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To describe factors that prevent patient safety incidents in connection with the radiological examination from the radiographer's perspective.Radiology plays an important role in the care chain and involves diagnostic examinations and treatments using various radiation sources and different techniques. Risks for patient safety incidents exist in every phase of a radiological examination. Appropriate use of medical imaging requires a multidisciplinary approach involving staff of different categories to meet the medical objectives and the patient's care needs. In accordance with a Safety-II approach, it is therefore important to understand why things go right and ensure that they do by supporting the conditions for right things to happen.A qualitative study with a descriptive design.Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 radiographers. The data were analysed using theoretical thematic analysis based on the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety model.The analysis yielded 20 sub-themes, which describe different success factors contributing to patient safety.Proactive work should focus on collaboration and sharing the necessary knowledge, internally and externally, for care in connection with the radiological examination. The radiological and peri-radiographic knowledge should include monitoring the patient's safety needs before, during and after the radiological examination. The referring clinician has a central role in writing relevant referrals and the radiographer's competence is crucial in monitoring the patient's safety needs. A good patient safety culture is required and working with standards is important.

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan lasten ja tutkijoiden välisiä sukupolvisuhteita tutkimustoiminnassa. Tutkimusmenetelmänä ja tutkijoihin kohdistuvana pedagogisena menetelmänä käytetään kollaboratiivista autoetnografiaa. Artikkelissa hyödynnetään Pierre Bourdieun episteemisen refleksiivisyyden ajatusta eli tutkijan ja tutkittavien suhteiden ja asemien kriittistä arviointia. Lisäksi tutkimustoiminnassa toteutuvia sukupolvisuhteita tarkastellaan eksistentiaalisen, episteemisen ja juridis-eettisen ulottuvuuden avulla. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu tutkijoiden kirjoittamista autoetnografisista teksteistä sekä lapsille suunnattujen työpajojen litteraateista. Analyysi osoittaa, miten tärkeää on hahmottaa lasten tieto eksistentiaalisesti arvokkaana ja ymmärtää samalla, mikä merkitys tutkijuuteen liittyvillä vastuilla ja eettisellä harkinnalla on. Lapset toimivat tutkijoiden luomissa puitteissa, mutta tutkijat ovat lapsista olennaisesti riippuvaisia, sillä muutoin he eivät kykene tekemään tutkimusta lapsista tai lasten kanssa. Tutkijoiden sukupolvinen asema, ammatillinen tieto ja historia aktualisoituvat etenkin nopeita eettisiä päätöksiä vaativissa tutkimustilanteissa. Analyysi korostaa tilannekohtaisen eettisen tarkastelun tärkeyttä.

Introduction. Coccidiosis, caused by protozoan parasites of genus Eimeria, is a disease with large impact on poultry production worldwide. It is well known that Eimeria immunity is dependent on Th1-type responses. Gap Statement. In vitro assessment of Eimeria-specific T-cell activity would therefore be a valuable research tool but has so far proven difficult to establish. Aim. The present study aimed to evaluate in vitro induced blast transformation and CD25 expression in defined chicken T-cell populations as a measure of Eimeria immunity. Methodology. Three E. tenella infection experiments were performed and PBMC and/or spleen cells were collected between 6 and 16 days after infection of chickens. Cells were stimulated in vitro with E. tenella antigens and T-cell activation was assessed by immunofluorescence labelling and flow cytometry. Results. The results consistently showed statistically significant E. tenella specific activation of TCRα/β+T cells within a ‘window’ from 8 to 14 days after infection for both spleen cells and PBMC. Responding T-cells were identified as CD4+CD8-, CD4+CD8αα+ and CD4-CD8αβ+ where the CD4+CD8αα+ cells generally showed the highest responses. All three of these TCRα/βT-cell subsets showed significant E. tenella induced blast transformation and/or CD25 expression albeit not always in concert on the same days after infection indicating complex kinetics of T-cell responses. In general, responses were higher for spleen cells compared to PBMC for all responding T-cell populations. Conclusions. This methodology shows promise to study Eimeria-specific T-cells, e.g. to evaluate vaccine responses. Results indicated that a Th1-type response was induced and suggested a role for CD4+CD8αα+ cells in Eimeria immunity.

