarını ekonomik, siyasi, kültürel ve güvenlik alanlarındaki batılı kuruluşlarla ilişkilerini geliştirerek göstermektedir. 1963 yılında Türkiye ile Avrupa Ekonomi Topluluğu arasında imzalanan Ortaklık Antlaşması, Avrupa ülkeleriyle ilişkilerin temelini oluşturmuştur. 1996’da imzalanan Gümrük Birliği Antlaşması ise ilişkilerin dönüm noktasıdır. AB-Türkiye ilişkileri, 10-12 Aralık 1999’da Helsinki’de gerçekleştirilen zirvede Türkiye’nin adaylığının kabul edilmesiyle birlikte tam anlamıyla tam üyelik perspektifine oturmuştur. Hazırlanan Uyum Yasası Paketleri, Türkiye İlerleme Raporları, Ulusal Programlar, AB Zirvelerinde alınan kararlar; Türkiye’yi bir adım daha AB’ne yaklaştırmıştır. 3 Ekim 2005 tarihinde Lüksemburg’da yapılan hükümetler arası konferans’ta alınan karar uyarınca, AB, Türkiye ile tam üyelik müzakerelerini başlatmıştır.

Candidates for liver transplantation with AB blood group remain on the waiting list for shorter times than candidates with O blood group. To investigate the reasons of this phenomenon, we analyzed data concerning deceased donors, liver transplant candidates, and liver first transplants performed in the United States during the period 2003 to 2004. The percentage of deceased donors with blood group O was higher than that of candidates on the waiting list with the identical blood group (P.05). On the other hand, for blood groups A, B, and AB an opposite situation was observed: the percentages of deceased donors were significantly lower compared to those candidates with the identical blood group (A blood group, P.05; B and AB blood groups, P.001). When the number of grafts from deceased donors was compared with the number of those effectively transplanted, a negative difference for O blood group recipients was found (ie, transplanted liversharvested livers) and a positive one for AB blood group (transplanted liversharvested livers) were found. Since disease progression and causes of acute liver failure, including primary nonfunction and hepatic artery thrombosis leading to retransplantation were similar among the various blood groups, we concluded that the shorter waiting time for AB patients in the pre-MELD era was due to the use of compatible livers to the detriment of group O recipients.

Avrupa’nın güneydoğusunda, doğu ile batı arasındaki doğal ulaştırma koridorunun tam üzerinde yer alan Balkanlar Bölgesi, sahip olduğu stratejik konum ekseninde ortaya çıkan sistemsel paylaşım mücadelesinin yanı sıra, bünyesinde barındırdığı farklı etno-kültürel ve dinsel grupların birbirleriyle girdiği mücadele ekseninde de çatışma gerçekliğini özümsemiştir. Bu nedenle günümüzde Balkanlar Bölgesi’nde ortaya çıkan en ufak bir çıkar çatışması dahi derhal güvenlikleştirilmekte ve uluslararası sistemi etkileyen büyük bir sorun haline gelmektedir. Soğuk Savaş sonrası Avro-Atlantik İttifakı’nın sistemik kontrolü altına girmiş olan Balkanlar Bölgesi, AB ve NATO’nun doğuya doğru genişleme stratejisinde önemli bir terminal noktası haline geldiği için, her iki aktör de bölgedeki çatışma gerçekliğini geri plana iterek bölgesel işbirliğini Batılı siyasal ve ekonomik değerler üzerinden yapılandırmaya çalışmaktadır. Ancak tarihsel sorunlar ve geniş çaplı bir bölgesel çatışma ortamı yaratan rakip ulusal kimlikler, Rusya’nın AvroAtlantik İttifakı’nın benimsediği sistemsel değerlere yönelttiği muhalefet ile birleşince Balkanlar Bölgesi’nde çatışma faktörü işbirliğine üstün gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada geleneksel kuramların günümüze uyarlanmış birer devamı olan neorealizm ve neoliberalizm ile sosyal inşacılık bağlamında Balkanlar’ın konjonktürel görünümü ve muhtemel geleceği irdelenmeye çalışılacaktır, Balkan Region, which is positioned on the transportation corridor that goes from east to west, has internalized the reality of conflict by the effect of a system based power struggle that comes from its strategic location and the combatting nature of the varied ethno-cultural and religious groups. Therefore a slightest conflict which emerges in the region of Balkans immediately becomes a problem of security that articulated into the international system. Balkan Region which drifted within the international system based tide of the Euro-Atlantic Alliance becomes an important station at the strategy of eastern enlargement of EU and NATO. Because of this, both of these systemic actors are trying to push the reality of conflict into background and also striving to structure the regional collaboration by using their own (Western) values. Nevertheless, when historical problems and the rivalry based national identities which create conflicts unite with the Russian opposition that gravitate towards the systemic values of the Euro-Atlantic Alliance, conflict prevails at the Balkans. This study will examine the cyclical scene and the probable future of the Balkans within the context of neorealism, neoliberalism and social constructivism

