Search

This paper describes the characteristics of worldwide scientific contributions to the field of electric vehicles (EVs) from 1955 to 2021. For this purpose, a search within the Scopus database was conducted using “Electric Vehicle” as the keyword. As a result, 50,195 documents were obtained through analytical and bibliometric techniques and classified into six communities according to the subject studied and the collaborative relationships between the authors. The most relevant publications within each group, i.e., those related to the most publications, were analyzed. The result shows 104,344 authors researching on EVs in 149 different countries with 225,445 relations among them. Furthermore, the most frequent language in which these publications were written as well as the h-index values of their authors were analyzed. This paper also highlights the wide variety of areas involved in EV development. Finally, the paper raises numerous issues to consider in order to broaden knowledge about EVs, their efficiency, and their applications in the near future for the development of sustainable cities and societies.

This article presents the Schumann resonance (SR) variations, obtained in the extreme low frequency (ELF) signal observatory of Sierra de Filabres belonging to the University of Almeria Spain, in operation since 2011. This station has two large and sensitive orthogonal sensors operating between 1 and 100 Hz. A 24 bit low-noise, high-resolution system processes the signal. The Sierra de Filabres ELF station is operating to offer valuable information on SRs’ activity in this area. This system allows us to have a broader range of comparison patterns to study correlations with other phenomena. The information presented in this work deals with the diurnal and seasonal variations of the first six modes of the SRs in 2016 and 2017. The graphs have been obtained through Lorentzian functions. We explain the diurnal variation based on the position and distance to the most important lightning hotspots and demonstrate its relation with the first mode captured in our observatory. We introduce a new yearly evolution method based on the resonance frequency through the most representative lightning activity hours in one year. This article is supported by the comparison between our signals and the global thunderstorm center’s activity.

Background One of the most important challenges in medical education is the preparation of multiple-choice questions able to discriminate between students with different academic level. Average questions may be very easy for students with good performance, reducing their discriminant power in this group of students. The aim of this study was to analyze if the discriminative power of multiple-choice questions is different according to the students’ academic performance. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the difficulty and discrimination indices of 257 multiple-choice questions used for the end of course examination of pathophysiology and analyzed whether the discrimination indices were lower in students with good academic performance (group 1) than in students with moderate/poor academic performance (group 2). We also evaluated whether case-based questions maintained their discriminant power better than factual questions in both groups of students or not. Comparison of the difficulty and discrimination indices between both groups was based on the Wilcoxon test. Results Difficulty index was significantly higher in group 1 (median: 0.78 versus 0.56; P P P P = 0.296). Conclusions Multiple-choice question exams have lower discriminative power in the group of students with high scores. The use of clinical vignettes may allow to maintain the discriminative power of multiple-choice questions.

Background: To analyze the long-term outcomes for advanced cancer patients admitted to an intermediate care unit (ImCU), an analysis of a do not resuscitate orders (DNR) subgroup was made. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted from 2006 to January 2019 in a single academic medical center of cancer patients with stage IV disease who suffered acute severe complications. The Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 (SAPS 3) was used as a prognostic and severity score. In-hospital mortality, 30-day mortality and survival after hospital discharge were calculated. Results: Two hundred and forty patients with stage IV cancer who attended at an ImCU were included. In total, 47.5% of the cohort had DNR orders. The two most frequent reasons for admission were sepsis (32.1%) and acute respiratory failure (excluding sepsis) (38.7%). Mortality in the ImCU was 10.8%. The mean predicted in-hospital mortality according to SAPS 3 was 51.9%. The observed in-hospital mortality was 37.5% (standard mortality ratio of 0.72). Patients discharged from hospital had a median survival of 81 (30.75–391.25) days (patients with DNR orders 46 days (19.5–92.25), patients without DNR orders 162 days (39.5–632)). The observed mortality was higher in patients with DNR orders: 52.6% vs. 23.8%, p 0 < 0.001. By multivariate logistic regression, a worse ECOG performance status (3–4 vs. 0–2), a higher SAPS 3 Score and DNR orders were associated with a higher in-hospital mortality. By multivariate analysis, non-invasive mechanical ventilation, higher bilirubin levels and DNR orders were significantly associated with 30-day mortality. Conclusion: For patients with advanced cancer disease, even those with DNR orders, who suffer from acute complications or require continuous monitoring, an ImCU-centered multidisciplinary management shows encouraging results in terms of observed-to-expected mortality ratios.

Seven decades have passed since the Schumann resonances (SRs) were identified. Since then, their research interest has increased, currently being a topic of significance. Nonetheless, the papers that study their nature from the frequency perspective are in clear majority regarding those who focus on the time domain. To fill this gap in the literature and further characterize the SRs, a method to perform statistical analysis on the SRs signal in the time domain has been developed. For any given segment of data, the analysis performs a maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of the statistical parameters from a group of previously selected distributions. After that, the best fit among the target distributions is selected through the application of Akaike information criterion (AIC). The method is tested by analyzing a month’s worth of data, showing the general analysis’ results and discussing the relationship between the chosen target distributions and common aspects between the time segments fitted to them. The reliability of the method’s results is also discussed by looking at different aspects of the analysis. Special emphasis is put over the results being correlated with lightning activity. This correlation highlights the usefulness of the method, given the well-established relationship between lightning and SRs.

