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We elucidate grapevine evolution and domestication histories with 3525 cultivated and wild accessions worldwide. In the Pleistocene, harsh climate drove the separation of wild grape ecotypes caused by continuous habitat fragmentation. Then, domestication occurred concurrently about 11,000 years ago in Western Asia and the Caucasus to yield table and wine grapevines. The Western Asia domesticates dispersed into Europe with early farmers, introgressed with ancient wild western ecotypes, and subsequently diversified along human migration trails into muscat and unique western wine grape ancestries by the late Neolithic. Analyses of domestication traits also reveal new insights into selection for berry palatability, hermaphroditism, muscat flavor, and berry skin color. These data demonstrate the role of the grapevines in the early inception of agriculture across Eurasia.

The outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic in March 2020 has caused unprecedented pressure on public health and healthcare. The spectrum of COVID-19 onset is large, from mild cases with minor symptoms to severe forms with multi-organ dysfunction and death. In COVID-19, multiple organ damage has been described, including lung damage, acute kidney injury, liver damage, stroke, cardiovascular and digestive tract disorders. The aspects of liver injury are different, sometimes presenting with only a slight increase in liver enzymes, but sometimes with severe liver injury, leading to acute liver failure requiring liver transplantation. In patients with chronic liver disease, especially liver cirrhosis, immune dysfunction can increase the risk of infection. Immune dysfunction has a multifactorial physiopathological mechanism, implying a complement system and macrophage activation, lymphocyte and neutrophil activity dysfunction, and intestinal dysbiosis. This review aims to evaluate the most relevant studies published in the last years related to the etiopathogenetic, biochemical, and histological aspects of liver injury in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Liver damage is more evident in patients with underlying chronic liver disease, with a significantly higher risk of developing severe outcomes of COVID-19 and death. Systemic inflammation, coagulation disorders, endothelial damage, and immune dysfunction explain the pathogenic mechanisms involved in impaired liver function. Although various mechanisms of action of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver cell have been studied, the impact of the direct viral effect on hepatocytes is not yet established.

Background: 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging represents the most important functional imaging method in oncology. European Society of Medical Oncology and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines defined a crucial role of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging for local/locally advanced breast cancer. The application of artificial intelligence on PET images might potentially contributes in the field of precision medicine. Objective: This review aims to summarize the clinical indications and limitations of PET imaging for comprehensive artificial intelligence in relation to breast cancer subtype, hormone receptor status, proliferation rate, and lymphonodal (LN)/distant metastatic spread, based on recent literature. Methods: A literature search of the Pubmed/Scopus/Google Scholar/Cochrane/EMBASE databases was carried out, searching for articles on the use of artificial intelligence and PET in breast tumors. The search was updated from January 2010 to October 2021 and was limited to original articles published in English and about humans. A combination of the search terms "artificial intelligence", “breast cancer”, “breast tumor”, “PET”, “Positron emission tomography”, “PET/CT”, “PET/MRI”, “radiomic”," texture analysis", “machine learning”, “deep learning” was used. Results: Twenty-three articles were selected following the PRISMA criteria from 139 records obtained from the Pubmed/Scopus/Google Scholar/Cochrane/EMBASE databases according to our research strategy. The QUADAS of 30 full-text articles assessed reported seven articles that were excluded for not being relevant to population and outcomes and/or for lower level of evidence. The majority of papers were at low risk of bias and applicability. The articles were divided per topic, such as the value of PET in the staging and re-staging of breast cancer patients, including new radiopharmaceuticals and simultaneous PET/MRI. Conclusion: Despite the current role of AI in this field remains still undefined, several applications for PET/CT imaging are under development, with some preliminary interesting results particularly focused on the staging phase that might be clinically translated after further validation studies.

