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The availability of high-resolution data and accurate ground truth is essential to evaluate and compare methods and algorithms properly. Moreover, it is often difficult to acquire real data for a given application domain that is sufficiently representative and heterogeneous in terms of scene representation, acquisition conditions, point of view, etc. To overcome the limitations of available datasets, this paper presents a new synthetic, multi-purpose dataset called ENRICH for testing photogrammetric and computer vision algorithms. Compared to existing datasets, ENRICH offers higher resolution images rendered with different lighting conditions, camera orientations, scales, and fields of view. Specifically, ENRICH is composed of three sub-datasets: ENRICH-Aerial, ENRICH-Square, and ENRICH-Statue, each exhibiting different characteristics. We show the usefulness of the proposed dataset on several examples of photogrammetry and computer vision-related tasks such as: evaluation of hand-crafted and deep learning-based local features, effects of ground control points (GCPs) configuration on the 3D accuracy, and monocular depth estimation. We make ENRICH publicly available at: https://github.com/davidemarelli/ENRICH.

The first COVID-19 lockdown resulted in enforced quarantine of heavily affected areas with social isolation and related measures by several governments to slow the spread of the disease. The general population experienced several mental and lifestyle changes. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the metabolic and psychological effects induced by lifestyle changes during COVID-19 self-isolation among an Apulian overweight/obese cohort with metabolic disturbances. The study assessed anthropometric data (weight, abdominal circumferences), dietary habits (adherence to the Mediterranean diet, junk food score), lifestyle habits (i.e., smoking, and physical activity), levels of stress and anxiety, and depression. Subjects underwent bioumoral exams before and after self-isolation to monitor glycemic and lipid profiles. A total of 245 subjects (M:F = 118:127) have been included in the study. After lockdown, the number of obese subjects significantly increased in both sexes, and was higher in females than in males (P

Objectives: Orthodontists generally recommend avoidance of certain foods during fixed appliance (FA) treatment, based on anecdotal information. This study aimed to identify the dietary preferences and experiences of patients undergoing FA treatment as a step toward the preparation of evidence-based dietary guidelines. Material and Methods: Questionnaires regarding dietary preferences and experiences of patients undergoing FA treatment were applied to a convenience sample of 38 adolescents (12 M; 26 F). Open-ended responses were summarized and visualized in a world cloud generator. 5-point Likert and Visual Analog Scales (VAS) were used to record the closed-ended responses. Descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance were used to analyze questionnaire findings. Results: Lollies, apples, and nuts frequently caused problems with FA. The most frequent reason for avoiding certain types of food was worry about appliance breakage, followed by pain and sensitivity. VAS scores indicated that toffee and caramel scored highest (65.1% F and 54.1% M) for discomfort followed by corn on the cob (64.4% F and 48.7% M) and apples (56.6% F and 55.3% M). VAS scores did not differ significantly between the sexes (P > 0.05). Nearly, a quarter of the sample reported that FA negatively affected their eating behaviors, causing pain and discomfort during eating. No sex differences (P > 0.05) were found for negative experiences with food. Conclusion: Dietary preferences and experiences of patients undergoing FA treatment were identified concerning a New Zealand diet profile. A future study with a larger sample size will help formulate evidence-based dietary guidelines during FA treatment.

Patients seeking restorative and orthodontic treatment expect an improvement in their smiles and oral health-related quality of life. Nonetheless, the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of dynamic smiles are yet to be understood.To develop, validate, and introduce open-access software for automated analysis of smiles in terms of their frequency, genuineness, duration, and intensity.A software script was developed using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) and artificial intelligence to assess activations of (1) cheek raiser, a marker of smile genuineness; (2) lip corner puller, a marker of smile intensity; and (3) perioral lip muscles, a marker of lips apart. Thirty study participants were asked to view a series of amusing videos. A full-face video was recorded using a webcam. The onset and cessation of smile episodes were identified by two examiners trained with FACS coding. A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was then used to assess detection accuracy and optimise thresholding. The videos of participants were then analysed off-line to automatedly assess the features of smiles.The area under the ROC curve for smile detection was 0.94, with a sensitivity of 82.9% and a specificity of 89.7%. The software correctly identified 90.0% of smile episodes. While watching the amusing videos, study participants smiled 1.6 (±0.8) times per minute.Features of smiles such as frequency, duration, genuineness, and intensity can be automatedly assessed with an acceptable level of accuracy. The software can be used to investigate the impact of oral conditions and their rehabilitation on smiles.

Wax typodonts are widely used as pre-clinical teaching tools to test and research the complex force systems created by archwire activations, however, a limitation is the inability to quantify the resultant statically indeterminate tooth movements. The aim of this study was to develop an analogue-to-digital typodont system to quantify the effects of archwire activations on individual typodont teeth in three dimensions.The typodont system was developed using CAD/CAM technology. Posterior expansion, squared, tapered, asymmetrical arch forms and reversed curve of Spee activations were tested with three repeats. The resulting three-dimensional movements of individual typodont teeth were assessed with six degrees of freedom (df). Cartesian coordinate systems were set for each tooth. Mesio-distal, bucco-lingual and intrusive-extrusive movements were assessed as changes in the location of the geometrically estimated centre of resistance in the x, y and z axes, respectively. Torque, tip and rotation movements were assessed as the rotations around the mesio-distal, bucco-lingual and intrusive-extrusive axes, respectively.Individual typodont tooth displacements from each activation could reliably be described with six df. The transversal-to-sagittal movement ratio ranged from 2:1 to 7:1, depending on the activation. Asymmetrical arch form activations caused a midline shift and affected the lateral overjet. Reversing the curve of Spee led to intrusion of incisors and second molars, extrusion of premolars and first molars and pronounced first and third order effects.The digital typodont system is a promising teaching tool. The tested activations have implications in three dimensions, which should be considered when planning tooth movements.