Probabilistic programming languages (PPLs) make encoding and automatically solving statistical inference problems relatively easy by separating models from the inference algorithm. A popular choice for solving inference problems is to use Monte Carlo inference algorithms. For higher-order functional PPLs, these inference algorithms rely on execution suspension to perform inference, most often enabled through a full continuation-passing style (CPS) transformation. However, standard CPS transformations for PPL compilers introduce significant overhead, a problem the community has generally overlooked. State-of-the-art solutions either perform complete CPS transformations with performance penalties due to unnecessary closure allocations or use efficient, but complex, low-level solutions that are often not available in high-level languages. In contrast to prior work, we develop a new approach that is both efficient and easy to implement using higher-order languages. Specifically, we design a novel static suspension analysis technique that determines the parts of a program that require suspension, given a particular inference algorithm. The analysis result allows selectively CPS transforming the program only where necessary. We formally prove the correctness of the suspension analysis and implement both the suspension analysis and selective CPS transformation in the Miking CorePPL compiler. We evaluate the implementation for a large number of Monte Carlo inference algorithms on real-world models from phylogenetics, epidemiology, and topic modeling. The evaluation results demonstrate significant improvements across all models and inference algorithms.

Mars, lacking an intrinsic dynamo, is an ideal laboratory to comparatively study induced magnetospheres, which can be found in other terrestrial bodies as well as comets. Additionally, Mars is of particular interest to further exploration due to its loss of habitability by atmospheric escape and possible future human exploration. In this context, we propose the Mars Magnetospheric Multipoint Measurement Mission (M$^5$), a multi-spacecraft mission to study the dynamics and energy transport of the Martian induced magnetosphere comprehensively. Particular focus is dedicated to the largely unexplored magnetotail region, where signatures of magnetic reconnection have been found. Furthermore, a reliable knowledge of the upstream solar wind conditions is needed to study the dynamics of the Martian magnetosphere, especially the different dayside boundary regions but also for energy transport phenomena like the current system and plasma waves. This will aid the study of atmospheric escape processes of planets with induced magnetospheres. In order to resolve the three-dimensional structures varying both in time and space, multi-point measurements are required. Thus, M$^5$ is a five spacecraft mission, with one solar wind monitor orbiting Mars in a circular orbit at 5 Martian radii, and four smaller spacecraft in a tetrahedral configuration orbiting Mars in an elliptical orbit, spanning the far magnetotail up to 6 Mars radii with a periapsis within the Martian magnetosphere of 1.8 Mars radii. We not only present a detailed assessment of the scientific need for such a mission but also show the resulting mission and spacecraft design taking into account all aspects of the mission requirements and constraints such as mass, power, and link budgets. This mission concept was developed during the Alpbach Summer School 2022., Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures. Submitted to Advances in Space Research

We studied regional food control inspection grades and their relation to regional incidence of domestically acquired foodborne diseases (caused by Campylobacter spp. Salmonella spp. enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), and Listeria monocytogenes) using food control inspection data of local food business operators and infectious disease data from 2014 to 2019 from Finland. We observed that inferior overall inspection grades were associated with increased incidence of Salmonella infections (p=0.02). Specifically, inferior grades on cleanliness of facilities, surfaces, and equipment were associated with increased incidence of Salmonella infections (p=0.04). For this topical inspection area, a high effect size was also seen for Campylobacter infections (p=0.06). Of the individual inspection items, an association between increased incidence of Campylobacter infections and inferior grades on storage of foodstuffs (p=0.01) and verification of hygiene proficiency (p=0.03) was observed. These results suggest that food control recognizes non-compliances that may predispose to foodborne diseases.