We consider a liposome filled with the aqueous solution of an osmotic solute enclosed in a large water bath. Due to osmotic pressure, it works according to a sequence of cycles with two stages. In the first stage, the lipid vesicle with a certain input concentration of the osmotic substance is swelling up in an osmotic process until it reaches a size, when one pore is formed on its surface. The second stage follows, where the vesicle content is partially eliminated through the pore to induce a decrease in the vesicle volume up to its original size. If we take into account that the pore has two stages in its evolution, then the relaxing stage may be divided into two new stages. The swelling of the liposome is described by a differential equation. All the processes which contribute to the vesicle relaxing and its return to the initial size are described by three differential equations.

Emergency workers are exposed to many different risks at the same time and possible consequences for their safety and health may be manifold. Many emergency workers suffer from accidents and injuries in the course of their jobs, as well as other negative health effects that lead to severe deterioration of their physical and psychological well-being. The use of specific personal protective equipment (PPE) according to the given risks is of great importance in preventing adverse health effects among emergency workers. This research aimed to develop, for emergency workers, a PPE system, in a modular structure consisting of: i) modular layer 1: the inner layer, in contact with the skin/Underwear PPE, with the function of sensorial and thermophysiological comfort and which ensures thermal protection; ii) modular layer 2: the intermediate (basic) layer/Duty uniform – with the function of limited protection to the specific risk factors of an unpredictable intervention action (thermal risks: convection heat, flame; risks from the external environment: liquid splashes; mechanical risks: cutting, abrasion, etc); iii) modular layer 3: the outer layer/specialized PPE, with a function of barrier against specific risk factors for fire intervention missions, extreme weather conditions etc. This modular approach provides some advantages, including preserving comfort and flexibility until the intervention mission requires the use of the next level of protection. This helps ensure that emergency responders are not in the position of choosing between their safety or mission effectiveness.

The research presents the results of a survey carried on in Craiova, one of the largest Romanian cities, which contains numerous buildings from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some of which were reconsolidated and brought back to use, while others are still decaying. The aim was to spatially investigate residents’ perceptions of the built heritage in the historical city center of Craiova based on questionnaires and mapping perceptions using the Emotional GIS (EGIS) methodology proposed by Wang (2021) and the extent to which this heritage could be a valuable asset for cultural tourism. The alteration of function as well as the context for part of the historical area of the city center testify to the musealization of the study area. The large number of buildings included on the heritage list outlines the characteristics of a living open-air museum, capitalizing on the heritage in situ.

A criterion for systematization of organic compounds is described. Organic compounds (estimated to 16-20 millions) are of three types: (A) symmetric (especially meso and C2 symmetric), (B) possible symmetry generators, i.e. compounds possessing a real or imaginary, but plausible, symmetric correspondent: irrechi (from irregular distribution of chiral carbons) and constitutional), and (C) archaic (or primitive) that are neither symmetric nor possible symmetry generators. Symmetric compounds are a minority in organic chemistry. The three groups are (bio) chemically interchangeable. In preceding papers we have demonstrated that almost all natural micromolecular combinations are either symmetric or possible symmetry generators; archaic (primitive) type is also represented in natural chemistry. On the other hand, it should be stressed that symmetric compounds, both meso and C2 symmetrical (C2 symm.) have been found almost exclusively in plants and microorganisms, and they are usually produced from constitutional (constit.) precursors. A series of symmetrization/desymmetrization reactions are presented, and the proof is evidenced that they can establish a new and coherent concept in biochemistry and organic chemistry. Symmetrization reactions can be followed according to chemical type involved: oxidation, cyclization, esterification, glycosylation, methylation, etc. This approach is valid to all major classes of compounds. A dendrimeric relationship is presented within molecular formulae.