In the Internet of Things era, where we see many interconnected and heterogeneous mobile and fixed smart devices, distributing the intelligence from the cloud to the edge has become a necessity. Due to limited computational and communication capabilities, low memory and limited energy budget, bringing artificial intelligence algorithms to peripheral devices, such as the end-nodes of a sensor network, is a challenging task and requires the design of innovative methods. In this work, we present PhiNets, a new scalable backbone optimized for deep-learning-based image processing on resource-constrained platforms. PhiNets are based on inverted residual blocks specifically designed to decouple the computational cost, working memory, and parameter memory, thus exploiting all the available resources. With a YoloV2 detection head and Simple Online and Realtime Tracking, the proposed architecture has achieved the state-of-the-art results in (i) detection on the COCO and VOC2012 benchmarks, and (ii) tracking on the MOT15 benchmark. PhiNets reduce the parameter count of 87% to 93% with respect to previous state-of-the-art models (EfficientNetv1, MobileNetv2) and achieve better performance with lower computational cost. Moreover, we demonstrate our approach on a prototype node based on a STM32H743 microcontroller (MCU) with 2MB of internal Flash and 1MB of RAM and achieve power requirements in the order of 10 mW. The code for the PhiNets is publicly available on GitHub., Comment: Submitted to ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems

To investigate the prevalence of halitosis in young adults.Young adults (n = 372; mean age = 21.0 ± 2.6 years old, range = 18-30 years) in Dunedin, New Zealand, were recruited into the cross sectional study after providing informed consent. The prevalence of halitosis was determined using both objective measurements (parts per billion [ppb] volatile sulphur compounds [VSCs] in the exhaled air) and subjective measurements (self-reported halitosis questionnaire, tongue coating index, and organoleptic assessment).Volatile sulphur compounds measurements indicated that the prevalence of halitosis (values ≥140 ppb) was 31.2%; 25.6% of participants self-reported halitosis. The organoleptic assessment revealed that 14.3% of the participants had a score of ≥2. A positive correlation was found between the VSC measurements and organoleptic assessment (p 0.05). No significant relationship was found between self-reported halitosis and either organoleptic assessment or VSC measurements. Self-reported dry mouth, smoking, oral hygiene index, DMFT index, and tongue coating score were significantly associated with the organoleptic assessment (p 0.05). The self-reported dry mouth, mouth breathing and tongue coating score were significantly associated with the VSC scores (p 0.05).Halitosis, as represented by VSC, was found in 31.2% of the participants. VSC scores and organoleptic assessment were positively correlated. There was no significant relationship between self-reported halitosis and either organoleptic assessment or VSC measurements.

Automatic photogrammetric processing of historical (or archival) aerial photos is still a challenging task, particularly in cases of missing ancillary information, low radiometric and image quality, limited stereo coverage or large temporal span. However, with recent advances in photogrammetry and Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms for image processing and interpretation, an increasing number of applications are now feasible. The article presents the TIME (hisTorical aerIal iMagEs) benchmark (https://time.fbk.eu/), promoted by EuroSDR to explore the potential of historical aerial images. Realized in collaboration with various European NMCAs, the benchmark has garnered aerial image blocks and time series imagery captured since the 1950s. To support the photogrammetric processing of the digitized photos, ancillary data are supplied with available information about flight missions, taking cameras, and ground control points (GCPs). Several diverse investigations have been undertaken with the benchmark datasets, all captured over historical urban areas or landscapes. The paper describes the benchmark datasets and some potential research topics, presenting several tests and analyses realized with the collated and shared data.

