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The manuscript presents the first comprehensive assessment of alien vascular plants in Kostroma Oblast (Upper Volga, central European Russia), a region with low human density and high proportions of natural and seminatural habitats (boreal forests). The data set combines literature published for 1866–2020 and direct field observations made in 2011–2020. Among the 1200 vascular taxa listed for this region, 330 are neophytes, including 125 casual and 172 naturalized species, with 21 species considered invasive; 33 casual species recorded for the region have vanished. Additionally, we identified 14 naturalized species as potentially invasive. Overall, naturalized alien plants made up ca. 14% of the vascular flora of Kostroma Oblast. Elodea canadensis, Erigeron canadensis, Heracleum pubescens, Lupinus polyphyllus, and Matricaria discoidea are the most widely distributed invasive species across the region. The majority of naturalized taxa originated from Eurasia (i.e., Europe, the Mediterranean, and Asia), while in invasive flora, there is a clear dominance of species from North America. Biennial/perennial herbs are the most common naturalized plants, followed by annuals, while woody species are poorly represented. Twenty-five naturalized species (ca. 8% of all neophyte taxa) were recorded in at least half of all districts in the region. The number of naturalized species per district was notably uneven, increasing in districts with higher human population densities. Compared to other European regions in Russia, Kostroma Oblast has poor alien and particularly naturalized flora; this condition is linked to the socioeconomic features and climatic conditions of the region.

First records of trebouxiophycean alga and fungi for the Leningrad Region, myxomycetes for the Republic of Belarus, lichens, saprobic and lichenicolous fungi for European Russia, the Nenets Autonomous Area, the Kostroma and Tver regions, the republics of Altai and Tuva, Altai and Primorye territories, bryophytes for the Orel and Ryazan regions, the arctic part of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the North Koryakia are presented. The data on their localities, habitats, distribution, and specimens are provided.

Corynephorus canescens (L.) P. Beauv. is a perennial grass of European origin, having a limited distribution in Russia. Previously, it was reliably reported from five administrative regions (i. e. the Bryansk, Kaliningrad, Moscow, Pskov and Smolensk Regions). In this article, I present the first record of C. canescens in the Leningrad Region (Northwestern Russia). The local population of the species was found in a natural habitat, a dry pine forest. This is the northernmost known locality of the species in Russia so far. The residence status of C. canescens in Northwestern Russia is briefly discussed.

Cardamine occulta Hornem. (Brassicaceae), an East Asian weedy bittercress, have introduced globally in recent years. First record of this neophyte species in European Russia was made in 2003. According to current data C. occulta was found in nine regions: Leningrad Oblast, Moscow Oblast, Saratov Oblast, Vologda Oblast, Yaroslavl Oblast, the Republic of Karelia, the Udmurt Republic, the city of Moscow and the city of Saint Petersburg. All known populations of C. occulta occupied predominantly man-made habitats. Currently, the species is considered to be a casual or naturalized alien plant. Uncontrollable transfer of the weed along with ornamental plants might lead to its successful spread across the European Russia. Distribution history of the species, as well as a potential for further spread in European Russia are briefly discussed. The main diagnostic morphological features are presented in comparison with those for allied C. hirsuta L. and C. flexuosa With.

First records of 8 lichens, 2 lichenicolous fungi and 1 saprobic fungus for the Kostroma Region, 3 arctic-alpine lichens for the Orenburg Region, 1 lichen for the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic as well as data on their localities, habitats and distribution are provided.