Le roi Stanislas ne hante plus nos bibliothèques mais son nom est resté attaché à notre patrimoine architectural : les traces qu’il a laissées en Lorraine sont à compter parmi les plus belles réalisations du dix-huitième siècle, bien que la monarchie française se soit empressée de détruire la plus grande partie des constructions ordonnées par cet atypique souverain qui avait passé commande à l’architecte Emmanuel Héré de tout un programme d’embellissement de la ville de Nancy. La Place Royale...

Dans la réflexion sur les relations entre l’art et la réalité, la question des écritures du pouvoir se situe à un point de croisement fécond. C’est du pouvoir politique qu’il s’agit principalement dans ce volume, dans l’appréciation des œuvres qu’il suscite. Apparaissent des hommes qui exercent le pouvoir et qui prennent la plume, décrivent leur situation, leur condition, leurs fonctions. Certains sont des créateurs avant d’avoir eu une situation politique. Quelle relation leur œuvre entretient-elle avec leur action ? Viennent aussi et surtout les hommes de l’art qui s’intéressent au pouvoir. Comment représentent-ils cette position dominante de personnages de premier plan, voire de personnages collectifs, de groupes au pouvoir ou de masses ? Comment la création rend-elle compte, non pas seulement de la figure du grand homme, mais de la forme du pouvoir, de la configuration de son exercice ? Quelle est la nature de l’engagement de l’artiste, si tant est que l’écriture en suppose un ? D’une position à l’autre, de celle de l’homme politique à celle de l’artiste, et inversement, se révèlent en effet des interactions, s’illustrent des fonctions particulières de la littérature et des arts, des corollaires nécessaires à l’exercice du pouvoir ou une part même de cet exercice. Pour approcher de ces interférences, le champ d’investigation qu’adopte ce volume est large, de l’Antiquité à l’époque contemporaine, sans limitation géographique, avec un croisement des approches disciplinaires, ce qui permet de relativiser, de percevoir des continuités sur la longue durée, d’établir de fécondes comparaisons. Le fil qui est suivi est celui qui transversalement infléchit une certaine idée du pouvoir. D’abord, les visions et les positions euphorisées, idéalisation du prince dans le conseil ou dans son éducation, célébrations du pouvoir, pour atteindre à ces situations stables ou moins stables de l’écriture dans l’exercice du pouvoir. Puis, les visions contrastées ou même ambiguës du pouvoir, et, plus appuyées, les critiques et les contestations, avant que n’arrive l’oscillation ou le choix clair entre l’emprise et la déprise. De là, enfin, des contre-pouvoirs ou d’autres pouvoirs peuvent surgir sur des horizons de fuite.

