Search

Organizations like businesses, governments, and nonprofits often have established milestones to stay focused on their strategic goals. However, public and social sector organizations often have goals that are difficult to measure. To better understand how data can be more sensitively appropriated in difficult-to-measure contexts, we conducted design workshops with 25 individuals with a stake in how homelessness is measured - including funders, staff and people experiencing homelessness. This study provides a detailed account of how diverse stakeholders measure progress towards these often difficult and vague goals. We found that the approaches to data collection fall under either the sociocentric perspective (which seeks to answer questions about community-level impact) or the egocentric perspective (which focuses more on the experience of the individual experiencing homelessness). We argue that in contexts where goals are vague and difficult to observe or measure, collaborative information systems should be approached by combining the sociocentric and egocentric perspectives into an oligopticon, rather than focusing only on the sociocentric perspective (which can be understood as a panopticon). As we outline, oligopticonic information systems have the capacity to deal with more diverse types of data and experiences by embracing the requirements that we have outlined.

On the dark grey forest soils of the taiga zone of the Yenisei Siberia, the structure of the weed component of agrophytocenoses of perennial grasses is dominated by perennial segetal and segetal-ruderal weed species, the proportion of which is 60-70%. Using Magnum herbicides in timothy grass Kazachinskaya 2 and Lontrel-300 in the crops of meadow fescue grass Kazachinskaya 182 allowed for reducing the contamination of fields with perennial weeds from medium to weak. Herbicides reduce 94% the weight of weeds from 1 ha while increasing the biomass of timothy grass by 30%. Against the background of fertilizers, the weight of weeds decreased by 85.3%, and the importance of timothy grass increased by 118%. Mineral fertilizers increase the yield of timothy seeds for three years of use from 3.64 c / ha to 5.31-8.62 c / ha and oatmeal seeds - from 3.22 c/ ha to 4.97-6.91 c /ha. The complete collection of grass seeds was obtained on variants N60P60K60 with the leading share of the influence of nitrogen fertilizers, the introduction of which increased the yield of timothy seeds by 125% and fescue by 87%. The introduction of potash fertilizers caused an increase in the output of timothy grass of the 2 and 3 g. p. by 160 and 190%, respectively, and fescue of the 2 g. p. by 160%. The sowing qualities of seeds characterized by germination energy, germination and weight of 1000 seeds of timothy increased under the influence of phosphorus and potash fertilizers.

On August 30, 2017, one of five bontebok in a mixed-species exhibit at the Nashville Zoo at Grassmere exhibited acute hind-limb ataxia and altered demeanor. Pathological examination demonstrated meningoencephalitis and spinal myelitis. Coinfection of West Nile virus (WNV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) was revealed by quantitative real-time and traditional reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction assays and virus isolation/whole genome sequencing from brain tissue, respectively. Whole genome sequencing was conducted for EHDV. Mosquito testing from September 19 to October 13, 2017, demonstrated a higher WNV infection rate in mosquitoes at the zoo compared with the rest of Nashville-Davidson County. EHDV is endemic in wild white-tailed deer (family Cervidae) in Tennessee, and the prevalence in wildlife depends on environmental influences. This case illustrates the potential susceptibility of exotic zoo animals to endemic domestic arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) and reinforces the importance of cooperative antemortem and postmortem surveillance strategies among human, wildlife, and domestic animal health agencies.

Objectives: We quantified the percentage of multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) carriers among repatriated patients. We identified factors associated with MDRO carriage, and we evaluated the yield of MDRO detection per screened body site. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: A tertiary-care center in Switzerland. Patients: Adult patients after a stay in a healthcare institution abroad. Methods: Patients were screened for MDRO carriage. Standard sites, including nose and throat, groins, and (since mid-2018) rectum, and risk-based sites (wounds, urine, tracheal secretion) were sampled. MDROs were defined as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)– and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE), multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacterales, and MDR nonfermenting gram-negative rods. Risk factors for MDRO carriage were assessed using multivariate logistic regression. Results: Between May 2017 and April 2019, 438 patients were screened and 107 (24.4%) tested positive for an MDRO, predominantly ESBL-producing and MDR Enterobacterales. Risk factors for MDRO colonization were the length of stay in hospital abroad, antibiotic treatment with ‘Watch’ and ‘Reserve’ antibiotics, and region of hospitalization abroad. Rectal swabs had the highest yield for detecting patients with MDR intestinal bacteria, but nose/throat and groins, or wound samples were more sensitive for MRSA or nonfermenting gram-negative organisms, respectively. Conclusions: We identified risk factors for MDRO carriage and body sites with the highest yield for a specific MDRO, which might help to target screening and isolation and reduce screening costs.

In this study of North American campus recreation staff, we examined staff perceptions of transgender and nonbinary student inclusivity, and explored differences in perceived inclusivity based on institutional characteristics, policies, amenities, and staff characteristics. Staff were recruited to participate in an online survey that assessed: institutional characteristics, amenities, and policies; personal characteristics; and, their perception of their campus recreation facilities’ inclusivity of transgender and nonbinary students. Perceived inclusivity was greater at nonreligiously affiliated institutions, and at institutions that had antidiscrimination/antiharassment policies and/or all-gender locker/restrooms within the campus recreation department. Men and heterosexual staff reported greater perceived inclusivity than women and sexual minority staff. In summary, antidiscrimination and antiharassment policies and all-gender locker/rest rooms appear to contribute to creating the perception of a more inclusive campus recreation environment. Continued work on staff awareness/knowledge relating to inclusion of transgender and nonbinary students appears to be necessary, and application of policies that support inclusivity should be a priority.