The equine disease strangles, which is characterized by the formation of abscesses in the lymph nodes of the head and neck, is one of the most frequently diagnosed infectious diseases of horses around the world. The causal agent, Streptococcus equi subspecies equi , establishes a persistent infection in approximately 10 % of animals that recover from the acute disease. Such ‘carrier’ animals appear healthy and are rarely identified during routine veterinary examinations pre-purchase or transit, but can transmit S. equi to naïve animals initiating new episodes of disease. Here, we report the analysis and visualization of phylogenomic and epidemiological data for 670 isolates of S. equi recovered from 19 different countries using a new core-genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) web bioresource. Genetic relationships among all 670 S. equi isolates were determined at high resolution, revealing national and international transmission events that drive this endemic disease in horse populations throughout the world. Our data argue for the recognition of the international importance of strangles by the Office International des Épizooties to highlight the health, welfare and economic cost of this disease. The Pathogenwatch cgMLST web bioresource described herein is available for tailored genomic analysis of populations of S. equi and its close relative S. equi subspecies zooepidemicus that are recovered from horses and other animals, including humans, throughout the world. This article contains data hosted by Microreact.

Intermediate care units (ImCUs) have been shown as appropriate units for the management of selected septic patients. Developing specific protocols for residents in training may be useful for their medical performance. The objective of this study was to analyze whether a simulation-based learning bundle is useful for residents while acquiring competencies in the management of sepsis during their internship in an ImCU. A prospective study, set in a tertiary-care academic medical center was performed enrolling residents who performed their internship in an ImCU from 2014 to 2017. The pillars of the simulation-based learning bundle were sepsis scenario in the simulation center, instructional material, and sepsis lecture, and management of septic patients admitted in the ImCU. Each resident was evaluated in the beginning and at the end of their internship displaying a sepsis-case scenario in the simulation center. The authors developed a sepsis-checklist that residents must fulfill during their performance which included 5 areas: hemodynamics (0–10), oxygenation (0–5), antibiotic therapy (0–9), organic injury (0–5), and miscellaneous (0–4). Thirty-four residents from different years of residency and specialties were evaluated. The total median score (interquartile range) increased significantly after training: 12 (25) vs 23 (16), P = .001. First-year residents scored significantly lower than older residents at baseline: 10 (14) vs 14.5 (19), P = .024. However, the performance at the end of the training period was similar in both groups: 21.5 (11) vs 23 (16), P = 1.000. Internal Medicine residents scored significantly higher than residents from other specialties: 18 (17) vs 10.5 (21), P = .007. Nonetheless, the performance at the end of the training period was similar in both groups: 24.5 (9) vs 22 (13), P = 1.000. Combining medical simulation with didactic lectures and a rotation in an ImCU staffed by hospitalists seems to be useful in acquiring competencies to manage critically ill patients with sepsis. We designed a checklist to assure an objective evaluation of the performance of the residents and to identify those aspects that could be potentially improved.

Nowadays, both, the number of observations and the accuracy of satellite-based geodesic measurements, like GNSS, have increased. Therefore, GNSS provides more data as displacement values and velocities. This paper demonstrates that GNSS data analysis is a powerful tool to study geodynamic processes.In this study, the analyzed GNSS data correspond to continuously recorded GPS (CGPS) stations, what we call the SPINA network. These stations are located in a region called Ibero-Maghrebian which includes the southern areas of the Iberian Peninsula and northern Africa.The CGPS stations are included in the following organizations: RENEP (National Network of Permanent Stations), RAP (Andalusian Positioning Network), the Murcia Region CGPS Networks, ERVA (Valencian Reference Stations Network), IGN (National Geographic Institute) and the network TOPOIBERIA. The velocity was obtained in two steps: (1) preprocessing position time-series data of daily GPS measurements and (2) applying a combined model using the weighted least-squares method.The prior knowledge of the crustal strain rate tensor provides a description of geodynamic processes such as the fault strain accumulation.Based on the distribution of the GNSS stations, several grid sizes were tested to identify the best resolution. A Python script was used to compute the full two-dimensional velocity gradient tensor by means of inverting the GNSS velocities. The tensorial analysis provides different aspects of deformation, such as the maximum shear strain rate, including its direction, and the dilatation strain rate. These parameters can be used to characterize the mechanism of the current deformation.Based on the computations from the GNSS-data model of components of horizontal deformations, the rates of both principal, values and axes, of the Earth’s crust deformation were found. Deformations measured in the Ibero-Maghrebian region with GPS could be interpreted in terms of either elastic loading or ductile deformation.

The northwest of South America is conformed by the territories of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. Great part of these territories make up the Northern Andes Block (BAN). The tectonic and volcanic activity in the northwest of South America is directly related to the interaction of the South American plate, and the Nazca and Caribbean plates, with the Maracaibo and Panama-Chocó micro plates. The high seismic activity and the high magnitude of the recorded earthquakes make any study necessary to define this complex geodynamic region more precisely. This work presents the velocity models obtained through GNSS-GPS observations obtained in public continuous monitoring stations in the region. The observations of the Magna-eco network (Agustín Codazzi Geographic Institute) are integrated with models already obtained by other authors from the observations of the GEORED network (Colombian Geological Service). The observations have been processed using Bernese software v.52 using the PPP technique; obtaining topocentric time series. To obtain the speeds, a process of filtering and adjustment of the topocentric series has been carried out. Based on this velocity model, regional structures have been defined within the Northern Andes Block through a differentiation process based on the corresponding speeds of the South American, Nazca and Caribbean tectonic plates. Local geodynamic structures within the BAN itself have been established through cluster analysis based on both the direction and the magnitude of each of the vectors obtained. Finally, these structures have been correlated with the most significant geodynamic elements (fractures, faults, subduction processes, etc.) and with the associated seismic activity.