BackgroundEvidence regarding the management of several aspects of cerebral palsy improved in recent years. Still, discrepancies are reported in clinical practice. Italian professionals and stakeholders expressed the need of setting up updated, evidenced-based, shared statements, to address clinical practice in cerebral palsy rehabilitation. The objective of the present study was to provide an updated overview of the state of knowledge, regarding the management and motor rehabilitation of children and young people with cerebral palsy, as the framework to develop evidence-based recommendations on this topic.MethodsGuidelines and systematic reviews were searched, relative to evidence-based management and motor treatment, aimed at improving gross motor and manual function and activities, in subjects with cerebral palsy, aged 2–18 years. A systematic search according to the Patients Intervention Control Outcome framework was executed on multiple sites. Independent evaluators provided selection and quality assessment of the studies and extraction of data.ResultsFour guidelines, 43 systematic reviews, and three primary studies were included. Agreement among guidelines was reported relative to the general requirements of management and motor treatment. Considering the subject's multidimensional profile, age and developmentally appropriate activities were recommended to set individual goals and interventions. Only a few approaches were supported by high-level evidence (i.e., bimanual therapy and constraint-induced movement therapy to enhance manual performance). Several task-specific active approaches, to improve gross motor function and gait, were reported (mobility and gait training, cycling, backward gait, and treadmill), based on low-level evidence. Increasing daily physical activity and countering sedentary behavior were advised. Based on the available evidence, non-invasive brain stimulation, virtual reality, action-observation therapy, hydrotherapy, and hippotherapy might be complementary to task or goal-oriented physical therapy programs.ConclusionA multiple-disciplinary family-centered evidence-based management is recommended. All motor rehabilitation approaches to minors affected by cerebral palsy must share the following fundamental characteristics: engaging active involvement of the subject, individualized, age and developmentally appropriate, goal-directed, skill-based, and preferably intensive and time-limited, but suitable for the needs and preferences of the child or young person and their family, and feasible considering the implications for themselves and possible contextual limitations.

Background A timely diagnosis is essential for improving breast cancer patients’ survival and designing targeted therapeutic plans. For this purpose, the screening timing, as well as the related waiting lists, are decisive. Nonetheless, even in economically advanced countries, breast cancer radiology centres fail in providing effective screening programs. Actually, a careful hospital governance should encourage waiting lists reduction programs, not only for improving patients care, but also for minimizing costs associated with the treatment of advanced cancers. Thus, in this work, we proposed a model to evaluate several scenarios for an optimal distribution of the resources invested in a Department of Breast Radiodiagnosis. Materials and methods Particularly, we performed a cost-benefit analysis as a technology assessment method to estimate both costs and health effects of the screening program, to maximise both benefits related to the quality of care and resources employed by the Department of Breast Radiodiagnosis of Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari in 2019. Specifically, we determined the Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY) for estimating health outcomes, in terms of usefulness of two hypothetical screening strategies with respect to the current one. While the first hypothetical strategy adds one team made up of a doctor, a technician and a nurse, along with an ultrasound and a mammograph, the second one adds two afternoon teams. Results This study showed that the most cost-effective incremental ratio could be achieved by reducing current waiting lists from 32 to 16 months. Finally, our analysis revealed that this strategy would also allow to include more people in the screening programs (60,000 patients in 3 years).

Wearable EEG applications demand an optimal trade-off between performance and system power consumption. However, high-performing models usually require many features for training and inference, leading to a high computational and memory budget. In this paper, we present a novel knowledge distillation methodology to reduce the number of EEG channels (and therefore, the associated features) without compromising on performance. We aim to distill information from a model trained using all channels (teacher) to a model using a reduced set of channels (student). To this end, we first pre-train the state-of-the-art model on features extracted from all channels. Then, we train a naive model on features extracted from a few task-specific channels using the soft labels predicted by the teacher model. As a result, the student model with a reduced set of features learns to mimic the teacher via soft labels. We evaluate this methodology on two publicly available datasets: CHB-MIT for epileptic seizure detection and BCI competition IV-2a dataset for motor-imagery classification. Results show that the proposed channel reduction methodology improves the precision of the seizure detection task by about 8% and the motor-imagery classification accuracy by about 3.6%. Given these consistent results, we conclude that the proposed framework facilitates future lightweight wearable EEG systems without any degradation in performance.

Multi-user Augmented Reality experiences have proven useful in increasing user engagement and facilitating the learning of new concepts. Thanks to the new generation of Augmented Reality frameworks for smartphones and tablets, their daily use in the classroom is becoming more common. In this paper, we present the work done towards the implementation of classroom-based behavioural lessons based on collaborative Augmented Reality environments. We have developed a library that enables multi-user Augmented Reality applications and have used it to implement some scenarios developed in the context Positive Behaviour Intervention and Support framework.

In recent years, a growing interest in the 3D digitisation of museum assets has been pushed by the evident advantages of digital copies in supporting and advancing the knowledge, preservation and promotion of historical artefacts. Realising photo-realistic and precise digital twins of medium and small-sized movable objects implies several operations, still hiring open research problems and hampering the complete automation and derivation of satisfactory results while limiting processing time. The work examines some recurrent issues and potential solutions, summing up several experiences of photogrammetric-based massive digitisation projects. In particular, the article presents some insights into three crucial aspects of the photogrammetric pipeline. The first experiments tackle the Depth of Field (DoF) problem, especially when digitising small artefacts with macro-lenses. On the processing side, two decisive and time-consuming tasks are instead investigated: background masking and point cloud editing, exploring and proposing automatic solutions for speeding up the reconstruction process.