The purpose of this study was to examine the physical activity behaviors and campus recreation use of students enrolled in a summer transition (high school to university) program. The physical activity behaviors and socio-demographic characteristics of summer transition program students from a large Northeastern United States university were collected via an online survey. Descriptive statistics were computed, and disparities between genders were examined using independent samples t-tests. Women participated in less aerobic and muscle-strengthening activity compared to men ( p

Intratumoral cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTL) enter a dysfunctional state characterized by expression of coinhibitory receptors, loss of effector function, and changes in the transcriptional landscape. Even though several regulators of T-cell exhaustion have been identified, the molecular mechanisms inducing T-cell exhaustion remain unclear. Here, we show that IL18 receptor (IL18R) signaling induces CD8+ T-cell exhaustion in a murine pancreatic cancer model. Adoptive transfer of Il18r−/− OT-1 CD8+ CTLs resulted in enhanced rejection of subcutaneous tumors expressing ovalbumin (OVA) as a model antigen (PancOVA), compared with wild-type OT-1 CTLs. Transferred intratumoral IL18R-deficient CTLs expressed higher levels of effector cytokines TNF and IFNγ and had reduced expression of coinhibitory receptors (PD-1, TIM-3, 2B4, LAG-3) and the transcription factors Eomes and TOX. Lower expression of coinhibitory receptors and TOX on IL18R-deficient versus IL18R-sufficient CD8+ T cells were confirmed in an orthotopic KPC model. IL18R-induced T-cell exhaustion was regulated by IL2/STAT5 and AKT/mTOR pathways, as demonstrated in an in vitro exhaustion assay. Concordantly, mice deficient in NLRP3, the molecular complex activating IL18, had decreased expression of coinhibitory receptors on intratumoral T cells and similar changes in signaling pathways at the transcriptome level. Thus, molecular pathways promoting T-cell exhaustion indicate an involvement of an NLRP3-expressing tumor microenvironment, which mediates IL18 release. The Cancer Genome Atlas analysis of patients with pancreatic carcinoma showed an association between NLRP3-mediated IL18 signaling and shorter survival. These findings indicate NLRP3-mediated IL18R signaling as a regulator of intratumoral T-cell exhaustion and a possible target for immunotherapy. See related Spotlight by Stromnes, p. 400

This article considers current research and development efforts around the creation of subsea data centers. Such experiments (e.g. Microsoft’s Project Natick) aim to identify new techniques for maximizing data center efficiency by harnessing the cooling effects of the surrounding ocean. To date, subsea data center experiments have had more success in Atlantic contexts, but the history of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the sea suggests that subsea data centers will no doubt have Pacific futures. Situating this discussion within the unique cultural and environmental landscapes of the Pacific islands, particularly Hawaiʻi, we anticipate anxieties that stem from historical patterns of project development that lack consideration of cultural impact. We argue that a pre-conversation about subsea data centers is necessary given the extant data infrastructures in Hawaiʻi already corroding or within the margins of risk for obsolescence and decay. Finally, as islands and island nations, especially, are often targets for colonization as vital hubs in underwater information and communication networks, the article examines the tensions in such subsea experiments between impact and impermanence, between global and local, and between corporate and community.

This article presents the design, construction, and high-power test of two X -band radio frequency (RF) accelerating structures built as part of a collaboration between CERN and the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) for the compact linear collider (CLIC) study. The structures are a modified “tuning-free” variant of an existing CERN design and were assembled using Swiss free electron laser (SwissFEL) production methods. The purpose of the study is two-fold. The first objective is to validate the RF properties and high-power performance of the tuning-free, vacuum brazed PSI technology. The second objective is to study the structures’ high-gradient behavior to provide insight into the breakdown and conditioning phenomena as they apply to high-field devices in general. Low-power RF measurements showed that the structure field profiles were close to the design values, and both structures were conditioned to accelerating gradients in excess of 100 MV/m in CERN’s high-gradient test facility. Measurements performed during the second structure test suggest that the breakdown rate (BDR) scales strongly with the accelerating gradient, with the best fit being a power law relation with an exponent of 31.14. In both cases, the test results indicate that stable, high-gradient operation is possible with tuning-free, vacuum brazed structures of this kind.

In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, noninvasive respiratory support (NRS) therapies such as high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and noninvasive ventilation (NIV) were central to respiratory care. The extent to which these treatments increase the generation and dispersion of infectious respiratory aerosols is not fully understood. The objective of this study was to characterize SARS-CoV-2 aerosol dispersion from subjects with COVID-19 undergoing NRS therapy.Several different aerosol sampling devices were used to collect air samples in the vicinity of 31 subjects with COVID-19, most of whom were receiving NRS therapy, primarily HFNC. Aerosols were collected onto filters and analyzed for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Additional measurements were collected in an aerosol chamber with healthy adult subjects using respiratory therapy devices under controlled and reproducible conditions.Fifty aerosol samples were collected from subjects receiving HFNC or NIV therapy, whereas 6 samples were collected from subjects not receiving NRS. Only 4 of the 56 aerosol samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, and all positive samples were collected using a high air flow scavenger mask collection device placed in close proximity to the subject. The chamber measurements with healthy subjects did not show any significant increase in aerosol dispersion caused by the respiratory therapy devices compared to baseline.Our findings demonstrate very limited detection of SARS-CoV-2-containing aerosols in the vicinity of subjects with COVID-19 receiving NRS therapies in the clinical setting. These results, combined with controlled chamber measurements showing that HFNC and NIV device usage was not associated with increased aerosol dispersion, suggest that NRS therapies do not result in increased dispersal of aerosols in the clinical setting.