Probabilistic Programming Languages (PPLs) allow users to encode statistical inference problems and automatically apply an inference algorithm to solve them. Popular inference algorithms for PPLs, such as sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), are built around checkpoints—relevant events for the inference algorithm during the execution of a probabilistic program. Deciding the location of checkpoints is, in current PPLs, not done optimally. To solve this problem, we present a static analysis technique that automatically determines checkpoints in programs, relieving PPL users of this task. The analysis identifies a set of checkpoints that execute in the same order in every program run—they are aligned. We formalize alignment, prove the correctness of the analysis, and implement the analysis as part of the higher-order functional PPL Miking CorePPL. By utilizing the alignment analysis, we design two novel inference algorithm variants: aligned SMC and aligned lightweight MCMC. We show, through real-world experiments, that they significantly improve inference execution time and accuracy compared to standard PPL versions of SMC and MCMC.

Rail and wheel health management is investigated with focus on deterioration phenomena in the wheel/rail contact interface – plastic deformation, wear, and rolling contact fatigue (RCF). How operational conditions affect deterioration, and how they can be included in wheel/rail health predictions is linked to a more in-depth description of deterioration mechanisms. Here means of measuring, quantifying, and predicting deterioration is in focus. This discussion provides the basis for the outline of a rail and wheel health management framework. As discussed in the paper, the proposed framework is well in line with the requirements in the ISO 55000 standard for asset management.

Technical advancements in the operating room setting continue, and the concept of the hybrid operating room is promoted and accepted worldwide. The hybrid setting means inclusion of radiology in the already complex environment of a traditional operating room. Collaboration in this type of environment becomes essential and investigating how the nursing staff experiences this collaboration in the hybrid operating room is needed. The aim of the study was to investigate how the nursing staff from the specialties of surgery, anesthesiology, and radiology experienced collaborating in a hybrid operating room. Explorative qualitative design was used. Five focus groups consisting of operating room nurses, operating room assistant nurses, nurse anesthetists, assistant nurse anesthetists, and radiographers were included in the study. Interviews using semistructured questions were conducted. Directive content analysis was used for the data analysis. The following categories revealed: (1) different patient safety perspectives; (2) responsibilities being shared and divided; (3) collaboration becoming better over time; (4) uneven division of labor in a strained work situation and different terms of employment; (5) lack of education and joint meetings; and (6) environmental constraints for satisfying collaboration. The nursing staff in the hybrid operating room highlighted they worked toward a common goal but prioritized their own specific tasks rather than the procedure as a whole. This, together with the uneven task distribution and unclear responsibilities, could create tension between the different staff categories, impacting procedures negatively. The results revealed the importance of proper preparation of the staff to work in the hybrid operating room. Having team building activities, common meetings, relevant training to meet educational needs, and adjusting the team composition could improve hybrid operating room collaboration and improve patient safety and outcomes.

Central venous catheter misplacement is common (approximately 7%) after right subclavian vein catheterisation. To avoid it, ultrasound-guided tip navigation may be used during the catheterisation procedure to help direct the guidewire towards the lower superior vena cava. We aimed to determine the number of central venous catheter misplacements when using the right supraclavicular fossa ultrasound view to aid guidewire positioning in right infraclavicular subclavian vein catheterisation. We hypothesised that the incidence of catheter misplacements could be reduced to 1% when using this ultrasound technique. One -hundred and three adult patients were prospectively included. After vein puncture and guidewire insertion, we used the right supraclavicular fossa ultrasound view to confirm correct guidewire J-tip position in the lower superior vena cava and corrected the position of misplaced guidewires using real-time ultrasound guidance. Successful catheterisation of the right subclavian vein was achieved in all patients. The guidewire J-tip was initially misplaced in 15 patients, either in the ipsilateral internal jugular vein (n = 8) or in the left brachiocephalic vein (n = 7). In 12 patients it was possible to adjust the guidewire J-tip to a correct position in the lower superior vena cava. All ultrasound-determined final guidewire J-tip positions were consistent with the central venous catheter tip positions on chest X-ray. Three out of 103 catheters were misplaced, corresponding to an incidence (95%CI) of 2.9 (0.6–8.3) %. Although the hypothesis could not be confirmed, this study demonstrated the usefulness of the right supraclavicular fossa ultrasound view for real-time confirmation and correction of the guidewire position in right infraclavicular subclavian vein catheterisation. (Less)