Sorafenib is a multi-kinase inhibitor and a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor approved to treat patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma and differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Its most common side effects are asthenia/fatigue, skin toxicity, diarrhea and arterial hypertension. Reported respiratory adverse reactions include dyspnea, cough, pleural effusion and hoarseness. The aim of this report is to describe for the first time the occurrence of pneumatocele in two patients treated with Sorafenib. Patients had no respiratory symptoms and alternative diagnoses were ruled out. Primary tumors were different (liver metastases from a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor and hepatocellular carcinoma) but both patients had been treated with yttrium 90 radioembolization 9 and 17 months before starting on Sorafenib, respectively. No complications occurred and Sorafenib withdrawal was followed by radiologic improvement.

The problem of finding an analytical solution for the circuit formed by a diode with series resistance (D-R circuit) has been investigated for a long time and several authors have proposed approximate solutions. Most solutions use the Lambert function and numerical methods. However, an analytical solution independent of experimental parameters is still missing to replace the D-R circuit with an analytical expression, in which only the diode and circuit parameters appear. In this paper, using a Taylor series expansion of the equation VD = f (VS, R, ID), we propose a new analytical solution that fits the exact solution with more accuracy than all known approximations. The average of the absolute error vector is the best, with an order of magnitude of difference compared to the other 3 approximations studied. This new function can be expressed by voltage analysis, which allows analytical solutions. Our solution may have many applications, such as a simple and accurate way, in circuit simulation programs or numerical calculation programs. In particular, it can be used as well in circuits with D-R branches, exponential amplifiers, logarithmic amplifiers and waveform shapers. On another level, a comparison with other state of the art approximations is presented.

SummaryWhat is known and objective Chylous ascites is a rare condition. The most frequent causes are lymphomas, solid malignancies, abdominal trauma and cirrhosis. Isolated case reports describe the relationship between calcium channel blockers (CCB) and chyloperitoneum. Lercanidipine is a third-generation dihydropyridine with low rate of adverse events. We describe a case of lercanidipine-induced chylous ascites. Case summary An 80-year-old white female with hypertension treated with lercanidipine, developed chylous ascites and abdominal pain after the dosage of the CCB was doubled. The initial suspicion was a hidden neoplasm, but after a thorough research, no apparent cause was detected and the symptoms resolved after the drug was suspended. What is new and conclusion Calcium channel blockers should be considered as possible causes in cases of chyloperitoneum of unknown aetiology.

In this paper, a real-time monitoring system is presented to be used for environmental parameters measurement in tourist caves that can be employed for getting a sustainable tourism. The system allows the registration of a lot of metadata (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, CO2, atmospheric pressure, rain, presence and visitor count) and it shows them via the Internet in real time anywhere. The system reports the data registered and stored as metadata in a database online. In the ”El Soplao” Cave in the North of Spain, this system, permits a high level of control and security of the influence of visitors on a day to day and the temporal evolution to medium and long term. These measurements allow developing a sustainable and profitable system where heritage management and tourism exploitation acquire a subordinate commitment to the welfare of the natural asset (Cave-Mine “El Soplao”); the alteration of the fragile microclimate inside the cave can damage or destroy the specific geologic formations that make the touristic cave. After the visits, the company managing the cave takes in charge monitoring the environmental parameters of the cave to regulate future visits. The temperature in the cave has ranges between 11 and 13.5 °C, a seasonal quasi-periodic maximum variation of ± 0.5 °C and depending on the temperature outside the cave and number of visitors; it is difficult to associate one with another because both happen in the same month. The relative humidity is around 70–95%, it has no correlation with the number of visitors accessing the cavity. The CO2 concentration in air is around 400–1000 ppm; it has a clear correlation with the number of visitors and cave area (the deepest present's higher level CO2). In conclusion, a cave is visited as long as its microclimate is maintained, thus the real-time system developed has been conceptualized for monitoring over time the relationship between the cave environment and a sustainable tourism. Monitoring can help to preserve the specific geologic formation and therefore to keep the touristic interest of the cave.