As espécies reativas de oxigênio são essenciais em vários processos biológicos, porém, quando em excesso causam estresse oxidativo levando a doenças neurodegenerativas e cardiovasculares e ao envelhecimento precoce. Os antioxidantes atuam de forma a prevenir os danos oxidativos a nível celular. O ácido rosmarínico é um antioxidante, além de apresentar atividade antiviral, antibacteriana, anti-inflamatória e neuroprotetora. Contudo, informações sobre a fotoestabilidade deste composto fenólico são limitadas. Este trabalho visa avaliar a cinética de decomposição fotolítica do ácido rosmarínico frente à radiação UVA e UVC, em diferentes pHs, e na presença e na ausência do peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2). As amostras forram irradiadas com lâmpadas UVA ou UVC, ambas de 15 W de potência. A cinética de decomposição do antioxidante foi determinada no comprimento de onda (λ) de 326 nm, utilizando-se um espectrofotômetro UV-Vis (Cary 50 Bio-Varian). Além disso, foi verificado o efeito do pH e do H2O2 na fotoestabilidade. O ácido rosmarínico mostrou maior estabilidade à radiação UVA do que UVC, e a decomposição seguiu uma cinética de primeira ordem. Na presença da radiação UVC, o antioxidante é mais estável em pHs mais elevados, ao passo que com radiação UVA a estabilidade diminui com o aumento do pH. Ademais, a fotoestabilidade é 40 vezes menor na presença do H2O2. Os resultados indicaram que o ácido rosmarínico atua de maneira eficiente na captura do radical hidroxil (OH•), sendo mais estável frente à radiação de menor energia e a estabilidade é dependente do pH. Palavras-chave: Ácido rosmarínico; antioxidante; cinética; fotoestabilidade; Abstract Evaluation of rosmarinic acid photostability: effect of ultraviolet radiation, pH and hydrogen peroxide Reactive oxygen species are essential in several biological processes, but, when in excess, they cause oxidative stress that can lead to neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases and premature aging. Antioxidants act to prevent oxidative damage at the cellular level. Rosmarinic acid has antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and antioxidant activity. However, there is a lack of information in the literature on the photostability of this phenolic compound. This work aims to evaluate the kinetic of photolytic decomposition of rosmarinic acid against UVA and UVC radiation, at different pHs, and in the presence or absence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The samples were irradiated with UVA or UVC lamps, both with 15 W power. The decomposition of the antioxidant was determined at a wavelength (λ) of 326 nm, using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Cary 50 Bio-Varian). In addition, the effect of pH and H2O2 on photostability was verified. Rosmarinic acid showed greater stability against UVA radiation than UVC, and the decomposition followed first-order kinetic. In the presence of UVC radiation, the antioxidant is more stable at higher pHs, whereas for UVA radiation the stability decreases with increasing pH. Furthermore, photostability is 40 times lower in the presence of H2O2. The results indicated that rosmarinic acid acts efficiently in capturing the hydroxyl radical (OH•) and is more stable under low energy radiation and the stability is pH dependent. Keywords: Rosmarinic acid; antioxidant; kinetics; photostability; Resumen Evaluación de la fotoestabilidad del ácido rosmarínico: efecto de la radiación ultravioleta, pH y peróxido de hidrógeno Las especies reactivas de oxígeno son esenciales en varios procesos biológicos, sin embargo, cuando se encuentran en exceso provocan estrés oxidativo que conduce a enfermedades neurodegenerativas, cardiovasculares y al envejecimiento prematuro. Los antioxidantes actúan para prevenir el daño oxidativo a nivel celular. El ácido rosmarínico tiene actividad antiviral, antibacteriana, antiinflamatoria, neuroprotectora y antioxidante. Sin embargo, la literatura carece de información sobre la fotoestabilidad de este compuesto fenólico. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar la cinética de descomposición fotolítica del ácido rosmarínico frente a las radiaciones UVA y UVC, a diferentes pHs, en presencia y ausencia de peróxido de hidrógeno (H2O2). Las muestras fueron irradiadas con lámparas UVA o UVC, ambas de 15 W de potencia. La descomposición del antioxidante se determinó a una longitud de onda (λ) de 326 nm, utilizando un espectrofotómetro UV-Vis (Cary 50 Bio-Varian). También se verificó el efecto del pH y H2O2 sobre la fotoestabilidad. El ácido rosmarínico mostró una mayor estabilidad frente a la radiación UVA que frente a la UVC, y la descomposición siguió una cinética de primer orden. En presencia de radiación UVC, el antioxidante es más estable a pH más altos, mientras que con radiación UVA la estabilidad disminuye al aumentar el pH. Además, la fotoestabilidad es 40 veces menor en presencia de H2O2. Los resultados indicaron que el ácido rosmarínico actúa de manera eficiente en la captura del radical hidroxilo (OH•), siendo más estable frente a la radiación de menor energía, la estabilidad fue dependiente del pH. Palabras clave: Ácido rosmarínico; antioxidante; cinética; fotoestabilidad

Several arboviruses have emerged or reemerged into the New World during the past several decades, causing outbreaks of significant proportion. In particular, the outbreaks of Dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus, and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) have been explosive and unpredictable, and have led to significant adverse health effects. These viruses are considered the leading cause of acute undifferentiated febrile illnesses in Colombia. However, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is endemic in Colombia, and arboviruses such as the Mayaro virus (MAYV) and the Oropouche virus (OROV) cause febrile illnesses in neighboring countries. Yet, evidence of human exposure to MAYV and OROV in Colombia is scarce. In this study, we conducted a serosurvey study in healthy individuals from the Cauca Department in Colombia. We assessed the seroprevalence of antibodies against multiple arboviruses, including DENV serotype 2, CHIKV, VEEV, MAYV, and OROV. Based on serological analyses, we found that the overall seroprevalence for DENV serotype 2 was 30%, 1% for MAYV, 2.6% for CHIKV, 4.4% for VEEV, and 2% for OROV. This study provides evidence about the circulation of MAYV and OROV in Colombia, and suggests that they—along with VEEV and CHIKV—might be responsible for cases of acute undifferentiated febrile illnesses that remain undiagnosed in the region. The study results also highlight the need to strengthen surveillance programs to identify outbreaks caused by these and other vector-borne pathogens.