BackgroundThere is a growing body of evidence emphasizing the importance of research into patient-centred experience in orthodontics. Benefits following orthodontic treatment are mainly related to improved aesthetics and psychosocial outcomes. However, treatment experience from the perspective of orthodontic patients is yet to be fully understood.ObjectiveTo understand the past experiences and current perceptions of treatment outcomes of orthodontic patients.Study designA qualitative meta-ethnography.Selection criteriaQualitative studies and mixed-methods articles with a distinct qualitative component presenting patients’ perception of outcomes and overall experiences after an active course of orthodontic treatment were included.Search methodsComprehensive electronic searches were conducted in MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and EMBASE up to May 2021, supplemented by grey literature and manual searches.Data collection and analysisTwo independent reviewers were involved in study selection, data extraction, and quality appraisal. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool for qualitative research was used to assess the quality of included studies. Analysis of data was conducted using meta-ethnographic methods.ResultsOut of 801 retrieved search hits, six studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the synthesis. The analysis revealed three main themes and associated sub-themes: (1) Reflection on the past treatment experience, (2) Patient satisfaction with treatment outcomes, and (3) Learning to live with retainers.LimitationsResults express patients’ opinions shortly after treatment, and the long-term impact of orthodontic treatment is yet to be understood.ConclusionsOrthodontic patients mainly viewed their experiences and treatment results positively. Desirable aesthetic outcomes, psychosocial outcomes, and satisfaction with smiles were often reported in the studies reviewed. However, some barriers to optimal experiences were noticed concerning orthodontic retention.RegistrationPROSPERO (CRD42020180121).

Objectives To investigate the current commercially available clear aligners related to brands, companies, Google trends, and marketing claims presented on their official websites. Materials and methods A search was conducted in October 2020 to identify the relevant web-based information, using three languages (English, Chinese, and Korean) and search terms “clear aligner”, , , and in four search engines (Google, Bing, Baidu, and Naver) to identify current clear aligner companies. Each company website was reviewed and assessed for its marketing claims. Results A total of 75 clear aligner brands were identified and included in the study, and 280 claims from their official websites were analysed. Most (70.7%) of the companies made claims regarding “aesthetics”, 66.7% made claims regarding “increased comfort”, 58.7% made claims regarding “shorter treatment time”, and 56.0% of the companies made claims regarding “superior material”. Other claims were made regarding their “novel technology”, “superior hygiene”, “tracking Apps”, “remote monitoring”, and “reduced in-office visits”. Of these marketing claims, only 4.5% cited references supporting the company’s website claims; however, the references were mainly derived from internal company research. Conclusions Using three languages (English, Chinese, and Korean), 75 different brands of clear aligners were currently found online. Most of the marketing claims from the clear aligner companies’ official websites were not referenced to quality scientific studies. Clinicians and patients should critically appraise the content of company claims and advertisements.

Augmented reality (AR) is rapidly emerging as an increasingly useful technology in educational settings. In the ARETE (Augmented Reality Interactive Educational System) H2020 project, consortium members designed and implemented an ecosystem aimed at supporting teachers in building a collaborative learning environment through the use of AR in order to improve educational experiences. In particular, one of the pilot projects aims to introduce AR into school behavior lessons for the first time, leveraging the Positive Behaviour Intervention and Support (PBIS) methodology. Specifically, in this paper we will discuss the proposed architecture within the ARETE project that incorporates AR technology into the learning process of behavior lessons to support the teaching, practice and reinforcement phases of expected behaviors. Through the combination of different technologies and systems, it is possible to create an example of a technological and innovative ecosystem designed for creating behavioral lessons in AR.

Knowing the properties of the single photons produced in a Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion (SPDC) source can be crucial for specific applications and uses. In particular, the spectral properties are of key relevance. Here, we investigate a commercial SPDC source using our fast broadband spectrometer. Our analysis is a valid method for other SPDC sources, as well as other single-photon generation techniques, thus providing a good example of how to use this spectrometer design. We calibrate the spectrometer using known lines of the argon emission spectrum. We show that the two down-converted photons from the SPDC source have different spectral properties depending on the pump power, and in which condition we measured spectrally similar down-converted photons. Lastly, we were able to reconstruct and investigate the spectral information for the pump photon.

The protection of marine habitats from human-generated underwater noise is an emerging challenge. Baseline information on sound levels, however, is poorly available, especially in the Mediterranean Sea. To bridge this knowledge gap, the SOUNDSCAPE project ran a basin-scale, cross-national, long-term underwater monitoring in the Northern Adriatic Sea. A network of nine monitoring stations, characterized by different natural conditions and anthropogenic pressures, ensured acoustic data collection from March 2020 to June 2021, including the full lockdown period related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Calibrated stationary recorders featured with an omnidirectional Neptune Sonar D60 Hydrophone recorded continuously 24 h a day (48 kHz sampling rate, 16 bit resolution). Data were analysed to Sound Pressure Levels (SPLs) with a specially developed and validated processing app. Here, we release the dataset composed of 20 and 60 seconds averaged SPLs (one-third octave, base 10) output files and a Python script to postprocess them. This dataset represents a benchmark for scientists and policymakers addressing the risk of noise impacts on marine fauna in the Mediterranean Sea and worldwide.