The implantation of the Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) influences the psychological adjustment and the degree of subjective discomfort. The objective of this work was to analyze differences in psychological adjustment, fear of shocks and the degree of subjective discomfort derived from the illness depending on the reasons for implantation (primary vs secondary).A sample of 82 patients with an ICD, for primary (58.5%) or secondary (41.5%) prevention indications was studied. A sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire and List of Brief Symptoms (LBS-50) was used. Descriptive univariate and bivariate analysis, t-tests on mean differences for independent samples and z-tests on proportion differences were performed.Regarding psychological adjustment, 43.9% of the patients reported to have sleeping disorder, regardless the type of prevention. A greater percentage of patients of primary prevention had scored higher in clinical scales. The 29.4% of patients with secondary prevention reported to be afraid of experiencing some shock. The 25% of patients whose type of prevention was primary showed severe or moderate level of subjective discomfort derived from the illness compared with the 14.7% of the secondary prevention patients (p=0.7).The patients with an ICD show symptoms clinically significant in Psychoactivity, Obsession-Compulsion, Anxiety, Somatization, Sleeping disorders and Psychopathology Risk Index. Both groups, regardless the type of prevention showed a similar psychological adjustment. Regarding the fear of shocks and the degree of subjective discomfort derived from the illness, no statistically significant differences between the groups were found.La implantación del Desfibrilador Automático Implantado (DAI) influye en el ajuste psicológico y en el grado de malestar de los pacientes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar las diferencias en el ajuste psicológico, el miedo a las descargas y el grado de malestar subjetivo derivado de la enfermedad en función del motivo de implantación (primaria frente a secundaria).La muestra fue de 82 pacientes portadores de un DAI, tanto por prevención primaria (58,5%) como secundaria (41,5%). Se utilizó un cuestionario sociodemográfico y clínico, así como el Listado de Síntomas Breves (LSB–50). Se realizaron análisis descriptivos univariados y bivariados, pruebas t de diferencias entre medias y pruebas z de diferencias entre proporciones.Respecto al ajuste psicológico, el 43,9% de los pacientes refirió tener alteraciones del sueño, independientemente del tipo de prevención. Un mayor porcentaje de pacientes de prevención primaria mostraron puntuaciones altas en escalas clínicas. El 29,4% de los pacientes de prevención secundaria mostró miedo a sufrir alguna descarga. El 25% de los pacientes cuyo motivo de implantación fue primario indicó un nivel moderado o intenso en cuanto al malestar subjetivo derivado de la enfermedad, comparado con el 14,7% de los pacientes de prevención secundaria (p=0,7).Los pacientes con DAI presentan síntomas clínicamente relevantes en Psicoreactividad, Obsesión-compulsión, Ansiedad, Somatización, Alteraciones del sueño y el Índice de riesgo psicopatológico. Independientemente del tipo de prevención ambos grupos muestran un ajuste psicológico similar. No se encuentran diferencias entre los grupos ni en el miedo a las descargas ni en el grado de malestar subjetivo.

Deception Island is an active volcano located in Bransfield Strait. Its volcanic activity is linked to the presence of gravity anomalies that influence the definition of the geoid. In this paper, a precise undulation geoid model (GeoiDEC14) has been computed from GPS, gravimetric and levelling measurements. GeoiDEC14 highlights local anomalies of the island that match with hot spots, such as the minimum values shown in Fumarole Bay and Whalers Bay (fumarole areas), or the maximum values found in the remains of lava at Colatinas, Black Glacier and Murature Point. Comparison of GeoiDEC14 with global models always shows negative values due to an average of 18.80 m for our model compared to 19.80–20.60 m for models such as ITSG-Grace2014s, EGM08, AIUG-Grace03s or EGM96. This difference is due to the lack of resolution of global models and to the volcanic activity on the island. To confirm the results, the same measurements were taken on nearby Livingston Island. The values of geoid undulation on this island reaffirm the lack of detail in the global geoid in the area, presenting an average of 18.90 m, similar to the average value of GeoiDEC14.

The frequencies between the ELF, ULF and VLF bands are widely used as indicators of the electrical activity in the atmosphere, as precursors of seismic activity and are of interest in the study of geophysical phenomena. These signal methods of analysis are varied, and among them, we find a method of averaged periodograms, which is based on the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). In this type of analysis, the optimal number of segments to be averaged must be determined; however, there seems to be no satisfactory method for choosing them. In this paper, we provide a method that will allow us to select the optimal number of segments to be averaged.

Infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been a growing problem in human medicine since the 1960s, and more recently in veterinary medicine with the appearance of livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA). Nevertheless, information about the presence of MRSA in rabbits is quite scarce since only one LA-MRSA identification has been previously reported. The present study aimed to determine genotypic characterization by verifying the presence of resistance determinants, virulence, and toxin genes of different S. aureus strains that cause lesions in rabbits, and their phenotypic traits based on the antimicrobial susceptibility profile. The analysis of 240 S. aureus isolates obtained from different lesion types collected from 89 Spanish and Portuguese rabbit commercial farms in the last 4 years (2014–2017) was performed. The methicillin-resistant gene mecA was found in 11.25% of the studied isolates (27 of 240) from 19 farms (13 Spanish and 6 Portuguese). Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing predominantly revealed type III (n = 15). Additionally, three MRSA isolates carrying the mecC gen were detected in samples from three different farms (two Spanish and one Portuguese). None of the 30 MRSA isolates was PVL-positive or tst-positive. After the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) procedure, 16 belonged to ST2855, 6 to ST146, 6 to ST398, and 2 ST4774. No ST121 isolate was mec-positive. ST398 and ST4774 isolates lacked the immune-evasion-cluster (IEC) genes. ST2855 strains were associated with the presence only of the sak gene, and ST146 isolates were ascribed to IEC type E. Therefore, this is the first description of LA-MRSA from rabbits belonging to ST2855. Interestingly, one ST2855 and two ST4774 isolates were mecC-positive, which could act as a mecC-MRSA reservoir. More studies are needed to further characterize these isolates and their relationship with humans and other animal species.