Regular participation in bicycling offers many health benefits. Universities throughout the U.S. have a large proportion of underrepresented populations among students/employees (e.g., racial/ethnic minorities, LGBTQ+, disabled) who participate in cycling at lower rates. The purpose of this study was to understand the current practices of universities for implementing equitable bicycling programming to their students/faculty/staff.A volunteer sample of U.S. university bicycle representatives (n = 19) were interviewed to analyze current practices, barriers, motivators, and future tools for equitable programming.Multiple themes emerged from the interview, including barriers to programming such as lack of personnel and finances, as well as motivators such as partnering with off-campus organizations and connecting community/university infrastructures.Although various barriers exist for universities which may present decreased equitable programming, university bicycle/alternative transportation departments should consider partnering with on and off-campus organizations rooted into underrepresented populations to better provide equitable programming to these populations.

In wine grape production, growers decide between alternative management strategies of the vineyard that have direct consequences on competitiveness. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact on economic performance of four management strategies: training system, reserve quality production, irrigation method, and mechanization of labors. The data used in the study comes from face-to-face interviews to 336 wine grape growers of Central Chile, which was complemented with climatic variables retrieved from Geographic Information Systems. A log-log regression model of total value product (TVP) for the main variety grown in the vineyard was estimated, using production factors, vineyards’ attributes, management strategies and climate-related conditions as explanatory variables. An interesting contribution of this study is the identification of TVP functions for land, fertilizers, fungicides, other agrochemicals, labor, and age of vines. Our results show that the training system has the most impact on TVP, where tendone-trained vineyards demonstrated 63% higher TVP than those vertically trained when holding all other variables constant. Reserve quality production also has a positive effect on TVP, increasing it by 25% compared to vineyards producing varietal quality grapes. In contrast, the use of pressurized irrigation systems and mechanization in harvesting do not present a significant effect on TVP. The findings of this paper represent an advance in the understanding of the economic performance factors associated with wine grape growing and could serve to guide on-farm decisions and sectoral policies in pursuing the competitive development of wine grape growers.

Zusammenfassung Seitens der Forschung wurde der Sprache unter dem Nationalsozialismus lange Zeit wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Vor allem wies Riecke (2020: 356) darauf hin, dass die „zahlreichen Texte von Opfern des Nationalsozialismus, also etwa die Texte der Häftlinge von Konzentrationslagern und der Bewohner von Gettobezirken keinen angemessenen Platz finden.“ Mehrere Arbeiten, darunter auch Editionen, widmeten sich in den vergangenen Jahren diesem Desiderat, das ohne Zweifel weiterhin der Aufarbeitung bedarf. Eine bedeutende Quelle des Schreibens und der Sprache unter dem Nationalsozialismus stellen beispielsweise Aufzeichnungen aus dem Lodzer Getto dar, zu denen persönliche Manuskripte, Essays sowie Texte aus dem sogenannten Archiv zählen. Diese Abteilung des Gettos hatte unter anderem die Aufgabe, das Leben hinter dem Stacheldraht, wie die Grenze zur Außenwelt bezeichnet wurde, zu dokumentieren. Hier entstand auch die Enzyklopädie des Gettos Lodz/Litzmannstadt, welche ein besonderes Zeugnis dieser Zwangsgemeinschaft und ihrer Sprache darstellt. Der vorliegende Beitrag widmet sich dieser Enzyklopädie des Gettos Lodz/Litzmannstadt und stellt die Besonderheiten dieses einzigartigen Textes vor. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt auf der Sprache der Enzyklopädie-Einträge ebenso wie auf dem Wortschatz der Sondersprache des Gettos.

The COVID-19 pandemic proved to be an unprecedented disruptor on college and university campuses as stakeholders at all organizational levels were challenged to consider new approaches to teaching and learning using online course modalities with very limited preparation time and faculty support. Using a case study approach, this paper reviews valuable lessons learned through the experience, particularly regarding shifts in course delivery to include online and hybrid modalities on a widespread scale. Specifically, the authors reviewed the processes, outcomes, and student perceptions associated with online and hybrid course delivery in various kinesiology courses at three different higher education institutions. The paper also offers useful perspectives for kinesiology program administrators and faculty who are contemplating the continued application of online and hybrid course formats in greater capacity postpandemic.

The article presents the results of field experiments to study the dynamics of nitrate nitrogen in ordinary chernozem of the forest-steppe zone of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The studies were carried out in 2017-2019 years in three-field grain-steam and 8 grain-grass crop rotations. Melilot and sainfoin were cultivated neat and under the cover of barley, incl. with seed treatment with Rizotorfin inoculant. Winter rye was sown in 2018 in a field of clean fallow in a grain-fallow crop rotation and after mowing the second cut of perennial grasses of the 2nd year of use in grain-grass crop rotations with a stubble seeder SZS-2.1 without preliminary tillage.It has been established that a high supply of nitrate nitrogen is characteristic of a steam field in a 0-20 cm layer of chernozem (19 mg/kg). The average supply of chernozem with nitrate nitrogen was formed by coverless crops of sweet clover and sainfoin and cover crops of sweet clover (9-10 mg/kg). In the crops of winter rye, according to various predecessors, an intensive consumption of mineral nitrogen by plants and a very low supply of soil with nitrate nitrogen (2-5 mg/kg) were noted. Grain-grass crop rotation with the cultivation of winter rye on binary and pure crops of sweet clover created the best conditions for the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in the 0-40 cm layer of chernozem (6-8 mg/kg). The treatment of sweet clover and sainfoin seeds with the inoculant Rizotorfin determined a more intensive absorption of nitrate nitrogen from the soil and a low supply of nitrate nitrogen to the soil (4-6 mg/kg) in the crop rotation.

Horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) exhibit ontogenetic and geographic variability in migratory patterns, yet the implications of movement on their resource use dynamics remain poorly understood. Here, we evaluate horseshoe crab resource use across ontogeny (instars 14–18 and adults), sex, seasons, and between two spatially distinct populations that exhibit different migratory patterns. Multi-tissue stable isotope analyses of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur were used to examine (1) ontogenetic and sex-specific variability in the reliance of resource pools; (2) variation in isotopic niche breadth within and among populations; and (3) seasonal variability in resource use within juvenile life stages. We found evidence for subtle ontogenetic shifts in resource use, with increased contributions of phytoplankton with ontogeny, but all age groups predominantly relied on sedimentary organic matter (SOM) pools. Sex-specific differences in resource use were observed with SOM serving as the predominant source assimilated in males, while females exhibited a higher dependence on phytoplankton resource pools, indicating foraging or spatial preferences may be different between sexes. Low trophic niche overlap between adult and juvenile horseshoe crabs was evident, likely arising from differences in migratory patterns and size constraints. Within juveniles, no seasonal differences in resource use were observed, indicating that dietary patterns may remain static across temporal scales, consistent with limited dispersal of that life stage. Spatial differences in resource use were, however, observed between adult crabs likely reflecting the migratory strategies of different populations. Our results are consistent with previous evidence that horseshoe crabs are dietary generalists but provide novel insights into the linkages between movement and trophic patterns.

Adjunctive l-methylfolate is commonly prescribed for children and adolescents with treatment-resistant mood disorders; however, the relationship between l-methylfolate augmentation across methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genotypes in youths with depressive symptoms is unclear.We retrospectively examined the electronic health records of patients (N = 412) with depressive symptoms associated with unipolar depressive disorders and their MTHFR C677T genotypes from 2013 to 2019. Patients were ≤18 years of age at the time of MTHFR pharmacogenetic testing. Treatment response was assessed with Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) score reported in the medical record.Patients with an MTHFR C677T C/T or T/T genotype were more likely to be prescribed l-methylfolate when the clinician knew their MTHFR genotype (p 0.0001, OR: 15.1, 95 % CI: [5.1, 44.2]), but not when the clinician did not know their genotype (p = 0.4, OR: 2.1, 95 % CI: [0.4, 11.4]). Change in baseline and endpoint CGI-I scores between patients with an MTHFR C677T variant who were prescribed and not prescribed l-methylfolate did not significantly differ (p = 0.39). Response rate was not associated with l-methylfolate prescription (p = 0.17) or l-methylfolate dose (p = 0.69).This was a retrospective study, which yielded a heterogeneous patient population and limited data availability (e.g., adherence). Patients are severely ill and may have a refractory illness that limits response to adjunctive l-methylfolate.Clinicians prescribe l-methylfolate to children and adolescents with depressive symptoms associated with unipolar depressive disorders who have an MTHFR C677T variant, although augmentation may not be associated with treatment response, regardless of MTHFR genotype or dose.

Under-desk pedaling devices could help reduce health risks associated with the global decline in work-related energy expenditure. However, the optimal pedaling work rate to facilitate concurrent work performance among physically inactive adults is unclear. We examined the effects of two light-intensity pedaling work rates on physically inactive adults' work performance.We recruited equal numbers of older (45-65 yr) versus younger (20-44 yr), male versus female, and overweight/obese (body mass index [BMI], 25-35 kg·m -2 ) versus normal weight (BMI, 18.5-24.9 kg·m -2 ) participants. Using a Graeco-Latin square design, participants ( n = 96) completed a laboratory experiment to evaluate the effects of using an under-desk pedaling device at two seated light-intensity work rates (17 and 25 W), relative to a seated nonpedaling condition on objectively measured typing, reading, logical reasoning, and phone task performance. Ergonomic comfort under each pedaling work rate was also assessed. Equivalence tests were used to compare work performance under the pedaling versus nonpedaling conditions.Treatment fidelity to the 17- and 25-W pedaling work rates exceeded 95%. Mean work performance scores for each pedaling and nonpedaling condition were equivalent under alpha = 0.025. Age, sex, and BMI did not significantly moderate the effect of pedaling on work performance. Participants reported greater ergonomic comfort while completing work tasks at the 17-W relative to the 25-W work rate.Physically inactive adults obtained similar work performance scores under the 17- and 25-W pedaling and the nonpedaling conditions, suggesting that either pedaling work rate could help reduce health risks of sedentary work time. The 17-W work rate yielded greater ergonomic comfort and may be an appropriate starting point for introducing diverse inactive workers to under-desk pedaling.