The Fijian “Bula Smile,” is often described as the world’s friendliest, however its description remains anecdotal. We aim to describe and compare the features of Fijians’ smiles with those of New Zealand Europeans. An observational study was conducted on two ethnic groups, Fijians (FJ; N=23) and New Zealand Europeans (NZ; N=23), age- and gender-matched. All participants were asked to watch amusing videos, and their reactions were video recorded. The videos were analysed by software to assess the frequency, duration, intensity, and genuineness of smiling episodes. Based on the Facial Action Coding System, Action Unit 6 (AU6 - cheek raiser), Action Unit 12 (AU12 - lip corner puller), and Action Unit 25 (AU25 – lips apart) were assessed. Data were analysed by generalised linear models after adjusting for personality traits. Fijians smiled longer than New Zealand Europeans (+19.9%; p=0.027). Mean intensity of AU6 (+1.0; 95%CIs=0.6-1.5; p

Objectives: To examine the relationship between masticatory muscle activity (MMA), self-reported oral behaviours (OBs) and overall physical activity (PA) in adult women. Materials and methods: MMA and PA were assessed by a wearable electromyography (EMG) device and accelerometer respectively, worn over 2 non-consecutive days by 53 women (mean age 27.5 ± 6.4 years). Following the second recording day, self-reported OBs were assessed. MMA was assessed by the number, amplitude and duration of masseter contraction episodes. Masseter muscle EMG outcome measures were number of contraction episodes per hour (CEs/h) and the relative contraction time (RCT%). PA was assessed by time accumulated in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and 10-min bouts of MVPA per hour. Data were analysed using mixed model analysis. Results: MMA in free-living conditions consisted mostly of low-amplitude (

Objective The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the association between non-syndromic hypodontia and nineteen common variants of candidate genes ectodysplasin A (EDA), paired box 9 (PAX9), msh homeobox 1 (MSX1), and axis inhibition protein 2 (AXIN2). Settings and sample population Sixty-one hypodontia cases were frequency-matched to 253 controls with no missing teeth (excluding the third molars). Material and methods Self-report data and DNA samples were collected from each participant. Results The sample had a mean age of 16.6 years (SD=7.3), with most participants being female (59.6%), and of New Zealand European origin (75.4%). Using multiple logistic regression analysis, it was found that the T-allele of rs12853659 (EDA) and the G-allele of rs2428151 (EDA) were both associated with a higher risk of hypodontia (odds ratio, OR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.11-7.01; and OR = 2.87, 95% CI = 1.04-7.94, respectively). The G-allele of rs2520378 (EDA) showed a protective effect with an OR of 0.61 (95% CI = 0.38-0.99). The EDA SNP findings were consistent with previous reports included in a meta-analysis. No associations were found with the PAX9, AXIN2 and MSX1 genes, after adjusting for sex and ethnicity. Conclusions Common variants of the EDA genes are associated with specific phenotypes of non-syndromic hypodontia, thus confirming their role in the regulatory pathways of normal tooth development. However, larger samples are needed to investigate the association further.

Occlusal features that deviate from normative values have been historically considered risk factors for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. Nowadays, a putative association between dental occlusion and TMJ disorders remains controversial, with research findings on associations being inconsistent and inconclusive. We hypothesized that putative occlusal features identified during adolescence are associated with TMJ clicking later in life. The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study is a longitudinal birth cohort study investigation of 1,037 children (48.4% female) born in Dunedin, New Zealand, between April 1, 1972, and March 31, 1973, and assessed repeatedly since then. Associations between posterior crossbite, overbite, and overjet at age 15, as well as both self-reported and clinically assessed TMJ clicking sounds at age 45, were studied. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression, after controlling for sex, emotional style, self-reports of tooth clenching and sleep bruxism, and history of orthodontic treatment. Self-reported and examiner-reported TMJ clicking at age 45 affected 18.3% and 23.8% of the study sample, respectively, and were not associated with the presence of a posterior crossbite or abnormal overjet/overbite values during adolescence. Self-reported history of tooth clenching and emotional style were associated with self-reported TMJ clicking later in life. In addition, there is a suggestion that high overbite during adolescence is negatively associated with TMJ clicking later in life. A history of orthodontic treatment was not associated with TMJ clicking. Abnormal occlusal features, such as posterior crossbite and high and low overjet/overbite in adolescence, are not associated with higher prevalence of TMJ clicking later in life. Personality also appears to influence self-reports of TMJ clicking later in life.

Indigenous youth are systemically underserved by 4-H and other positive youth development (PYD) organizations. Many underserved First Nation communities in the United States could greatly benefit from programs that foster youth thriving; however, these programs tend to be ineffective in creating culturally reflective spaces for Indigenous participants. In this article, we argue that the Peoplehood Model should serve as a unifying model for the inclusion of Indigenous identity in programming, and that cultural humility should be firmly integrated into program design and assessment. We also propose that, to support Indigenous youth thriving, PYD practitioners must intentionally create a “partial vacuum” that supports youth creating program context and thriving.