Play is common in young homeotherm animals and has an important role as a tentative indicator of positive states of welfare. Furthermore, during domestication play is believed to have increased in frequency in several species as part of the domestication syndrome. Here, we studied the ontogeny of play in chickens in two experiments. The first compared the behavioural development between domesticated White Leghorn (WL) laying hen chicks and ancestral Red Junglefowl (RJF) and the second compared the same between WL chicks that had experienced the stress of commercial hatchery routines and a control group, hatched under calm conditions. In both experiments, 10 groups of four chicks each from each of the groups were moved twice per week to an enriched and fully enclosed play arena, starting at day 8 and finishing day 39 or 53 after hatch. In the arena, the frequency of play behaviours was recorded during 30 min and divided into object, locomotory and social play. In experiment one, total play as well as object play was significantly more common in WL whereas locomotor and social play was more common in RJF. In experiment two, total play was significantly more frequent in commercially hatched chicks, despite that none of the sub-categories differed significantly between the groups. In conclusion, domestication as well as early stress does affect the occurrence of play in chickens, but the effects are complex and require further research.

The human vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) leads to maintenance of the acuity of an image on the retina and contributes to the perception of orientation during high acceleration head movements. Our objective was to determine whether vision affects the horizontal VOR by assessing and comparing the performance at the boundaries of contribution of: (a) unrestricted visual information and (b) no visual information. Understanding how the VOR performs under both lighted and unlighted conditions is of paramount importance to avoiding falls, perhaps particularly among the elderly. We tested 23 participants ( M age = 35.3 years, standard error of mean ( SEM) = 2.0 years). The participants were tested with the video Head Impulse Test (vHIT), EyeSeeCam from Interacoustics™, which assesses whether VOR is of the expected angular velocity compared to head movement angular velocity. The vHIT tests were performed under two conditions: (a) in a well-lit room and (b) in complete darkness. The VOR was analyzed by evaluating the gain (quotient between eye and head angular velocity) at 40, 60 and 80 ms time stamps after the start of head movement. Additionally, we calculated the approximate linear gain between 0-100 ms through regression. The gain decreased significantly faster across time stamps in complete darkness ( p < .001), by 10% in darkness compared with a 2% decrease in light. In complete darkness, the VOR gain gradually declined, reaching a marked reduction at 80 ms by 10% ( p < .001), at which the head velocities were 150°/second or faster. The approximate linear gain value was not significantly different in complete darkness and in light. These findings suggest that information from the visual system can modulate the high velocity VOR. Subsequently, fast head turns might cause postural imbalance and momentary disorientation in poor light in people with reduced sensory discrimination or motor control, like the elderly.

The period of relative openness in the Soviet Union from the mid 1980s provided an opportunity for Sweden to establish contacts with the neighbouring Baltic Soviet republics. The political situatio...

The study aimed to monitor parasite and host gene expression during the early stages of Eimeria tenella infection of chicken cells using dual RNA-Seq analysis. For this, we used chicken macrophage-like cell line HD11 cultures infected in vitro with purified E. tenella sporozoites. Cultures were harvested between 2 and 72 h post-infection and mRNA was extracted and sequenced. Dual RNA-Seq analysis showed clear patterns of altered expression for both parasite and host genes during infection. For example, genes in the chicken immune system showed upregulation early (2–4 h), a strong downregulation of genes across the immune system at 24 h and a repetition of early patterns at 72 h, indicating that invasion by a second generation of parasites was occurring. The observed downregulation may be due to immune self-regulation or to immune evasive mechanisms exerted by E. tenella. Results also suggested pathogen recognition receptors involved in E. tenella innate recognition, MRC2, TLR15 and NLRC5 and showed distinct chemokine and cytokine induction patterns. Moreover, the expression of several functional categories of Eimeria genes, such as rhoptry kinase genes and microneme genes, were also examined, showing distinctive differences which were expressed in sporozoites and merozoites.

