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Early-life nutrition affects calf development and thus subsequent performance. The aim of this study was to examine the effect plane of nutrition on growth, feeding behaviour and systemic metabolite concentrations of artificially reared dairy bull calves. Holstein-Friesian (F; n=42) and Jersey (J; n=25) bull calves with a mean±SD age (14±4.7 v. 27±7.2 days) and BW (47±5.5 v. 33±4.7 kg) were offered a high, medium or low plane of nutrition for 8 weeks using an electronic feeding system which recorded a range of feed-related events. Calves were weighed weekly and plasma samples were collected via jugular venipuncture on weeks 1, 4 and 7 relative to the start of the trial period. The calves offered a high plane of nutrition had the greatest growth rate. However, the increased consumption of milk replacer led to a reduction in feed efficiency. Holstein-Friesian calves offered a low plane of nutrition had the greatest number of daily unrewarded visits to the feeder (P

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of nutrition during the first 18 weeks of life on the physiological and transcriptional functionality of the hypothalamic (arcuate nucleus region), anterior pituitary and testes in Holstein–Friesian bull calves. Holstein–Friesian bull calves with a mean (±S.D.) age and bodyweight of 19 (±8.2) days and 47.5 (±5.3) kg, respectively, were assigned to either a HIGH (n = 10) or LOW (n = 10) plane of nutrition, to achieve an overall target growth rate of 1.2 or 0.5 kg/day, respectively. At 126 ± 1.1 days of age, all calves were euthanised. Animal performance (weekly) and systemic concentrations of metabolic (monthly) and reproductive hormones (fortnightly) were assessed. Testicular histology, targeted gene and protein expression of the arcuate nucleus region, anterior pituitary and testes were also assessed using qPCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The expression of candidate genes in testicular tissue from post pubertal 19-month-old Holstein–Friesian bulls (n = 10) was compared to that of the 18-week-old calves. Metabolite and metabolic hormone profiles generally reflected the improved metabolic status of the calves on the HIGH (P< 0.001). Calves offered a HIGH plane of nutrition were heavier at slaughter (P < 0.001), had larger testes (P < 0.001), larger seminiferous tubule diameter (P < 0.001), more mature spermatogenic cells (P < 0.001) and more Sertoli cells (P < 0.05) in accordance with both morphological and transcriptional data. Overall, testicular gene expression profiles suggested a more mature stage of development in HIGH compared with LOW and were more closely aligned to that of mature bulls. Ghrelin receptor was the only differentially expressed gene between LOW and HIGH calves in either the anterior pituitary (P < 0.05) or arcuate nucleus region of the hypothalamus (P < 0.10) and was upregulated in LOW for both tissues. This study indicates that an enhanced plane of nutrition during early calfhood favourably alters the biochemical regulation of the hypothalamus–anterior pituitary–testicular axis, advancing testicular development and hastening spermatogenesis.

peer-reviewed The dataset generated during and analysed in the current study are available in the NCBI’s Gene Expression Omnibus repository, and are accessible through GEO Series accession number GSE97674 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gds/?term=GSE97674]. Background Adipose tissue is a major endocrine organ and is thought to play a central role in the metabolic control of reproductive function in cattle. Plane of nutrition during early life has been shown to influence the timing of puberty in both male and female cattle, though the exact biological mechanisms involved are currently unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of early calf-hood nutrition on the transcriptomic profile of subcutaneous adipose tissue in Holstein-Friesian bulls to identify possible downstream effects on reproductive physiology. Results Holstein-Friesian bull calves with a mean (±S.D.) age and bodyweight of 19 (±8.2) days and 47.5 (±5.3) kg, respectively, were assigned to either a high (n = 10) or low (n = 10) plane of nutrition. Calves were fed in order to achieve an overall growth rate of 1.08 and 0.57 kg/day for the high and low plane of nutrition treatments, respectively. At 126 days of age, the bulls were euthanized, subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were harvested and RNAseq analysis was performed. There were 674 genes differentially expressed in adipose tissue of calves on the low compared with the high plane of nutrition (P 2.0). High plane of nutrition positively altered the expression of genes across an array of putative biological processes but the most dominant cellular processes affected were cellular energy production and branched chain amino acid degradation. A high plane of nutrition caused upregulation of genes such as leptin (LEP) and adiponectin (ADIPOQ), which are known to directly affect reproductive function. Conclusions These results provide an insight into the effect of augmenting the plane of nutrition of Holstein-Friesian bull calves in the prepubertal period on the transcriptome of adipose tissue.

peer-reviewed Cation channels of sperm (CatSper) are sperm-specific calcium channels with identified roles in the regulation of sperm function in humans, mice, and horses. We sought to employ a comparative genomics approach to identify conserved CATSPER genes in the bovine genome, and profile their expression in reproductive tissue. We hypothesized that CATSPER proteins expressed in bull testicular tissue mediates sperm hyperactivation and their rheotactic response in the reproductive tract of the cow. Bioinformatic analysis identified all four known CATSPER genes (CATSPER 1-4) in the bovine genome, and profiling by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction identified site-specific variation in messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression for all four genes along the reproductive tract of the bull. Using a novel antibody against CATSPER 1, protein expression was confirmed and localized to the principal piece of bull sperm, in agreement with what has been reported in other species. Subsequent treatment of bull sperm with either the calcium chelator ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid; mibefradil, a specific blocker of CatSper channels in human sperm; or CATSPER1 antibody all significantly inhibited caffeine-induced hyperactivation and the rheotactic response, supporting the concept that the calcium influx occurs via CatSper channels. Taken together, the work here provides novel insights into expression and function of CatSper channels in bull testicular tissue and in the function of ejaculated sperm. peer-reviewed