Schumann resonances are very weak natural electromagnetic signals produced in the earth–ionosphere cavity located in the extremely low frequency (ELF) band (7–60 Hz), and the sensors that measure them produce amplitudes of few microvolts. Strong signals from power lines (50–60 Hz) occur in the same frequency range. Amplification techniques play a key role in acquiring resonance modes with the best signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. This paper presents a study of the various structures of amplification systems that optimize the S/N ratio for the signal of interest. The aim of this paper is to measure all possible resonance modes with low time acquisition. To this end, we compare four instrumentation amplifiers and design a new indirect method for obtaining the noise floor of the system with sensors manufactured on magnetic cores that are several meters long. We present the measurements of the Schumann resonance achieved using these techniques at the ELF electromagnetic wave observatory at Calar Alto (Spain). The solutions adopted allow measurement of seven resonance modes with an acquisition time of 30 min, where the S/N ratio in the fundamental mode was 39 dB.

BackgroundPost-treatment contralateral hemiliver hypertrophy has created an interest in lobar liver radioembolization (RE) as a pre-surgery tool.MethodsLiver and spleen volumes and function were studied in 83 patients submitted to partial liver volume RE at 4–8 weeks (T1), 10–26 weeks (T2), and >26 weeks (T3) after RE.ResultsMore than half of the patients had cirrhosis with hepatocellular carcinoma. The main finding was a progressive increase in the volume of the spared hemiliver (mean absolute increase at T3: 230ml). The percentage of patients in whom the baseline ratio of spared volume to total liver volume was

Subduction comes to an end when all oceanic lithosphere is consumed and continental or transitional crust, with positive buoyancy, becomes involved. During continental collision, the final stage of subduction may be characterized by slab breakoff, limited continental subduction, and delamination below the fold-and-thrust belt. We report receiver function images, constructed from a dense array of seismic broadband stations, that reveal the underthrusting of Iberia beneath the Alboran plate. The underthrusted crust is delaminating beneath part of the Betic mountain range, still connected to the foreland lithosphere on one side, and interrupted discontinuously along the other side. Intermediate deep earthquakes associated with the delamination process do not respond to downdip stresses like subduction earthquakes. The GPS velocity field and source mechanisms for shallow earthquakes demonstrate ongoing active shortening on top of the hinge of delamination, and localized perpendicular extension on top of the edge of delamination, introducing independent motion of the overriding crustal block. Delamination beneath the Betic Range drives seismicity by inducing fundamental changes in deformation patterns within the collision orogen.

When establishing the relative distance between two GNSS-GPS stations with sub-centimeter accuracy, it is necessary to have auxiliary data, some of which can only be collected some time after the moment of measurement. However, for monitoring highly-active geodynamic areas, such as volcanoes and landslides, data precision is not as essential as rapid availability, processing of data in real-time, and fast interpretation of the results. This paper describes the development of an integrated automatic system for monitoring volcanic deformation in quasi real-time, applied to the Deception volcano (Antarctica). This experimental system integrates two independent modules that enable researchers to monitor and control the status of the GNSS-GPS stations, and to determine a surface deformation parameter. It comprises three permanent stations, one of which serves as the reference for assessing the relative distance in relation to the other two. The availability of GNSS-GPS data in quasi real-time is achieved by means of a WiFi infrastructure and automated data processing. This system provides, in quasi real-time, a time series of varying distances that tells us the extent to which any ground deformation is taking place.

Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio es comparar el pensamiento constructivo, una medida de inteligencia emocional, entre una muestra clínica de pacientes adultos diagnosticados de patología dual y una muestra no clínica. Método: Mediante un diseño de investigación comparativo, una muestra no clínica de 835 sujetos se comparó con una muestra de 180 sujetos diagnosticados de patología dual: 78 con trastornos clínicos o del Eje I y102 con trastornos de la personalidad o del Eje II, según criterios DSM-IV-TR. Resultados: Los resultados indican un pensamiento constructivo superior en la muestra no clínica, así como un pensamiento destructivo superior en la muestra con patología dual. No se apreciaron diferencias entre trastornos clínicos y de personalidad. Conclusiones: La muestra clínica presenta un patrón destructivo o desadaptativo de afrontamiento en comparación con población no clínica, que en el caso de pacientes con trastornos de personalidad se ve incrementado por ilusiones, supersticiones y pensamientos esotéricos que contribuyen a su afrontamiento deficitario. The objective of this study is to compare the constructive thinking, a measure of emotional intelligence, between a clinical sample of adult patients diagnosed with dual diagnosis and a non-clinical sample. Method: By means of a comparative design of investigation, a not clinical sample of 835 subjects was compared with a sample of 180 subjects diagnosed of dual diagnosis: 78 with clinical disorders or of the Axix I and 102 with disorders of the personality or of the Axis II, according to DSM-TR-IV. Results: The results indicate a constructive thinking greater than in the non-clinical sample, as well as a destructive thinking higher in the sample with dual diagnosis. There were no differences between clinical disorders and personality. Conclusions: The clinic sample presents a destructive pattern of coping or no adaptative compared with non-clinical population, which in the case of patients with personality disorders is increased by illusions and superstitions and esoteric thoughts that contribute to their coping deficit.

As it is well known, GNSS data analysis is a powerful tool to study geodynamic processes. However, observational methodologies and data analysis results should be adapted to determine local or even regional effects. It is particularly important in tectonic plate boundary areas when looking for subduction zone limits.