The main objective of the project LEAP4FNSSA (Long-term EU-AU Research and Innovation Partnership for Food and Nutrition Security and Sustainable Agriculture) is to provide a tool for European and African institutions to engage in a sustainable partnership platform for research and innovation on Food and Nutrition Security, and Sustainable Agriculture (FNSSA). The FNSSA roadmap facilitates the involvement of stakeholders for addressing and linking research to innovation dealing with food security issues. In this context, the LEAP4FNSSA project supports the driving of the roadmap. Research and innovation activities were captured in different data, i.e. LEAP4FNSSA database and heterogeneous textual data including project reports, websites, scientific publications, workshop reports and student theses. The Knowledge Extractor Pipeline System (KEOPS) was implemented to support the processing and analysis of textual data associated with FNSSA activities. KEOPS is based on the LEAP4FNSSA lexicon presented in this data paper. The LEAP4FNSSA lexicon composed of 331 keywords associated with 12 concepts of the food security domain is the result of 3 steps of work and brainstorming. The lexicon enables the capturing of research and innovation topics dealing with food security and conducted by African and European partners. This data paper presents the obtained lexicon and a summary of the method to build it.

Disclosure systems for official food safety inspection results have been introduced in many countries including Finland in order to increase compliance of food business operators (FBOs). Although the disclosure systems are intended to affect FBOs, few studies have been published on FBOs' experiences of these systems. To investigate FBOs' opinions of disclosed food safety inspections in Finland, a questionnaire was distributed in 2016. The questionnaire study also aimed to recognize factors affecting compliance and disagreements about gradings with a special focus on FBOs' risk perception. In total 1277 responses from FBOs in retail (n = 523), service (n = 507) and industry (n = 247) sectors revealed that the majority of FBOs perceived the disclosure to promote correction of non-compliance. However, many FBOs disagreed with the grading of inspection findings. Most common topics of disagreements were maintenance of premises, record-keeping of own-check plan and adequacy and suitability of premises for operations. Logistic regression analysis showed that the likelihood of occurrence of disagreements with grading was higher among those retail and service FBOs with a lower risk perception. Similarly, the occurrence of non-compliance was associated with FBOs' risk perception in all sectors. Thus, FBOs need proper guidance on food safety risks. These results can be used to improve the efficacy of disclosed food safety inspections.

Listeria monocytogenes causes the foodborne illness listeriosis, which exhibits high fatality among people in risk groups. The incidence of listeriosis has increased in Europe, which raises concerns about L. monocytogenes occurrence in foodstuffs. Ready-to-eat seafood products are considered particularly risky vehicles. Poor hygiene at processing facilities predisposes them to L. monocytogenes contamination, which can be controlled by stringent self-checking system measures. We examined the association of fish-processing plant operational and hygiene practices with the occurrence of L. monocytogenes in vacuum-packaged gravad (cold-salted) and cold-smoked salmon and rainbow trout products. Product sampling of 21 fish-processing plants was carried out, and operational procedures relating to L. monocytogenes control were surveyed using an in-depth risk assessment questionnaire. L. monocytogenes occurred only in sliced and mainly in gravad products of seven fish-processing plants. Shortages in preventive measures were discovered predominantly among the L. monocytogenes positive fish-processing plants. Using generalized linear modeling, we identified the following features associated with L. monocytogenes product contamination: the number of processing machines, deficiencies in the processing environment and machinery sanitation, and staff movement from areas of low toward high hygiene. Furthermore, performing frequent periodic thorough sanitation alongside everyday sanitation practices associated with a decreased risk of product contamination.

