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Celem artykułu jest wskazanie wybranych cech komunikatów wysyłanych w donacjach internetowych w czasie transmisji emitowanych na żywo w serwisie YouTube. Materiał badawczy stanowiło 10 livestreamów o tematyce growej, emitowanych w roku 2020 przez jednego streamera. Wykorzystano metodę jakościowej analizy treści. Autorki przeanalizowały ponad 800 wiadomości, wskazując skalę występowania takich form komunikacyjnych, jak: powitanie, pożegnanie, pozdrowienie czy slogan społeczności. Analiza objęła również reakcje ze strony streamera. The aim of the article is to indicate selected features of messages sent in online donations during live broadcasts on YouTube. The research material consisted of 10 gaming livestreams broadcasted in 2020 by one streamer. The au-thors analyzed over 800 messages using the method of qualitative content analysis, indicating the scale of the occurrence of communication forms such as salute, fa-rewell, greeting or community’s catchword. In addition, the analysis also included streamer’s reactions.

Celem artykułu jest przedłożenie wskazówek metodologicznych do badań nad nowym narzędziem komunikowania i obdarowywania — donacjami internetowymi. Autorka skupia się na donacjach w kontekście kultury daru, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zmian wprowadzanych przez digitalizację. Przekonuje, że darowizny internetowe są źródłem cennych danych, które mogą być przydatne w wielu naukach. Jako bardzo specyficzna i stosunkowo nowa forma na rynku mediów darowizny nie są łatwym materiałem badawczym. Artykuł zawiera zarys metodologii badań nad donacjami, w tym charakterystykę wyzwań i problemów, z jakimi mogą mierzyć się badacze i badaczki. Przedstawione w tekście rozwiązania są wynikiem trzyletniej pracy autorki w zakresie gromadzenia i analizy donacji internetowych. The article proposes methodological guidelines for studies on a new tool in communication and gift-giving: online donations. It looks at donations in the context of gift culture, with particular emphasis on the changes introduced by digitisation. The author argues that online donations are a source of valuable data, which could prove useful for many sciences. As a very specific and relatively new form on the media market, donations are not an easy research material. An outline is provided of the methodology in studies on online donations, including challenges and problems that researchers may encounter. The solutions presented in the article are the result of the author’s three years of work in the field of collecting and analysing online donation data.

Artykuł opisuje koncepcję wieczności w kontekście poczucia upływania czasu w ujęciu dwóch średniowiecznych myślicieli: Boecjusza i Tomasza z Akwinu. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie wieczności jako pełni życia Bytu absolutnego i nieskończoności aktualnej, czyli odwiecznie istniejącej teraźniejszości. Na podstawie myśli owych filozofów zauważono, że wieczność jest wszechogarniającą świadomością wszystkiego, co istnieje, i posiadaniem wszystkiego naraz. Wieczność to doskonałość życia, w którym nie ma przemijania i doświadczania sekwencji czasowej. Obydwaj autorzy uznali wieczność za pełnię jestestwa Bytu absolutnego, który jest niezmienny. Podkreślono też, że uświadomienie sobie istnienia wieczności zachodzi na gruncie doświadczania czasowości. Istoty uwarunkowane i zmienne postrzegają czas na sposób linearny, co wiąże się z ich fragmentarycznym poznaniem rzeczywistości. Natomiast absolutna świadomość wszystkiego nie postrzega czasowości jako upływania momentów, lecz wszystkie je całościowo naraz ogarnia w jednym natychmiastowym, bezczasowym akcie poznawczym. W ludzkiej percepcji rzeczywistości czas płynie jednokierunkowo, co wynika z faktu, że człowiek poznaje fragmenty rzeczywistości w określonej kolejności, które tworzą ciąg przyczynowo-skutkowy. Natomiast w świadomości Stwórcy wszystkie przyczyny i skutki są od razu istniejące od zawsze naraz, a wszystko jest odwiecznie aktualne. Byt absolutny jako wieczność kreuje od zawsze jednym aktem stwórczym, stąd też można założyć, że i świat jako całość stworzenia istnieje wiecznie.

Livestreaming is an opportunity to participate in digital social life, both for streamers and their audience. This participation is associated with the possibility of spreading content considered as socially harmful. Although trash streams have been popular in Central Europe for several years, they are still not fully characterized. Previous studies define them rather operationally – for the needs of a given analysis. This study fills that gap. Based on long-term observation of trash streamers activity and review of the literature and press reports, the authors provide a comprehensive description of trash streams pointing to differences in nomenclature used in Poland and worldwide. The article also provides methodological guidelines for the analysis of trash streams. The authors developed these guidelines on the basis of the analysis of the literature and their own research experience. Słowa kluczowe: social pathology, online com

Background: To evaluate the technical results of an arterial repair, a variety of intraoperative imaging and assessment techniques can be used during carotid endarterectomy (CEA). The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of intraoperative ultrasound flow measurement as a quality control after primary CEA in a teaching hospital setting. Methods: Over 36 months, 107 consecutive CEAs were performed at our institution. Retrospectively acquired demographics, intraoperative flow measurements, duplex results, revisions, and surgical outcomes were reviewed. Postoperative 30-day transient ischemic attack (TIA), stroke, and death rates were analyzed. Results were compared with ultrasound flow measurement and duplex ultrasonography. Results: From March 2012 to March 2015, 107 primary consecutive CEAs were performed in 107 patients (71% male, 29% female), whose age ranged from 51 to 81 years with a mean age of 68 ± 4 years. Associated risk factors included diabetes for 89 (83%), smoking for 92 (86%), hypertension for 94 (87.8%), chronic renal insufficiency for 71 (66%), and coronary artery disease for 57 (53%) of the patients. Early postoperative duplex scans in all 107 patients showed no significant changes from intraoperative findings. The ipsilateral stroke and death rate in this study was 0 (0/107) and the 30-day death and stroke rate was also 0 (0/107), with no significant difference between trainees and senior surgeons. Three patients (2.8%) had flow < 100 mL/Min and two of them were revised after completion of contrast angiography. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that the intraoperative flow measurement is an alternative method for detecting technical errors and a tool for quality-control imaging. Especially for trainees, it makes sense to ensure effectiveness of the procedure upon its completion and to assess the technical adequacy of CEA.

The present is a palaeobiological and taphonomic analysis of a Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 4–3 (Late Pleistocene) assemblage of animal remains and hominin artefacts from layers 7–5 of Biśnik Cave, Czestochowa Upland, Poland. The analysis indicates that the bone assemblage is the result of a time-averaged palimpsest of both biotic and episodic abiotic events, the former consisting of many successive generations of animals and hominins that frequented the cave, and the latter including hydraulic winnowing. In fact, the taphonomic history of the fossil assemblage from Biśnik Cave's layers 7–5 is partially obscured by the overprint of hydraulic winnowing, which purportedly removed a certain amount of the original specimens. Besides evidence of cave bear deaths from non-violent, hibernation-related mortality and of occupation by generations of denning wolves and hyaenas, there is a wealth of flint artefacts, alongside remains of a few fireplaces and of a structure built in the cave by hominins to partition the cave chambers. The studied layer contains an impressive number of shed antlers, primarily of the red deer Cervus elaphus. Crocuta crocuta spelaea is normally held responsible for such accumulations of shed antlers in various European caves; Biśnik Cave's layers 7–5 will therefore simply add to the list. However, the role of accumulator of shed antlers attributed to the Pleistocene spotted hyena does not match the behaviour of its modern counterpart and seems not accounted for metabolically. The only reasonable alternative is that the antlers were collected by hominins. From this alternative perspective the cave would have functioned as a warehouse, where naturally shed antlers were stored as raw material, potentially to be shaped into tools and/or employed as tools to make other tools. The palaeobiological and taphonomic analysis presented here provides new insights into the succession of pre- and postdepositional events that involved the bone remains accumulated in the cave, as well as into the interactions between the animals and hominins of the time. More importantly, if hominins, and not hyaenas, were responsible for the amassment of the shed antlers in Biśnik Cave, this study raises doubts as to the hyaenid or human origin of other similar cave accumulations of shed antlers throughout Europe.

The aim of the article is to analyse the problem of the beginnings of the Levallois method at the northern foreland of the Carpathians, referring to the oldest cultural levels (layers 19bcd, 19a and 19) at the Biśnik Cave and several other sites. A proto-Levallois method has been distinguished, which evolved into the method of recurrent type with centripetal preparation and parallel, bidirectional and unidirectional core reduction. The process began during MIS 10/9, was developed in MIS 8 and disseminated in MIS 7. Simultaneously, a method of a polyhedral core for flakes with no preparation was used, as well as the microlithic-flake method. As a result of the absence of bifacial forms in the assemblages in question, which would be identifiable with the Acheulean tradition, and a considerable number of microlithic forms, a hypothesis was made that the technology of the Lower Palaeolithic flake microlith had a significant impact on the development of the local Mousterian tradition with the dominant Levallois method.

Introduction: Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) represents the most severe form of peripheral artery disease (PAD). Up to a third of CLTI patients are not eligible to receive first-line treatments such as bypass surgery or endovascular interventions. Epidural spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been used as a method to improve microcirculatory blood flow and relieve ischemic pain in CTLI patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate limb salvage, ulcer closure, and clinical changes of SCS implanted CTLI patients at 1-year follow-up. Methods: Eligible patients had end-stage lower limb PAD unresponsive to medical therapy and not amenable to surgical reconstruction. Patients were candidates for amputation, but limb loss was not inevitable (Fontaine stage III and IV). Pain intensity and skin temperature in the ischemic area (visual analogue scale), quality of life (WHOQoL-BREF), and ankle/brachial blood pressure index (ABI) were recorded at routine follow-up visits. Data were analyzed retrospectively. Results: 29 patients underwent SCS implantation at one vascular center. The minimum follow-up period was 30 months. Limb survival at 1-year follow-up was 97% (28/29) and 73% (11/15) had complete closure of limb ulcers. Pain intensity, skin temperature, and quality of life progressively improved up to 12 months after implant, with Fontaine stage III patients improving more substantially than Fontaine stage IV patients. SCS therapy did not affect ABI measurement. No complications related to the device or procedure occurred. Conclusions: SCS is a valid alternative in patients unsuitable for revascularization. The quality of results depends on both a strict selection of patients by vascular specialists and the frequency of follow-up controls. The therapy may be more beneficial in patients classified as Fontaine stage III.

Changes in the consumption model are inherent in the processes of socio-economic development the indicator of which is the enrichment of the population. Such changes include the emergence of new proportions in the consumption of particular categories of goods and services, and, according to the regularities observed by Engel, lower the share of expenditure on a broadly understood category of food. Increasing incomes are also linked to changes in the internal structure of food consumption. This study is to assess the changes in the level and structure of food expenses resulting from the enrichment of the European Union (EU) societies. The study covered the co-occurrence of differences in food consumption with households' income differences in the EU countries. The analyses presented in the study relate to the period after the EU enlargement in 2004 and are based on the Eurostat data. The research allows for a positive verification of the thesis that the higher the incomes, the more balanced the structure of food expenses. In more affluent economies, the consumption of a more diversified basket of goods is observed. This finding is supported by the high negative correlation between the structure concentration ratio for food expenditure and the households' income level. In addition, the identification of country clusters based on consumption expenditure broken down into food categories makes it possible to confirm the thesis that there are income differences between economies with different consumption models. It is confirmed by the variance analysis concerning income level for countries in three groups: the South Europe with the highest food expenses, the Central and Eastern Europe with the most limited spending and the lowest income, and the affluent "old" EU members with high expenses on luxuries consumed for social reasons. However, the analyses presented here do not allow for validation of the thesis that food consumption patterns among the EU countries become similar, but rather point to the predominance of the consumption divergence processes, which occur despite the declining income differences. This claim is based on the observation of increasing average Euclidian distance between food expenses in the EU countries in 2005 and 2015. Nevertheless, some signs of shift towards Mediterranean consumption patterns may be found for many societies.

Celem artykułu jest charakterystyka obrazu weganizmu i wegetarianizmu wyłaniającego się z najpopularniejszych filmów podejmujących te zagadnienia, opublikowanych w polskiej wersji serwisu YouTube, a także wskazanie roli wyszukiwarki w kreowaniu tego obrazu. Analizie poddano wielogodzinny materiał wideo, na który składa się kilkadziesiąt filmów proponowanych przez serwis YouTube w wynikach wyszukiwania dla haseł "weganizm", "dieta wegańska", "wegetarianizm" oraz "dieta wegetariańska". The aim of the article is to characterize the image of veganism and vegetarianism emerging from the most popular videos dealing with these issues, published on the Polish version of YouTube, as well as to indicate the role of the search engine in creating this image. The analysis covered a multi-hour video material, which consists of several dozen films suggested by YouTube in the search results for the slogans "veganism", "vegan diet", "vegetarianism" and "vegetarian diet".

This article presents the results of traceological studies of ornaments observed on selected prehistoric osseous products from Poland and Lithuania. Included are unique artefacts from this region dated to the Late Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic, or which are connected to Subneolithic communities. The article presents the results of analyses focused on interpreting the applied decorative techniques and tools employed in making the ornaments. In some cases, the use of metal tools, rare or unknown in a given area, is suggested, which presents a significant impact on the interpretation of the socio-cultural nature. An attempt is also made to identify the roles of symbolic features hidden in the way the ornaments were created or how they were treated afterwards. For the analysis of the artefacts, stereomicroscopes, SEM, computed tomography and optical coherence tomography (OCT) have been used.

W artykule analizie poddaje się proces zarówno modyfikacji zakresu asortymentowego poprzez identyfikację rozwiązań w procesie wzbogacenia oferty przedsiębiorstw handlu detalicznego żywnością o nowe pozycje towarowe, jak i przyczyny rezygnacji z takich działań. Podstawę wnioskowania stanowiły wyniki wywiadów bezpośrednich, realizowanych na przełomie 2015 i 2016 roku wśród 321 przedsiębiorców sfery handlu detalicznego, prowadzących działalność gospodarczą w województwie podkarpackim. Analizy prowadzone są zarówno w odniesieniu do ogółu podmiotów, jak i obiektywnych i subiektywnych przekrojów klasyfikacyjnych tych przedsiębiorstw według kryteriów: miejsca prowadzenia działalności, wielkości określonej liczbą pracujących, rentowności przychodów brutto, przestrzennego zasięgu oddziaływania, a ponadto subiektywnie określonej pozycji rynkowej, oceny sytuacji z uwzględnieniem perspektyw rozwojowych i postrzegania zdolności do konkurowania. Skłonność do poszukiwania pozycji asortymentowych, które mogłyby znaleźć uznanie klientów, była wśród badanych dość powszechna, jednak realizacja tych poszukiwań przybierała relatywnie proste formy. Wykorzystywano głównie bezpośrednie rozmowy z klientami, znacznie rzadziej natomiast metody analityczne. Postawę pasywną motywowano dwoma naczelnymi powodami: małą powierzchnią sklepu oraz przekonaniem o właściwej strukturze asortymentu, uzupełnianymi niekiedy ograniczeniami finansowymi.

The article presents the results of three studies conducted by the author concerning the preferences of retail outlet customers with regard to the days of the week on which they most frequently purchase general food and non-food merchandise. This issue has become relevant within the context of the enactment of the Act of 10 January 2018 on limiting trade on Sundays, holidays and certain other days. Previous customer shopping styles as regards weekly shopping schedules must have changed. The aim of the article is to identify consumers’ habits and their changes concerning the weekly shopping schedules before and after the Act implementation. The results are based on direct surveys conducted in 2014, 2016 and 2018 among customers in Podkarpackie Province. A descriptive analysis of the results is supported by the statistical test chi square usage. It may be concluded that both in relation to food and non-food merchandise, the implementation of the Act resulted in a decrease in the number of customers engaging in shopping on Sundays. In the case of food items, the shopping activity moved to Mondays and Tuesdays of the following week, the purpose being to resupply. No increase was identified in the number of customers purchasing food on Fridays or Saturdays preceding non-trading Sundays. The opposite was true for non-food merchandise, where non-trading Sundays resulted primarily in increased sales on Saturdays, with minor increases on Mondays, Tuesdays and Wednesdays as well. The differences in weekly shopping schedules observed between every edition of the study also proved to be more significant than those identified in the individual respondent classification groups used for the purpose of the article.

This study focuses on the empirical verification of the influence of rural specificity on energy poverty across European Union countries, in the period 2010–2020. The research aimed at specifying the role of the agricultural character of a country, as well as economic disparities between rural and urban areas, in inducing problems of energy affordability. Based on the literature consensus about the most important determinants of energy poverty, namely income, energy prices, energy productivity, quality of dwellings, and climate conditions, a standard model was constructed concerning the role of the rural character of an economy, with its traditional features such as agricultural employment, and indices of rural–urban divide, in terms of median income and material poverty. Models for panel data with fixed effects were estimated. The results indicate agricultural employment as a factor increasing the subjective energy poverty of households. However, the scale of rural settlement cannot be specified as a factor determining energy poverty, neither concerning energy consumption nor self-reported difficulties. This suggests that only the traditional agricultural character of rural areas negatively influences energy poverty. The processes of gentrification of rural areas observable in many EU countries changes the typical pattern of the identification of villagers with the most excluded group.

Sprawozdanie z III Konferencji Naukowej z cyklu „Lustro mediow” pt. „Social media – od wolności slowa do mowy nienawiści”, Gdansk, 8 listopada 2019 r.

Muskox Ovibos moschatus is a Pleistocene relic, which has survived only in North America and Greenland. During the Pleistocene, it was widely distributed in Eurasia and North America. To evaluate its morphological variability through time and space, we conducted an extensive morphometric study of 217 Praeovibos and Ovibos skull remains. The analyses showed that the skulls grew progressively wider from Praeovibos sp. to the Pleistocene O. moschatus, while from the Pleistocene to the recent O. moschatus, the facial regions of the skull turned narrower and shorter. We also noticed significant geographic differences between the various Pleistocene Ovibos crania. Siberian skulls were usually larger than those from Western and Central Europe. Eastern Europeanmuskoxen also exceeded in size those from the other regions of Europe. The large size of Late Pleistocene muskoxen from regions located in more continental climatic regimes was probably associated with the presence of more suitable food resources in steppe-tundra settings. Consistently, radiocarbon-dated records of this species are more numerous in colder periods, when the steppe-tundra was widely spread, and less abundant in warmer periods.

Celem opracowania jest identyfikacja rodzajów działalności gospodarczej w Polsce o najwyższej dynamice produktywności oraz określenie źródeł tej dynamiki. Weryfikacji empirycznej poddaje się tezę o wyłanianiu się jednostek wiodących w sferze usług bazujących na wykorzystaniu wiedzy. W opracowaniu dokonuje się dekompozycji zmian produktywności z uwzględnieniem postępu technologicznego oraz efektywności technicznej. Ponadto porównuje się zmiany ogólnej produktywności, jak i produktywności poszczególnych nakładów: pracy prostej, kapitału fizycznego oraz kapitału ludzkiego, w ten sposób poszukując źródeł czynnikowych dynamiki rozwoju. Prezentowane badania dotyczą lat 2008–2016, a więc okresu ujawniania się i przełamywania ogólnoświatowych zjawisk kryzysowych. Realizację zadań badawczych oparto na zastosowaniu indeksu Malmquista i jego dekompozycji. Uzyskane wyniki pozwalają potwierdzić obecność tendencji do rozwoju usługowej gospodarki opartej na wiedzy w Polsce. Za współczesne jednostki motoryczne w kraju należy uznać sekcje: informacyjną, finansową, a także usługi profesjonalne. Identyfikacja tych sekcji jako charakteryzujących się korzystnymi zmianami produktywności i postępem technologicznym daje podstawy do kierunkowania polityki strukturalnej zapewniającej przyspieszenie tempa procesów wzrostowych. Ponadto zestawienie dynamiki produktywności poszczególnych czynników wytwórczych i jej dekompozycja pozwalają wskazać, że obecny etap zmian struktury wykorzystania zasobów produkcyjnych w Polsce przyjmuje raczej charakter ekstensywnego rozszerzania skali wykorzystania wiedzy.

Background:The autologous arteriovenous fistula is the primary choice to establish hemodialysis access without high failure rates. Intraoperative ultrasound flow measurements of newly created autologous arteriovenous fistulas represent a possibility of quality control and may therefore be a tool to assess their functionality. The aim of our study was to correlate intraoperative blood flow with access patency.Methods:Between March 2012 and March 2015, intraoperative transit time flow measurements were collected on 89 patients. Measurements were performed 5–10 min after the creation of a standardized anastomosis using 3–6 mm flow probes. To examine the correlation between intraoperative blood flow and access patency, groups of patients with high (> 200 mL/min) versus low flow (Results:In the current short-term follow-up, including 89 patients (age 62 ± 3 years), 61 (68.5%) of the autologous arteriovenous fistulas were currently being used in an observation period ranging from 3 months to 3 years (mean observation period 546 ± 95 days) postoperatively. The intraoperative blood flow in patients with functioning autologous arteriovenous fistula (78) was significantly higher than that of patients without functioning autologous arteriovenous fistulas (407 ± 25 vs 252 ± 42 mL/min, respectively; p Conclusion:The intraoperative measurement of blood flow is a useful tool to predict the outcome of maturation in autologous arteriovenous fistula. With this method, technical problems can be detected and corrected intraoperatively. Routine implementation of intraoperative flow measurements has to be examined by prospective controlled trials.

Measuring sustainable development requires multidimensional attitude as the process is characterised by compound relationships between social, economic and environmental spheres. The paper aims at assessing selected effects of sectoral employment for the three dimensions of developmental processes. We examine employment efficiency in 25 EU countries concerning four sectors: agriculture, industry, market services, and non-market services. We use a non-radial DEA input-oriented model, which allows the assessment of the general efficiency of labour resources, as well as the evaluation of in-depth efficiency in the three dimensions of the economies under study. The novelty of the research lays in both multidimensional attitudes to the effects of labour engagement as well as intersectoral comparisons of the employment results. We categorise the EU countries according to efficiency in gaining the sustainable development and its three dimensions. Generally, the “old” EU members are of higher efficiency than the “new” states. Our research shows desirable movements of labour force that are necessary to improve efficiency and thus offers some advice for a rational development policy. It appears that it is necessary to limit agricultural employment in favour of non-market and market services and, to a lower extent, of industry. We conclude that the structural changes in employment specified by patterns observed in the highly developed EU countries are favourable for realising the aims of sustainable development.

Ocena poziomu dobrobytu, realizacja wydatkow konsumpcyjnych i ich struktura wykazują znaczne dysproporcje wśrod gospodarstw domowych o roznych cechach spolecznych, demograficznych czy ekonomicznych. Dysproporcje te znajdują odzwierciedlenie zarowno w porownaniach obiektywnych, jak i subiektywnie postrzeganej sytuacji materialnej gospodarstw domowych. Za cel artykulu przyjeto probe diagnozy zachowan konsumpcyjnych gospodarstw domowych z wojewodztwa podkarpackiego. Wyniki badan wlasnych zrealizowanych w latach 2015/2016 z udzialem 611 respondentow pozwolily na identyfikacje percepcji poziomu dysproporcji spoleczno-ekonomicznych wystepujących wśrod konsumentow oraz kierunkow zmian w subiektywnych wyznacznikach dobrobytu. Odniesiono sie do zmian w wielkościach zakupow roznorodnych grup produktow, poziomu oszczedności i warunkow zycia.

Motivation: Regional cohesion constitutes an important aim of European policy. Nevertheless, it is mainly assessed in terms of economic results analyzed at an aggregate level. Sectoral determinants of interregional differences are often neglected. However, as the structural convergence concept suggests, sectoral features may be decisive for minimizing interregional disparities.Aim: The paper searches for connections between two dimensions of economic regional cohesion in the EU: economic results and structural features. It tests a hypothesis about the coexistence of high diversification in GDP per capita and in the sectoral structures of employment. It is also aimed at identification of sectoral features that characterize the best performing economies.Results: The research results confirm a positive correlation between interregional differences in production and in sectoral structures. It indicates knowledge-intensive market services as a sector the most favorable for economic results. Moreover, it also finds that a high concentration of sectoral structures coexists with a high level of regional GDP per capita and economic efficiency.

The study presents results of research on sectoral aspects of inequality between the EU countries in a period 2004–2013. A special attention was paid to international disparities in gross value added and earnings in different kinds of economic activity. Relations between indicators of income and wage inequality constituted a base to indicate patterns in capital inequality. Thus, a role of labour and capital in the creation of international inequality in the structural context was identified. Structural differences between the specified economies are an essential condition in the generation of inequality. This remark is supported by the observed differences within the EU in a share of earnings in gross value added between branches. The differences are the strongest in public services and the weakest in real estate and agriculture. Moreover, disaggregation of inequality into inter and between branch differences suggests an increasing influence of structural differences on the creation of inequality. This conclusion is especially important concerning capital. Tendencies in income and wage inequality in the EU prove that capital has a differentiating character, while engagement of labour has an equalizing influence. Considering branch aspects it is possible to point out that the most dynamic kinds of activity are specified by especially high income inequality and clearly lower wage inequality. It once more indicates tendencies to strengthen a role of capital in the generation of disparities in the EU. Capital creates the strongest inequality mainly in finance and insurance and information and communication services. On the other hand, wage inequality is an essential problem concerning traditional kinds of activity, such as agriculture and construction.

ZusammenfassungModerne Zusatzbehandlungen zur herkömmlichen Wundtherapie werden häufig notwendig, da ein großer Anteil chronischer Wunden unter der Standardbehandlung nicht vollständig abheilen bzw. auch häufig rezidivieren. Die Omega3-Wundmatrix (Kerecis®) stellt eine alternative Wundauflage dar, die aus der Haut des Kabeljaus durch entsprechende Verfahren wie z.B. die Dezellularisierung gewonnen wird.Wir berichten über eine 86-jährige Patientin, die über schmerzhafte, chronische und rezidivierende Ulzeration im Bereich des rechten Unterschenkels klagte. Vorausgegangen war eine operative Behandlung der venösen Insuffizienz mit Debridement, Vakuumtherapie und Spalthauttransplantation, wonach es im Verlauf zur deutlichen Vergrößerung und Schmerzhaftigkeit der Wunde kam. Nach anschließender lokaler Wundtherapie mit Omega3- Wundmatrix (Kerecis®) kam es zu einer rasch progredienten Wundheilung mit vollständiger Abheilung der Ulzerationen innerhalb von 14 Wochen.

The analysis presented in the study concerns the scale of productive inequality between EU member states. Disparities in the level of gross value added per capita reflect both the level of productive efficiency and the level of welfare produced by an economy. They could constitute a basis for an assessment of socio-economic cohesion in the EU and convergence processes. Estimations of the level of differences in international distribution of production are based mainly on the Gini coefficient. The analyses allow the author to assess integration processes in the EU in the years 2004-2013. Changes in the level of the Gini coefficient indicate that productive inequality has decreased since 2004. However, they indicate a breakdown in convergence tendencies during the crisis. Special attention is paid to productive inequality in particular branches. Presented analyses make it possible to identify the economic branches that are characterized by the highest international disparities, as well as those in which productive differences are the lowest. The former group comprises: finances, professional services, and information, while the latter: agriculture, industry, and traditional services. Additionally, a research thesis that the highest productive inequality exists in the most dynamically developing branches with the features of growth poles is positively verified. Quite strong relations can be observed between the growth dynamics of gross value added per capita and the scale of production disparities measured by the Gini coefficient in the studied branches. Developmental processes in the EU assume, therefore, a polarizing and diffusive character. To achieve consistent development, it is necessary to promote conditions for absorption of modern solutions in catching-up countries.

W artykule na podstawie wynikow badan wlasnych, realizowanych metodą wywiadu bezpośredniego wspomaganego kwestionariuszem, weryfikacji poddano motywy, ktore brane byly pod uwage przez przedsiebiorcow handlu detalicznego w procesie kompozycji asortymentu. Przyjeto przy tym zalozenie, ze motywy te są zdywersyfikowane w przypadku roznych grup produktow. W analizie wykorzystano zestaw cech klasyfikacyjnych podmiotow, ktory umozliwil poszukiwanie związkow miedzy przyjetymi rozwiązaniami w zakresie polityki asortymentowej a wynikami ekonomicznymi i pozycją rynkową badanych firm. Klasyfikacja wedlug miejsca realizacji sprzedazy pozwolila wykazac roznice w motywach zmian w asortymencie firm dzialających na terenach o roznym stopniu zurbanizowania. Badanie wlasne przeprowadzono w 2015/2016 roku na grupie 321 podmiotow handlu detalicznego funkcjonujących w wojewodztwie podkarpackim, w ktorych ofercie znajdowaly sie produkty zywnościowe.

The study deals with a problem of changes in demand for human capital, that are caused by structural changes in Polish economy in the context of its convergence with the EU structures. There was assumed that structural features that are observed nowadays in the EU as a whole constitute a model for development of these countries that limit their development gap. Thus, a direction of transformation in branch relationships leads to convergence of Poland with other EU members and changes in branch relationships determine demand for human capital. The research was aimed at identification of the realised demand for human capital, concerning a level and a character of the resources. Considering the first aspect there was assumed that an indicator of a level of human capital engaged in economic processes is education of the employees. There were made comparisons of a share of highly educated employees in Poland and the EU, a structure of education in branches, as well as a share of employment in knowledge-intensive activities. The identified development tendencies showed decreasing development gap of Polish economy, connected with creation of a knowledge-based economy. The essential barrier of human capital absorption in Poland appears to be unfavorable structure of branches. The second aspect of the analysis was connected with a character of the engaged human capital, that was specified as basing on general or specific knowledge. To identify the character of knowledge there was assessed a concentration of occupations between branches and a share of professional groups in the specified branches. Disparities between Polish economy and the EU countries are described by a lower share of occupations and branches basing on a general knowledge in Poland. Meanwhile development trends show an increase of such kind of knowledge. A barrier to achieve cohesion within EU in this dimension also appeared to be the unfavorable branch relationships in Poland.

The main aim of the paper was to specify features of employees that are the key ones for retailers selling products in Podkarpackie region. To do this, the retailing entities were categorized in a way allowing to search for employees’ features resulting in better economic results. The enterprises were cathegorised according to the place of activity and number of employees, taking into consideration the potential employees that gain a special interest of managers were identified. Direct interviews were carried out, with the use of an original questionnaire form, in 300 retailing enterprises in two quarters in a turn of 2013 and 2014 year. The analysis concerns many characteristics of the entities that were adopted as classifying criteria. The results show that professional experience, active attitude, personal initiative and organizational abilities are seen by managers as key competences of the employees. The level and type of education and professional training were rarely acknowledged as a base for retailing activity. The entities with the highest indicators of gross sale profitability were relatively more likely to consider also activity and elasticity of the employees while hiring people, as they perceived these features as a chance for rising the company’s competitiveness and market efficiency.

Although debris, loams and clays are usually regarded as typical cave sediments, loess and loess-like sediments are common among clastic cave deposits in the near-entrance facies of caves and rock shelters. Late Weichselian loess layers are very common in caves from the Krakow-Czestochowa Upland and were recognized in almost each excavated cave and rock shelter. These layers were initially dated to the LGM (Last Glacial Maximum), but new chronometric dating results are available that allow us to present a more detailed scheme of the geological age of the series. This paper evaluates the significance of Polish in-cave loess layers as correlative horizons. We present the lateral and vertical stratigraphy and lithological variability of cave loesses and their usefulness as lithostratigraphic markers. These features are especially important for archeology and paleontology, as cave sediments, including loess, are usually the carriers of archeological and paleontological material.

Background:To evaluate the technical results of the arterial repair, a variety of intraoperative imaging and assessment techniques can be used during carotid endarterectomy. The aim of the study wa...

The aim of this chapter is to interpret the relations of a modern media user with the latest technology through the structures described in the “Monomyth” of Hero's Journey depicted by Joseph Campbell. Individual user behaviors are adjusted to phases of mythical hero's path. The author does not judge whether the source of this myth are the expectations and behaviors of users or the ways in which the media function. These considerations are based on the Jan Kreft's concept of the algorithm as an allegory of Demiurge – representing perfection of creativity, organizing and maintaining digital world. The myth of the heroic user, whether it is conscious or not, may play a significant role in modern media management.

The analysis in the paper is focused on a problem of differences in a level of wages and salaries between EU countries in a sectoral dimension. We try to diagnose a scale of the differentiation and a direction of changes in a period of 2004-2013 years. In a search for the reasons of wage inequality between countries we pay our attention to structural differences in remunerations. We try to specify which branches are the most and which are the least diversified across EU countries in terms of a level of wages and salaries. As modern development is connected with servicisation of economies we try to specify a character of a service sector considering its ability to equalize remunerations. We verify a hypothesis if it covers branches with the lowest level of wage inequality across EU countries. Structure of the paper leads us from a diagnosis of a relative wage level across branches into assessment of wage inequality in different branches across EU countries. In conclusion we confirm the initial thesis and point out at information and communication as well as financial and insurance activities as the ones of the lowest wage inequality

W artykule podjeto probe zidentyfikowania opinii przedsiebiorcow funkcjonujących w wojewodztwie podkarpackim na temat znaczenia kwalifikacji pracownikow placowek handlu detalicznego oraz faktycznych dzialan zmierzających do podnoszenia kompetencji zatrudnionych. Choc blisko 65% respondentow określilo wyksztalcenie jako istotną ceche pracownika, a prawie 75% przedsiebiorcow przyznalo, ze podnoszenie kwalifikacji jest co najmniej wazne, to jedynie polowa wspierala pracownikow w zwiekszaniu kompetencji. Przedsiebiorcy wykorzystywali w tym celu niemal wylącznie tradycyjne metody, takie jak szkolenia czy kursy.

SummaryWe describe a 65-year-old male with severe soft tissue infection of both lower legs. He had infected ulcer after stripping of small saphenous vein in tumescent anaesthesia and excision of side branches, and was referred from a foreign clinic. Intraarterial angiography of the pelvic and legs vessels showed severe stenosis in the left deep femoral artery and a tandem stenosis of superficial artery. A hybrid procedure with intraoperative percutaneus angioplasty combined with femoral xenogenic patch as well as local wound treatment with negative pressure wound therapy and subsequent mesh graft transplantation were carried out. We observed complete healing of ulcers within four weeks.

Kultura Współczesna 101, 2 (2018), pp. 124-131

W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badan wlasnych przeprowadzonych wśrod 900 klientow handlu detalicznego zywnością. Ze wzgledu na kluczowe znaczenie samoobslugowych form realizacji sprzedazy detalicznej artykulow zywnościowych, na znaczeniu zyskuje atrakcyjne opakowanie produktu. Poza funkcjami ochronnymi czy transportowymi musi ono pelnic funkcje informacyjną, szczegolnie w warunkach ograniczonego zaangazowania personelu sprzedazowego w obrocie towarowym. W artykule podjeto probe weryfikacji miejsca, jakie w strukturze kanalow informacyjnych zajmuje opakowanie produktow zywnościowych. Analizie poddano rowniez skale wykorzystania certyfikatow jakościowych zamieszczanych na opakowaniach jako determinanty zakupu w zdywersyfikowanych podgrupach klientow.

Research background: Regions that are able to use their resources in the most efficient way could be perceived as valuable benchmarks when shaping socio-economic policy. The concept of efficiency, however, may be related not only to pure economic categories but to social goals as well. The economic and social spheres overlap and often have some common origins, among which, the sectoral structure of employment seems to be an important one. Purpose of the article: The aim of the study was to compare the social efficiency of employment in three sectors in Polish voivodeships. Not only were we evaluating the relative performance of each region, but we were also paying attention to the efficiency of engagement of human resources in the agricultural, industrial and service sectors. Methods: We adopted the DEA method to assess the social efficiency of Polish regions. We have evaluated social cohesion concerning its two output dimensions: positive, which may be described by social activity, and negative, which may be reflected in the form of social exclusion stemming from material sources. We took into account the level of employment in agricultural, industrial and service sectors as inputs in the model and thus focused our attention on the three sectoral structure of the regional economies. Our model assumed non-radial developmental paths and was input oriented (NR-CCR). The data described the 16 Polish voivodeships in the year 2015, and were extracted from the Central Statistical Office of Poland’s databases. Findings & value added: The research conducted indicates that Polish regions which were the most efficient in terms of social integration were simultaneously those with the best economic results in terms of GDP per capita. The highest social efficiency level was characteristic for employment in the service sector, while agriculture was placed at the lowest level. The same pattern was revealed when social activity and the danger of poverty were considered separately. Thus, structural development appears to be favourable for regional economies also in terms of social cohesion, which is a factor often neglected in the literature.

The paper presents a synthetic information on a UAV-based radar terrain imaging system, its purpose, structure and working principle as well as terrain images obtained from flight experiments. A SAR technology demonstrator has been built as a result of a research project conducted by the Military University of Technology and WB Electronics S.A. under the name WATSAR. The developed system allows to obtain high resolution radar images, both in on-line and off-line modes, independently of the light conditions over the observed area. The software developed for the system allows to determine geographic coordinates of the imaged objects with high accuracy. Four LFM-CW radar sensors were built during the project: two for S band and two for Ku band, working with different signal bandwidths. Acquired signals were processed with the TDC algorithm, which allowed for a number of analyses in order to evaluate the performance of the system. The impact of the navigational corrections on a SAR image quality was assessed as well. The research methodology of the in-flight experiments of the system is presented in the paper. The projects results show that the developed system may be implemented as an aid to tactical C4ISR systems.