Background Uprighting incisors is particularly important with clear aligner therapy as incisor tip determines the mesio-distal space needed in the arch, and consequently the fit of the aligner. The objective of this study was to investigate the accuracy of ClinCheck® software to predict lower incisor tip by comparing digitally prescribed movements with actual clinical outcomes and to determine whether the presence of a vertically orientated rectangular composite attachment influences the efficacy of incisor tip. Methodology This retrospective study included 66 lower incisors from 42 non-extraction adult patients treated using the Invisalign® appliance. Twenty-one incisors had vertical attachments, while 45 incisors did not have any attachments. Lower incisor tip was measured at T0 (pre-treatment), T1 (predicted post-treatment) and T2 (achieved post-treatment) on digital models using metrology software. The change in position from T0 to T1 and T0 to T2 was measured from the estimated centre of resistance (CRes) of each tooth. The estimated centre of rotation was plotted relative to the CRes to describe the type of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) predicted and achieved. Results Predicted incisor tip and achieved incisor tip were positively correlated (R2 = 0.55; p F = 3.7; p = 0.062) and 0.5 mm greater movement of the predicted apex of the tooth (F = 4.3; p = 0.042) compared with the no attachment group. The type of OTM achieved differed from the type predicted. Sixty-seven percent of incisors investigated were predicted to move by root movement, while 46% achieved this type of movement. Conclusions The amount of lower incisor tip achieved was on average substantially less than the ClinCheck® displayed. Vertically orientated rectangular attachments are recommended where large root movement is planned, and their presence slightly improves apex movement.

To compare the immediate three-dimensional (3D) perioral soft-tissue changes and impact on speech induced by clear aligners and fixed appliances.In this repeated-measure experimental study, stereophotogrammetric 3D photographs of 40 participants were recorded before and immediately after the introduction of clear aligners and fixed appliances. The 3D surface meshes were registered to quantify changes in the direction and magnitude of nine soft tissue landmarks located on the upper and lower lips. Self-reported speech disturbance was evaluated using a questionnaire. Data were analysed using repeated-measures analysis of variance.In the vertical plane, the clear aligners induced inferior displacement (range 0.4-1.5 mm) for all nine landmarks (P 0.01), whereas fixed appliances induced inferior displacement only of A-point (0.4 ± 0.9 mm), right crista philtri (0.5 ± 1.1 mm) and left crista philtri (0.7 ± 1.1 mm). The clear aligners induced greater vertical changes than fixed appliances for all landmarks (P 0.05). In the sagittal plane, both clear aligners and fixed appliances slightly advanced all perioral landmarks, except subnasale. Fixed appliances caused greater changes than clear aligners for right cheilion (+0.8 mm), left cheilion (+0.8 mm) and labrale inferius (+0.9 mm) (P 0.01). Both orthodontic appliances had a significant self-perceived effect on speech, with clear aligners affecting speech to a greater degree.Clear aligners and fixed appliances produced immediate effects on perioral soft tissues, which are most evident in the vertical plane for clear aligners, and in the sagittal plane for fixed appliances. Speech was affected by both appliances.

Wearable devices are worn on or remain in close proximity of the human body. The use of wearable devices specific to the orofacial region are steadily increasing. Orofacial applications of wearable devices include supplementing diagnosis, tracking treatment progress, monitoring patient compliance and understanding oral parafunctional behaviours. In this short communication, the role of wearable devices in advancing personalized dental medicine are highlighted with a specific focus on masticatory muscle activity monitoring in naturalistic settings. Additionally, challenges, opportunities as well as future research areas for successful use of wearable devices for precise, personalized care of muscle disorders are discussed.

Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy. The aim of this retrospective study was to report the results after ruthenium-106 (Ru-106) plaque brachytherapy for uveal melanoma in terms of tumor control, visual acuity, radiation-related complications, tumor recurrence, metastases, and patients’ survival rate during 4 years’ follow-up. A total of 355 eyes from 355 patients have been treated with Ru-106 plaque brachytherapy for uveal melanoma between February 2011 and March 2020. Five patients were lost to follow-up, and then 350 eyes of 350 patients (mean age 58 ± 11 years) were enrolled in this retrospective study. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmic examination including echography and spectral domain–optical coherence tomography. The mean follow-up was 4 years (3 months to 9 years). After treatment, the mean tumor thickness was reduced to 1.75 ± 0.21 mm. Radiation complications were found in 63% of patients: 38% showed radiation maculopathy, 11% had optic neuropathy, and 14% developed cataracts. Cancer-free survival was 99%, 97%, and 85%, respectively, at 5, 7, and 9 years. Ru-106 plaque brachytherapy represents a reliable treatment of uveal melanoma. This technique is valid and safe with a low rate of ocular complications during a long-term follow-up.

Modern digital technologies allow potentially to explore Cultural Heritage sites in immersive virtual environments. This is surely an advantage for the users that can better experiment and understand a specific site, also before a real visit. This specific approach has gained increasing attention during the extreme conditions of the recent COVID-19 pandemic. In this work, we present the processes that lead to the implementation of an immersive app for different kinds of low and high cost devices, which have been attained in the context of the 3dLab-Sicilia project. 3dLab-Sicilia’s main objective is to sponsor the creation, development, and validation of a sustainable infrastructure that interconnects three main Sicilian centres specialized in augmented and virtual reality. The project gives great importance to the cultural heritage, as well as to the tourism-related areas. Despite the presentation of the case study of the Santa Maria La Vetere church, the process of the final app implementation guided by the general pipeline here presented is general and can be applied to other cultural heritage sites.

SummaryObjectivesTo assess biomechanical properties of the lip muscles and to investigate their relationship with sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and cephalometric variables.Materials and methodsDemographic information and BMI were collected from 83 study participants seeking orthodontic treatment at the University of Otago. Tone, stiffness, and elasticity of the lip muscles were measured thrice at four different anatomical sites using a digital palpation device. To estimate method error, a duplicate set of measurements in a subsample of 20 participants was taken a week later. Sagittal and vertical cephalometric classifications were based on ANB and FMPA angles, respectively. Data were analysed using mixed models.ResultsBiomechanical properties of lip muscles were remarkably consistent both within and between different recording sessions. The lower lip had higher tone and stiffness than the upper lip. Both the upper and lower lip stiffness and tone were higher in females than in males, whereas upper lip elasticity was higher in males. Thinner upper lips had higher tone and were stiffer than thicker upper lips, whereas thinner lower lips were less elastic than thicker lower lips. Muscle tone and stiffness of both the upper and lower lips were lower in Class III than in Class I and Class II individuals. The upper lip of hyperdivergent individuals was less elastic than that of normodivergent and hypodivergent individuals, and stiffer than that of hypodivergent individuals.ConclusionsThe biomechanical properties of perioral soft tissues can be reliably measured and vary with anatomical site, sex, and cephalometric measurements.

Progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPRD) is an autosomal recessive inherited skeletal dysplasia characterized by progressive non-inflammatory arthropathy affecting primarily the articular cartilage. Currently, little is known about the functional musculoskeletal aspects of these patients. In particular, an abnormal gait pattern has been described, without a clear hypothesis of the underlying causes in terms of muscular activity. This study presents the case of two siblings, 4 and 9 years old, a boy and a girl, respectively, suffering from PPRD at different stages of the disease. In addition to the clinical assessment, an instrumental gait analysis was performed. Swelling of the interphalangeal finger joints and fatigue were present in both cases. Gait abnormalities consisted of a relevant reduction in the ankle plantarflexion in the terminal phase of the gait cycle, associated with reduced gastrocnemius EMG activity and increased activity of the tibialis anterior, resulting in overloading at the initial peak of ground reaction forces. Gait anomalies observed were similar in both siblings with PPRD, although at different ages, and confirm walking patterns previously described in the literature. The calf muscle strength deficit and reduced activity during the stance phase of gait present in these two siblings indicate the typical absence of the propulsive phase. A stomping gait pattern, with the foot striking the ground hard on each step, was originally described. Further neurophysiological investigations are required to determine the origin of muscle weakness.

In recent years, Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)-based nanolithography techniques have emerged as a very powerful approach for the machining of countless types of nanostructures. However, the conventional AFM-based nanolithography methods suffer from low efficiency, low rate of patterning, and high complexity of execution. In this frame, we first developed an easy and effective nanopatterning technique, termed Pulse-Atomic Force Lithography (P-AFL), with which we were able to pattern 2.5D nanogrooves on a thin polymer layer. Indeed, for the first time, we patterned nanogrooves with either constant or varying depth profiles, with sub-nanometre resolution, high accuracy, and reproducibility. In this paper, we present the results on the investigation of the effects of P-AFL parameters on 2.5D nanostructures’ morphology. We considered three main P-AFL parameters, i.e., the pulse’s amplitude (setpoint), the pulses’ width, and the distance between the following indentations (step), and we patterned arrays of grooves after a precise and well-established variation of the aforementioned parameters. Optimizing the nanolithography process, in terms of patterning time and nanostructures quality, we realized unconventional shape nanostructures with high accuracy and fidelity. Finally, a scanning electron microscope was used to confirm that P-AFL does not induce any damage on AFM tips used to pattern the nanostructures.

Sound Event Detection (SED) pipelines identify and classify relevant events in audio streams. With typical applications in the smart city domain (e.g., crowd counting, alarm triggering), SED is an asset for municipalities and law enforcement agencies. Given the large size of the areas to be monitored and the amount of data generated by the IoT sensors, large models running on centralised servers are not suitable for real-time applications. Conversely, performing SED directly on pervasive embedded devices is very attractive in terms of energy consumption, bandwidth requirements and privacy preservation. In a previous manuscript, we proposed scalable backbones from the PhiNets architectures’ family for real-time sound event detection on microcontrollers. In this paper, we extend our analysis investigating how PhiNets’ scaling parameters affect the model performance in the SED task while searching for the best configuration given the computational constraints. Experimental analysis on UrbanSound8K shows that while only the total number of parameters matters when training the model from scratch (i.e., it is independent of the scaling parameter configuration), knowledge distillation is more effective with specific scaling configurations.

Although dental practitioners orthodontically move teeth on a daily basis, questions persist regarding the complex biological mechanisms involved. The importance of knowledge about the mechanobiology of tooth movement is ever-increasing as orthodontics is undergoing a shift from a focus on ‘biomechanics’ to ‘biology’. As in other areas of healthcare, practitioners aspire to provide individualised treatment, as well as potentially accelerate tooth movement and attenuate adverse effects. In vitro and in vivo models of tooth movement research, including those which have been conducted in New Zealand, will be described, with a vision toward future directions.