Surface deformation parameters and its use in volcano monitoring have evolved from classical geodetic procedures up to those based on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), in particular the most widely used and known Global Positioning System (GPS), profiting from the automated data processing, positioning precision and rates, as well as the large storage capacity and low power consumption of its equipments. These features have enabled the permanent GNSSGPS data acquisition to ensure the continuous monitoring of geodetic benchmarks for the evaluation of surface deformation in active tectonic or volcanic areas. In Deception Island (Antarctica), a normal vector analysis is being used to give surface deformation based on three permanently observed GNSSGPS benchmarks. Due to data availability, both in the past and for near real-time use, all benchmarks used are inside the monitored volcanic area, although the reference is away from thermal springs and/or fumaroles, unlike the other two. The time variation of slope distances to the reference benchmark and of the magnitude and inclination of the normal vector to the triangle defined by the reference benchmark and any other two, provides the spatial deformation in the volcanic area covered. The normal vector variation in magnitude gives information on compression or expansion, here called spatial dilatometer, while the changes in inclination gives information on relative uplift or subsidence, here called spatial inclinometer. In geodesy, the triangle is a basic geometric unit and the areal strain is commonly applied in tectonics and volcanism. The normal vector analysis conjugates both, benefiting from the method's precision, simplicity and possibility to model the surface using several triangles. The proposed method was applied to GNSSGPS data collected every austral summer between 20012002 and 20092010 in Deception Island. The results evidence that Deception Island acts as a strain marker in the Bransfield Basin volcano-tectonic setting. Spanish Ministry of Education and Science as part of the National Antarctic Program; Recognition and fast evaluation of volcanic activity on Deception Island (GEODESY) [ANT1999-1430-E/HESP]; Geodetic Studies on Deception Island: deformation models, geoid determination and Scientific Information System [REN2000-0551-C03-01/ANT]; Acquisition of scientific software for GPS data processing [REN2000-2690-E]; Geodetic Control of the volcanic activity of Deception Island [CGL2004-21547-E/ANT]; Update of the Spanish Cartography for Deception Island [CGL2004-20408-E/ANT]; Volcanotectonic activity on Deception Island: geodetic, geophysical investigations and Remote Sensing on Deception Island and its surroundings [CGLl2005-07589-c03-01/ANT]; Geodetic and Geothermal Researches, Time Serial Analysis and Volcanic Innovation in Antarctica (South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula (GEOTINANT) [CTM2009-07251/ANT] info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

During the nearly 40 years covered by the study, major height differences of over ± 25 m have been revealed in the volcanic landscape of the 1970 craters in Deception Island, an active volcano in the South Shetland Islands (West Antarctica). In the last 14 years, the mean volcanic filling rate has been 1 m yr-1 and the mean erosion rate has been -0.2 m yr-1. There has been considerable landform modification mainly associated with landslide-induced accumulation, and erosion may indicate the craters’ fill over the next 30–40 years. Deception Island's eruptions have been recorded since 1842. Special attention was paid to the zones affected by the most recent volcanic events and the geomorphological changes that have taken place in those zones since then (e.g. the 1970 volcanic craters area in the last episode occurring between 1967 and 1970). Historical maps (produced before and just after the 1970 eruption) were compared with maps plotted in 1992 and updated using a 2003 image from the Quickbird satellite and data obtained with Global Navigation Satellite System technology in 2006. Techniques used included both geodetic transformation and the geometric correcting of maps.

During the 2007–08 Spanish Antarctic campaign, two moorings of bottom pressure sensors were carried out over a ten week period. This paper presents the results of the tidal analysis from sea level records obtained at Deception and Livingston islands (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). The main objective of this paper is to present a detailed study of the tidal characteristics at these two islands, for which statistical and harmonic analysis techniques are applied to the tidal records. A geodetic network was used to reference the pressure sensors. Geometric levelling, with an accuracy of 1 mm, allowed us to link the tidal marks with geodetic vertices located on Livingston and Deception islands. The amplitudes and phase lags obtained by harmonic analysis are compared to the harmonic constants of several coastal stations and co-tidal and co-range charts. Results show an evident influence of tides in the sea level signal, with a clear mixed semi-diurnal behaviour and a daily inequality between high and low waters. Measurements of salinity and temperature were made using electronic sensors. Results from this study showed that salinity and temperature were strongly influenced by tides. Seawater temperature varied in a manner that was consistent with the time series of residual bottom pressure.

Establishment of a geodetic network in Tenerife is the starting point for the use of GPS and other precise geodetic techniques in the support of the study of kinematics and their relation with island volcanic activity. This paper is focused on the characterization of volcanotectonic activity of Tenerife, to determine the geodynamic framework for volcanic surveillance. TEGETEIDE network, set up in 2005 and re-observed each year, is composed of seven GNSS–GPS stations scattered throughout the island. A horizontal deformation model is presented in order to explain the observed island displacement pattern in the geodynamic context of the Nubian plate. According to the models obtained, the most important geologic structures, such as the volcanic rifts and the caldera, determine the current deformation pattern of Tenerife. The geodynamics of the most stable areas of the island behave similarly to that observed from the permanent GNSS–GPS reference stations located in La Palma and Gran Canaria Islands. Anomalous geodynamic behaviour has been detected in two zones of Tenerife, which configure an NW–SE axis crossing the central sector of the island, related with the volcanotectonic activity of the island and its surroundings.