A systematic replication of Comprehensive Application of Behavior Analysis to Schooling (CABAS®) was conducted in Italy for 5 emergent-listener pre-speaker students with autism. Data were collected across five months, from 12 to 25 hours per week, including all the system components of the U.S. application package. Selinske, Greer & Lodhi (1991) and Lamm & Greer (1991) outcomes were replicated, even during the 12-hour per week package, suggesting even higher efficiency. The experimental replication was then stopped, due to the mandatory enrollment of the Participants in public schools with full inclusion model of education. CABAS®-based programs outcomes applied in a CABAS® environment were so compared with implementation of the same curricula in a regular school environment. Data showed students’ improvement in both conditions, with evidence of higher initial improvement in the CABAS® condition. The third experiment measured CABAS® performance as a training environment for teachers with no previous teaching experience, and compared it with regular elementary school and a learning centre. Data suggested that teachers who received 200 hours of CABAS® training met criteria for the higher amount of teaching expertise and good practice indicators identified in this study. So, future CABAS® applications could promote both students and teachers improvement and represent a significant advancement for the dissemination of science-based educational principles and practices in the country of “teaching as an art”.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2011, İnsanlık tarihini derinden etkileyen Sanayi Devrimiyle birlikte; devrimi gerçekleştiren ülkeler hızla ekonomik olarak kalkınmakta, devrimi gerçekleştiremeyen ülkeler ise öncü ülkelerin sömürgeleri haline dönüşmekteydi. Sanayi Devrimi ile birlikte, kentleşme hızla devam etmiş, kırsal bölgelerde yaşayan insanlar kent merkezlerine ve çeperlerine yerleşmişlerdir. Ekonomik, sosyal faaliyetlerin merkezi haline gelen öncü bölgeler, diğer bölgeleri de kendilerine bağlı alt bölgeler haline getirmiştir. 20. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren merkez bölgelerin gittikçe güçlenmesi, görece geri kalmış bölgelerin rekabet koşullarının da gittikçe zor hale gelmesine neden olmuştur. Devam eden süreçte, 1980’li yıllardan itibaren küreselleşme hareketlerinin etkisiyle, sınır ötesi ticari aktiviteler yoğunlaşmış, öncü bölgeler ve bu bölgelere bağlı alt bölgeler tamamen kutuplaşmıştır. Her geçen yıl söz konusu farklılıklar daha da ciddi boyutlara ulaşmıştır. AB, bölgeler arası gelişmişlik düzeylerinin artması sonucunda, farkların azaltılması için önleyici bölgesel politikalar gerçekleştirmiştir. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde, AB bölgesel kalkınma politikaları ve bu politikalara bağlı araçlar incelenecektir. Aynı bölümde, bölgesel yakınsama kavramına değinilecektir. Bölgesel yakınsama kavramına yaklaşımlar ve bu yaklaşımların eleştirileri irdelenip, çalışmada temel ekonomik gösterge olarak belirlenen GSYİH (Gayri Safi Yurt İçi Hasıla) değeri ile yakınsama kavramı incelenecektir. İkinci bölümde, çalışma konusu İspanya ve Polonya’nın AB süreci, farklı dönemlere ait ekonomik göstergelerin incelenmesi ve yapısal fonların ülkelere göre dağılımı yorumlanacaktır. Çalışmanın devamında İspanya ve Polonya bölgelerinin çeşitli ekonomik göstergeler ile yapısal fonların dağılımının analizi ortaya konulacaktır. Söz konusu analizler ile bölgelerin çalışma konusu olan 1996-2008 yılları arasında seçilmiş dönemlerde gösterilen gelişimler irdelenecektir. AB bölgesel politikaları kapsamında, görece kalkınmada geri kalmış bölgelerin AB bölgesel politikaları paralelinde nasıl bir gelişim gösterdikleri ortaya konulacaktır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, örnek olarak seçilen Polonya ve İspanya örneklerinin göstermiş olduğu gelişim ve değişimlerden sonuçlar çıkartılıp öneriler oluşturulacaktır., With the Industrial Revolution which affected mankind deeply; the revolutionized countries economically developed rapidly, however, other countries had become dependencies of revolutionized countries. With the Industrial Revolution, urbanisation had growth quickly, the people who lives in rural areas, migrated to city centers and lead to urban sprawl. The leader regions that become center of economic and social activities, made other regions dependent to developed regions. For mid-term of 20th century, the leader regions have become more powerful and poor region’s competition level have become lower. Nonetheless, with 1980’s globalisation effect; cross-border commmercial and social activities have been more intensive and leader regions have become more powerful. The differencies between powerful and poor regions have been higher gradually. European Union (EU), results of high disparities between regions, organised regional policies because of decreasing regional economic differencies. First chapter of thesis, EU regional development policies and policy-coordinated instruments will be analyzed. In the same chapter, it will be mentioned about regional convergence. Approaches of regional convergence will be analyzed, GDP (Gross Domestic Product) value,which is basic economic indicator, and regional convergence will be observed. On the second part of thesis, working issues Spain and Poland’s EU process, analyze of economic indicators in period of time and distribution of structural funds according to countries will be evaluated. Subsequently, Spain and Poland’s different economic indicators and the analyze of distribution structural funds will be emphasized. With analysis, region’s development indicators will be explicated between the period of 1996-2008. Within the context of regional policies, it will be displayed that, how relatively underdeveloped regions growth rapidly. In conclusion there will be suggestions from subject countries Poland and Spain’s development and changing phase., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.

The parent (H2N-S-F) and N,N-dialkyl-substituted fluorides of amidosulfoxylic acid (R2N-S-F, R=Me or R2N=Morph) as well as the related compounds X-S-F (X=CH3, OH, F, SiH3, PH2, SH, Cl) have been investigated with quantum chemical calculations at the ab initio (MP2) level of approximation. The geometries, electronic structures, molecular orbital (MO) energies and NMR chemical shift values have been calculated to evaluate the role and extent of the polarization and delocalization effects in forming of the high-field fluorine NMR resonances within the series of interest. The delta F magnitudes for all investigated fluorides of amidosulfoxylic acid as well as the delta N value calculated for Me2N-S-F are in the good agreement with the F-19 and N-14 NMR chemical shift values measured experimentally. For the parent compounds, H2N-S-F and H2N-SO2-F, the orientation of principal axes of the magnetic shielding tensors and the corresponding principal sigma(ii) values along these axes have been qualitatively interpreted basing on the analysis of the MO interactions in the presence of the rotating magnetic field. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article evaluates recent developments in agricultural support programs, and discusses the possible adjustment problems between Turkey’s agriculture policies and the market-oriented policies proposed by some international organizations. Turkey’s agricultural support payments are compared with that of EU, USA, and some other OECD member countries, followed by a discussion on the current situation in Turkey and what needs to be done in light of the ongoing accession negotiations with the EU., Bu yazıda tarımsal destekleme politikalarında son zamanlarda meydana gelen gelişmeler ele alınmış, çeşitli uluslararası ekonomik kuruluşlar öncülüğünde teşvik edilen ve tarım sektöründe piyasa mekanizmasının işleyişini hâkim kılmayı amaçlayan politikaların, Türk tarım politikaları ile uyumu değerlendirilmiştir. Türkiye’de tarım kesimine yapılan destekleme ödemeleri AB, ABD ve çeşitli OECD ülkeleriyle karşılaştırılmış, AB ile yürütülen müzakereler de dikkate alınarak, Türkiye’nin halihazırda tarım sektöründe ne durumda olduğu ve neler yapması gerektiği tartışılmıştır.

National audience; Cet article analyse les conditions théoriques et politiques d'une meilleure insertion des signes d'identification de la qualité et de l'origine (SIQO) dans le contexte d'une économie globalisée. La première partie présente en bref état des lieux institutionnel et économique de ces filières en France et dans l'UE. La deuxième partie explique la controverse sur ces signes qui oppose l'UE aux USA et aux pays du groupe de Cairns. La troisième partie développe deux conditions théoriques et politiques, qui faciliteraient la reconnaissance et l'acceptation de ces protections: mieux asseoir et expliciter leur légitimité, sur la base d'une réponse aux critiques qui leur sont adressées; améliorer leur crédibilité par une meilleure gouvernance des procédures et des institutions.

An immune tolerant tumor microenvironment promotes immune evasion of lung cancer. Agents that antagonize immune tolerance will thus aid the fight against this devastating disease. Members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family modulate the magnitude, duration and phenotype of immune responsiveness to antigens. Among these, GITR expressed on immune cells functions as a key regulator in inflammatory and immune responses. Here, we evaluate the GITR agonistic antibody (DTA-1) as a mono-therapy and in combination with therapeutic vaccination in murine lung cancer models. We found that DTA-1 treatment of tumor-bearing mice increased: (i) the frequency and activation of intratumoral natural killer (NK) cells and T lymphocytes, (ii) the antigen presenting cell (APC) activity in the tumor, and (iii) systemic T-cell specific tumor cell cytolysis. DTA-1 treatment enhanced tumor cell apoptosis as quantified by cleaved caspase-3 staining in the tumors. DTA-1 treatment increased expression of IFNγ, TNFα and IL-12 but reduced IL-10 levels in tumors. Furthermore, increased anti-angiogenic chemokines corresponding with decreased pro-angiogenic chemokine levels correlated with reduced expression of the endothelial cell marker Meca 32 in the tumors of DTA-1 treated mice. In accordance, there was reduced tumor growth (8-fold by weight) in the DTA-1 treatment group. NK cell depletion markedly inhibited the antitumor response elicited by DTA-1. DTA-1 combined with therapeutic vaccination caused tumor rejection in 38% of mice and a 20-fold reduction in tumor burden in the remaining mice relative to control. Mice that rejected tumors following therapy developed immunological memory against subsequent re-challenge. Our data demonstrates GITR agonist antibody activated NK cell and T lymphocyte activity, and enhanced therapeutic vaccination responses against lung cancer.

High-pressure SANS experiments have been performed on acidic dilute solutions of the dimeric protein P-lactoglobulin. To evidence the solvent effect on the protein stability during compression, two different solvents, D2O and a 50% w/w mixture of water and ethyleneglycol have been considered. Data confirm that pressure induces dissociation in both solvents, even if P-lactoglobulin shows an higher stability in 50% ethylene-glycol. An original global fitting procedure has been used to derive the thermodynamic parameters that describe the dissociation equilibrium. As a result, the role of the solvent in protein dissociation has been observed to reflect on volume and compressibility changes. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2006, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2006, İnşaat sektörü diğer sektörlerle olan yakın bağları, diğer sektörlerde iş hacmi yaratma kapasitesi, istihdam üzerindeki olumlu etkisi ve ihraç edilebilir bir hizmet olmasıyla ülke ekonomilerinin omurgalarındandır. Türk İnşaat Sektörü geçmiş dönemlerde çeşitli krizler ve deprem sebebiyle sürekli küçülmüş, ekonomi içinde oynadığı rol arzu edilenden çok uzak kalmıştır. Türk İnşaat Sektörünün arzu edilen bir seviyeye gelmesi için önümüzdeki dönem iyi anlaşılmalıdır. Türkiye nin önümüzdeki dönemde ekonomik ve sosyal hayatındaki en büyük etken olacak Avrupa Birliğine giriş süreci bu sebeple çalışmanın odağında yer almıştır. Çalışma kapsamında dünyadan inşaat sektörünün ilerlemesine yönelik çeşitli çalışmalar incelenmiş, buralardan elde edilen veriler çalışmada aktarılmıştır. Ayrıca Türkiye de inşaat sektörüne yönelik yapılan çalışmalarda benzer şekilde aktarılmıştır. Avrupa Birliğinin çeşitli politik dokümanları ve yönetmelikleri de incelenerek inşaat sektörüyle ilgili Birlik perspektifi yansıtılmış, Türk İnşaat Sektörü nü yakından ilgilendiren başlıklar incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bütün bulgular değerlendirildikten sonra Türk İnşaat Sektörü nün AB ye uyum sürecinde başarılı olması ve genel anlamda daha rekabetçi bir hale gelmesi için öneri de bulunulmuştur., Construction industry is one of the backbones of the economy with its close bonds with other industries, capacity to trigger other industries, positive impact on employment and as an exportable service. In last decade Turkish Construction Industry has shrinked for long time because of some crisis and earthquake and couldn t play its critic role for Turkish economy. To develop and improve Turkish Construction Industry new decade has to be understood well. Such a study will be done in the thesis by focusing on Turkey s membership process of European Union as the main variant affecting the economic and social life of Turkey. During the thesis study, reports made to develop construction industry across the world has examined and data acquired by them used in the thesis. Also reports made for the development of Turkish Construction Industry is examined and used with a similar way. European Union construction industry perception is reflected by studying political documents and directives of Union and main topics which will affect Turkish Construction Industry are discussed. After all data have been evaluated, a suggestion for the successful integration of Turkish Construction Industry in EU integration process and an increase in competitiveness., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.

We have studied asteroid bodies (ABs) of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) in a series of sarcoid and foreign body granulomas with a standard streptavidin-biotin peroxidase technique, using commercial antibodies against collagen, vimentin and tubulin on routinely processed tissue as well as, in one case, on fresh frozen sections (FS). Our findings clearly indicate that ABs are products of the microtubule (MT) system and lack collagen. The tubulin in them stains in fresh FS but is «masked» in formalin-fixed tissue. It can be fully «unmasked» by dephosphorylation and partially by trypsinization. Compared to single microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) in mononuclear cells serving as interna1 controls, ABs are obvious replicas of centrosome-nucleated MT assemblies from which they differ principally by the disproportionate size of their components and by the invariable vacuolation of the surrounding cytoplasm. Relying on bits of relevant information gleaned from the literature, our observations support the following preliminary conclusions: 1) spokes are massive bundles of MTs nch in tyrosinated a-tubulin coassembled in phosphorylated linkages with yet unidentified microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) and probably microfilament proteins; cores are masses of pericentriolar material including amorphous tubulins, MAPs, phosphoproteins and phospholipids; 2) their size, at least in some ABs, appears to indicate the presence of overlapping centrosome-nucleated MTOCs which in monocyte-derived MGCs are known to be multiple; 3) the cytoplasmic vacuolations around them reflect a collapse and retraction of intermediate filaments (IFs), indicating substantial ongoing MT depolymerization with disruption of MT-IF interactions; 4) ABs are products of unusual MTOC dynamics characterized by simultaneous MT assembly and depolymerization; such a phenomenon, temed «microtubule catastrophec, has been recognized in vitro with centrosome-nucleated MT assemblies under conditions of low tubulin concentrations.

The potential energy surface of the ground state He+Cl2(1Σg) is calculated by using the perturbation theory of intermolecular forces and supermolecular Møller–Plesset perturbation theory approach. The potential energy surface of the first excited triplet He+Cl2(3Πu) was evaluated using the supermolecular unrestricted Møller–Plesset perturbation theory approach. In the ground state two stable isomers are found which correspond to the linear He–Cl–Cl structure (a primary minimum, De=45.1 cm−1, Re=4.25 Å) and to the T‐shaped structure with He perpendicular to the molecular axis (a secondary minimum, De=40.8 cm−1, Re=3.5 Å). The small difference between these geometries is mainly due to the induction effect which is larger for the linear form. The results obtained for the T‐shaped minimum are in good agreement with the excitation spectroscopy experiments which observed only the T‐shaped form [Beneventi et al., J. Chem. Phys. 98, 178 (1993)]. In the lowest triplet states correlating with Cl2(3Πu), 3A′ and 3A″, the same two isomers correspond to minima. Now, however, the T‐shaped form is lower in energy. The 3A′ and 3A″ states correspond to (De,Re) of (19.9 cm−1, 3.75 Å) and (30.3 cm−1, 3.50 Å), respectively, whereas the linear form is characterized by (19.8 cm−1, 5.0 Å). The binding energy for the T form in the lower 3A″ state is in good agreement with the experimental value of Beneventi et al.

Nonadditive contribution to the interaction energy in water trimer is analyzed in terms of Heitler–London exchange, SCF deformation, induction and dispersion nonadditivities. Nonadditivity originates mainly from the SCF deformation effect which is due to electric polarization. However, polarization does not serve as a universal mechanism for nonadditivity in water. In the double‐donor configuration, for example, the Heitler–London exchange contribution is the most important and polarization yields the wrong sign. Correlation effects do not contribute significantly to the nonadditivity. A detailed analysis of the pair potential is also provided. The present two‐body potential and its components are compared to the existing ab initio potentials (MCY) as well as to empirical ones (RWK2,TIP,SPC). The ways to improve these potentials are suggested.

The combination of supermolecular Møller–Plesset treatment with the perturbation theory of intermolecular forces is applied in the analysis of the potential‐energy surface of Ar–H2O. The surface is very isotropic with the lowest barrier for rotation of ∼35 cm−1 above the absolute minimum. The lower bound for De is found to be 108 cm−1 and the complex reveals a very floppy structure, with Ar moving freely from the H‐bridged structure to the coplanar and almost perpendicular arrangement of the C2 –water axis and the Ar–O axis, ‘‘T‐shaped’’ structure. This motion is almost isoenergetic (energy change of less than 2 cm−1 ). The H‐bridged structure is favored by the attractive induction and dispersion anisotropies; the T‐shaped structure is favored by repulsive exchange anisotropy. The nonadditive effect in the Ar2–H2O cluster was also calculated. Implications of our results on the present models of hydrophobic interactions are also discussed.

Full geometry optimizations are performed to determine the equilibrium geometry of the hydrogen‐bonded complex H2S–HF. The angle between the plane of the H2S moiety and the H‐bond axis calculated with the 4–31 G basis set is 106° as compared to the experimental value of 91±5°. This quantity is reduced significantly when d orbitals are added to the basis set, yielding an angle within experimental error of 91°. (AIP)

Ab initio calculations are carried out for FH–PH3 and ClH–PH3 using a basis set including two sets of polarization functions. Electron correlation is incorporated via Møller–Plesset perturbation theory to second and (in part) to third orders. The basis set is tested and found to produce satisfactory treatments of subsystem properties including geometries and dipole moments as well as the proton affinity and inversion barrier of PH3. Electron correlation is observed to markedly enhance the interaction between PH3 and the hydrogen halides. Its contribution to the complexation energy is 30% for FH–PH3 and 50% for ClH–PH3. Moreover, the equilibrium geometries of the complexes at correlated levels are quite different than SCF structures.

Ab initio calculations are carried out on the complexes H3N–LiF, H3N–LiCl and their analogs H3N–HF and H3N–HCl as well as the isolated subunits. Double‐zeta basis sets, augmented by two sets of polarization functions, are used in conjunction with second‐order Moller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) for evaluation of electron correlation effects. The Li bonds are found to be substantially stronger than their H‐bonding counterparts, due in large measure to the greater dipole moments of the LiX subunits. Correlation has a large effect on the geometry and energetics of both H‐bonded complexes, reducing the intermolecular separation and contributing between 20% and 40% to the total complexation energy. In contrast, the SCF and MP2 results for the Li bonds are nearly identical. The small net effect of correlation in these complexes is ascribed to cancellation between incorporation of dispersion and reduction of the electrostatic component. Another distinction between the two types of bonds arises from consideration of the stretch of the LiX and HX bonds resulting from complex formation. Whereas correlation increases the magnitude of this bond elongation in the H bonds, an opposite trend is noted in the Li bonds.

BACKGROUND: Measures of general cognitive and adaptive ability in adults with Down syndrome (DS) used by previous studies vary substantially. This review summarises the different ability measures used previously, focusing on tests of intelligence quotient (IQ) and adaptive behaviour (AB), and where possible examines floor effects and differences between DS subpopulations. We aimed to use information regarding existing measures to provide recommendations for individual researchers and the DS research community. RESULTS: Nineteen studies reporting IQ test data met inclusion for this review, with 17 different IQ tests used. Twelve of these IQ tests were used in only one study while five were used in two different studies. Eleven studies reporting AB test data met inclusion for this review, with seven different AB tests used. The only AB scales to be used by more than one study were the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scale (VABS; used by three studies) and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale 2nd Edition (VABS-II; used by two studies). A variety of additional factors were identified which make comparison of test scores between studies problematic, including different score types provided between studies (e.g. raw scores compared to age-equivalent scores) and different participant inclusion criteria (e.g. whether individuals with cognitive decline were excluded). Floor effects were common for IQ tests (particularly for standardised test scores). Data exists to suggest that floor effects may be minimised by the use of raw test scores rather than standardised test scores. Raw scores may, therefore, be particularly useful in longitudinal studies to track change in cognitive ability over time. CONCLUSIONS: Studies assessing general ability in adults with DS are likely to benefit from the use of both IQ and AB scales. The DS research community may benefit from the development of reporting standards for IQ and AB data, and from the sharing of raw study data enabling further in-depth investigation of issues highlighted by this review.