Background: Abiraterone acetate plus prednisolone (herein referred to as abiraterone) or enzalutamide added at the start of androgen deprivation therapy improves outcomes for patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Here, we aimed to evaluate long-term outcomes and test whether combining enzalutamide with abiraterone and androgen deprivation therapy improves survival. Methods: We analysed two open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trials of the STAMPEDE platform protocol, with no overlapping controls, conducted at 117 sites in the UK and Switzerland. Eligible patients (no age restriction) had metastatic, histologically-confirmed prostate adenocarcinoma; a WHO performance status of 0–2; and adequate haematological, renal, and liver function. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) using a computerised algorithm and a minimisation technique to either standard of care (androgen deprivation therapy; docetaxel 75 mg/m 2 intravenously for six cycles with prednisolone 10 mg orally once per day allowed from Dec 17, 2015) or standard of care plus abiraterone acetate 1000 mg and prednisolone 5 mg (in the abiraterone trial) orally or abiraterone acetate and prednisolone plus enzalutamide 160 mg orally once a day (in the abiraterone and enzalutamide trial). Patients were stratified by centre, age, WHO performance status, type of androgen deprivation therapy, use of aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, pelvic nodal status, planned radiotherapy, and planned docetaxel use. The primary outcome was overall survival assessed in the intention-to-treat population. Safety was assessed in all patients who started treatment. A fixed-effects meta-analysis of individual patient data was used to compare differences in survival between the two trials. STAMPEDE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00268476) and ISRCTN (ISRCTN78818544). Findings: Between Nov 15, 2011, and Jan 17, 2014, 1003 patients were randomly assigned to standard of care (n=502) or standard of care plus abiraterone (n=501) in the abiraterone trial. Between July 29, 2014, and March 31, 2016, 916 patients were randomly assigned to standard of care (n=454) or standard of care plus abiraterone and enzalutamide (n=462) in the abiraterone and enzalutamide trial. Median follow-up was 96 months (IQR 86–107) in the abiraterone trial and 72 months (61–74) in the abiraterone and enzalutamide trial. In the abiraterone trial, median overall survival was 76·6 months (95% CI 67·8–86·9) in the abiraterone group versus 45·7 months (41·6–52·0) in the standard of care group (hazard ratio [HR] 0·62 [95% CI 0·53–0·73]; pinteraction=0·71) or between-trial heterogeneity (I 2 p=0·70). In the first 5 years of treatment, grade 3–5 toxic effects were higher when abiraterone was added to standard of care (271 [54%] of 498 vs 192 [38%] of 502 with standard of care) and the highest toxic effects were seen when abiraterone and enzalutamide were added to standard of care (302 [68%] of 445 vs 204 [45%] of 454 with standard of care). Cardiac causes were the most common cause of death due to adverse events (five [1%] with standard of care plus abiraterone and enzalutamide [two attributed to treatment] and one (

The use of digital technology has become a useful and also a preferred process in the realization of dental prosthetic restorations, because through it, superior quality dental prostheses are obtained in terms of aesthetics, accuracy of execution and durability. CAD/CAM technology is changing all aspects of dentistry, making dental restoration processes much easier and more efficient for dentists, patients and dental technicians. The materials that can be used to manufacture dental restorations designed using Exocad software depend on the type of restoration (crowns, bridges, veneers, etc.) and the manufacturing method (milling with a 3-, 4-, or 5-axis CAM device); available materials include: PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) and zirconia. Using digital technology, in this study we performed 6 fixed prosthetic restorations, of which 5 unidental restorations (5 dental crowns) and 1 pluridental restoration (a 4-element dental bridge); of the 6 prosthetic restorations, 3 restorations will be fixed by cementing on dental abutments, and 3 restorations will be fixed by screwing on implants. Digital technology allows the use of higher quality materials, resulting in more resistant and more aesthetic prosthetic restorations; helps reduce the occurrence of errors; obtaining a better marginal adaptation and a perfect adaptation to the anatomical structures of the patient s teeth.

In this paper was synthesized a bioceramic material based on calcium and phosphorus. Also, the effect of synthesis parameters on the structure and properties of the obtained powders has been studied. In this sense, the stirring speed and the aging time of the precipitates, in the case of some hydroxyapatite powders, are studied. The results show products with the desired characteristics, in terms of structure and composition of analyzed powders.