Background Intermediate Care Units (ImCU) have become an alternative scenario to perform Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV). The limited number of prognostic studies in this population support the need of mortality prediction evaluation in this context. Objective The objective of this study is to analyze the performance of Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II and 3 in patients undergoing NIV in an ImCU. Additionally, we searched for new variables that could be useful to customize these scores, in order to improve mortality prediction. Design Cohort study with prospectively collected data from all patients admitted to a single center ImCU who received NIV. The SAPS II and 3 scores with their respective predicted mortality rates were calculated. Discrimination and calibration were evaluated by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and with the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test for the models, respectively. Binary logistic regression was used to identify new variables to customize the scores for mortality prediction in this setting. Patients The study included 241 patients consecutively admitted to an ImCU staffed by hospitalists from April 2006 to December 2013. Key Results The observed in-hospital mortality was 32.4% resulting in a Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) of 1.35 for SAPS II and 0.68 for SAPS 3. Mortality discrimination based on the AUC was 0.73 for SAPS II and 0.69 for SAPS 3. Customized models including immunosuppression, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute pulmonary edema (APE), lactic acid, pCO2 and haemoglobin levels showed better discrimination than old scores with similar calibration power. Conclusions These results suggest that SAPS II and 3 should be customized with additional patient-risk factors to improve mortality prediction in patients undergoing NIV in intermediate care.

The 2011 volcanic unrest at El Hierro Island illustrated the need for a Volcanic Alert System (VAS) specifically designed for the management of volcanic crises developing after long repose periods. The VAS comprises the monitoring network, the software tools for analysis of the monitoring parameters, the Volcanic Activity Level (VAL) management, and the assessment of hazard. The VAS presented here focuses on phenomena related to moderate eruptions, and on potentially destructive volcano-tectonic earthquakes and landslides. We introduce a set of new data analysis tools, aimed to detect data trend changes, as well as spurious signals related to instrumental failure. When data-trend changes and/or malfunctions are detected, a watchdog is triggered, issuing a watch-out warning (WOW) to the Monitoring Scientific Team (MST). The changes in data patterns are then translated by the MST into a VAL that is easy to use and understand by scientists, technicians, and decision-makers. Although the VAS was designed specifically for the unrest episodes at El Hierro, the methodologies may prove useful at other volcanic systems.

Background & Aims Radioembolization may rarely induce liver disease resulting in a syndrome that is similar to veno-occlusive disease complicating bone marrow transplantation where inflammation, endothelial cell activation and thrombosis are likely involved. We hypothesized that similar mechanisms could be implicated in radioembolization-induced liver disease (REILD). Moreover, lobar radioembolization may induce hypertrophy of the non-treated hemiliver most probably by inducing liver regeneration. Methods In patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, we prospectively studied serum levels of markers of liver regeneration, oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory pathways, endothelial activation and coagulation parameters over 2 months after radioembolization. Results Although REILD did not occur among 14 treated patients, a decrease in effective liver blood flow was observed. Radioembolization was followed by a persistent increase in pro-inflammatory (interleukin 6 and 8) and oxidative stress (malondyaldehide) markers, an induction of endothelial injury markers (vW factor and PAI-1) and an activation of the coagulation cascade (factor VIII, PAI-1, D-Dimer) as well as a significant increase in factors related to liver regeneration (FGF-19 and HGF). Conclusion Radioembolization activates liver regeneration, produces oxidative stress, activates inflammatory cytokines and induces endothelial injury with partial activation of the coagulation cascade. These findings may have implications in the pathogenesis, prevention and therapy of REILD and in the development of new therapies to enhance hypertrophy with a surgical perspective.

Mitochondrial toxicity has been recently suggested to be the underlying mechanism of long-term linezolid-associated toxicity in patients with 16S rRNA genetic polymorphisms. Here, we report for the first time two cases of lactic acidosis due to long-term linezolid exposure in liver transplant recipients who presented an A2706G mitochondrial DNA polymorphism.

Significant deformations, followed by increased seismicity detected since 2011 July at El Hierro, Canary Islands, Spain, prompted the deployment of additional monitoring equipment. The climax of this unrest was a submarine eruption first detected on 2011 October 10, and located at about 2 km SW of La Restinga, southernmost village of El Hierro Island. The eruption ceased on 2012 March 5, after the volcanic tremor signals persistently weakened through 2012 February. However, the seismic activity did not end with the eruption, as several other seismic crises followed. The seismic episodes presented a characteristic pattern: over a few days the number and magnitude of seismic event increased persistently, culminating in seismic events severe enough to be felt all over the island. Those crises occurred in 2011 November, 2012 June and September, 2012 December to 2013 January and in 2013 March- April. In all cases the seismic unrest was preceded by significant deformations measured on the island's surface that continued during the whole episode. Analysis of the available GPS and seismic data suggests that several magma displacement processes occurred at depth from the beginning of the unrest. The first main magma movement or 'injection' culminated with the 2011 October submarine eruption. A model combining the geometry of the magma injection process and the variations in seismic energy release has allowed successful forecasting of the new-vent opening. © The Authors 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal Astronomical Society.

La pasteurelosis, causada por Pasteurella multocida, es una de las principales enfermedades de la cunicultura industrial, a pesar de lo cual no existe ninguna vacuna comercial para su prevención. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue valorar la protección conferida por diferentes vacunas elaboradas con cepas de P. multocida aisladas de conejos utilizando un modelo de infección en ratón. Se evaluó la protección conferida por una vacuna basada en exopolisacáridos capsulares frente a una autobacterina, la protección producida por distintas bacterinas frente al desafío con cepas patógenas, y la protección cruzada entre cepas heterólogas de distinto tipo capsular y perfil de virulencia basado en la presencia o ausencia de los genes hgbB y pfhA. El modelo se basó en la letalidad producida por el desafío con distintas cepas patógenas en grupos de 10 ratones vacunados con dos dosis separadas 14 días frente a la letalidad observada en los grupos control sin vacunar. Para el desafío se calculó previamente la DL50 de cada una de las cepas utilizadas y se utilizó la vía intraperitoneal. El modelo se consideró válido para el objetivo planteado. En todos los animales desafiados que murieron durante los ensayos se aisló P. multocida, mientras que no se aisló en ninguno de los animales sacrificados con posterioridad. La protección conferida por algunas autobacterinas resulto del 100% frente a la falta de protección de otras bacterinas elaboradas con cepas heterólogas, aunque esto no se cumplió en todos los casos. La autovacuna a base de exopolisacáridos no resultó efectiva mientras que la autobacterina elaborada con la misma cepa protegió al 100% de los ratones frente al desafío con esa misma cepa. Algunas bacterinas han demostrado ser efectivas frente al desafío con cepas heterólogas pero no ha podido demostrarse una relación entre la protección y el tipo capsular o el perfil de virulencia. La utilización de autobacterinas y bacterinas puede ser muy útil en la prevención de la pasteurelosis del conejo pero se desconoce que componentes bacterianos son los responsables de la inducción de una respuesta inmune protectora.

El Hierro Island in the Canary Archipelago recently experienced a submerged eruption a few kilometers off its southern shore, detected 2011 October 10 on the island’s south-rift alignment. The seismic activity suddenly increased around mid 2011 July, and ground deformation was then detected on the only geodetic benchmark that is continuously observed by global navigation satellite systems techniques and provides public data access. Based on that information, several other global navigation satellite system signal receivers were deployed on the island to provide continuous observation. For data collected by these receivers, a processing strategy was applied to achieve millimeter-level half-hourly positioning solutions. Position updates every 24 h are satisfactory to determine tectonic-plates’ velocities. Updates near 1 s or less are required to characterize seismic waves. In between, minute-level updates are well suited for monitoring active volcano's inflation or deflation, providing an optimal time resolution of the local ground deformation. In half-hourly positioning solutions, the heterogeneous satellites’ distribution in their orbital planes gives different constraints during satellite-constellation revolution, which can bias the solutions. Also, several geophysical influences can bias the solutions, including those related to gravitational movements. These influences have mostly semi-diurnal periodicities and may be considered Gaussian colored noise on the position’s time series. Daily solutions that average out these influences can be applied in active volcanoes, but they can impose some limitations because they average the daily deformation, and the update waiting time is not suitable when near real-time surveillance is mandatory. These semi-diurnal biases do need to be removed or minimized to achieve millimeter-level sub-daily positioning solutions, however, and to do so, a discrete Kalman filter was applied to enhance the half-hourly positioning solutions required during El Hierro’s 2011–2012 unrest and eruption. Throughout El Hierro’s volcanic activity, there were correlations between ground deformation and seismic activity. Many times the deformation preceded the earthquakes, though at other times the seismic activity was followed by the ground deformation response. This correlation is the outcome of ground deformation taking place as the result of energy accommodation, whereas seismic events correspond to energy release. Hence, those observed correlations indicate that the Kalman filter-enhanced half-hourly positioning solutions measured local ground deformation accurately; they were not a mathematical "trick" producing a spurious precision.

Deception Island is one of the most visited places in Antarctica. There are biological, geological, and archeological features that are major attractions within Port Foster, its horse shoe-shaped natural inner bay, and two scientific bases that are occupied during austral summers. Deception Island is an active volcano, however, and needs to be monitored in order to reduce risk to people on the island. Surface deformation in response to fluid pressure is one of the main volcanic activities to observe. Automated data acquisition and processing using the global navigation satellite systems allow measurements of surface deformation in near real time. Nevertheless, the positioning repeatability in sub-daily solutions is affected by geophysical influences such as ocean tidal loading, among others. Such periodic influences must be accurately modeled to achieve similar repeatability as daily solutions that average them. However, a single solution each 24 h will average out the deformation suffered during that period, and the position update waiting time can be a limitation for near real-time purposes. Throughout the last five austral summer campaigns in Deception, using simultaneous wireless communications between benchmarks, a processing strategy was developed to achieve millimeter-level half-hourly positioning solutions that have similar repeatability as those given by 24-h solutions. For these half-hourly solutions, a tidal analysis was performed to assess any mismodeling of ocean tide loading, and a discrete Kalman filter was designed and implemented to enhance the sub-daily positioning repeatability. With these solutions, the volcano-dynamic activity resulting in localized surface deformation for the last five austral summer campaigns is addressed. Although based on only three carefully located benchmarks, it is shown that Deception has been shortening and subsiding during these last 4 years. The method’s accuracy in baselines up to a few hundred kilometers assures its applicability to other volcanoes worldwide.