Introduction: In the profession as radiology nurse contrast media is used daily in radiologic examinations. In order to determine the volume of contrast media that patients should be administered and to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy equation formulas are applied to calculate the kidney function glomerular filtration rate. Two formulas were compared the CKD-EPI and MDRD. The aim was to compare which of the two most commonly used equation formulas is the most optimal for calculating estimated GFR. Methods: This study was conducted as a literature study, where 11 articles were quality assessed and compiled. Results: The CKD-EPI formula generally showed better performance for estimating GFR in accuracy, precision and bias than the MDRD formula. However, both equation formulas present inadequacies and are not universal as they are not applicable to all individuals. Conclusions: At the moment the CKD-EPI formula appears to be the most applicable, although more research is required in order to develop equation formulas which cater to all types of patients.

Introduction Radiography is a young discipline and having radiographers with a doctoral degree is central for its development. Academic development of this field in Sweden has been evolving. This study explored the diagnostic radiographers’ prerequisites for doctoral studies, post-doctoral employment and research activities. Methods Data were collected through a questionnaire designed to give insight into doctoral radiographers’ qualification paths, funding, doctoral status, employment and basic demography. Sixteen radiographers participated. A conventional content analysis was used. Results The median age at dissertation defence was 53 for doctorates and 60 for licentiates. This indicates that after receiving the doctorate, there is short time left in the profession, increasing the challenge to develop the field. Most doctorates were employed within educational establishments. Unfortunately, few had supervised doctoral students, but those employed within academia contributed significantly to academic research. Conclusion Compared to other Nordic countries, Sweden is at the forefront with a positive development in obtained high academic degrees. Nevertheless, there is an urgent need for post-doctorate radiographers in order to maintain the workforce to meet current and future demands. Radiographers with doctorates need to be consulted when planning research projects to establish a clear radiographic perspective. Swedish radiographers with a doctorate or licentiate have limited research time, indicating that Sweden may not invest enough in radiographic research. Implications for practice There is a need for more doctoral positions and doctorates radiographers to supervise doctoral students. Clinical departments should recognise the benefits of having radiographic clinical research.

This introductory essay calls for a new fashion media history informed by truly interdisciplinary scholarship, nuanced in both fashion and media studies. It reflects upon the ways in which the stud...

It is important to improve the understanding of the interactions between the trees and pathogens and integrate this knowledge about disease resistance into tree breeding programs. The conifer Norway spruce (Picea abies) is an important species for the forest industry in Europe. Its major pathogen is Heterobasidion parviporum, causing stem and root rot. In this study, we identified 11 Norway spruce QTLs (Quantitative trait loci) that correlate with variation in resistance to H. parviporum in a population of 466 trees by association genetics. Individual QTLs explained between 2.1 and 5.2% of the phenotypic variance. The expression of candidate genes associated with the QTLs was analysed in silico and in response to H. parviporum hypothesizing that (a) candidate genes linked to control of fungal sapwood growth are more commonly expressed in sapwood, and; (b) candidate genes associated with induced defences are respond to H. parviporum inoculation. The Norway spruce laccase PaLAC5 associated with control of lesion length development is likely to be involved in the induced defences. Expression analyses showed that PaLAC5 responds specifically and strongly in close proximity to the H. parviporum inoculation. Thus, PaLAC5 may be associated with the lignosuberized boundary zone formation in bark adjacent to the inoculation site.