In this brief review, porous and non-porous biomaterials used as scaffolds in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering and new innovative techniques to obtain biomaterials were discussed. Various methods have been presented to obtain advanced materials used as scaffolds, such as (i) 3D printed biomineral composites obtained with bacteria-loaded ink (bactoInk), (ii) the use of vegetable waste, such as rice husks, parsley, spinach or cocoa in the development of bioplastics, (iii) the use of natural biological materials of animal origin (such as bovine bones, corals, snail shells or eggshells) from waste, or (iv) the creation of new biomaterials that can reduce or combat the infection of scaffolds after implantation.

Vaccination against Human Papilloma Virus continues to remain a highly complex public health issue, as there are many countries or regions that show increasing reluctance. Romania is among the countries that do not provide HPV vaccine in the national vaccination scheme, but offers the opportunity to young girls between 11 and 18 years of age to benefit from free vaccination. It is the responsibility of health professionals in all health sectors to inform themselves correctly, but also to instruct patients in a prophylactic approach against infection with both HPV and other types of microorganisms. Accurate information and a thorough knowledge of the prophylactic means are achieved from the years of study. Our study focuses on the following aspects: the degree of vaccination among dental students, the willingness of students to get vaccinated if they have not done it so far, the degree of information about Human Papilloma Virus infection, including ways of transmission and methods of diagnosing the infection, the perception of students on how this topic has been promoted, the sources of information they access in order to obtain information about Human Papilloma Virus.

Waterlogging causes various metabolic, physiological, and morphological changes in crops, resulting in yield loss of most legumes in rainfed and irrigated agriculture. However, research on cowpea genotypes using physiological and biochemical traits as a measure of tolerance to waterlogging stress is limited. We evaluated the impacts of 7 days of waterlogging (DOW) and 7 days of recovery (DOR) on the physiology and biochemistry of two cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) genotypes (UCR 369 and EpicSelect.4) with contrasting waterlogging tolerance. Cowpea genotypes were grown in a controlled environment until the R2 stage and then subjected to 7 DOW. Later, the waterlogged plants were reoxygenated for an additional 7 DOR. Overall, cowpea genotypes had a contrasting response to waterlogging using different mechanisms. Compared to the control, the photosynthetic parameters of both cowpea genotypes were impaired under 7 DOW and could not recover at 7 DOR, with a larger decline in EpicSelect.4.7 DOW caused significant loss in the chlorophyll and carotenoid content of both genotypes. However, only waterlogged UCR 369 was not photo-inhibited and able to restore the levels of chlorophyll and carotenoids at 7 DOR. In addition, 7 DOW induced intense stress in UCR 369 with increased zeaxanthin, sucrose, and flavonoid content, while these metabolites were decreased in EpicSelect.4. On the other hand, glucose, fructose, and phenolic content were increased in EpicSelect.4 but decreased in UCR 369 at 7 DOR. In summary, compared to EpicSelect.4, UCR 369 restored their photosynthetic pigments and metabolites to the control levels at 7 DOR, indicating a likely tolerance to waterlogging stress.

Background and Aims: MicroRNAs (miR) have altered expression in multiple autoimmune disorders including inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of the study was to assess the tissue and circulating miR-31, miR-200b, and miR-200c expression levels as potential biomarkers for intestinal disease activity in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). Methods: The study included 45 patients with histopathological confirmed CD and active disease (defined as fecal calprotectin >50 μg/g and Simple Endoscopic Score (SES) of CD >3), and 21 subjects as controls for the validation cohort. Demographic and clinical data, biomarkers (fecal calprotectin), endoscopy data, the expression levels of miR-31, miR-200b, and miR-200c in tissue and serum were assessed (by RT-PCR). Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to assess the miR-31, miR-200b, and miR-200c expression levels as potential biomarkers for active CD. Results: Mean fecal calprotectin was 1540±890 μg/g. Mean SES-CD was 8.9±4.2. Tissue and circulating miR- 31 were significantly correlated with fecal calprotectin (r=0.81, r=0.83, p