In the last years, the application of artificial intelligence (Machine Learning and Deep Learning methods) for the classification of 3D point clouds has become an important task in modern 3D documentation and modelling applications. The identification of proper geometric and radiometric features becomes fundamental to classify 2D/3D data correctly. While many studies have been conducted in the geospatial field, the cultural heritage sector is still partly unexplored. In this paper we analyse the efficacy of the geometric covariance features as a support for the classification of Cultural Heritage point clouds. To analyse the impact of the different features calculated on spherical neighbourhoods at various radius sizes, we present results obtained on four different heritage case studies using different features configurations.

Objectives: To analyze changes in occlusal characteristics following mandibular incisor extractions (MIE), to determine the usefulness of wax setups in treatment planning MIE cases and to compare the pre- and posttreatment dental attractiveness between MIE cases and nonextraction (NE) controls. Materials and Methods: The Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) Index was used to score pre- and posttreatment dental casts of MIE cases (n = 14) and matched NE controls (n = 14). Occlusal characteristics were evaluated on diagnostic wax setups and posttreatment casts. Attractiveness of pre- and posttreatment cases judged on intraoral photographs of cases (n = 6) and controls (n = 6) were rated by 76 dental students and 10 laypeople using visual analogue scales (VAS). Results: The difference in PAR score reduction (%) between the MIE and NE groups was not significant. Between the wax setup and posttreatment casts, there were moderate correlations in overjet, overbite, and right canine classification. There was no significant difference in pre- and posttreatment change in VAS scores (%) for attractiveness between the MIE (49.8 ± 4.3 [S.E.]) and control groups (40.8 ± 4.3 [S.E.]). However, there was a significant difference (P = .000) between the observer groups. Conclusions: There were no significant differences in the treatment outcomes of orthodontic cases treated with MIE or NE, indicating that MIE is a valid treatment option. A wax setup is moderately correlated with posttreatment results. Both laypeople and dental students rated posttreatment dental attractiveness higher than pretreatment in MIE and NE groups. Dental students tended to be more critical than laypeople in their ratings.

A big challenge in geodata processing is the seamless and accurate integration of airborne LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) and photogrammetric point clouds performed by properly considering their high variations in resolution and precision. In this paper we propose a new approach to co-register airborne point clouds acquired by LiDAR sensors and photogrammetric algorithms, assuming that only dense point clouds from both mapping methods are available, without LiDAR raw data nor flight trajectories. First, semantically segmented point clouds are quality-wise evaluated by assigning sensor-specific quality features to each 3D point. Then, these quality features are aggregated in order to assign a score to each 3D point based on its quality. Finally, using a voxel-based structure, a filtering step is performed to select only the best points used for the registration refinement. We assess the performance of the proposed method on two different case studies to demonstrate its advantages compared to a traditional ICP-based approach. The code of the implemented method is available at https://github.com/3DOM-FBK/HyRe .

Objective To assess the relationship between history of surgery for endometriosis and adverse obstetrical outcomes. Design Retrospective study using prospectively recorded data. Setting Referral center. Patient(s) Total of 569 women with history of surgery for endometriosis, postoperative conception, and pregnancy evolution over 22 weeks of gestation. Interventions(s) Surgery for endometriosis. Main Outcome Measure(s) Small for gestational age (SGA) status of the newborn, spontaneous preterm birth (PT, before 37 weeks’ gestation), and placenta previa. Results Among 733 pregnancies included in the study, 566 deliveries were recorded (77.2%), of which 535 were singleton (72.9% of pregnancies) and 31 twins (4.2%). SGA was observed in 81 of 535 (15.1%) singleton pregnancies and in 9 of 31 (29%) twin pregnancies. PT occurred in 53 of 535 (9.9%) singleton pregnancies and in 19 of 31 (61.2%) twin pregnancies. The number of singleton and multiple pregnancies complicated by placenta previa were, respectively, 9 of 535 (1.7%) and 0 of 31. The independent factor found to relate to SGA was the absence of endometriomas; conception with the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) only tended toward statistical significance. Independent factors found to increase risk of PT were conception with the use of ART, body mass index >30 kg/m2, and surgery of deep endometriosis infiltrating the rectum and the bladder. Independent factors associated with placenta previa were conception with the use of ART and history of stage III or IV endometriosis. Conclusion(s) The risk of SGA and PT is increased in women with a history of surgery for endometriosis, and a high rate of conception with the use of ART may jeopardize outcomes.

Numerous studies in recent decades have shown that Mediterranean diet (MD) can reduce the risk of developing obesity in pediatric patients. The current narrative review summarizes recent evidence regarding the impact of MD across the different stages of child development, starting from fetal development, analyzing breastfeeding and weaning, through childhood up to adolescence, highlighting the gaps in knowledge for each age group. A literature search covering evidence published between 1 January 2000 and 1 March 2022 and concerning children only was conducted using multiple keywords and standardized terminology in PubMed database. A lack of scientific evidence about MD adherence concerns the age group undergoing weaning, thus between 6 months and one year of life. In the other age groups, adherence to MD and its beneficial effects in terms of obesity prevention has been extensively investigated, however, there are still few studies that correlate this dietary style with the incidence of non-communicable diseases. Furthermore, research on multi-intervention strategy should be implemented, especially regarding the role of education of children and families in taking up this healthy dietary style.