Official food control is intended to ensure food safety in the food business. In Finland, inspections of food service are performed using a 4-point risk-based grading system. This study compared routine inspection results of outbreak and nonoutbreak establishments in restaurants and institutional catering to investigate whether certain inspection results were associated with the occurrence of foodborne outbreaks. Also a more specific sample of outbreak establishments was defined using strength of evidence registered for each outbreak. Grade distributions of specific inspected items were compared separately. No significant differences were seen in restaurants but in institutional catering significantly poorer inspection results (p 0.05) were detected in items concerning the order and cleanliness of facilities, surfaces and equipment in outbreak establishments. Effective correction of noncompliances in cleanliness of the food handling environment and equipment and constant maintenance of a favourable situation is essential in ensuring a high level of consumer safety in food service.

Probabilistic programming languages (PPLs) allow users to encode arbitrary inference problems, and PPL implementations provide general-purpose automatic inference for these problems. However, constructing inference implementations that are efficient enough is challenging for many real-world problems. Often, this is due to PPLs not fully exploiting available parallelization and optimization opportunities. For example, handling probabilisticcheckpointsin PPLs through continuation-passing style transformations or non-preemptive multitasking—as is done in many popular PPLs—often disallows compilation to low-level languages required for high-performance platforms such as GPUs. To solve the checkpoint problem, we introduce the concept ofPPL control-flow graphs(PCFGs)—a simple and efficient approach to checkpoints in low-level languages. We use this approach to implementRootPPL: a low-level PPL built on CUDA and C++ with OpenMP, providing highly efficient and massively parallel SMC inference. We also introduce a general method ofcompilinguniversal high-level PPLs to PCFGs and illustrate its application when compilingMiking CorePPL—a high-level universal PPL—to RootPPL. The approach is the first to compile a universal PPL to GPUs with SMC inference. We evaluate RootPPL and the CorePPL compiler through a set of real-world experiments in the domains of phylogenetics and epidemiology, demonstrating up to 6$$\times $$×speedups over state-of-the-art PPLs implementing SMC inference.

Inspections are an important tool for food control. However, there is a lack of knowledge about how inspection history, interval between inspections, and pre-announcement of the inspection affect compliance with food safety legislation in food production establishments. We used register-based meat, fish, and dairy establishment food control inspection data (5550 inspections from 757 establishments) from Finland in 2016–2019 to study compliance in relation to these factors. Hypothesis was that there is an association between inspection grades and (1) inspection history, (2) interval, and (3) pre-announcement. Results indicate that minor non-compliances that do not impair food safety often precede future more severe non-compliances (5.3% non-compliance rate if full compliance at previous inspection compared to 16.8% non-compliance rate if minor non-compliances at previous inspection [Fisher’s exact test, p p = 0.02]). In addition, pre-announcement of the inspection affects the inspection grades, severe non-compliances were 2.4 times more common at unannounced inspections compared to pre-announced inspections. To conclude, there is an association between inspection grades and inspection history, inspection interval, and inspection announcement.