Research during the Covid-19 pandemic established significant negative mental health consequences for individuals across the globe. However, the impact of the pandemic on interpersonal functioning has yet to be established. Additionally, little research has examined the impact on interpersonal functioning across the types of relationships. This study addresses this gap and explores the quality of family functioning, parent-child relationships, and partner/spouse relationships, one-year post-lifting of lockdown restrictions. Telephone interviews were administered to 100 individuals examining health and mental health functioning; sociodemographic characteristics, household composition, quality and nature of family functioning, parent-child, and partner/spouse relationships. Those who experienced a family member contracting covid-19 reported significant impairment in family functioning, while those experiencing increased levels of stress reported significant impairment, particularly related to parent-child and partner/spouse relationships. Findings also indicate that women experience greater impairment in the partner/spouse relationship than men. Keywords: Covid-19; interpersonal functioning; mental health; pandemic.

The field of research considered in this work is that of mechanisms generating inverse curves. We were motivated to approach this field, proposing variants of mechanisms based on Artobolevsky’s inversor, in blocking conditions, due to the lack of recent applications related to inversor mechanisms that draw curves other than straight lines. Based on Crawford’s inversor, Artobolevsky’s inversor is structurally and kinematically analysed in what follows. Hence, we carried out the kinematic analysis and simulation of four inversor mechanisms derived from Artobolevsky’s inversor, which draw different initial curves (a circle, a straight line, an ellipse and an Archimedes’ spiral) were performed. Inverse curves were generated under limited operating conditions due to geometrical dimensions and kinematic parameters. Given the researchers’ increasing interest in the development of applications related to inversor mechanisms (in fields such as: robotics, machine tools, visual arts and symbolic languages), as well as expanding databases of planar and spatial mechanisms, it is suggested that there is a need to create new mechanisms similar to those studied in this paper and to analyse their mode of operation.

The goal of the study was the discrimination of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)/hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) oil/antioxidant ternary complexes through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with principal component analysis (FTIR–PCA). These innovative complexes combine the characteristics of the three components and improve the properties of the resulting material such as the onsite protection against oxidative degradation of hazelnut oil unsaturated fatty acid glycerides. Also, the apparent water solubility and bioaccessibility of the hazelnut oil components and antioxidants can be increased, as well as the controlled release of bioactive compounds (fatty acid glycerides and antioxidant flavonoids, namely hesperidin, naringin, rutin, and silymarin). The appropriate method for obtaining the ternary complexes was kneading the components at various molar ratios (1:1:1 and 3:1:1 for β-CD hydrate:hazelnut oil (average molar mass of 900 g/mol):flavonoid). The recovering yields of the ternary complexes were in the range of 51.5–85.3% and were generally higher for the 3:1:1 samples. The thermal stability was evaluated by thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. Discrimination of the ternary complexes was easily performed through the FTIR–PCA coupled method, especially based on the stretching vibrations of CO groups in flavonoids and/or CO/CC groups in the ternary complexes at 1014.6 (± 3.8) and 1023.2 (± 1.1) cm−1 along the second PCA component (PC2), respectively. The wavenumbers were more appropriate for discrimination than the corresponding intensities of the specific FTIR bands. On the other hand, ternary complexes were clearly distinguishable from the starting β-CD hydrate along the first component (PC1) by all FTIR band intensities and along PC2 by the wavenumber of the asymmetric stretching vibrations of the CH groups at 2922.9 (± 0.4) cm−1 for ternary complexes and 2924.8 (± 1.4) cm−1 for β-CD hydrate. The first two PCA components explain 70.38% from the variance of the FTIR data (from a total number of 26 variables). Other valuable classifications were obtained for the antioxidant flavonoids, with a high similarity for hesperidin and naringin, according to FTIR–PCA, as well as for ternary complexes depending on molar ratios. The FTIR–PCA coupled technique is a fast, nondestructive and cheap method for the evaluation of quality and similarity/characteristics of these new types of cyclodextrin-based ternary complexes having enhanced properties and stability.

The control of tetrahedral carbon stereocentres remains a focus of modern synthetic chemistry and is enabled by their configurational stability. By contrast, trisubstituted nitrogen1, phosphorus2 and sulfur compounds3 undergo pyramidal inversion, a fundamental and well-recognized stereochemical phenomenon that is widely exploited4. However, the stereochemistry of oxonium ions—compounds bearing three substituents on a positively charged oxygen atom—is poorly developed and there are few applications of oxonium ions in synthesis beyond their existence as reactive intermediates5,6. There are no examples of configurationally stable oxonium ions in which the oxygen atom is the sole stereogenic centre, probably owing to the low barrier to oxygen pyramidal inversion7 and the perception that all oxonium ions are highly reactive. Here we describe the design, synthesis and characterization of a helically chiral triaryloxonium ion in which inversion of the oxygen lone pair is prevented through geometric restriction to enable it to function as a determinant of configuration. A combined synthesis and quantum calculation approach delineates design principles that enable configurationally stable and room-temperature isolable salts to be generated. We show that the barrier to inversion is greater than 110 kJ mol−1 and outline processes for resolution. This constitutes, to our knowledge, the only example of a chiral non-racemic and configurationally stable molecule in which the oxygen atom is the sole stereogenic centre.

Introduction: Self-harm and depression are two related mental health issues that often co-occur and can have serious impacts on individuals and their well-being. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a complex and multifaceted mental health condition that is prevalent among young adults. It is a significant public health concern that affects individuals, families and society as a whole, contributing to considerable social, economic, and health-related costs. Despite the high prevalence of depression in young adults, there is a lack of understanding of its etiology, risk factors, and optimal treatment strategies. Self-harm behavior is a concerning manifestation of MDD that can have serious consequences, including injury, infection, or even death. Methods: In this article, we report a case of an MDD patient with self-harm behavior and discuss the assessment method and treatment options. Our aim is to raise awareness of these pathologies among psychiatrists and the general population and to highlight the importance of early diagnosis and effective treatment in reducing the risk of self-harm behavior and suicide. Conclusion: In light of the case presented, it is evident that early detection and targeted intervention are crucial in mitigating the risk of self-injurious behavior in MDD patients. The utilization of a comprehensive assessment methodology, inclusive of a thorough review of the patient’s clinical history and utilization of standardized rating scales, proved indispensable in the tailoring of an individualized treatment regimen. The amalgamation of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy proved to be a successful strategy in the amelioration of depressive symptoms and consequent self-harm behavior. As such, we trust that this case report will serve to sensitize clinicians to the importance of early identification and prompt management of these pathologies, in the quest for enhanced mental health outcomes.

Past human population dynamics play a key role in integrated models of understanding socio-ecological change over time. However, little analysis on this issue has been carried out for the prehistoric societies in the Lower Danube and Eastern Balkans area. Here, we use summed probability distributions of radiocarbon dates to investigate potential regional and local variation population dynamics. Our study adopts a formal model-testing approach to the fifth millennium BC archaeological radiocarbon record, performing a region-wide, comparative analysis of the demographic trajectories of the area along lower Danube River. We follow the current framework of theoretical models of population growth and perform global and regional significance and spatial permutation tests on the data. Specifically, we investigate whether populations on both sides of the Danube follow a logistic pattern of steady growth, followed by a major decline over time. Finally, our analysis of local-scale growth investigates whether considerable heterogeneity or homogeneity within the region may be observed over the time span considered here. The results show both similarities and differences in the population trends across the area. Our findings are showcased in relation to the cultural characteristics of the region’s 5th millennium BC societies, and future research directions are also suggested.