Abstract The analysis of the secretome provides important information on proteins defining intercellular communication and the recruitment and behavior of cells in specific tissues. Especially in the context of tumors, secretome data can support decisions for diagnosis and therapy. The mass spectrometry–based analysis of cell-conditioned media is widely used for the unbiased characterization of cancer secretomes in vitro. Metabolic labeling using azide-containing amino acid analogs in combination with click chemistry facilitates this type of analysis in the presence of serum, preventing serum starvation-induced effects. The modified amino acid analogs, however, are less efficiently incorporated into newly synthesized proteins and may perturb protein folding. Combining transcriptome and proteome analysis, we elucidate in detail the effects of metabolic labeling with the methionine analog azidohomoalanine (AHA) on gene and protein expression. Our data reveal that 15–39% of the proteins detected in the secretome displayed changes in transcript and protein expression induced by AHA labeling. Gene Ontology (GO) analyses indicate that metabolic labeling using AHA leads to induction of cellular stress and apoptosis-related pathways and provide first insights on how this affects the composition of the secretome on a global scale. Key messages Azide-containing amino acid analogs affect gene expression profiles. Azide-containing amino acid analogs influence cellular proteome. Azidohomoalanine labeling induces cellular stress and apoptotic pathways. Secretome consists of proteins with dysregulated expression profiles.

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) widely modulates the global carbon cycle. More specifically, it alters the net uptake of carbon in the tropical ocean. Over the tropical Pacific, less carbon is released during El Niño, while the opposite is the case for La Niña. Here, the skill of Earth system models (ESMs) from the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) to simulate the observed tropical Pacific CO2 flux variability in response to ENSO is assessed. The temporal amplitude and spatial extent of CO2 flux anomalies vary considerably among models, while the surface temperature signals of El Niño and La Niña phases are generally well represented. Under historical conditions followed by the high-warming Shared Socio-economic Pathway (SSP5-8.5) scenarios, about half the ESMs simulate a reversal in ENSO–CO2 flux relationship. This gradual shift, which occurs as early as the first half of the 21st century, is associated with a high CO2-induced increase in the Revelle factor that leads to stronger sensitivity of partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) to changes in surface temperature between ENSO phases. At the same time, uptake of anthropogenic CO2 substantially increases upper-ocean dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations (reducing its vertical gradient in the thermocline) and weakens the ENSO-modulated surface DIC variability. The response of the ENSO–CO2 flux relationship to future climate change is sensitive to the contemporary mean state of the carbonate ion concentration in the tropics. We present an emergent constraint between the simulated contemporary carbonate concentration with the projected cumulated CO2 fluxes. Models that simulate shifts in the ENSO–CO2 flux relationship simulate positive bias in surface carbonate concentrations.

Variable fluxes of anthropogenic CO2 emissions into the land and the ocean and the remaining proportion in the atmosphere reflect on the global carbon budget variations and further modulate global climate change. A more accurate reconstruction of the global carbon budget in the past decades and a more reliable prediction of the variations in the next years are crucial for assessing the effectiveness of climate change mitigation policies and supporting global carbon stocktaking and monitoring in compliance with the goals of the Paris Agreement.In this study, we investigate reconstructions and predictions of the CO2 fluxes and atmospheric CO2 growth from ensemble prediction simulations using 5 Earth System Model (ESM) - based decadal prediction systems. These novel prediction systems driven by CO2 emissions with an interactive carbon cycle enable prognostic atmospheric CO2 and represent atmospheric CO2 growth variations in response to the strength of CO2 fluxes into the ocean and the land, which are missing in the conventional concentration-driven decadal prediction systems with prescribed atmospheric CO2 concentration.The reconstructions generated by assimilating physical ocean and atmosphere data products into the prediction systems are able to reproduce the annual mean historical variations of the CO2 fluxes and atmospheric CO2 growth. Multi-model ensemble means best match the assessments of CO2 fluxes and atmospheric CO2 growth rate from the Global Carbon Project with correlations of 0.79, 0.82, and 0.98 for atmospheric CO2 growth rate, air-land CO2 fluxes, and air-sea CO2 fluxes, respectively. The CO2 emission-driven prediction systems with an interactive carbon cycle still maintain the predictive skill of CO2 fluxes and atmospheric CO2 growth as found in conventional concentration-driven prediction systems, i.e., about 2 years for the air-land CO2 fluxes and atmospheric CO2 growth, the air-sea CO2 fluxes have higher skill up to 5 years. The ESM-based prediction systems are capable to reconstruct and predict the variations in the global carbon cycle and hence are powerful tools for supporting carbon budgeting and monitoring, especially in the decarbonization processes. Furthermore, we investigate the contribution of uncertainty in the predictions of CO2 fluxes and atmospheric CO2 growth rate from internal climate variability, different model responses, and emission-forcing reductions to identify the prominent challenge in limiting the skill of CO2 predictions.

To what extent does the representation of the carbonate pump and its evolution in a transient climate influence the ocean carbon cycle? The carbonate pump, the amplitude of which can be estimated through the CaCO3 export flux, is sometimes qualified as a counter-pump. Indeed, by inducing an imbalance between total alkalinity (Alk) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the surface ocean, calcification induces relative degassing and acidification. However, it also drives vertical gradients of Alk and DIC in the ocean in response to CaCO3 dissolution at depth. Using equilibrium simulations of the NEMO-PISCES marine biogeochemical model, we investigate the influence of the carbonate pump on natural air-sea carbon fluxes and inter-hemispheric carbon transport within the ocean. We further show that despite diverse twenty-first century changes in the carbonate pump in CMIP6 models, its impact on the projected upper ocean carbon cycle is minimal compared to other drivers. Interpreting our results, we rely on the pair of conservative variables Alk and DIC, central to the representation of the ocean carbon cycle in models. In particular, we show that the usefulness of the classically represented Alk/DIC diagram can be extended to derive quantitative and comparative visual information on the processes driving the upper ocean carbon cycle.