An unacceptable proportion of stallion sperm do not survive the freeze-thaw process. The hypothesis of this study was that adding cholesterol to a stallion semen extender would stabilise the sperm membrane, resulting in an improved post-thaw semen quality in terms of increased sperm viability, membrane integrity and fluidity, and reduced oxidative stress. Semen was collected from three stallions and diluted in four extenders: TALP; TALP+0.75mg methyl-β-cyclodextrin-cholesterol (MβCD)/mL (MβCD0.75); TALP+1.5mg MβCD-cholesterol/mL (MβCD1.5); and Equipro. Following 15min incubation, samples were centrifuged and diluted to 100×10(6)sperm/mL, frozen in 0.5mL straws and stored in liquid nitrogen. Sperm from each treatment was assessed for progressive linear motility (PLM) and acceptable membrane integrity under hypotonic conditions on a phase contrast microscope at 1000× while viability, membrane fluidity and superoxide generation were assessed by flow cytometry. The MβCD1.5 and MβCD0.75 treatments had a greater proportion of viable sperm than the TALP treatment (P0.01). There was no effect of treatment on PLM or membrane integrity. The MβCD1.5 treatment had a greater proportion of viable sperm positive for membrane fluidity than the TALP treatment (P0.05). The MβCD1.5 and MβCD0.75 treatments had a lesser proportion of viable sperm positive for superoxide generation than the TALP treatment (P0.001). This study has demonstrated that adding cholesterol to stallion sperm prior to cryopreservation increases post-thaw viability, with these viable sperm being of better quality in terms of increased membrane fluidity and reduced superoxide generation.

The onset of puberty in the bull is regulated by the timing of early GnRH pulsatility release from the hypothalamus, which has been demonstrated to be affected by plane of nutrition during calf-hood. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of plane of nutrition on growth rate, scrotal development, metabolite concentrations and exogenous gonadotrophin (GnRH) induced release of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone (TT) in pre-pubertal bulls of two contrasting dairy breeds. Holstein-Friesian and Jersey bull calves were assigned to either a high or low plane of nutrition from 3 to 49 weeks of age. Intensive blood sampling was conducted at 16, 24 and 32 weeks of age, every 15 min from 30 min prior to intravenous administration of exogenous GnRH to 135 min after. Monthly blood samples were also collected and analyzed for insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin, leptin, adiponectin and metabolite concentration. Insulin and IGF-1 were higher in bulls on a high plane of nutrition (P 0.001) but were not affected by breed (P 0.05). Leptin was not affected by plane of nutrition or breed (P 0.05). Adiponectin tended to be higher in bulls on a high plane of nutrition (P = 0.05), but was not affected by breed (P 0.05). Bulls on a high plane of nutrition had a greater concentration of LH in response to GnRH (P 0.05) but there was no effect of breed (P 0.05). FSH concentration was not influenced by breed or plane of nutrition but FSH concentrations did decrease with age (P 0.01), while, LH was not affected by age (P 0.05). Jersey bulls, particularly those on a high plane of nutrition, had higher TT production in the pre-pubertal period (P 0.001). Using 28 cm as a proxy for age at puberty, bulls on a high plane of nutrition were predicted to reach puberty earlier than bulls on a low plane. In conclusion, the data clearly demonstrate that a high plane of nutrition positively affects several key nutritional and reproductive hormones which are critical to the endocrinological functionality of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in dairy-bred bull calves.

Reliable computational studies of large biological systems have only recently become possible due to the availability of high-performance computing resources. In this contribution, we present large-scale quantum mechanics / molecular mechanics (QM/MM) studies of hemoglobin (Hb) and its derivatives. In recent years, Hb has been reported to play an important role in blood-flow regulation via its reactions with the vasodilator, nitric oxide (NO). "S-nitrosohemoglobin" (SNO-Hb) has then emerged as a key player. However, NO-derivatization of the conserved cysteine residue (Cysbeta93) of Hb has been proposed to yield either an S-nitrosothiol (RSNO), an S-hydroxyamino radical (RSN*OH) or a thionitroxide radical (RSNHO*). The relative stabilities of the different proposed chemical forms of "SNO-Hb" are being examined using large-scale QM/MM simulations, and the critical role of the protein environment in the relative stabilities of the "SNO-Hb" forms is demonstrated. Furthermore, it has been proposed that NO is first attached to the heme iron of the beta subunit of hemoglobin, and it is then displaced from the iron by the presence of molecular oxygen and transported to the Cysbeta93 residue. We also investigate the possible transport channels of NO from the heme to this cysteine residue.

The Raman spectra of liquid and solid thiophosgene (Cl 2 CS) have been reinvestigated using Kr + laser excitation and under higher resolution conditions than obtainable earlier. Several new features have been detected, among them the chlorine isotope splitting of the a 1 CCl stretching mode (ν 2 ).