The recent launch of low Earth orbit satellite constellations is creating a growing threat for astronomical observations with ground-based telescopes1–10 that has alarmed the astronomical community 11–16. Observations affected by artificial satellites can become unusable for scientific research, wasting a growing fraction of the research budget on costly infrastructures and mitigation efforts. Here we report the first measurements, to our knowledge, of artificial satellite contamination on observations from a low Earth orbit made with the Hubble Space Telescope. With the help of volunteers on a citizen science project (www.asteroidhunter.org) and a deep learning algorithm, we scanned the archive of Hubble Space Telescope images taken between 2002 and 2021. We find that a fraction of 2.7% of the individual exposures with a typical exposure time of 11 minutes are crossed by satellites and that the fraction of satellite trails in the images increases with time. This fraction depends on the size of the field of view, exposure time, filter used and pointing. With the growing number of artificial satellites currently planned, the fraction of Hubble Space Telescope images crossed by satellites will increase in the next decade and will need further close study and monitoring.

The full-scale conflict between the Russian Federation and Ukraine generated an unprecedented amount of news articles and social media data reflecting opposing ideologies and narratives. These polarized campaigns have led to mutual accusations of misinformation and fake news, shaping an atmosphere of confusion and mistrust for readers worldwide. This study analyses how the media affected and mirrored public opinion during the first month of the war using news articles and Telegram news channels in Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian and English. We propose and compare two methods of multilingual automated pro-Kremlin propaganda identification, based on Transformers and linguistic features. We analyse the advantages and disadvantages of both methods, their adaptability to new genres and languages, and ethical considerations of their usage for content moderation. With this work, we aim to lay the foundation for further development of moderation tools tailored to the current conflict., 9 pages, 3 figures

The goal of this study was to examine the pronunciation issues of different speakers of English and especially Kurdish speakers, and various perspectives on native vs foreign pronunciations. The research showed that Kurdish speakers had difficulties pronouncing several English vowels and some English consonants. The research results demonstrate that Kurdish English speakers understand the value of pronunciation compared to native and non-native English speakers. Kurdish speakers may hesitate to speak in a manner that seems natural to a native speaker, and their last consonants in words are almost always unaspirated and unvoiced. Given that Kurdish learners of English have difficulty pronouncing some English words, some suggested solutions include providing pronunciation instruction classes to language instructors, having educators speak in English, and giving students examples of native tongue sounds compared and contrasted with the target language sounds. With minimal exposure to cooperation with native speakers and variations in L1's phonological organization compared to English, the difficulty posed by pronunciation is evident. All the updated studies clearly show that these issues affect English speakers in general and rely less and less on their original tongue.

The study aims to emphasize how lexical particles and grammatical constructions express indirect evidentiality and the speaker’s stance in Romanian. As with the other Romance languages, Romanian contains the grammatical means to express the speaker’s knowledge source, such as the Conditional Mood, a prototypical quotative/reportative evidential marking, or the Subjunctive and the Future, which, together with the Presumptive, a modal form specific to this linguistic system alone, function as markers of indirect evidentiality of the inferential type. Additionally, each of these forms can be augmented by a rich lexicalized system of adverbs and particles. For example, pesemne [‘probably’, literally on + signs], poate [‘may be’; a regressive form from the third person singular of the verb a se putea < Late Latin *potere (Classical Latin posse)], probabil [‘probably’, < a borrowing from the Fr. probable and the Lat. probabilis] are lexical particles of inferential evidentiality, and cică [‘supposedly’; a lexicalized form from the expression [se zi]ce că – literally it said that], pasămite [‘apparently’ whose etymology is controversial] and chipurile [‘supposedly’; a borrowing from Hungarian, literally ‘faces’] are means of quotative/reportative evidentiality. This lexical and grammatical system marking indirect evidentiality will be analyzed with respect to their grammaticalization processes, but also addressing the discursive behaviour.