Aim The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of cavity cleaning and conditioning on marginal integrity of directly placed post-endodontic composite class-I-restorations in vitro. Methodology A total of 168 fully intact teeth without caries or fillings received pre-endodontic composite restorations (class-II) after their extraction. Occlusal endodontic access-cavities were prepared, and root canals were instrumented and filled with gutta-percha and an epoxy resin-based sealer. Prior to post-endodontic class-I-restoration, access cavities were completely contaminated with sealer, cleaned with alcohol and pre-treated as follows: cleaner only (alcohol), glycine-polishing, Al2O3 sandblasting, carbide bur (immediate as well as delayed restoration). A positive control (not contaminated with sealer and adhesive used) and negative control (cleaner used but no adhesive) were established. Half of the teeth from each group were subjected to thermocycling and mechanical loading (TCML). Marginal integrity of post-endodontic restoration was evaluated in oro-vestibular or mesio-distal sections after AgNO3 dye penetration (DP) by standardized photomacroscopic imaging and expressed in per cent of margin length along all segments and separately for enamel, dentine and composite, respectively. Results were analysed non-parametrically (α = .05). Results No restorations or teeth fractured or debonded completely. Without TCML, the median DP of all segments was significantly higher for the negative control compared with all other groups in oro-vestibular cutting direction (53%; p = .002) and in mesio-distal cutting direction (51%; p ≤ .041). The other groups without TCML revealed 16%–24% DP (oro-vestibular) and 12%–24% DP (mesio-distal). With TCML, the median DP in oro-vestibular cutting direction for all segments ranged between 48% and 62% for all groups, a significant difference was only observed between glycine-polishing and carbide bur (p = .041). In mesio-distal cutting direction, the median DP in negative control was 69% with TCML and significantly higher compared with all other groups (p = .002). For all other groups, the median DP of all segments ranged between 28% and 40% with TCML without significant differences. Error rates method (k = 7) revealed a significant influence of TCML in general on penetration of all segments in both oro-vestibular and mesio-distal cutting directions. Conclusion Additional access cavity pre-treatment after alcohol cleaning did not improve the marginal integrity of post-endodontic composite restorations. Thorough cleaning of the access cavity with alcohol seems to assure an acceptable marginal integrity to the tooth and restorative composite.

A typology is proposed regarding the modes of access to water for the rural population in Chile as well as four explanatory dimensions of its heterogeneity. The typology emerges from a systematic review of the literature and an analysis of quantitative data based on rural water organizations' databases. The modes of access are defined by the following five criteria: their socio-technical system, their type of management, their level of spatial action, the source of their financing, and the type of technical assistance they received. The findings dispute the systemic vision of access to water in rural areas and invite us to consider the structural heterogeneity in regulations and public policies to guarantee the human right to water.

Travel by walking or bicycling has a wide range of health benefits, from lowering the risk of obesity to all-cause mortality. Although the benefits of bicycling are well-known, there are various disparities and inequities seen in participation levels and safety in underserved and underrepresented communities (e.g., racial/ethnic minorities, women, low-income, youth, LGBTQ+). Community coalitions and universities have the potential to play a large role in reaching underrepresented populations and establishing equitable programming. The purpose of this study was to understand why equity is or isn’t prioritized throughout bicycle coalition and universities’ programming efforts. Methods: A volunteer sample of bicycle coalitions (n=71) and universities (n=51) were surveyed to identify common themes from the participants’ responses regarding why or why not equity was prioritized. Results: Common themes among coalitions and universities who ranked equity first, was awareness of the inequality present in their communities, identified equity as an important element, and planned to prioritize equity in their programming. Common themes among those who ranked equity last was the lack of awareness, knowledge, and demand for equity-related issues. Conclusions: Equity is a concern for coalitions and universities. Implementation of different resources has the potential to increase equitable programming in both community and university settings.

Elevated levels of neurofilament light chain (NF-L) in CSF and blood are linked to the presymptomatic and symptomatic phase of patients suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, whether the NF-L level in extracellular liquids like serum or CSF is a marker of destruction or NF-L is secreted actively outside the cell is not known so far. NF-L levels in CSF and blood clearly separate ALS patients and controls [9], serving as a prognostic biomarker for ALS [4]. Also in pre-symptomatic ALS gene mutation carriers NF-L levels are elevated thus allowing prediction for clinical phenoconversion [3, 4]. The picture of NF-L levels in ALS mouse models is less clear. Previous studies report on elevated NF-L plasma levels in SOD1G93Adl and TDP-43 (TAR6/6) mice [6], but the correlation to motor neuron (MN) loss has not been determined. We therefore employed a transgenic TDP-43G298S mouse model to study the interaction of motor neuron pathophysiology, muscle denervation and NF-L levels. TDP-43G298S mutant mice show decreased performance in grip strength and motor activity compared to controls [10]., publishedVersion

Given continued physical activity disparities among college students based on gender identity, race, and sexual orientation, it is important to identify policies and practices to support more equitable physical activity participation opportunities. This mixed-methods study examined perceptions of equity policies and practices among North American campus recreation staff (n = 254). Institution and staff characteristics along with department values, existence of written policies, and perceptions of current and potential equity policies/practices were collected via an online survey in November 2020. Quantitative data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and importance-performance analysis; qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analyses. Findings indicate an apparent disconnect between campus recreation departments’ stated values and written policies, and reveal gaps between perceived importance and performance of equity priorities. However, qualitative responses included many promising equity practices which could help facilitate physical activity participation for all students through creation of an inclusive, safe, and welcoming environment for diverse student populations.