Consistency and risk-basis are core elements of effective enforcement of food safety legislation. In Finland, inspections of food retail premises have been conducted since 2013 based on new national guidelines for evaluation and grading. According to the guidelines, food control authorities should initiate an administrative enforcement process to ensure compliance if the food business operator (FBO) is given the poorest grade in the inspection. In this study, we examined the consistency within and between local food control units on the threshold of initiating an enforcement process. The study was conducted through an analysis of inspection reports of FBOs and by an electronic survey and interviews of local food control officials. The results reveal that most officials consider the national evaluation guidelines as helpful in improving the consistency of using enforcement measures. However, inconsistencies exist between and within the local food control units in the alignments of initiating an enforcement process. Enforcement measures are mainly used on a risk-basis and gradually, as in most enforcement cases the FBO had multiple non-compliances and the FBO had been given a prior request to correct the non-compliance before initiating an enforcement process. The results, however, revealed rather weak compliance and repeated violations among some FBOs. Based on the observed persistence of non -compliances and the efficacy of enforcement measures in inducing compliance, a lower threshold of initiating an enforcement process towards FBOs with repeated violations appears beneficial in enhancing the correction of violations. Increasing the consistency of the enforcement process begins with unifying the practices within the local food control units by establishing clear procedures for enforcement and ensuring adequate orientation of personnel. Further strengthening of cooperation, peer-review and discussion on interpretations of required control actions between the units is needed for nationally consistent implementation of the evaluation and disclosure system and use of enforcement measures. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Official food control inspections (official inspections) of food establishments and third party audits of food safety management systems (FSMSs) based on international standards both focus on food safety, which has raised discussions on whether FSMSs and their audits could reduce official inspections in food establishments. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the findings of official inspections and third party audits in food establishments are in alignment and to survey the inspectors' and food business operators' (FBOs) perceptions of official inspections and audits. The results can be used in planning the use of audit results as part of official food control. The results show that both inspectors and auditors recognized non-compliances/non-conformities, but significant discrepancies between the findings of official inspections and audits existed, making the utilization of audit results challenging. However, most of the FBOs and inspectors agreed that official inspections and audits overlap, and the majority also agreed that audits of a certified FSMS could under certain circumstances reduce official inspections. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Analyses of gene expression in cells affected by neurodegenerative disease can provide important insights into disease mechanisms and relevant stress response pathways. Major symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD) are caused by the degeneration of midbrain dopamine (mDA) neurons within the substantia nigra. Here we isolated neuromelanin-positive dopamine neurons by laser capture microdissection from post-mortem human substantia nigra samples recovered at both early and advanced stages of PD. Neuromelanin-positive cells were also isolated from individuals with incidental Lewy body disease (ILBD) and from aged-matched controls. Isolated mDA neurons were subjected to genome-wide gene expression analysis by mRNA sequencing. The analysis identified hundreds of dysregulated genes in PD. Results showed that mostly non-overlapping genes were differentially expressed in ILBD, subjects who were early after diagnosis (less than five years) and those autopsied at more advanced stages of disease (over five years since diagnosis). The identity of differentially expressed genes suggested that more resilient, stably surviving DA neurons were enriched in samples from advanced stages of disease, either as a consequence of positive selection of a less vulnerable long-term surviving mDA neuron subtype or due to up-regulation of neuroprotective gene products.

Gertrude Stein's early word portraits often seem opaque, leaving few representational traces. One of her first portraits was "A Man," in which she tried to map the bottom nature of one of her friends, the Swedish-American sculptor David Edstrom. This portrait has been little studied, because few, if any, readers have found the key to interpret it. The purpose of this study is to unlock, perhaps counter to Stein's aims, the code to its meaning through a process of re-embodiment. By filtering the text through Edstrom's biography a new perspective opens up, which also sheds light on Stein's working method.

Fearless Fashion is the title of the exhibition that explores the life and career of fashion designer Rudi Gernreich (1922–1985). It was curated by Bethany Montagano, assistant curator Dani Killan ...

This chapter provides the context for introducing the first Academy Awards banquet, explaining the commercial liaisons between the fashion and film industries that put Hollywood costume designers in the limelight as the foremost exponents of American fashion during the interwar years. In doing so, the book coins the term Hollywood Designers to distinguish those first costume designers who were trained in fashion and worked actively in the industry before and after their positions in the Hollywood studios’ costume departments. The chapter draws a parallel between the conformation of American fashion and film institutions by looking at the politics behind the creation of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and The Fashion Group.

This chapter addresses the geopolitical reconfigurations triggered by the outbreak of World War II. It analyses the concept of The American Century, coined by Henry R. Luce, its connection to Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms speech, and the Academy’s actions in joining and supporting these efforts. In this context, the ceremony was transformed from a private banquet into a public spectacle, in remembrance of the grand openings at Sid Egyptian and Chinese Theatres during the silent era, including radio transmissions and fan gatherings, setting in place much of the ceremony structure that persists to date. This period also marks the production of the first short film to publicise the Academy Awards, the advent of the first radio fashion commentator for the ceremony, and the efforts to position New York City as the ‘style center of the world’ that put an end to the dreams of Hollywood as a fashion capital.