Brassicaceae plants can serve as a soy alternative to protein concentrates and isolates. Enzymatic extraction is a promising alternative to degreasing oilseeds as it requires no organic solvents and produces high-quality protein products. The research featured the effect of the enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulolytic and proteolytic enzymes on Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz oil cake. The objective was to reduce the residual oil content and increase the protein yield. Protein concentrates were isolated from seed cake obtained by cold pressing. The method involved sequential hydrolysis with enzyme preparations BrewZyme BGX and Meito renin, followed by alkaline extraction and precipitation at an isoelectric point. The amount of protein in the concentrates was determined by the Kjeldahl method, and the amino acid composition – by capillary electrophoresis. The experiment revealed the optimal concentrations and time, at which the enzymatic hydrolysis effectively removed the residual oil and increased the protein yield. When BrewZyme BGX was applied at a concentration of 8 mg/L for 120 min, it reduced the residual oil content by 5.53%. A further treatment with the proteolytic enzyme Microbial Meito Rennet for 60–120 min increased the protein yield by 10.56–11.33% compared with the fat-free sample. The biological value of protein concentrates obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis was 2% higher than for traditional approaches. The enzymatic extraction made it possible to avoid the de-greasing stage and raise the protein yield up to 68.86% of the total protein content without reducing the biological value of the finished product.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the operation and availability of campus recreation services at North American colleges and universities. This study examined the challenges faced and solutions implemented by campus recreation departments as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of campus recreation staff from across North America. Institution and staff characteristics along with challenges and solutions were collected from 174 campus recreation department staff via an online survey in November 2020. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analyses. As a result of the pandemic, campus recreation departments have experienced challenges regarding finances, staffing, student engagement, and health and safety. To address these challenges, departments have limited facility access and capacity, reduced spending, adjusted staffing levels and responsibilities, transitioned to virtual or modified in-person programming, leveraged intrauniversity collaborations, and implemented new health and safety protocols. Solutions have the potential to help institutions meet the needs of students during the pandemic and beyond. Virtual programming and reservation systems may be especially useful post-pandemic, and lessons learned regarding multi-faceted COVID-19 policy enforcement could help advance compliance with other policies, such as harassment.

Background Current serological methods for SARS-CoV-2 lack adequate standardization to a universal standard reference material. Standardization will allow comparison of results across various lab-developed and commercial assays and publications. SARS-CoV-2 EURM-017 is human sera reference material containing antibodies directed against SARS-CoV-2 proteins, S1/S2 (full-length spike [S]), S1 receptor-binding domain (S1 RBD), S1, S2, and nucleocapsid (N) protein. The goal of this study was to characterize five antigen-specific serum fractions in EURM-017 for standardization of serology assays. Methods Five antigen-specific serum fractions were affinity purified, quantified, and PRNT50 titers compared. Standardization methods were established for two anti-S1 RBD (IgG and Total Ig) and one N protein assay. For the anti-S1 RBD assays, standardization involved determining assay index values for serial dilutions of S1-RBD anti-sera. Index values for the anti-S1 RBD IgG assay and PRNT50 titers were determined for 44 symptomatic COVID-19 patient sera. The index values were converted to EURM-017 ug/mL. Results Anti-sera protein content was as follows: S1 (17.7 µg/mL), S1 RBD (17.4 µg/mL), S1/S2 (full-length S) (34.1 µg/mL), S2 (29.7 µg/mL), and N protein (72.5 µg/mL). S1 anti-serum had the highest neutralization activity. A standardization method for S1 RBD anti-serum and an anti-S1 RBD IgG assay yielded the linear equation (y = 0.75x−0.10; y = index, x=µg/mL anti-serum). Patient sample index values for the S1-RBD IgG assay correlated well with PRNT50 titers (Pearson r = 0.84). Using the equation above, patient index values were converted to standardized µg/mL. Conclusions Standardization of different lab-developed and commercial assays to EURM-017 antigen-specific anti-sera will allow comparison of results across studies globally due to traceability to a single standard reference material.

This article examines the provisions of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code that except fines and penalties from the broad discharge of debts that individuals receive upon completion of a bankruptcy case. In its 1986 decision in Kelly v. Robinson the Supreme Court overrode the plain statutory language of the Code and extended the discharge exception to a restitution debt. The Court justified its action as deference to the interest of states in formulating laws designed to punish, deter, and rehabilitate offenders. In the wake of Kelly v. Robinson, debts characterized as fines, penalties, and restitution are typically non-dischargeable in bankruptcy, regardless of their purpose, as long as they were contained in a sentencing order in a criminal case. Over the past four decades, the need to fund cash-strapped state and local governments generally, and to pay for mass incarceration specifically, propelled a staggering increase in criminal justice debt. Unlike the state laws to which the Kelly v. Robinson court deferred, today’s revenue-generating fines and fees practices actually undermine public safety by distorting law enforcement priorities. They deter rehabilitation, foster a general distrust of the criminal justice system and disproportionately impact communities of color. In view of these developments, this article proposals changes to the Bankruptcy Code. First, fines and fees that serve a revenue-generating purpose should be subject to discharge. Second, a time limit should apply to all forms of criminal justice debt. These changes would treat fines and fees more consistently with the standards that were in place for chapter 13 bankruptcy cases until the early 1990s and similar to debts for most federal and state taxes.

Quantum dot molecules (QDMs) are one of the few quantum light sources that promise deterministic generation of one- and two-dimensional photonic graph states. The proposed protocols rely on coherent excitation of the tunnel-coupled and spatially indirect exciton states. Here, we demonstrate power-dependent Rabi oscillations of direct excitons, spatially indirect excitons, and excitons with a hybridized electron wave function. An off-resonant detection technique based on phonon-mediated state transfer allows for spectrally filtered detection under resonant excitation. Applying a gate voltage to the QDM-device enables a continuous transition between direct and indirect excitons and, thereby, control of the overlap of the electron and hole wave function. This does not only vary the Rabi frequency of the investigated transition by a factor of $\approx3$, but also allows to optimize graph state generation in terms of optical pulse power and reduction of radiative lifetimes., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures