54 results on '"A Snicker"'
Search Results
2. Interaction of high-energy neutral beams with Divertor Tokamak Test plasma
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P. Vincenzi, P. Agostinetti, R. Ambrosino, T. Bolzonella, I. Casiraghi, A. Castaldo, C. De Piccoli, G. Granucci, P. Mantica, L. Pigatto, A. Snicker, and M. Vallar
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Shine-through ,Fast ion ,ASCOT ,Mechanical Engineering ,shine -through ,NBI ,cd ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,General Materials Science ,h & ,H&CD ,DTT ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
The Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) is a new, super-conducting device, being constructed in Frascati, Italy. DTT will be capable of plasma operations at high density and high heating power, in conditions relevant to address the power exhaust issue in support of ITER operation and DEMO design. DTT foresees the installation of a mix of auxiliary heating systems to couple up to 45 MW to the plasma, including Neutral Beam Injection (NBI). The neutral beam injector is currently being designed, aiming at delivering tangentially to the plasma neutral particles at energy of 510 keV, with a total power of ∼10 MW. In the present work, we apply for the first time the orbit-following Monte Carlo code ASCOT to DTT, in order to analyse with more details the interaction of the high-energy beam, described in real geometry beamlet by beamlet, and the plasma. The results of the simulation give an insight of the behaviour of beam energetic particles in DTT. Thanks to the flexibility of DTT, different plasmas can be generated, e.g. in terms of plasma shape due to different divertor concepts. We present the comparison of two cases with different plasma vertical positions and we analyse the effect on beam absorption in the plasma. We then present a sensitivity scan on plasma density, to verify the coupling of beam power at densities lower than the reference target scenario. These investigations are crucial to provide feedback and suggestions to DTT design and to assess the beam fast ion physics for plasma scenario developments.
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- 2023
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3. Simulating the impact of charge exchange on beam ions in MAST-U
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Ollus, Patrik, Akers, R.J., Colling, B., El-Haroun, H., Keeling, D., Kurki-Suonio, Taina, Sharma, R., Snicker, Antti, Varje, Jari, MAST-U team, EUROfusion MST1 Team, Department of Applied Physics, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Fusion and Plasma Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
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Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,0103 physical sciences ,010306 general physics ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas - Abstract
A model for simulating charge exchange (CX) of fast ions with background atoms in magnetically confined fusion plasmas has been implemented in the ASCOT orbit-following code. The model was verified by comparing simulated reaction mean free paths to analytical values across a range of fusion-relevant parameters. ASCOT was used to simulate beam ions slowing down in the presence of CX reactions in a MAST-U target scenario. ASCOT predicts the CX-induced loss of beam power to be 22 % , which agrees to within 15 % with the TRANSP prediction. Due to CX, plasma heating and current drive by beam ions are strongly reduced towards the edge. However, an overall lower but noticeable increase of up to 20 % in current drive is predicted closer to the core. The simulated deposition of fast CX atoms on the wall is concentrated around the outer midplane, with estimated peak power loads of 70–80 kW m−2 on the central poloidal field coils (P5) and the vacuum vessel wall between them. This analysis demonstrates that ASCOT can be used to simulate fast ions in fusion plasmas where CX reactions play a significant role, e.g. in spherical tokamaks and stellarators.
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- 2022
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4. The development of a novel particle transport and thermal-hydraulic calculation chain for the European DEMO
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Szogradi, Marton, Snicker, Antti, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
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Apros® ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,ASCOT ,Thermal-hydraulics ,Mechanical Engineering ,Neutronics ,Serpent ,General Materials Science ,DEMO ,Plasma physics ,WCLL ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
Funding Information: This work was partially funded by the Academy of Finland project No. 324759 . The author acknowledges the computational resources provided by the Aalto Science-IT project. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium, funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme (Grant Agreement No 101052200 EUROfusion). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Commission. Neither the European Union nor the European Commission can be held responsible for them. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s) | openaire: EC/H2020/101052200/EU//EUROfusion A versatile calculation chain has been under development at VTT and Aalto University, featuring the ASCOT Monte Carlo orbit-following suite of codes, the Serpent Monte Carlo particle transport code and the Apros® thermal-hydraulic system code. This project aims to establish a comprehensive analytical environment that can aid researchers at multiple stages during the maturation of DEMO. Plasma product source term profiles have been generated using the ASCOT code, providing input for subsequent neutron transport calculations with Serpent. These studies utilized the CAD-based geometry of the equatorial breeding unit of the Water-Cooled Lithium-Lead (WCLL) breeding blanket. Efforts towards optimization have been made, investigating leakages and scalability of these external source simulations. Preliminary particle transport results were reported along with the methodology of converting the tallied data into Apros-relevant input.
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- 2022
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5. Validation of neutron emission and neutron energy spectrum calculations on a Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak with directional relativistic spectrum simulator
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A. Sperduti, I. Klimek, M. Gorelenkova, Antti Snicker, Marco Cecconello, Sean Conroy, Uppsala University, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
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Physics ,Thesaurus (information retrieval) ,Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak ,Neutron emission ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Spectrum (functional analysis) ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Neutron energy spectrum ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Computational physics ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,0103 physical sciences ,010306 general physics - Abstract
openaire: EC/H2020/633053/EU//EUROfusion The recently developed directional relativistic spectrum simulator (DRESS) code has been validated for the first time against numerical calculations and experimental measurements performed on the Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak . In this validation, the neutron emissivities and rates computed by DRESS are benchmarked against TRANSP/NUBEAM predictions while the neutron energy spectra provided by DRESS taking as input TRANSP/NUBEAM and ASCOT/BBNBI in Gyro-Orbit mode fast ion distributions are validated against proton pulse height spectra measured by the neutron flux monitor. Excellent agreement was found between DRESS and TRANSP/NUBEAM predictions of local and total neutron emission.
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- 2021
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6. Beam-ion transport dependence on Magnetic Perturbations spectrum and plasma helicity in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak
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Sanchis Sánchez, Lucía, García Muñoz, Manuel, Viezzer, Eleonora, Snicker, Antti, Gonzalez Martin, Javier, Galdón Quiroga, Joaquín, Chen, L., Zonca, F., Zarzoso, D., Suttrop, W., Willensdorfer, M., Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, and EUROfusion Consortium
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EUROfusion Consortium 633053
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- 2021
7. Basic design considerations for a frequency step-tunable electron cyclotron wave system to suppress NTMs in DEMO
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G. Tardini, Tobias Ruess, D. Strauß, Manfred Thumm, Guillermo Suarez Lopez, Gaetano Aiello, Antti Snicker, Theo Scherer, Minh Quang Tran, Alessandro Moro, Emanuele Poli, R. Schramm, E. Fable, F. Janky, H. Zohm, Thomas Franke, Alessandro Bruschi, Gustavo Granucci, Gerd Gantenbein, Stefan Illy, Chuanren Wu, Mattia Siccinio, O. Kudlacek, Saul Garavaglia, Konstantinos A. Avramidis, John Jelonnek, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, CNR-ENEA-EURATOM Association, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Department of Applied Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
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Technology ,electron cyclotron wave ,Computer science ,growth ,Frequency steering ,Cyclotron ,neoclassical tearing modes ,heating ,Electron ,neoclassical tearing mode ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,Heating ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Electronic engineering ,General Materials Science ,window ,010306 general physics ,DEMO ,Frequency step-tunable gyrotron ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,gyrotron ,frequency step-tunable gyrotron ,Mechanical Engineering ,frequency steering ,Plasma ,magnet ,stabilization ,Electron cyclotron wave ,Current drive ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,ghz ,current drive ,Heating Current drive ,Neoclassical tearing mode ,ddc:600 - Abstract
openaire: EC/H2020/633053/EU//EUROfusion An Electron Cyclotron Wave (ECW) system will be used in the European DEMO for the stabilization of Neoclassical Tearing Modes (NTMs). In order to avoid movable mirrors in the harsh environment close to the plasma and to simplify the NTM launcher integration, the tuning of the ECW deposition location can be achieved by launching frequency-tunable ECWs from fixed mirrors while the frequency is tuned in discrete steps of 2–3GHz. An overview of the frequency step-tunable ECW system for NTM stabilization is presented. The design considerations are discussed based on the current DEMO baseline parameters and the status of technologies. A simulation of NTM stabilization with an idealized frequency tunable ECW system on an analytical NTM model is shown. The simulation takes into account a realistic tuning speed based on the present technology and considers the current NTM launcher configurations in DEMO. A simple sweeping strategy is adapted for the control of frequency. Various uncertainties, which will affect the feasibility, need to be further investigated.
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- 2021
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8. Kinetic Modelling of ELM-induced Fast-ion Transport and Acceleration in the ASDEX Upgrade Tokamak
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Rivero Rodriguez, Juan Francisco, García Muñoz, Manuel, Galdón Quiroga, Joaquín, Snicker, Antti, Domínguez-Palacios Durán, Jesús José, Chen, H., Doyle, S. J., García Vallejo, Daniel, González Martín, Javier, Sanchís Sánchez, Lucía, Viezzer, Eleonora, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y de Fabricación, Universidad de Sevilla, and EUROfusion Consortium
- Abstract
Universidad de Sevilla PP2016-7145 EUROfusion Consortium 633053
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- 2021
9. Main Parametric Dependencies of the Fast-Ion Edge Resonant Transport Layer Induced by 3D Perturbative Fields in the ASDEX Upgrade Tokamak
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Sanchís Sánchez, Lucía, García-Muñoz, M., Snicker, A., Galdón Quiroga, Joaquín, Ryan, D. A., Nocente, M., Rivero-Rodriguez, J.F., Chen, L., Zonca, F., Suttrop, W., Viezzer, Eleonora, ASDEX Upgrade Team, EUROfusion MST1 Team, Sanchis-Sanchez, L. [0000-0001-8211-3356], García-Muñoz, M. [0000-0002-3241-502X], Snicker, A. [0000-0001-9604-9666], Galdon-Quiroga, J. [0000-0002-7415-1894], Viezzer, Eleonora [0000-0001-6419-6848], Sanchis-Sanchez, L., García-Muñoz, M., Snicker, A., Galdon-Quiroga, J., and Viezzer, Eleonora
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Physics::Plasma Physics - Abstract
Trabajo presentado en 23rd Joint EU-US Transport Task Force Meeting, celebrado en Sevilla (España), del 11 al 14 de septiembre de 2018, The use of non-axisymmetric fields has been widely extended for mitigating and even suppressing a broad spectrum of MHD fluctuations [1]. 3D symmetry-breaking fields can, however, cause a degradation of the particle confinement. Fast-ions are especially sensitive to 3D perturbative fields due to their relatively long mean free path and slowing down time [2]. Measurements from dedicated experiments in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak have shown the existence of an Edge Resonant Transport Layer (ERTL), which causes energetic particle transport observed in the presence of symmetry-breaking fields. Using Monte-Carlo orbit following code ASCOT and the plasma response generated by MARS-F, simulations were carried out reproducing a strong correlation of fast-ion loss intensity with the perturbation poloidal spectra. This work presents an analysis of the fast-ion resonant transport in terms of the variation in the particle toroidal canonical momentum (δPφ) in the presence of 3D perturbative fields generated by different coil configurations. A scan in poloidal spectra, q95 and collisionality was carried out to assess the impact of each different contribution. In figure 1, the fast-ion is presented as a function of the particle initial energy and radius (a) and particle initial radius and toroidal angle (b) for a fixed coil configuration, showing how the relative position of the particle with respect to the perturbation can affect the transport. The ERTL properties depend strongly on the fast-ion orbit topology, the perturbation spectra, the magnetic background helicity (q95) and the plasma collisionality. This study may help to optimize the fast-ion confinement in the presence of externally applied 3D fields in present and future devices.
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- 2018
10. Overview of the SPARC tokamak
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Creely, A. J., Greenwald, M. J., Ballinger, S. B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fulop, T., Garnier, D. T., Granetz, R., Gray, T. K., Holland, C., Howard, N. T., Hughes, J. W., Irby, J. H., Izzo, V. A., Kramer, G. J., Kuang, A. Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Yijun, Lipschultz, B., Logan, N. C., Lore, J. D., Marmar, E. S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R. T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M. L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Sarkimaki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S. D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P. B., Sorbom, B. N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R. A., Tolman, E. A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D. G., Wright, J. C., Wukitch, S. J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
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Tokamak ,DATABASE ,fusion plasma ,Fusion plasma ,Plasma confinement ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,PHYSICS ,PLASMA-FACING COMPONENTS ,DESIGN ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,010306 general physics ,PROGRESS ,DEMO ,Physics ,plasma confinement ,TUNGSTEN ,CONSTRUCTION ,Fusion power ,Condensed Matter Physics ,H-MODE CONFINEMENT ,plasma devices ,Systems engineering ,CHAPTER 2 - Abstract
The SPARC tokamak is a critical next step towards commercial fusion energy. SPARC is designed as a high-field ($B_0 = 12.2$T), compact ($R_0 = 1.85$m,$a = 0.57$m), superconducting, D-T tokamak with the goal of producing fusion gain$Q>2$from a magnetically confined fusion plasma for the first time. Currently under design, SPARC will continue the high-field path of the Alcator series of tokamaks, utilizing new magnets based on rare earth barium copper oxide high-temperature superconductors to achieve high performance in a compact device. The goal of$Q>2$is achievable with conservative physics assumptions ($H_{98,y2} = 0.7$) and, with the nominal assumption of$H_{98,y2} = 1$, SPARC is projected to attain$Q \approx 11$and$P_{\textrm {fusion}} \approx 140$MW. SPARC will therefore constitute a unique platform for burning plasma physics research with high density ($\langle n_{e} \rangle \approx 3 \times 10^{20}\ \textrm {m}^{-3}$), high temperature ($\langle T_e \rangle \approx 7$keV) and high power density ($P_{\textrm {fusion}}/V_{\textrm {plasma}} \approx 7\ \textrm {MW}\,\textrm {m}^{-3}$) relevant to fusion power plants. SPARC's place in the path to commercial fusion energy, its parameters and the current status of SPARC design work are presented. This work also describes the basis for global performance projections and summarizes some of the physics analysis that is presented in greater detail in the companion articles of this collection.
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- 2020
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11. Sensitivity of fast ion losses to magnetic perturbations in the European DEMO
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Jari Varje, Antti Snicker, Piergiorgio Sonato, Taina Kurki-Suonio, E. Fable, K. Särkimäki, P. Vincenzi, Piero Agostinetti, Fabio Villone, Department of Applied Physics, National Research Council of Italy, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, University of Naples Federico II, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
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Ions ,Materials science ,ta114 ,Power load ,Mechanical Engineering ,Toroidal field ,Ripple ,Plasma ,Mechanics ,Blanket ,Wave plasma interactions ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Ion ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Ionization ,0103 physical sciences ,Magnetic field effects ,General Materials Science ,Sensitivity (control systems) ,Breeding blankets ,010306 general physics ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
openaire: EC/H2020/633053/EU//EUROfusion The limits for the heat loads on the DEMO first wall are significantly stricter compared to those of ITER due to cooling and breeding blanket requirements. Fast particles in the form of NBI ions can escape the confinement due to magnetic perturbations and produce a significant power load on the first wall. In this contribution, we use the fast ion orbit-following code ASCOT to study NBI losses under the effects of 3D magnetic perturbations, including toroidal field ripple and ferritic inserts. The losses were found to not endanger the integrity of the wall, with loads remaining below 40 kW/m 2 even with unmitigated ripple, and losses did not increase above 2.5 % even with 16 toroidal field coils. Ionization in the scrape-off layer was not found to increase the losses significantly for realistic density profiles, and the design of the wall allows for some flexibility in the distance between the plasma and the first wall tiles.
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- 2019
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12. Real-time plasma state monitoring and supervisory control on TCV
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Blanken, T. C., Felici, F., Galperti, C., Kong, M., Sauter, O., Baar, M. R. de, Vu, N. M. T., Meyer, H., Eich, T., Beurskens, M., Coda, S., Hakola, A., Martin, P., Adamek, J., Agostini, M., Aguiam, D., Ahn, J., Aho-Mantila, L., Akers, R., Albanese, R., Aledda, R., Alessi, E., Allan, S., Alves, D., Ambrosino, R., Amicucci, L., Anand, H., Anastassiou, G., Andrebe, Y., Angioni, C., Apruzzese, G., Ariola, M., Arnichand, H., Arter, W., Baciero, A., Barnes, M., Barrera, L., Behn, R., Bencze, A., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Bettini, P., Bilkova, P., Bin, W., Birkenmeier, G., Bizarro, J. P. S., Blanchard, P., Blanken, T., Bluteau, M., Bobkov, V., Bogar, O., Bohm, P., Bolzonella, T., Boncagni, L., Botrugno, A., Bottereau, C., Bouquey, F., Bourdelle, C., Bremond, S., Brezinsek, S., Brida, D., Brochard, F., Buchanan, J., Bufferand, H., Buratti, P., Cahyna, P., Calabro, G., Camenen, Y., Caniello, R., Cannas, B., Canton, A., Cardinali, A., Carnevale, D., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Carvalho, P., Casali, L., Castaldo, C., Castejon, F., Castro, R., Causa, F., Cavazzana, R., Cavedon, M., Cecconello, M., Ceccuzzi, S., Cesario, R., Challis, C. D., Chapman, I. T., Chapman, S., Chernyshova, M., Choi, D., Cianfarani, C., Ciraolo, G., Citrin, G., Clairet, F., Classen, I., Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Colas, L., Conway, Y., Corre, Y., Costea, S., Crisanti, F., Cruz, N., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., D’Arcangelo, O., De Angeli, M., De Masi, G., Temmerman, De, De Tommasi, G., Decker, J., Delogu, R. S., Dendy, R., Denner, P., Di Troia, C., Dimitrova, M., D’Inca, R., Douai, D., Drenik, A., Dudson, B., Dunai, D., Dunne, M., Duval, B. P., Easy, L., Elmore, S., Erdos, B., Esposito, B., Fable, E., Faitsch, M., Fanni, A., Fedorczak, N., Ferreira, J., Fevrier, O., Ficker, O., Fietz, S., Figini, L., Figueiredo, A., Fil, A., Fishpool, G., Fitzgerald, M., Fontana, M., Ford, O., Frassinetti, L., Fridstrom, R., Frigione, D., Fuchert, G., Fuchs, C., Palumbo, M. Furno, Futatani, S., Gabellieri, L., Galdon-Quiroga, J., Galeani, S., Gallart, D., Gallo, A., Gao, Y., Garavaglia, S., Garcia, J., Garcia-Carrasco, A., Garcia-Lopez, J., Garcia-Munoz, M., Gardarein, J.-L., Garzotti, L., Gaspar, J., Gauthier, E., Geelen, P., Geiger, B., Ghendrih, P., Ghezzi, F., Giacomelli, L., Giannone, L., Giovannozzi, E., Giroud, C., Gonzalez, C. Gleason, Gobbin, M., Goodman, T. P., Gorini, G., Gospodarczyk, M., Granucci, G., Gruber, M., Gude, A., Guimarais, L., Guirlet, R., Gunn, J., Hacek, P., Hacquin, S., Hall, S., Ham, C., Happel, T., Harrison, J., Harting, D., Hauer, V., Havlickova, E., Hellsten, T., Helou, W., Henderson, S., Hennequin, P., Heyn, M., Hnat, B., Hoelzl, M., Doric, V., Galazka, K., Hogeweij, D., Honore, C., Hopf, C., Horacek, J., Hornung, G., Horvath, L., Huang, Z., Huber, A., Igitkhanov, J., Igochine, V., Imrisek, M., Innocente, P., Ionita-Schrittwieser, C., Isliker, H., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jacobsen, A. S., Jacquet, P., Jakubowski, M., Jardin, A., Jaulmes, F., Jenko, F., Jensen, T., Busk, O. Jeppe Miki, Jessen, M., Joffrin, E., Jones, O., Jonsson, T., Kallenbach, A., Kallinikos, N., Kalvin, S., Kappatou, A., Karhunen, J., Karpushov, A., Kasilov, S., Kasprowicz, G., Kendl, A., Kernbichler, W., Kim, D., Kirk, A., Kjer, S., Klimek, I., Kocsis, G., Kogut, D., Komm, M., Korsholm, S. B., Koslowski, H. R., Koubiti, M., Kovacic, J., Kovarik, K., Krawczyk, N., Krbec, J., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kube, R., Kudlacek, O., Kurki-Suonio, T., Labit, B., Laggner, F. M., Laguardia, L., Lahtinen, A., Lalousis, P., Lang, P., Lauber, P., Lazanyi, N., Lazaros, A., Le, H. B., Lebschy, A., Leddy, J., Lefevre, L., Lehnen, M., Leipold, F., Lessig, A., Leyland, M., Li, L., Liang, Y., Lipschultz, B., Liu, Y. Q., Loarer, T., Loarte, A., Loewenhoff, T., Lomanowski, B., Loschiavo, V. P., Lunt, T., Lupelli, I., Lux, H., Lyssoivan, A., Madsen, J., Maget, P., Maggi, C., Maggiora, R., Magnussen, M. L., Mailloux, J., Maljaars, B., Malygin, A., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Maraschek, M., Marchand, B., Marconato, N., Marini, C., Marinucci, M., Markovic, T., Marocco, D., Marrelli, L., Martin, Y., Martin Solis, J. R., Martitsch, A., Mastrostefano, S., Mattei, M., Matthews, G., Mavridis, M., Mayoral, M.-L., Mazon, D., McCarthy, P., McAdams, R., McArdle, G., McClements, K., McDermott, R., McMillan, B., Meisl, G., Merle, A., Meyer, O., Milanesio, D., Militello, F., Miron, I. G., Mitosinkova, K., Mlynar, J., Mlynek, A., Molina, D., Molina, P., Monakhov, I., Morales, J., Moreau, D., Morel, P., Moret, J.-M., Moro, A., Moulton, D., Mueller, H. W., Nabais, F., Nardon, E., Naulin, V., Nemes-Czopf, A., Nespoli, F., Neu, R., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, S. K., Nikolaeva, V., Nimb, S., Nocente, M., Nouailletas, R., Nowak, S., Oberkofler, M., Oberparleiter, M., Ochoukov, R., Odstrcil, T., Olsen, J., Omotani, J., O’Mullane, M. G., Orain, F., Osterman, N., Paccagnella, R., Pamela, S., Pangione, L., Panjan, M., Papp, G., Paprok, R., Parail, V., Parra, F., I, Pau, A., Pautasso, G., Pehkonen, S.-P., Pereira, A., Cippo, E. Perelli, Ridolfini, V. Pericoli, Peterka, M., Petersson, P., Petrzilka, V., Piovesan, P., Piron, C., Pironti, A., Pisano, F., Pisokas, T., Pitts, R., Ploumistakis, I., Plyusnin, V., Pokol, G., Poljak, D., Poloskei, P., Popovic, Z., Por, G., Porte, L., Potzel, S., Predebon, I., Preynas, M., Primc, G., Pucella, G., Puiatti, M. E., Puetterich, T., Rack, M., Ramogida, G., Rapson, C., Rasmussen, J. Juul, Rasmussen, J., Ratta, G. A., Ratynskaia, S., Ravera, G., Refy, D., Reich, M., Reimerdes, H., Reimold, F., Reinke, M., Reiser, D., Resnik, M., Reux, C., Ripamonti, D., Rittich, D., Riva, G., Rodriguez-Ramos, M., Rohde, V., Rosato, J., Ryter, F., Saarelma, S., Sabot, R., Saint-Laurent, F., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Samaddar, D., Sanchis-Sanchez, L., Santos, J., Scannell, R., Scheffer, M., Schneider, M., Schneider, B., Schneider, P., Schneller, M., Schrittwieser, R., Schubert, M., Schweinzer, J., Seidl, J., Sertoli, M., Sesnic, S., Shabbir, A., Shalpegin, A., Shanahan, B., Sharapov, S., Sheikh, U., Sias, G., Sieglin, B., Silva, C., Silva, A., Fuglister, M. Silva, Simpson, J., Snicker, A., Sommariva, C., Sozzi, C., Spagnolo, S., Spizzo, G., Spolaore, M., Stange, T., Pedersen, M. Stejner, Stepanov, I., Stober, J., Strand, P., Susnjara, A., Suttrop, W., Szepesi, T., Tal, B., Tala, T., Tamain, P., Tardini, G., Tardocchi, M., Teplukhina, A., Terranova, D., Testa, D., Theiler, C., Thornton, A., Tolias, P., Tophoj, L., Treutterer, W., Trevisan, G. L., Tripsky, M., Tsironis, C., Tsui, C., Tudisco, O., Uccello, A., Urban, J., Valisa, M., Vallejos, P., Valovic, M., Van den Brand, H., Vanovac, B., Varoutis, S., Vartanian, S., Vega, J., Verdoolaege, G., Verhaegh, K., Vermare, L., Vianello, N., Vicente, J., Viezzer, E., Vignitchouk, L., Vijvers, W. A. J., Villone, F., Viola, B., Vlahos, L., Voitsekhovitch, I., Vondracek, P., Wagner, D., Walkden, N., Wang, N., Wauters, T., Weiland, M., Weinzettl, V., Westerhof, E., Wiesenberger, M., Willensdorfer, M., Wischmeier, M., Wodniak, I., Wolfrum, E., Yadykin, D., Zagorski, R., Zammuto, I., Zanca, P., Zaplotnik, R., Zestanakis, P., Zhang, W., Zoletnik, S., Zuin, M., Alberti, S., Boedo, J. A., Braunmueller, F. H., Carpanese, F., Chellai, O., Citrin, J., Fasoli, A., Furno, I., Garrido, I., Graves, J. P., Hawke, J., Hogge, J.-Ph, Schrittwieser, C. Ionita, Jacquier, R., Kamleitner, J., Keeling, D. L., Kirneva, N., Kraemer-Flecken, A., Lazzaro, E., Llobet, X., Maljaars, E., Maurizio, R., Cabrera, P. A. Molina, Ricci, P., Riva, F., Robinson, T., Schlatter, Ch, Sciortino, F., Silva, M., Sinha, J., Stoltzfus-Dueck, T., Tran, M. Q., Weisen, H., Dori, V., Team, EUROfusion MST1, Team, TCV, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla. RNM138: Física Nuclear Aplicada, Control Systems Technology, and Department of Physics
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ACTUATOR ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Schedule ,TOKAMAKS ,Atmospheric-pressure plasma ,01 natural sciences ,114 Physical sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,PHYSICS ,Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik ,Supervisory control ,DESIGN ,Control theory ,Real-time Control System ,CONTROL-SYSTEM ,0103 physical sciences ,ddc:530 ,Digital control ,Control of tokamak plasmas ,Real-time control ,010306 general physics ,Finite-state machine ,Physics ,supervisory control ,Control engineering ,control of tokamak plasmas ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics ,Control system ,real-time control ,REQUIREMENTS - Abstract
In ITER and DEMO, various control objectives related to plasma control must be simultaneously achieved by the plasma control system (PCS), in both normal operation as well as off-normal conditions. The PCS must act on off-normal events and deviations from the target scenario, since certain sequences (chains) of events can precede disruptions. It is important that these decisions are made while maintaining a coherent prioritization between the real-time control tasks to ensure high-performance operation. In this paper, a generic architecture for task-based integrated plasma control is proposed. The architecture is characterized by the separation of state estimation, event detection, decisions and task execution among different algorithms, with standardized signal interfaces. Central to the architecture are a plasma state monitor and supervisory controller. In the plasma state monitor, discrete events in the continuous-valued plasma state are modeled using finite state machines. This provides a high-level representation of the plasma state. The supervisory controller coordinates the execution of multiple plasma control tasks by assigning task priorities, based on the finite states of the plasma and the pulse schedule. These algorithms were implemented on the TCV digital control system and integrated with actuator resource management and existing state estimation algorithms and controllers. The plasma state monitor on TCV can track a multitude of plasma events, related to plasma current, rotating and locked neoclassical tearing modes, and position displacements. In TCV experiments on simultaneous control of plasma pressure, safety factor profile and NTMs using electron cyclotron heating (ECH) and current drive (ECCD), the supervisory controller assigns priorities to the relevant control tasks. The tasks are then executed by feedback controllers and actuator allocation management. This work forms a significant step forward in the ongoing integration of control capabilities in experiments on TCV, in support of tokamak reactor operation. EURATOM 633053 Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research 680.47.436
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- 2019
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13. High-performance orbit-following code ASCOT5 for Monte Carlo simulations in fusion plasmas
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Varje, Jari, Särkimäki, Konsta, Kontula, Joona, Ollus, Patrik, Kurki-Suonio, Taina, Snicker, Antti, Hirvijoki, Eero, and Äkäslompolo, Simppa
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Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph) ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Physics - Plasma Physics - Abstract
We present a novel implementation of a Monte Carlo particle-following code for solving the distribution function of minority species in fusion plasmas, called ASCOT5, and verify it using theoretical results for neoclassical transport. The code has been developed from ground up with an OpenMP-MPI hybrid paradigm to take full advantage of current and next generation many-core CPUs with multithreading and SIMD operations. Up to 6-fold increase in performance is demonstrated compared to a previous version of the code which only utilizes MPI. The physics model of the code is comprehensively validated against existing theoretical work, and it is shown to faithfully reproduce neoclassical diffusion across three different collisionality regimes. In simulations for realistic tokamak plasmas, including complex non-axisymmetric geometry, ASCOT5 is verified to reproduce results from the previous version ASCOT4., Comment: Draft to be used for reference. Subject to minor edits before submitting to a journal
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- 2019
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14. Serpent neutronics model of Wendelstein 7-X for 14.1 MeV neutrons
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J. P. Koschinsky, Jaakko Leppänen, Antti Snicker, Christoph Biedermann, West Team, G. A. Wurden, S. A. Bozhenkov, Joona Kontula, Simppa Äkäslompolo, R. C. Wolf, Taina Kurki-Suonio, W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
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Neutron transport ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,020209 energy ,Nuclear Theory ,FOS: Physical sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,7. Clean energy ,law.invention ,Nuclear physics ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Neutron flux ,law ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Wendelstein 7-X ,Neutron detection ,Serpent ,General Materials Science ,Neutron ,Nuclear Experiment ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Neutrons ,Physics ,Scintillating fibre ,Mechanical Engineering ,Torus ,Plasma ,Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph) ,Physics - Plasma Physics ,Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph) ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Physics - Computational Physics ,Simulation ,Stellarator - Abstract
In this work, a Serpent 2 neutronics model of the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator is prepared, and an response function for the Scintillating-Fibre neutron detector (SciFi) is calculated using the model. The neutronics model includes the simplified geometry for the key components of the stellarator itself as well as the torus hall. The objective of the model is to assess the 14.1 MeV neutron flux from deuteron-triton fusions in W7-X, where the neutrons are modelled only until they have slowed down to 1 MeV energy. The key messages of this article are: demonstration of unstructured mesh geometry usage for stellarators, W7-X in particular; technical documentation of the model and first insights in fast neutron behaviour in W7-X, especially related to the SciFi: the model indicates that the superconducting coils are the strongest scatterers and block neutrons from large parts of the plasma. The back-scattering from e.g. massive steel support structures is found to be small. The SciFi will detect neutrons from an extended plasma volume in contrast to having an effective line-of-sight., Comment: Proceedings of the SOFT2020 conference, to be sumbitted to Fusion Engineering and Design
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- 2021
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15. Discrimination of Buried Objects in Impulse GPR Using Phase Retrieval Technique
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Eeva Huuskonen-Snicker, Martta-Kaisa Olkkonen, and V. Mikhnev
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ta212 ,Signal processing ,ta213 ,ta114 ,Pulse-Doppler radar ,ta1172 ,Impulse (physics) ,law.invention ,Continuous-wave radar ,Bistatic radar ,law ,Radar imaging ,Ground-penetrating radar ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,ta519 ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Radar ,ta218 ,Geology ,Remote sensing - Abstract
This paper presents a modified signal processing technique of differentiating buried targets using impulse ground-penetrating radar. The technique is applicable to radargram; however, signal processing is carried out for each trace of the radargram separately. Every significant peak of each trace is compared with the peak of some calibration signal, for example, a signal that is reflected from the far interface of a thick rock slab. However, the calibration does not require the reference material be embedded in the medium, it can be in the air. The difference of phases between the object signal and the calibration signal is a function slowly varying with time that can be used for characterization of the buried object. The performance of the method is demonstrated in several examples using signals collected with the commercial impulse radar.
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- 2015
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16. Procedural complications of endovascular treatment in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage treated at a single centre
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Mikko Alanen, Juha Öhman, Oona Snicker, Antti Ronkainen, Liisa Pyysalo, Iiro Jalava, and Juha-Pekka Pienimäki
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Neurology ,Aneurysm, Ruptured ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,Brain Ischemia ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Aneurysm ,Postoperative Complications ,Risk Factors ,medicine ,Humans ,cardiovascular diseases ,Finland ,Neuroradiology ,Aged ,Retrospective Studies ,Aged, 80 and over ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Medical record ,Mortality rate ,Endovascular Procedures ,Interventional radiology ,Middle Aged ,Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ,medicine.disease ,Embolization, Therapeutic ,Surgery ,Treatment Outcome ,Female ,Neurology (clinical) ,Neurosurgery ,Complication ,business ,Intracranial Hemorrhages ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
We present a single-centre experience of procedural complications suffered by patients undergoing endovascular treatment for a ruptured saccular intracranial aneurysm at Tampere University Hospital, Finland, between 2000 and 2014. From 2000 to 2014, we treated 1,253 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, 491 of whom received endovascular treatment. Clinical data were collected retrospectively from the hospital’s aneurysm database. A procedural complication was defined as having occurred whenever there was a documented new event in the patient’s medical records or a note of a technical complication written by an interventionist after endovascular treatment. Procedural complications could be with or without clinical symptoms. Nearly 40% (491/1253) of the patients were treated with the endovascular method. Procedural complications occurred in 11.4% (56/491) of cases. The morbidity rate was 4.5% (22/491) and the mortality rate was 0.2% (1/491). Of the 56 complications, ischaemic complications occurred in 52% (29/56), haemorrhagic complications occurred in 27% (15/56) and technical complications occurred in 21% (12/56) of cases. In 61% (34/56) of the cases, the procedural complication did not cause any clinical symptoms. The total risk for procedural complications leading to postoperative disability or death at our institute was 4.7%. The complication frequency is in accordance with previous reports. Endovascular treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms is a safe treatment method when patient selection is carefully performed.
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- 2017
17. Regional differences in the incidence of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage in Finland
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Juha E Öhman, Oona Snicker, Mikko Alanen, Liisa Pyysalo, Iiro Jalava, and Antti Ronkainen
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Pediatrics ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Aneurysm, Ruptured ,Cohort Studies ,Hospitals, University ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Aneurysm ,Epidemiology ,Medicine ,Humans ,cardiovascular diseases ,Finland ,Neuroradiology ,Retrospective Studies ,business.industry ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Incidence ,Intracranial Aneurysm ,Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ,medicine.disease ,University hospital ,nervous system diseases ,Surgery ,Hospitalization ,Subarachnoid haemorrhage ,Neurology (clinical) ,Neurosurgery ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Regional differences - Abstract
Over the years, the consensus has generally been that Finland is a country with a significantly high incidence of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) when compared to the rest of the world, excluding Japan. Most of the traditionally cited Finnish incidence studies are several decades old and have clear differences in their methodology and study design. The objective of this study was to determine the hospital-admitted incidence of aneurysmal SAH at Tampere University Hospital between 1990 and 2014. We also compared the incidence to other geographical regions in Finland. The material for this study consists of patients admitted to Tampere University Hospital between 1990 and 2014 with the presentation of aneurysmal SAH. There was a total of 1965 patients with aneurysmal SAH in our data. The mean hospital-admitted aneurysmal SAH incidence over the period was 7.41 per 100,000 person-years. The hospital-admitted aneurysmal SAH incidence in the Eastern Finland region was two-thirds greater than in the Tampere University Hospital region. We observed a relatively steady hospital-admitted incidence of aneurysmal SAH (7.41 per 100,000 person-years) in the Tampere University Hospital region. This result is parallel to a recent study looking into the incidence of aneurysmal SAH for the whole of Finland. Compared to the Tampere University Hospital region, the incidence was 64% greater in the Eastern Finland region.
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- 2017
18. First absolute measurements of fast-ion losses in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak
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J. Galdon-Quiroga, A. Hermann, L. Sanchis-Sanchez, M. C. Jiménez-Ramos, J. Ayllon-Guerola, B. Sieglin, Antti Snicker, M. Faitsch, J. F. Rivero-Rodriguez, J. García López, J. Gonzalez-Martin, M. Rodriguez-Ramos, M. Garcia-Munoz, P. de Marne, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y de Fabricación, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Aplicada II, Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO). España, EUROfusion Consortium, Comunidad Europea de la Energía Atómica, Universidad de Sevilla, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), European Commission, and ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society
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Tokamak ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Scintillator ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,Optics ,ASDEX Upgrade ,law ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,0103 physical sciences ,010306 general physics ,Physics ,business.industry ,Detector ,Fast-ion loss detector ,Collimator ,Absolute flux ,Plasma ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Neutral beam injection ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Fast-ion ,Ionoluminescence ,Plasma diagnostics ,business - Abstract
Trabajo presentado a la 21st Topical Conference on High Temperature Plasma Diagnostics, celebrada en Madison, Wisconsin (US) del 5 al 9 de junio de 2016., ASDEX Upgrade Team: et al., First absolute measurements of fast-ion losses have been obtained in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak by means of absolutely calibrated scintillator based fast ion loss detector and infrared measurements. An instrument function that includes scintillator efficiency, collimator geometry, optical transmission and camera efficiency has been constructed. Absolute flux of Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) prompt losses has been obtained in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) quiescent plasmas. ASCOT simulations are in fairly good agreement with FILD and IR measurements of the fast ion load., This research was supported in part by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (RYC2011-09152, FIS2015-69362-P and ENE2012-31087), the Marie Curie FP7 Integration Grant, PCIG11-GA-2012-321455, within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 under grant agreement number 633053 and the V Plan propio de la Universidad de Sevilla (VPPI-US).
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- 2017
19. An Evaluation of the Permittivity of Two Different Rock Types Using Microwave Resonator and Waveguide Cutoff Principles
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Martta-Kaisa Olkkonen, Pekka Eskelinen, Eeva Huuskonen-Snicker, Pablo Olmos Martinez, and Terhi Pellinen
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Permittivity ,Microwave resonators ,Waveguide (electromagnetism) ,Resonator ,Materials science ,Optics ,business.industry ,Cutoff ,Rock types ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business - Abstract
Methods of measuring the complex permittivity of different rock types are demonstrated in the frequency range from 6 GHz to 17 GHz. The used methods are based on the cylindrical resonator and waveguide cutoff frequency principles. This study is part of a larger research project that aims to characterize the electrical properties of asphalt for road surveying purposes. The studied rock types are metavolcanic rock with intermediate composition and pegmatite. The permittivity values gained with the resonator method are 6.2 for the metavolcanic rock and 4.5 for the pegmatite rock type, whereas the imaginary parts are 0.04 and 0.02. The permittivity values gained with the cutoff frequency method are 6.17 and 4.76 respectively. A reference measurement was made only for the metavolcanic rock in a transmission configuration with two antennas and the permittivity result was 6.21. The three different methods provide consistent permittivity values and are suitable for reliable permittivity evaluation.
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- 2014
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20. The effect of fracture aperture and filling material on GPR signal
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Eeva Huuskonen-Snicker, Tero Hokkanen, and Mira Markovaara-Koivisto
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Aperture ,Mineralogy ,Geology ,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology ,Signal ,law.invention ,law ,Ground-penetrating radar ,Fracture (geology) ,Dimension stone ,Radar ,Antenna (radio) ,Fracture aperture - Abstract
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was used to locate fractures and distinguish fracture properties at the laboratory and field scales. Laboratory studies were performed to define the effects of fractures on the GPR signal. In the laboratory, a fracture between two blocks of crystalline rock was filled with water or air, and the aperture of the fracture was varied from 0.75 to 10 cm. Air-filled and water-filled fractures were successfully distinguished on the basis of GPR signal polarity changes. Moreover, it was possible to estimate the fracture aperture when it was wider than the vertical resolution of the antenna. For instance, the resolution of a 800-MHz antenna enables the detection of 1-cm-wide water-filled openings. Armed with knowledge of the signal behavior at the laboratory scale, the apertures and the filling materials of fractures were also estimated in uncontrolled field conditions. These field studies were carried out in a dimension stone quarry of migmatitic granodiorite located in Southern Finland.
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- 2014
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21. Modelling one-third field operation in the ITER pre-fusion power operation phase
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Integrated Operation Scenarios, D. Boilson, D. Van Eester, S. D. Pinches, A. M. Messiaen, Y. Gribov, S.H. Kim, F. Köchl, J.F. Artaud, M. A. Henderson, Pierre Dumortier, V.E. Lukash, B. Beaumont, P. U. Lamalle, D. Farina, K. Särkimäki, Lorenzo Figini, Antti Snicker, A. Kuyanov, A. Loarte, A. A. Kavin, Taina Kurki-Suonio, E. Lerche, R. Bilato, V.V. Parail, David Campbell, R.R. Khayrutdinov, E. Militello-ASP, A. R. Polevoi, M. Schneider, and ITPA Topical Groups on Energetic Particle Physics and Integrated Operation & Scenarios
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Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Tokamak ,Field (physics) ,Nuclear engineering ,NBI ,Fusion power ,Condensed Matter Physics ,one-third field operation ,ICRH ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,Phase (combat) ,ECRH ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,law ,ITER ,0103 physical sciences ,heating and current drive ,010306 general physics ,tokamak - Abstract
In the four-stage approach of the new ITER Research Plan, the first pre-fusion power operation (PFPO) phase will only have limited power available from external heating and current drive (H&CD) systems: 20-30 MW provided by the electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) system. Accessing the H-mode confinement regime at such low auxiliary power requires operating at low magnetic field, plasma current and density, i.e. 1.8 T and 5 MA for a density between 40% and 50% of the Greenwald density. II-mode plasmas at 5 MA/1.8 T will also be investigated in the second PFPO phase when ITER will have its full complement of H&CD capabilities installed, i.e. 20-30 MW of ECRH, 20 MW of ion cyclotron resonance heating and 33 MW of neutral beam injection. This paper describes the operational constraints and the II&CD capabilities for such scenarios in hydrogen and helium plasmas, to assess their viability and the issues it will be possible to address with them. The modelling results show that 5 MA/1.8 T scenarios are viable and will allow the exploration of the H-mode physics and control issues foreseen in the ITER Research Programme in the PFPO phases.
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- 2019
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22. Recent ASDEX Upgrade research in support of ITER and DEMO
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Zohm, H, Ahn, J, Aho Mantila, L, Äkäslompolo, S, Angioni, C, Asunta, O, de Baar, M, Balden, M, Barrera Orte, L, Behler, K, Belapure, J, Bergmann, A, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Beurskens, M, Biancalani, A, Bilato, R, Birkenmeier, G, Bobkov, V, Bock, A, Bogomolov, A, Bolzonella, T, Boom, J, Böswirth, B, Bottereau, C, Bottino, A, van den Brand, H, Braun, F, Brezinsek, S, Brochard, F, Buhler, A, Burckhart, A, Camenen, Y, Carvalho, P, Carrasco, G, Cazzaniga, C, Carralero, D, Casali, L, Cavedon, M, Challis, C, Chankin, A, Chapman, I, Clairet, F, Classen, I, Coda, S, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Colas, L, Conway, G, Costea, S, Coster, D, CROCI, GABRIELE, Cseh, G, Czarnecka, A, Day, C, de Marné, P, Denner, P, D'Inca, R, Douai, D, Drube, R, Dunne, M, Duval, B, Dux, R, Eich, T, Elgeti, S, Engelhardt, K, Ertl, K, Esposito, B, Fable, E, Fantz, U, Faugel, H, Felici, F, Fietz, S, Figueredo, A, Fischer, R, Ford, O, Franzen, P, Frassinetti, L, Fröschle, M, Fuchert, G, Fünfgelder, H, Fuchs, J, Gál, K, Garavaglia, S, Garcia Muñoz, M, Geiger, B, Giannone, L, Giovannozzi, E, Gleason González, C, Görler, T, Goodman, T, GORINI, GIUSEPPE, da Graca, S, Gräter, A, Granucci, G, Greuner, H, Grießhammer, J, Groth, M, Gude, A, Günter, S, Guimarais, L, Haas, G, Hakola, A, Happel, T, Harrison, J, Hatch, D, Hauer, V, Hauff, T, Heinemann, B, Heinzel, S, Hellsten, T, Hennequin, P, Herrmann, A, Heyn, E, Hobirk, J, Hölzl, M, Höschen, T, Holm, J, Hopf, C, Hoppe, F, Horvath, L, Houben, A, Huber, A, Igochine, V, Ilkei, T, Jacob, W, Jacobsen, A, Jacquot, J, Janzer, M, Jaulmes, F, Jenko, F, Jensen, T, Joffrin, E, Käsemann, C, Kallenbach, A, Kálvin, S, Kantor, M, Kappatou, A, Kardaun, O, Karhunen, J, Kim, D, Kimmig, S, Kirk, A, J, Klingshirn, H, Kocan, M, Koch, F, Kocsis, G, Köhn, A, Köppen, M, Kötterl, J, Koslowski, R, Koubiti, M, Kraus, M, Krieger, K, Krivska, A, Kogut, D, Krämer Flecken, A, Kurki Suonio, T, Kurzan, B, Lackner, K, Laggner, F, Lang, P, Lauber, P, Lazányi, N, Lazaros, A, Lebschy, A, Leuterer, F, Liang, Y, Linsmeier, h, Lipschultz, B, Litnovski, A, Lohs, A, Luhmann, N, Lunt, T, Lyssoivan, A, Madsen, J, Maier, H, Maj, O, Mailloux, J, Maljaars, E, Mancini, A, Manhard, A, Mank, K, E, Manso, M, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Manz, P, Maraschek, M, Markina, E, Martens, C, Martin, P, Mayer, A, Mayer, M, Mazon, D, McCarthy, P, McDermott, R, Meisl, G, Meister, H, Medvedeva, A, Merkel, P, Merkel, R, Mertens, V, Meyer, H, Meyer, O, Milanesio, D, Miettunen, J, Mlynek, A, Monaco, F, Moro, A, Moseev, D, Müller, H, Müller, S, Münich, M, Nabais, F, Nemes Czopf, A, Neu, G, Neu, R, Nielsen, A, Nikolaeva, V, Nielsen, S, NOCENTE, MASSIMO, Nold, B, M, Noterdaeme, J, Nowak, S, Oberkofler, M, Ochoukov, R, Odstrcil, T, Papp, G, Park, H, Pau, A, Pautasso, G, Penzel, F, Petersson, P, Piovesan, P, Piron, C, Plaum, B, Plöckl, B, Plyusnin, V, Podoba, Y, Pokol, G, Pompon, F, Poli, E, Polozhiy, K, Porte, L, Potzel, S, Preuss, R, Prisiazhniuk, D, Pütterich, T, Ramish, M, Rapson, C, Rasmussen, J, Rathgeber, S, Raupp, G, Réfy, D, Reich, M, Reimold, F, Reinke, M, Ribeiro, T, Riedl, R, Rittich, D, Rocchi, G, Rodriguez Ramos, M, Rohde, V, Roth, J, Rott, M, Rubel, M, Ryter, F, Saarelma, S, Salewski, M, Salmi, A, Sanchis Sanchez, L, Santos, G, Santos, J, Sauter, O, Scarabosio, A, Schall, G, Schmid, K, Schmitz, O, Schneider, P, Schneider, W, Schneller, M, Schrittwieser, R, Schubert, M, Schwarz Selinger, T, Schweinzer, J, Scott, B, Sehmer, T, Sertoli, M, Shalpegin, A, Sias, G, Siccinio, M, Sieglin, B, Sigalov, A, Silva, A, Silva, C, Simon, P, Simpson, J, Snicker, A, Sommer, F, Sozzi, C, Spolaore, M, Stejner, M, Stober, J, Stobbe, F, Stroth, U, Strumberger, E, Sugiyama, K, J, Sun, Suttrop, W, Szepesi, T, Tál, B, Tala, T, Tardini, G, Tichmann, C, Told, D, Tophøj, L, Tudisco, O, von Toussaint, U, Trevisan, G, Treutterer, W, Tripský, M, Valisa, M, Valovic, M, Varela, P, Varoutis, S, Vezinet, D, Vianello, N, Vicente, J, Vierle, T, Viezzer, E, Vorpahl, C, Wagner, D, Wang, X, Wauters, T, Weidl, I, Weiland, M, Weller, A, Wenninger, R, Wieland, B, Wiesinger, M, Willensdorfer, M, Wiringer, B, Wischmeier, M, Wolf, R, Wolfrum, E, Wünderlich, D, Würsching, E, Yang, Z, Yu, Q, Zammuto, I, Zarzoso, D, Zasche, D, van Zeeland, M, Zehetbauer, T, Zilker, M., Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, European Commission (EC), Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Zohm, H, Ahn, J, Aho Mantila, L, Äkäslompolo, S, Angioni, C, Asunta, O, de Baar, M, Balden, M, Barrera Orte, L, Behler, K, Belapure, J, Bergmann, A, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Beurskens, M, Biancalani, A, Bilato, R, Birkenmeier, G, Bobkov, V, Bock, A, Bogomolov, A, Bolzonella, T, Boom, J, Böswirth, B, Bottereau, C, Bottino, A, van den Brand, H, Braun, F, Brezinsek, S, Brochard, F, Buhler, A, Burckhart, A, Camenen, Y, Carvalho, P, Carrasco, G, Cazzaniga, C, Carralero, D, Casali, L, Cavedon, M, Challis, C, Chankin, A, Chapman, I, Clairet, F, Classen, I, Coda, S, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Colas, L, Conway, G, Costea, S, Coster, D, Croci, G, Cseh, G, Czarnecka, A, Day, C, de Marné, P, Denner, P, D'Inca, R, Douai, D, Drube, R, Dunne, M, Duval, B, Dux, R, Eich, T, Elgeti, S, Engelhardt, K, Ertl, K, Esposito, B, Fable, E, Fantz, U, Faugel, H, Felici, F, Fietz, S, Figueredo, A, Fischer, R, Ford, O, Franzen, P, Frassinetti, L, Fröschle, M, Fuchert, G, Fünfgelder, H, Fuchs, J, Gál, K, Garavaglia, S, Garcia Muñoz, M, Geiger, B, Giannone, L, Giovannozzi, E, Gleason González, C, Görler, T, Goodman, T, Gorini, G, da Graca, S, Gräter, A, Granucci, G, Greuner, H, Grießhammer, J, Groth, M, Gude, A, Günter, S, Guimarais, L, Haas, G, Hakola, A, Happel, T, Harrison, J, Hatch, D, Hauer, V, Hauff, T, Heinemann, B, Heinzel, S, Hellsten, T, Hennequin, P, Herrmann, A, Heyn, E, Hobirk, J, Hölzl, M, Höschen, T, Holm, J, Hopf, C, Hoppe, F, Horvath, L, Houben, A, Huber, A, Igochine, V, Ilkei, T, Jacob, W, Jacobsen, A, Jacquot, J, Janzer, M, Jaulmes, F, Jenko, F, Jensen, T, Joffrin, E, Käsemann, C, Kallenbach, A, Kálvin, S, Kantor, M, Kappatou, A, Kardaun, O, Karhunen, J, Kim, D, Kimmig, S, Kirk, A, J, K, H, Kocan, M, Koch, F, Kocsis, G, Köhn, A, Köppen, M, Kötterl, J, Koslowski, R, Koubiti, M, Kraus, M, Krieger, K, Krivska, A, Kogut, D, Krämer Flecken, A, Kurki Suonio, T, Kurzan, B, Lackner, K, Laggner, F, Lang, P, Lauber, P, Lazányi, N, Lazaros, A, Lebschy, A, Leuterer, F, Liang, Y, Linsmeier, H, Lipschultz, B, Litnovski, A, Lohs, A, Luhmann, N, Lunt, T, Lyssoivan, A, Madsen, J, Maier, H, Maj, O, Mailloux, J, Maljaars, E, Mancini, A, Manhard, A, Mank, K, E, M, M, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Manz, P, Maraschek, M, Markina, E, Martens, C, Martin, P, Mayer, A, Mayer, M, Mazon, D, Mccarthy, P, Mcdermott, R, Meisl, G, Meister, H, Medvedeva, A, Merkel, P, Merkel, R, Mertens, V, Meyer, H, Meyer, O, Milanesio, D, Miettunen, J, Mlynek, A, Monaco, F, Moro, A, Moseev, D, Müller, H, Müller, S, Münich, M, Nabais, F, Nemes Czopf, A, Neu, G, Neu, R, Nielsen, A, Nikolaeva, V, Nielsen, S, Nocente, M, Nold, B, M, N, J, Nowak, S, Oberkofler, M, Ochoukov, R, Odstrcil, T, Papp, G, Park, H, Pau, A, Pautasso, G, Penzel, F, Petersson, P, Piovesan, P, Piron, C, Plaum, B, Plöckl, B, Plyusnin, V, Podoba, Y, Pokol, G, Pompon, F, Poli, E, Polozhiy, K, Porte, L, Potzel, S, Preuss, R, Prisiazhniuk, D, Pütterich, T, Ramish, M, Rapson, C, Rasmussen, J, Rathgeber, S, Raupp, G, Réfy, D, Reich, M, Reimold, F, Reinke, M, Ribeiro, T, Riedl, R, Rittich, D, Rocchi, G, Rodriguez Ramos, M, Rohde, V, Roth, J, Rott, M, Rubel, M, Ryter, F, Saarelma, S, Salewski, M, Salmi, A, Sanchis Sanchez, L, Santos, G, Santos, J, Sauter, O, Scarabosio, A, Schall, G, Schmid, K, Schmitz, O, Schneider, P, Schneider, W, Schneller, M, Schrittwieser, R, Schubert, M, Schwarz Selinger, T, Schweinzer, J, Scott, B, Sehmer, T, Sertoli, M, Shalpegin, A, Sias, G, Siccinio, M, Sieglin, B, Sigalov, A, Silva, A, Silva, C, Simon, P, Simpson, J, Snicker, A, Sommer, F, Sozzi, C, Spolaore, M, Stejner, M, Stober, J, Stobbe, F, Stroth, U, Strumberger, E, Sugiyama, K, J, S, Suttrop, W, Szepesi, T, Tál, B, Tala, T, Tardini, G, Tichmann, C, Told, D, Tophøj, L, Tudisco, O, von Toussaint, U, Trevisan, G, Treutterer, W, Tripský, M, Valisa, M, Valovic, M, Varela, P, Varoutis, S, Vezinet, D, Vianello, N, Vicente, J, Vierle, T, Viezzer, E, Vorpahl, C, Wagner, D, Wang, X, Wauters, T, Weidl, I, Weiland, M, Weller, A, Wenninger, R, Wieland, B, Wiesinger, M, Willensdorfer, M, Wiringer, B, Wischmeier, M, Wolf, R, Wolfrum, E, Wünderlich, D, Würsching, E, Yang, Z, Yu, Q, Zammuto, I, Zarzoso, D, Zasche, D, van Zeeland, M, Zehetbauer, T, Zilker, M, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] (IPP), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, and EUROfusion MST1 Team
- Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Tokamak ,Cyclotron ,Condensed Matter Physic ,Collisionality ,01 natural sciences ,Resonant magnetic perturbations ,Electron cyclotron resonance ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,Nuclear physics ,ASDEX Upgrade ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph] ,law ,ITER ,0103 physical sciences ,010306 general physics ,Edge-localized mode ,tokamak physic ,DEMO ,nuclear fusion ,Physics ,Divertor ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Tokamak physics ,Nuclear fusion ,tokamak physics - Abstract
Recent experiments on the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak aim at improving the physics base for ITER and DEMO to aid the machine design and prepare efficient operation. Type I edge localized mode (ELM) mitigation using resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) has been shown at low pedestal collisionality ( ν ∗ ped < 0 . 4 ) . In contrast to the previous high ν ∗ regime, suppression only occurs in a narrow RMP spectral window, indicating a resonant process, and a concomitant confinement drop is observed due to a reduction of pedestal top density and electron temperature. Strong evidence is found for the ion heat flux to be the decisive element for the L–H power threshold. A physics based scaling of the density at which the minimum P LH occurs indicates that ITER could take advantage of it to initiate H-mode at lower density than that of the final Q = 10 operational point. Core density fluctuation measurements resolved in radius and wave number show that an increase of R/L T e introduced by off-axis electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) mainly increases the large scale fluctuations. The radial variation of the fluctuation level is in agreement with simulations using the GENE code. Fast particles are shown to undergo classical slowing down in the absence of large scale magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) events and for low heating power, but show signs of anomalous radial redistribution at large heating power, consistent with a broadened off-axis neutral beam current drive current profile under these conditions. Neoclassical tearing mode (NTM) suppression experiments using electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) with feedback controlled deposition have allowed to test several control strategies for ITER, including automated control of (3,2) and (2,1) NTMs during a single discharge. Disruption mitigation studies using massive gas injection (MGI) can show an increased fuelling efficiency with high field side injection, but a saturation of the fuelling efficiency is observed at high injected mass as needed for runaway electron suppression. Large locked modes can significantly decrease the fuelling efficiency and increase the asymmetry of radiated power during MGI mitigation. Concerning power exhaust, the partially detached ITER divertor scenario has been demonstrated at P sep /R = 10 MW m − 1 in ASDEX Upgrade, with a peak time averaged target load around 5MWm − 2 , well consistent with the component limits for ITER. Developing this towards DEMO, full detachment was achieved at P sep /R = 7MWm − 1 and stationary discharges with core radiation fraction of the order of DEMO requirements (70% instead of the 30% needed for ITER) were demonstrated. Finally, it remains difficult to establish the standard ITER Q = 10 scenario at low q 95 = 3 in the all-tungsten (all-W) ASDEX Upgrade due to the observed poor confinement at low β N . This is mainly due to a degraded pedestal performance and hence investigations at shifting the operational point to higher β N by lowering the current have been started. At higher q 95 , pedestal performance can be recovered by seeding N 2 as well as CD 4 , which is interpreted as improved pedestal stability due to the decrease of bootstrap current with increasing Z eff . Concerning advanced scenarios, the upgrade of ECRH power has allowed experiments with central ctr-ECCD to modify the q -profile in improved H-mode scenarios, showing an increase in confinement at still good MHD stability with flat elevated q -profiles at values between 1.5 and 2. European Commission (EUROfusion 633053)
- Published
- 2015
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23. Comparison of runaway electron generation parameters in small, medium-sized and large tokamaks—A survey of experiments in COMPASS, TCV, ASDEX-Upgrade and JET
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Plyusnin V. V., Reux C., Kiptily V. G., Pautasso G., Decker J., Papp G., Kallenbach A., Weinzettl V., Mlynar J., Coda S., Riccardo V., Lomas P. J., Jachmich S., Shevelev A. E., Alper B., Khilkevitch E., Martin Y., Dux R., Fuchs C., Duval B. P., Brix M., Tardini G., Maraschek M., Treutterer W., Giannone L., Mlynek A., Ficker O., Martin P., Gerasimov S., Potzel S., Paprok R., McCarthy P. J., Imrisek M., Boboc A., Lackner K., Fernandes A., Havlicek J., Giacomelli L., Vlainic M., Nocente M., Kruezi U., Meyer H., Eich Th., Beurskens M., Hakola A., Adamek J., Agostini M., Aguiam D., Ahn J., Aho-Mantila L., Akers R., Albanese R., Aledda R., Alessi E., Allan S., Alves D., Ambrosino R., Amicucci L., Anand H., Anastassiou G., Andrebe Y., Angioni C., Apruzzese G., Ariola M., Arnichand H., Arter W., Baciero A., Barnes M., Orte L. B., Behn R., Bencze A., Bernardo J., Bernert M., Bettini P., Bilkova P., Bin W., Birkenmeier G., Bizarro J. P. 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C., Henderson M., Henriques R., Hepple D., Hermon G., Hertout P., Hidalgo C., Highcock E. G., Hill M., Hillairet J., Hillesheim J., Hillis D., Hizanidis K., Hjalmarsson A., Hobirk J., Hodille E., Hogben C. H. A., Hollingsworth A., Hollis S., Homfray D. A., Horton A. R., Horton L. D., Hotchin S. P., Hough M. R., Howarth P. J., Hubbard A., Huber V., Huddleston T. M., Hughes M., Huijsmans G. T. A., Hunter C. L., Huynh P., Hynes A. M., Iglesias D., Imazawa N., Imbeaux F., Incelli M., Irishkin M., Jansons J., Jarvinen A., Jednorog S., Jenkins I., Jeong C., Jepu I., Johnson R., Johnson T., Johnston J., Joita L., Jones G., Jones T. T. C., Hoshino K. K., Kamiya K., Kaniewski J., Kantor A., Karkinsky D., Karnowska I., Kaufman M., Kaveney G., Kazakov Y., Kazantzidis V., Keeling D. L., Keenan T., Keep J., Kempenaars M., Kennedy C., Kenny D., Kent J., Kent O. N., Khilkevich E., Kim H. T., Kim H. S., Kinch A., King C., King D., King R. F., Kinna D. 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K., Thorne L., Thrysoe A. S., Tigwell P. A., Tipton N., Tiseanu I., Tojo H., Tokitani M., Tomes M., Tonner P., Towndrow M., Trimble P., Tsalas M., Tsavalas P., Jun D. T., Turner I., Turner M. M., Turnyanskiy M., Tvalashvili G., Tyrrell S. G. J., Ul-Abidin Z., Uljanovs J., Ulyatt D., Urano H., Uytdenhouwen I., Vadgama A. P., Valcarcel D., Valentinuzzi M., Van De Mortel M., Van Eester D., Van Renterghem W., van Rooij G. J., Varje J., Vasava K., Vasilopoulou T., Verhoeven R., Verona C., Rinati G. V., Veshchev E., Villari S., Vincenzi P., Vinyar I., Vitins A., Vizvary Z., Vlad M., Vora N., Vu T., de Sa W. W. P., Wakeling B., Waldon C. W. F., Walker M., Walker R., Walsh M., Wang E., Warder S., Warren R. J., Waterhouse J., Watkins N. W., Watts C., Weckmann A., Weiland J., Weisen H., Weiszflog M., Wellstood C., West A. T., Wheatley M. R., Whetham S., Whitehead A. M., Whitehead B. D., Widdowson A. M., Wiesen S., Wilkinson J., Williams J., Williams M., Wilson A. R., Wilson D. J., Wilson H. 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R., Martynova, Y., Maruyama, S., Masiello, A., Maslov, M., Matejcik, S., Matthews, G. F., Maviglia, F., Mayer, M., May-Smith, T., Mazzotta, C., Mccormack, O., Mccullen, P. A., Mcdonald, D., Mcintosh, S., Mckean, R., Mckehon, J., Meadows, R. C., Meakins, A., Medina, F., Medland, M., Medley, S., Meigh, S., Meigs, A. G., Meitner, S., Meneses, L., Menmuir, S., Mergia, K., Merrigan, I. R., Mertens, Ph., Meshchaninov, S., Messiaen, A., Mianowski, S., Michling, R., Middleton-Gear, D., Miettunen, J., Militello-Asp, E., Miloshevsky, G., Mink, F., Minucci, S., Miyoshi, Y., Moneti, M., Mooney, R., Moradi, S., Mordijck, S., Moreira, L., Moreno, R., Moro, F., Morris, A. W., Morris, J., Moser, L., Mosher, S., Murari, A., Muraro, A., Murphy, S., Asakura, N. N., Na, Y. S., Naish, R., Nakano, T., Nave, M. F. F., Nedzelski, I., Nemtsev, G., Neto, A., Neverov, V. S., Newman, M., Nicholls, K. 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J., Waterhouse, J., Watkins, N. W., Watts, C., Weckmann, A., Weiland, J., Weisen, H., Weiszflog, M., Wellstood, C., West, A. T., Wheatley, M. R., Whetham, S., Whitehead, A. M., Whitehead, B. D., Widdowson, A. M., Wiesen, S., Wilkinson, J., Williams, J., Williams, M., Wilson, A. R., Wilson, D. J., Wilson, H. R., Wilson, J., Withenshaw, G., Withycombe, A., Witts, D. M., Wood, D., Wood, R., Woodley, C., Wray, S., Wright, J., Wright, J. C., Wu, J., Wukitch, S., Wynn, A., Xu, T., Yadikin, D., Yanling, W., Yao, L., Yavorskij, V., Yoo, M. G., Young, C., Young, D., Young, I. D., Young, R., Zacks, J., Zaitsev, F. S., Zanino, R., Zarins, A., Zastrow, K. D., Zerbini, M., Zhou, Y., Zilli, E., Zoita, V., Zychor, I., Plyusnin, V, Reux, C, Kiptily, V, Pautasso, G, Decker, J, Papp, G, Kallenbach, A, Weinzettl, V, Mlynar, J, Coda, S, Riccardo, V, Lomas, P, Jachmich, S, Shevelev, A, Alper, B, Khilkevitch, E, Martin, Y, Dux, R, Fuchs, C, Duval, B, Brix, M, Tardini, G, Maraschek, M, Treutterer, W, Giannone, L, Mlynek, A, Ficker, O, Martin, P, Gerasimov, S, Potzel, S, Paprok, R, Mccarthy, P, Imrisek, M, Boboc, A, Lackner, K, Fernandes, A, Havlicek, J, Giacomelli, L, Vlainic, M, Nocente, M, Kruezi, U, Mariani, A, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla. RNM138: Física Nuclear Aplicada, COMPASS Team, TCV Team, ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, EUROFusion MST1 Team, and JET Contributors
- Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Tokamak ,Hard X-rays ,Electron ,Condensed Matter Physics ,disruptions ,01 natural sciences ,runaway electrons ,hard x rays ,Runaway electrons ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,Nuclear physics ,ASDEX Upgrade ,law ,Compass ,0103 physical sciences ,010306 general physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physic ,Physics ,Jet (fluid) ,Física ,Hard x rays ,Settore ING-IND/20 - Misure e Strumentazione Nucleari ,Disruptions - Abstract
Documento escrito por un elevado número de autores/as, sólo se referencia el/la que aparece en primer lugar y los/as autores/as pertenecientes a la UC3M. This paper presents a survey of the experiments on runaway electrons (RE) carried out recently in frames of EUROFusion Consortium in different tokamaks: COMPASS, ASDEX-Upgrade, TCV and JET. Massive gas injection (MGI) has been used in different scenarios for RE generation in small and medium-sized tokamaks to elaborate the most efficient and reliable ones for future RE experiments. New data on RE generated at disruptions in COMPASS and ASDEX-Upgrade was collected and added to the JET database. Different accessible parameters of disruptions, such as current quench rate, conversion rate of plasma current into runaways, etc have been analysed for each tokamak and compared to JET data. It was shown, that tokamaks with larger geometrical sizes provide the wider limits for spatial and temporal variation of plasma parameters during disruptions, thus extending the parameter space for RE generation. The second part of experiments was dedicated to study of RE generation in stationary discharges in COMPASS, TCV and JET. Injection of Ne/Ar have been used to mock-up the JET MGI runaway suppression experiments. Secondary RE avalanching was identified and quantified for the first time in the TCV tokamak in RE generating discharges after massive Ne injection. Simulations of the primary RE generation and secondary avalanching dynamics in stationary discharges has demonstrated that RE current fraction created via avalanching could achieve up to 70–75% of the total plasma current in TCV. Relaxations which are reminiscent the phenomena associated to the kinetic instability driven by RE have been detected in RE discharges in TCV. Macroscopic parameters of RE dominating discharges in TCV before and after onset of the instability fit well to the empirical instability criterion, which was established in the early tokamaks and examined by results of recent numerical simulations. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROFusion Consortium and has received funding from the EURATOM research and training programme 2014–2018 under grant agreement No 633053. IST activities also received financial support from "Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia" through project UID/FIS/50010/2013. A.E. Shevelev and E.M. Khilkevitch are grateful for financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Agreement No.14.619.21.0001, 15.08.2014, id RFMEFI61914X0001). The experiments on COMPASS were supported by the MEYS CR project No. LM2015045. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. Publicado
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- 2017
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24. Road pavement density evaluation—a case study
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Ari Hartikainen, Jussi Eskelinen, Eeva Huuskonen-Snicker, Pekka Eskelinen, and Terhi Pellinen
- Published
- 2016
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- View/download PDF
25. Cross-polarization scattering of diffracting electron-cyclotron beams in a turbulent plasma with the WKBeam code
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Emanuele Poli, H. Weber, Alf Köhn, L. Guidi, Omar Maj, and Antti Snicker
- Subjects
Physics ,History ,Tokamak ,010308 nuclear & particles physics ,Scattering ,business.industry ,Cyclotron ,Plasma ,Electron ,Polarization (waves) ,01 natural sciences ,Electromagnetic radiation ,Computer Science Applications ,Education ,law.invention ,Computational physics ,Optics ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Laser beam quality ,010306 general physics ,business - Abstract
In turbulent plasmas, density fluctuations are expected to scatter radiofrequency wave beams, causing a degradation of the beam quality and thus reducing their performance. The WKBeam code is a Monte-Carlo solver for the wave kinetic equation, which describes such an effect, so far limited to a single wave mode so that it cannot account for cross-polarization scattering. In this work a new feature of the WKBeam code is presented, which allows the analysis of cross-polarization scattering of electron-cyclotron (EC) wave beams in realistic tokamak scenarios. We prove the convergence of the numerical scheme and give a preliminary overview of such effects in ITER scenarios.
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- 2016
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26. Conceptual design of the ITER fast-ion loss detector
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J. Gonzalez-Martin, M. Garcia-Munoz, Luciano Bertalot, J. García López, M. Rodriguez-Ramos, T. Giacomin, S. D. Pinches, N. Casal, J. Galdon, J. Ayllon-Guerola, J. F. Rivero-Rodriguez, L. Sanchis-Sanchez, George Vayakis, Y. Bonnet, Ch. Vorpahl, R. Walton, V. G. Kiptily, Michael Walsh, Antti Snicker, M. Kocan, Roger Reichle, E. Veshchev, M. C. Jiménez-Ramos, J. P. Gunn, European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y Fabricación, Universidad de Sevilla. RNM138: Física Nuclear Aplicada, and Universidad de Sevilla. TEP111: Ingeniería Mecánica
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Physics ,Scintillation ,Aperture ,Nuclear engineering ,Detector ,Scintillator ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Nuclear physics ,Conceptual design ,0103 physical sciences ,Orbit (dynamics) ,Neutron ,Plasma diagnostics ,010306 general physics ,Instrumentation - Abstract
et al., A conceptual design of a reciprocating fast-ion loss detector for ITER has been developed and is presented here. Fast-ion orbit simulations in a 3D magnetic equilibrium and up-to-date first wall have been carried out to revise the measurement requirements for the lost alpha monitor in ITER. In agreement with recent observations, the simulations presented here suggest that a pitch-angle resolution of ∼5° might be necessary to identify the loss mechanisms. Synthetic measurements including realistic lost alpha-particle as well as neutron and gamma fluxes predict scintillator signal-to-noise levels measurable with standard light acquisition systems with the detector aperture at ∼11 cm outside of the diagnostic first wall. At measurement position, heat load on detector head is comparable to that in present devices., This research was supported in part by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Grant Nos. RYC2011-09152, FIS2015-69362-P, and ENE2012- 31087) and the Marie Curie FP7 Integration Grant (No. PCIG11-GA2012-321455).
- Published
- 2016
27. Alfvén Eigenmodes and Neoclassical tearing modes for orbit-following implementations
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Antti Snicker, T. Korpilo, M. Schneller, Taina Kurki-Suonio, Eero Hirvijoki, Emanuele Poli, and Philipp Lauber
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Physics ,Classical mechanics ,Tokamak ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,Hardware and Architecture ,law ,Quantum electrodynamics ,Tearing ,Rotational symmetry ,Orbit (dynamics) ,General Physics and Astronomy ,law.invention ,Magnetic field - Abstract
Magnetohydrodynamical instabilities such as Alfven Eigenmodes and Neoclassical tearing modes redistribute energetic particles and, thus, potentially endanger the confinement of, e.g., fusion born alphas in Tokamaks. The orbit-following studies so far have been restricted either to time-independent approximation of the rotating modes, or to an axisymmetric magnetic field, which is an assumption severely compromised in ITER. In this paper we extend the previous work to accommodate time-dependent modes in non-axisymmetric magnetic fields.
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- 2012
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28. Resource Utilisation And Related Health Care Costs Among Patients With Multiple Myeloma With ≥ 2 Prior Lines Of Treatment In Finland: Evaluation Based On Finnish Real World Data From Auria Biobank
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E Wiik, K Snicker, M Kosunen, and Samu Kurki
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Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Resource (biology) ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,medicine.disease ,Biobank ,Family medicine ,Health care ,Medicine ,business ,Real world data ,Multiple myeloma - Published
- 2017
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29. Realistic Simulations of Fast-Ion Wall Distribution Including Effects Due to Finite Larmor Radius
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Seppo Sipilä, Taina Kurki-Suonio, and Antti Snicker
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Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Guiding center ,Gyroradius ,Particle tracking velocimetry ,Monte Carlo method ,Particle ,Plasma diagnostics ,Mechanics ,Plasma ,Statistical physics ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Ion - Abstract
The Monte Carlo guiding center (GC)-following code ASCOT has been upgraded with the full-orbit-following capability. This is utilized only near the vessel walls in order to simulate diagnostics with characteristic lengths on the order of the Larmor radius. The option to switch more generally, near the turning points of the particle, from the GC integration to full-orbit integration and back is also discussed.
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- 2010
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30. Incorporating the transverse profile of the wearing course into the control of the hot in-place recycling of asphalt concrete
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Pauli Alanaatu, Eeva Huuskonen-Snicker, Kalle Aromaa, Terhi Pellinen, Michalina Makowska, Abhishek Savarnya, and Animesh Das
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050210 logistics & transportation ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,02 engineering and technology ,Zero shear viscosity ,Asphalt concrete ,Transverse plane ,Wearing course ,021105 building & construction ,0502 economics and business ,Environmental science ,Geotechnical engineering ,business - Published
- 2018
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31. Cost-Effectiveness of Pasireotide Long-Acting in a Treatment of Acromegaly in Finland. Economic Evaluation Based on Finnish Auria Biobank Data on Health Care Resource Utilization
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K Snicker, T Miettinen, J Hahl, and Samu Kurki
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business.industry ,Cost effectiveness ,Health Policy ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Biobank ,Data science ,Pasireotide ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Long acting ,chemistry ,Health care ,Economic evaluation ,Medicine ,Operations management ,business ,Resource utilization - Published
- 2015
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32. Cost-Effectiveness of Ruxolitinib for The Treatment of Myelofibrosis In Finland. Economic Evaluation Based on Finnish Auria Biobank Data on Health Care Resource Utilization
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K Snicker, Samu Kurki, T Miettinen, and J Hahl
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Ruxolitinib ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Cost effectiveness ,Health Policy ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,medicine.disease ,Biobank ,Nursing ,Family medicine ,Economic evaluation ,Health care ,medicine ,business ,Myelofibrosis ,Resource utilization ,medicine.drug - Published
- 2015
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33. A New Microwave Asphalt Radar Rover for Thin Surface Civil Engineering Applications
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Eeva Huuskonen-Snicker, Terhi Pellinen, Pekka Eskelinen, and Martta-Kaisa Olkkonen
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Surface (mathematics) ,Engineering ,law ,business.industry ,Asphalt ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Radar ,Aerospace engineering ,business ,Microwave ,law.invention - Abstract
This paper presents a beyond state-of-the-art, sweeping microwave asphalt radar mounted on a small radio controlled four-wheel-drive rover. The quasi-monostatic, remote-controllable radar operates at Ku-band and has an output power of +10 dBm. Detection follows the zero intermediate frequency principle. The sweep width allows for a depth resolution better than 10 mm. With its four microprocessors and laptop computer processing, the radar system can provide pavement permittivity data with an uncertainty close to 0.1. This is a considerable advancement when applying electromagnetic measurement techniques for applications where near surface or thin surface layer measurements are needed.
- Published
- 2015
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34. Simulations of fast ion wall loads in ASDEX Upgrade in the presence of magnetic perturbations due to ELM mitigation coils
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Simppa Äkäslompolo, M. Garcia-Munoz, Otto Asunta, Tuomas Koskela, Antti Snicker, Taina Kurki-Suonio, Seppo Sipilä, and ASDEX Upgrade Team
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Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Fluids & Plasmas ,Perturbation (astronomy) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Atomic ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Ion ,Particle and Plasma Physics ,ASDEX Upgrade ,physics.plasm-ph ,0103 physical sciences ,Nuclear ,010306 general physics ,Plasma density ,Physics ,Detector ,Magnetic field perturbation ,Molecular ,Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph) ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Physics - Plasma Physics ,Computational physics ,Magnetic field ,Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph) ,physics.comp-ph ,Physics - Computational Physics ,Beam (structure) - Abstract
The effect of ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) edge localized mode (ELM)-mitigation coils on fast ion wall loads was studied with the fast particle following Monte Carlo code ASCOT. Neutral beam injected particles were simulated in two AUG discharges both in the presence and in the absence of the magnetic field perturbation induced by the eight newly installed in-vessel coils. In one of the discharges (#26476) beams were applied individually, making it a useful basis for investigating the effect of the coils on different beams. However, no ELM mitigation was observed in #26476, probably due to the low plasma density. Therefore, another discharge (#26895) demonstrating clear ELM mitigation was also studied. The magnetic perturbation due to the in-vessel coils has a significant effect on the fast particle confinement, but only when total magnetic field, B tot, is low. When B tot was high, the perturbation did not increase the losses, but merely resulted in redistribution of the wall power loads. Hence, it seems to be possible to achieve ELM mitigation using in-vessel coils, while still avoiding increased fast ion losses, by simply using a strong B tot. Preliminary comparisons between simulated and experimental fast ion lost detector signals show a reasonable correspondence.
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- 2015
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35. ITER fast ion confinement in the presence of the European test blanket module
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Mario Gagliardi, Otto Asunta, G. Saibene, Jari Varje, Simppa Äkäslompolo, Mario Cavinato, Seppo Sipilä, Eero Hirvijoki, Antti Snicker, K. Särkimäki, and Taina Kurki-Suonio
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Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Thermonuclear fusion ,Guiding center ,Nuclear engineering ,Monte Carlo method ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plasma ,Alpha particle ,Blanket ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Nuclear physics ,chemistry ,0103 physical sciences ,Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Physics::Accelerator Physics ,010306 general physics ,Beam (structure) ,Helium - Abstract
This paper addresses the confinement of thermonuclear alpha particles and neutral beam injected deuterons in the 15 MA Q = 10 inductive scenario in the presence of the magnetic perturbation caused by the helium cooled pebble bed test blanket module using the vacuum approximation. Both the flat top phase and plasma ramp-up are studied. The transport of fast ions is calculated using the Monte Carlo guiding center orbit-following code ASCOT. A detailed three-dimensional wall, derived from the ITER blanket module CAD data, is used for evaluating the fast ion wall loads. The effect of the test blanket module is studied for both overall confinement and possible hot spots. The study indicates that the test blanket modules do not significantly deteriorate the fast ion confinement.
- Published
- 2015
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36. Interaction of the electron density fluctuations with electron cyclotron waves from the equatorial launcher in ITER
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O. Maj, G. Saibene, Antti Snicker, M. A. Henderson, Emanuele Poli, G. D. Conway, H. Weber, L. Guidi, and Alf Köhn
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Physics ,Electron density ,Cyclotron ,Iter tokamak ,Magnetic confinement fusion ,Plasma confinement ,Electron ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Instability ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,law ,Plasma instability ,0103 physical sciences ,Atomic physics ,010306 general physics - Published
- 2017
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- View/download PDF
37. The Epidemiology Of Adult Immune (Idiopathic) Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) In Finland: Resource Utilisation, Related Costs And Hospital Medication Associated With The Treatment Of Non-Splenectomised Adult Itp Based On Real World Data From Auria Biobank
- Author
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E Wiik, K Snicker, M Kosunen, and Samu Kurki
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Pediatrics ,Resource (biology) ,business.industry ,idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) ,Health Policy ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,medicine.disease ,Biobank ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Intensive care medicine ,business ,Real world data - Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Resource Use, Health Care Costs And Burden Of Disease In Patients With Polycythemia Vera In Finland: Evaluation Based On Leukocyte Counts Using Finnish Real World Data From Auria Biobank
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E Wiik, K Snicker, Samu Kurki, and M Kosunen
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Gerontology ,Burden of disease ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Leukocyte Counts ,medicine.disease ,Biobank ,Polycythemia vera ,Health care ,medicine ,Resource use ,In patient ,Intensive care medicine ,business ,Real world data - Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. A new microwave asphalt radar
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Eeva Huuskonen-Snicker, Terhi Pellinen, Pekka Eskelinen, Martta-Kaisa Olkkonen, and Pablo Olmos Martinez
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Frequency band ,Computer science ,Asphalt ,law ,Range (aeronautics) ,Ground-penetrating radar ,Overlay ,Radar ,Radar systems ,Microwave ,Remote sensing ,law.invention - Abstract
This article presents a new K-band asphalt radar for evaluating road pavement surface layer density during construction. The frequency range of operation is 13–17 GHz. A high frequency band is needed since the new asphalt overlays are very thin. Therefore, better resolution of the radar system is required. In this paper, the new radar system is described in detail. The first laboratory analyses of the asphalt sample are presented using the new radar. This serves the purpose of evaluating and testing the performance of the new radar measurement setup. The radar will be used later for mobile road surveying.
- Published
- 2014
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40. Strategies of autonomist agents in Wales
- Author
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Jonathan Snicker
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Political science ,Political Science and International Relations ,Geography, Planning and Development - Published
- 1998
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41. Protecting ITER walls: fast ion power loads in 3D magnetic field
- Author
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Antti Snicker, V.V. Parail, Yueqiang Liu, Jari Varje, Eero Hirvijoki, Taina Kurki-Suonio, Seppo Sipilä, Mario Cavinato, G. Saibene, Juuso Terävä, K. Särkimäki, Simppa Äkäslompolo, Mario Gagliardi, and Otto Asunta
- Subjects
Fusion ,Materials science ,Nuclear engineering ,Perturbation (astronomy) ,Plasma ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Magnetic field ,Ion ,Nuclear magnetic resonance ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,0103 physical sciences ,010306 general physics - Abstract
The fusion alpha and beam ion with steady-state power loads in all four main operating scenarios of ITER have been evaluated by the ASCOT code. For this purpose, high-fidelity magnetic backgrounds were reconstructed, taking into account even the internal structure of the ferritic inserts and tritium breeding modules (TBM). The beam ions were found to be almost perfectly confined in all scenarios, and only the so-called hybrid scenario featured alpha loads reaching 0.5 MW due to its more triangular plasma. The TBMs were not found to jeopardize the alpha confinement, nor cause any hot spots. Including plasma response did not bring dramatic changes to the load. The ELM control coils (ECC) were simulated in the baseline scenario and found to seriously deteriorate even the beam confinement. However, the edge perturbation in this case is so large that the sources have to be re-evaluated with plasma profiles that take into account the ECC perturbation.
- Published
- 2016
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42. Positrons as interface-sensitive probes of polar semiconductor heterostructures
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Martti J. Puska, Ilja Makkonen, Antti Snicker, J.-M. Mäki, Filip Tuomisto, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
- Subjects
Materials science ,Condensed matter physics ,education ,Heterojunction ,Nitride ,nitride ,Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Polarization (waves) ,Piezoelectricity ,localization ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Condensed Matter::Materials Science ,Positron ,Electric field ,interface ,positron ,Polar ,theory ,Wurtzite crystal structure - Abstract
Group-III nitrides in their wurtzite crystal structure are characterized by large spontaneous polarization and significant piezoelectric contributions in heterostructures formed of these materials. Polarization discontinuities in polar heterostructures grown along the 0001 direction result in huge built-in electric fields on the order of megavolt per centimeter. We choose the III-nitride heterostructures as archetypal representatives of polar heterostructures formed of semiconducting or insulating materials and study the behavior of positrons in these structures using first-principles electronic-structure theory supported by positron annihilation experiments for bulk systems. The strong electric fields drive positrons close to interfaces, which is clearly seen in the predicted momentum distributions of annihilating electron-positron pairs as changes relative to the constituent bulk materials. Implications of the effect to positron defect studies of polar heterostructures are addressed. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.82.041307
- Published
- 2010
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- View/download PDF
43. Power loads to ITER first wall structures due to fusion alphas in a non-axisymmetric magnetic field including the presence of MHD modes
- Author
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Eero Hirvijoki, Taina Kurki-Suonio, and Antti Snicker
- Subjects
Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Toroid ,Monte Carlo method ,Plasma ,Mechanics ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,Instability ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Magnetic field ,Amplitude ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,Physics::Space Physics ,0103 physical sciences ,Magnetohydrodynamic drive ,Atomic physics ,Magnetohydrodynamics ,010306 general physics - Abstract
We use the orbit-following Monte Carlo code ASCOT to calculate the wall power loads in ITER caused by fusion alphas. The simulations are carried out for a realistic 3D magnetic field that includes the effect of both ferritic inserts and the test blanket modules, both causing aberrations in the magnetic field structure, particularly at the edge. In addition to an magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)-quiescent plasma we now also address the power loads in the presence of relevant MHD events: both neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs) and toroidal Alfven eigenmodes (TAEs) are included in the simulation model. In the case of NTMs, the total power load to the wall is found to depend on the perturbation amplitude. Even with the strongest perturbation, however, the power load density stays within the design limit of the ITER wall materials. In the case of TAEs, while the wall power load density stays at the MHD-quiescent level, significant redistribution of alphas inside the plasma was observed. This was also found to affect the alpha heating profile.
- Published
- 2013
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44. 3D orbit simulations of the fast-ion transport induced by externally applied magnetic perturbations with different poloidal spectra
- Author
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Sanchis, L., manuel garcia-munoz, Snicker, A., Galdon, J., Rodriguez-Ramos, M., Nocente, M., Viezzer, E., Ayllon-Guerola, J., Garcia-Lopez, J., Rivero, J., Gonzalez, J., Dominguez, A. D., ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, Poedts S.,Fajardo M.,Giruzzi G.,Gans T.,Vennekens N.,Mantica P., Sanchis, L, Garcia-Munoz, M, Snicker, A, Galdon, J, Rodriguez-Ramos, M, Nocente, M, Viezzer, E, Ayllon-Guerola, J, Garcia-Lopez, J, Rivero, J, Gonzalez, J, and Dominguez, A
- Subjects
fast ions
45. Overview of ASDEX Upgrade results
- Author
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Kallenbach, A., Aguiam, D., Aho-Mantila, L., Angioni, C., Arden, N., Parra, R. Arredondo, Asunta, O., Baar, M., Balden, M., Behler, K., Bergmann, A., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Beurskens, M., Biancalani, A., Bilato, R., Birkenmeier, G., Bobkov, V., Bock, A., Bogomolov, A., Bolzonella, T., Boswirth, B., Bottereau, C., Bottino, A., Brand, H., Brezinsek, S., Brida, D., Brochard, F., Bruhn, C., Buchanan, J., Buhler, A., Burckhart, A., Cambon-Silva, D., Camenen, Y., Carvalho, P., Carrasco, G., Cazzaniga, C., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Casali, L., Castaldo, C., Cavedon, M., Challis, C., Chankin, A., Chapman, I., Clairet, F., Classen, I., Coda, S., Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Colas, L., Conway, G., Costea, S., Coster, D. P., Croci, G., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., D Arcangelo, O., Day, C., Delogu, R., Marne, P., Denk, S., Denner, P., Dibon, M., D Inca, R., Di Siena, A., Douai, D., Drenik, A., Drube, R., Dunne, M., Duval, B. P., Dux, R., Eich, T., Elgeti, S., Engelhardt, K., Erdos, B., Erofeev, I., Esposito, B., Fable, E., Faitsch, M., Fantz, U., Faugel, H., Felici, F., Fietz, S., Figueredo, A., Fischer, R., Ford, O., Frassinetti, L., Freethy, S., Froschle, M., Fuchert, G., Fuchs, J. C., Funfgelder, H., Galazka, K., Galdon-Quiroga, J., Gallo, A., Gao, Y., Garavaglia, S., Garcia-Munoz, M., Geiger, B., Cianfarani, C., Giannone, L., Giovannozzi, E., Gleason-Gonzalez, C., Gloggler, S., Gobbin, M., Gorler, T., Goodman, T., Gorini, G., Gradic, D., Grater, A., Granucci, G., Greuner, H., Griener, M., Groth, M., Gude, A., Gunter, S., Guimarais, L., Haas, G., Hakola, A. H., Ham, C., Happel, T., Harrison, J., Hatch, D., Hauer, V., Hayward, T., Heinemann, B., Heinzel, S., Hellsten, T., Henderson, S., Hennequin, P., Herrmann, A., Heyn, E., Hitzler, F., Hobirk, J., Holzl, M., Hoschen, T., Holm, J. H., Hopf, C., Hoppe, F., Horvath, L., Houben, A., Huber, A., Igochine, V., Ilkei, T., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jacob, W., Jacobsen, A. S., Jacquot, J., Janky, F., Jardin, A., Jaulmes, F., Jenko, F., Jensen, T., Joffrin, E., Kasemann, C., Kalvin, S., Kantor, M., Kappatou, A., Kardaun, O., Karhunen, J., Kasilov, S., Kernbichler, W., Kim, D., Kimmig, S., Kirk, A., Klingshirn, H. -J, Koch, F., Kocsis, G., Kohn, A., Kraus, M., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kramer-Flecken, A., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kurzan, B., Lackner, K., Laggner, F., Lang, P. T., Lauber, P., Lazanyi, N., Lazaros, A., Lebschy, A., Li, L., Li, M., Liang, Y., Lipschultz, B., Liu, Y., Lohs, A., Luhmann, N. C., Lunt, T., Lyssoivan, A., Madsen, J., Maier, H., Maj, O., Mailloux, J., Maljaars, E., Manas, P., Mancini, A., Manhard, A., Manso, M. -E, Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Manz, P., Maraschek, M., Martens, C., Martin Oberkofler, Marrelli, L., Martitsch, A., Mastrostefano, S., Mayer, A., Mayer, M., Mazon, D., Mccarthy, P. J., Mcdermott, R., Meisl, G., Meister, H., Medvedeva, A., Merkel, P., Merkel, R., Merle, A., Mertens, V., Meshcheriakov, D., Meyer, H., Meyer, O., Miettunen, J., Milanesio, D., Mink, F., Mlynek, A., Monaco, F., Moon, C., Nazikian, R., Nemes-Czopf, A., Neu, G., Neu, R., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, S. K., Nikolaeva, V., Nocente, M., Noterdaeme, J. -M, Nowak, S., Oberkofler, M., Oberparleiter, M., Ochoukov, R., Odstrcil, T., Olsen, J., Orain, F., Palermo, F., Papp, G., Perez, I. Paradela, Pautasso, G., Enzel, F., Petersson, P., Pinzon, J., Piovesan, P., Piron, C., Plaum, B., Plockl, B., Plyusnin, V., Pokol, G., Poli, E., Porte, L., Potzel, S., Prisiazhniuk, D., Putterich, T., Ramisch, M., Rapson, C., Rasmussen, J., Raupp, G., Refy, D., Reich, M., Reimold, F., Ribeiro, T., Riedl, R., Rittich, D., Rocchi, G., Rodriguez-Ramos, M., Rohde, V., Ross, A., Rott, M., Rubel, M., Ryan, D., Ryter, F., Saarelma, S., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Sanchis-Sanchez, L., Santos, G., Santos, J., Sauter, O., Scarabosio, A., Schall, G., Schmid, K., Schmitz, O., Schneider, P. A., Schneller, M., Schrittwieser, R., Schubert, M., Schwarz-Selinger, T., Schweinzer, J., Scott, B., Sehmer, T., Sertoli, M., Shabbir, A., Shalpegin, A., Shao, L., Sharapov, S., Siccinio, M., Sieglin, B., Sigalov, A., Silva, A., Silva, C., Simon, P., Simpson, J., Snicker, A., Sommariva, C., Sozzi, C., Spolaore, M., Stejner, M., Stober, J., Stobbe, F., Stroth, U., Strumberger, E., Suarez, G., Sugiyama, K., Sun, H. -J, Suttrop, W., Szepesi, T., Tal, B., Tala, T., Tardini, G., Tardocchi, M., Terranova, D., Tierens, W., Told, D., Tudisco, O., Trevisan, G., Treutterer, W., Trier, E., Tripsky, M., Valisa, M., Valovic, M., Vanovac, B., Varela, P., Varoutis, S., Verdoolaege, G., Vezinet, D., Vianello, N., Vicente, J., Vierle, T., Viezzer, E., Toussaint, U., Wagner, D., Wang, N., Wang, X., Weidl, M., Weiland, M., White, A. E., Willensdorfer, M., Wiringer, B., Wischmeier, M., Wolf, R., Wolfrum, E., Xiang, L., Yang, Q., Yang, Z., Yu, Q., Zagorski, R., Zammuto, I., Zarzoso, D., Zhang, W., Zeeland, M., Zehetbauer, T., Zilker, M., Zoletnik, S., Zohm, H., Team, Asdex Upgrade, Team, Eurofusion Mst, Institute of Forest Botany, Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] (DIFFER), Institute of Applied Physics (IFA - CSIC), GRIDSEN, IPFN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] (IBCP), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, The University of Tennessee [Knoxville], Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), CEA Cadarache, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Institut für Geophysik [Clausthal-Zellerfeld], Technische Universität Clausthal (TU Clausthal), Association EURATOM-ÖAW, University of Innsbruck, Institut für Plasmaforschung [Stuttgart] (IPF), Universität Stuttgart [Stuttgart], Institute of Plasma Physics, Association Euratom/IPP.CR (IPP PRAGUE), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School [Worcester] (UMASS), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS)-University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Torino and INFN (DF_TORINO), Dipartimento di Fisica infi & Università di Torino, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Institut d'Electronique du Solide et des Systèmes (InESS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux (LSPM), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Institut Galilée-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for World Forestry, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Sygen International Plc, Genus Plc, Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes (IBMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik [Kiel] (IEAP), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Department of Experimental Medical Science, AUTRES, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] (IPP), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Euratom/CCFE Fusion Association, Atomic Energy Research Institute [Budapest], Centre for Energy Research [Budapest] (MTAE), Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux et Procédés (SIMaP), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG), ENEA C.R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi, 45, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy, affiliation inconnue, Department of Radiology, St. James's Hospital, Dept of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Database group, Computer Science and engeenering Department [San Diego] (DB CSE UCSD), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, F. Hoffmann-La RocheAG, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] ( DIFFER ), Institute of Applied Physics ( IFA - CSIC ), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa ( IST ), Institut de Microélectronique, Electromagnétisme et Photonique - Laboratoire d'Hyperfréquences et Caractérisation ( IMEP-LAHC ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Savoie Mont Blanc ( USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble ( INPG ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology ( Grenoble INP ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] ( IBCP ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland ( VTT ), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung ( AWI ), Laboratoire de Science et Génie des Matériaux et de Métallurgie ( LSG2M ), Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy 1 ( UHP ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine ( INPL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Department of Information Technology ( INTEC ), Ghent University [Belgium] ( UGENT ), Institut fur Geophysical, IPF, Institute of Plasma Physics, Association Euratom/IPP.CR ( IPP PRAGUE ), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] ( ASCR ), University of Massachusetts Medical School [Worcester] ( UMASS ), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique ( IRFM ), Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Torino and INFN ( DF_TORINO ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut d'Electronique du Solide et des Systèmes ( InESS ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut Jean Lamour ( IJL ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux ( LSPM ), Université Paris 13 ( UP13 ) -Université Sorbonne Paris Cité ( USPC ) -Institut Galilée-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes ( IBMP ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), IEAP, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel ( CAU ), Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] ( IPP ), J. W. Goethe-University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences KFKI Atomic Energy Research Institute, Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux et Procédés ( SIMaP ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology ( Grenoble INP ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble ( INPG ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire - Clermont-Ferrand ( LPC ), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 ( UBP ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), university college cork, University College Cork ( UCC ), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule [Zürich] ( ETH Zürich ), Database group, Computer Science and engeenering Department [San Diego] ( DB CSE UCSD ), University of California [San Diego] ( UC San Diego ), Aguiam, D, Aho-Mantila, L, Angioni, C, Arden, N, Parra, R, Asunta, O, Debaar, M, Balden, M, Behler, K, Bergmann, A, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Beurskens, M, Biancalani, A, Bilato, R, Birkenmeier, G, Bobkov, V, Bock, A, Bogomolov, A, Bolzonella, T, Boeswirth, B, Bottereau, C, Bottino, A, Van den Brand, H, Brezinsek, S, Brida, D, Brochard, F, Bruhn, C, Buchanan, J, Buhler, A, Burckhart, A, Cambon-Silva, D, Camenen, Y, Carvalho, P, Carrasco, G, Cazzaniga, C, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Casali, L, Castaldo, C, Cavedon, M, Challis, C, Chankin, A, Chapman, I, Clairet, F, Classen, I, Coda, S, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Colas, L, Conway, G, Costea, S, Coster, D, Croci, G, Cseh, G, Czarnecka, A, D'Arcangelo, O, Day, C, Delogu, R, de Marne, P, Denk, S, Denner, P, Dibon, M, D'Inca, R, Disiena, A, Douai, D, Drenik, A, Drube, R, Dunne, M, Duval, B, Dux, R, Eich, T, Elgeti, S, Engelhardt, K, Erdos, B, Erofeev, I, Esposito, B, Fable, E, Faitsch, M, Fantz, U, Faugel, H, Felici, F, Fietz, S, Figueredo, A, Fischer, R, Ford, O, Frassinetti, L, Freethy, S, Froeschle, M, Fuchert, G, Fuchs, J, Fuenfgelder, H, Galazka, K, Galdon-Quiroga, J, Gallo, A, Gao, Y, Garavaglia, S, Garcia-Munoz, M, Geiger, B, Cianfarani, C, Giannone, L, Giovannozzi, E, Gleason-Gonzalez, C, Gloeggler, S, Gobbin, M, Goerler, T, Goodman, T, Gorini, G, Gradic, D, Graeter, A, Granucci, G, Greuner, H, Griener, M, Groth, M, Gude, A, Guenter, S, Guimarais, L, Haas, G, Hakola, A, Ham, C, Happel, T, Harrison, J, Hatch, D, Hauer, V, Hayward, T, Heinemann, B, Heinzel, S, Hellsten, T, Henderson, S, Hennequin, P, Herrmann, A, Heyn, E, Hitzler, F, Hobirk, J, Hoelzl, M, Hoeschen, T, Holm, J, Hopf, C, Hoppe, F, Horvath, L, Houben, A, Huber, A, Igochine, V, Ilkei, T, Ivanova-Stanik, I, Jacob, W, Jacobsen, A, Jacquot, J, Janky, F, Jardin, A, Jaulmes, F, Jenko, F, Jensen, T, Joffrin, E, Kaesemann, C, Kallenbach, A, Kalvin, S, Kantor, M, Kappatou, A, Kardaun, O, Karhunen, J, Kasilov, S, Kernbichler, W, Kim, D, Kimmig, S, Kirk, A, Klingshirn, H, Koch, F, Kocsis, G, Koehn, A, Kraus, M, Krieger, K, Krivska, A, Kraemr-Flecken, A, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kurzan, B, Lackner, K, Laggner, F, Lang, P, Lauber, P, Lazanyi, N, Lazaros, A, Lebschy, A, Li, L, Li, M, Liang, Y, Lipschultz, B, Liu, Y, Lohs, A, Luhmann, N, Lunt, T, Lyssoivan, A, Madsen, J, Maier, H, Maj, O, Mailloux, J, Maljaars, E, Manas, P, Mancini, A, Manhard, A, Manso, M, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Manz, P, Maraschek, M, Martens, C, Martin, P, Marrelli, L, Martitsch, A, Mastrostefano, S, Mayer, A, Mayer, M, Mazon, D, Mccarthy, P, Mcdermott, R, Meisl, G, Meister, H, Medvedeva, A, Merkel, P, Merkel, R, Merle, A, Mertens, V, Meshcheriakov, D, Meyer, H, Meyer, O, Miettunen, J, Milanesio, D, Mink, F, Mlynek, A, Monaco, F, Moon, C, Nazikian, R, Nemes-Czopf, A, Neu, G, Neu, R, Nielsen, A, Nielsen, S, Nikolaeva, V, Nocente, M, Noterdaeme, J, Nowak, S, Oberkofler, M, Oberparleiter, M, Ochoukov, R, Odstrcil, T, Olsen, J, Orain, F, Palermo, F, Papp, G, Paradela Perez, I, Pautasso, G, Enzel, F, Petersson, P, Pinzon, J, Piovesan, P, Piron, C, Plaum, B, Ploeckl, B, Plyusnin, V, Pokol, G, Poli, E, Porte, L, Potzel, S, Prisiazhniuk, D, Puetterich, T, Ramisch, M, Rapson, C, Rasmussen, J, Raupp, G, Refy, D, Reich, M, Reimold, F, Ribeiro, T, Riedl, R, Rittich, D, Rocchi, G, Rodriguez-Ramos, M, Rohde, V, Ross, A, Rott, M, Rubel, M, Ryan, D, Ryter, F, Saarelma, S, Salewski, M, Salmi, A, Sanchis-Sanchez, L, Santos, G, Santos, J, Sauter, O, Scarabosio, A, Schall, G, Schmid, K, Schmitz, O, Schneider, P, Schneller, M, Schrittwieser, R, Schubert, M, Schwarz-Selinger, T, Schweinzer, J, Scott, B, Sehmer, T, Sertoli, M, Shabbir, A, Shalpegin, A, Shao, L, Sharapov, S, Siccinio, M, Sieglin, B, Sigalov, A, Silva, A, Silva, C, Simon, P, Simpson, J, Snicker, A, Sommariva, C, Sozzi, C, Spolaore, M, Stejner, M, Stober, J, Stobbe, F, Stroth, U, Strumberger, E, Suarez, G, Sugiyama, K, Sun, H, Suttrop, W, Szepesi, T, Tal, B, Tala, T, Tardini, G, Tardocchi, M, Terranova, D, Tierens, W, Told, D, Tudisco, O, Trevisan, G, Treutterer, W, Trier, E, Tripsky, M, Valisa, M, Valovic, M, Vanovac, B, Varela, P, Varoutis, S, Verdoolaege, G, Vezinet, D, Vianello, N, Vicente, J, Vierle, T, Viezzer, E, von Toussaint, U, Wagner, D, Wang, N, Wang, X, Weidl, M, Weil, White, A, Willensdorfer, M, Wiringer, B, Wischmeier, M, Wolf, R, Wolfrum, E, Xiang, L, Yang, Q, Yang, Z, Yu, Q, Zagorski, R, Zammuto, I, Zarzoso, D, Zhang, W, van Zeeland, M, Zehetbauer, T, Zilker, M, Zoletnik, S, Zohm, H, Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), York Plasma Institute (YPI), University of York [York, UK], EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre [Abingdon], Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, EURATOM-ENEA-CNR Association, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, Institute of Plasma Physics [Praha], Association EURATOM-TEKES, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear [Lisboa] (IPFN), Institute of Atomic Physics, Université de Roumanie, FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMOLF), FOM Institute DIFFER - Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, The Netherlands, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), University College Cork (UCC), Italian National agency for new technologies, Energy and sustainable economic development [Frascati] (ENEA), KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics (KFKI-RMKI), National Technical University of Athens [Athens] (NTUA), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering [Univ California San Diego] (MAE - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), General Atomics [San Diego], Ricerca Formazione Innovazione (Consorzio RFX), Warsaw University of Technology [Warsaw], Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires ( PIIM ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas ( LPP ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Observatoire de Paris-École polytechnique ( X ) -Sorbonne Universités-PSL Research University ( PSL ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), York Plasma Institute ( YPI ), Culham Science Centre, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] ( CNR ), Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla. RNM138: Física Nuclear Aplicada, IST, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Max Planck Inst Astrophys, Max Planck Society, Department of Applied Physics, TEC, JET EFDA, Culham Sci Ctr, Technische Universität München, Consorzio RFX, IRFM, Assoc EURATOM FZJ, Euratom, Julich Research Center, Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Energy & Climate Res, University of Lorraine, ENEA, Istituto Fisica del Plasma 'Piero Caldirola' (IFP-CNR), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Innsbruck Medical University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IFPiLM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Swedish Research Council (VR), General Atomics & Affiliated Companies, University of Sevilla, University of Texas at Austin, Max Planck Comp & Data Facil, Ecole Polytechnique, Hochschule der Medien, Technical University of Denmark, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, University of California at Santa Barbara, School services, SCI, LPP-ERM/KMS EURATOM Association, Vienna University of Technology, Assoc EURATOM Hellen Republ, NCSR Demokritos, IPP, York University, CCFE Fusion Assoc, BSC, Univ Coll Cork UCC, Princeton University, Ghent University, Chinese Acad Sci, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natl Astron Observ, Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Univ Aix Marseille 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Aix-Marseille, Universite de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, UMR 6098, CNRS, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, White, Anne E., Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Arslanbekov, R, Atanasiu, C, Becker, G, Becker, W, Behringer, K, Bolshukhin, D, Borrass, K, Brambilla, M, Braun, F, Carlson, A, Egorov, S, Fahrbach, H, Finken, K, Foley, M, Franzen, P, Gafert, J, Fournier, K, Gantenbein, G, Gehre, O, Geier, A, Gernhardt, J, Gruber, O, Gunter, S, Hartmann, D, Heger, B, Hofmeister, F, Hohenocker, H, Horton, L, Jacchia, A, Jakobi, M, Kaufmann, M, Keller, A, Kendl, A, Kim, J, Kirov, K, Kochergov, R, Kollotzek, H, Kraus, W, Lasnier, C, Laux, M, Leonard, A, Leuterer, F, Lorenz, A, Lorenzini, R, Maggi, C, Mank, K, Martines, E, Mast, K, Meisel, D, Meo, F, Merkl, D, Muck, A, Muller, H, Munich, M, Murmann, H, Na, Y, Neuhauser, J, Nguyen, F, Nishijima, D, Nishimura, Y, Nunes, I, Peeters, A, Pereverzev, G, Pinches, S, Proschek, M, Pugno, R, Quigley, E, Roth, J, Sandmann, W, Savtchkov, A, Schade, S, Schilling, H, Schneider, W, Schramm, G, Schwarz, E, Schweizer, S, Seidel, U, Serra, F, Sesnic, S, Sihler, C, Sips, A, Speth, E, Stabler, A, Steuer, K, Streibl, B, Tabasso, A, Tanga, A, Tichmann, C, Troppmann, M, Urano, H, Vollmer, O, Wenzel, U, Wesner, F, Westerhof, E, Wursching, E, Yoon, S, Zasche, D, Zehrfeld, H, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, EUROfusion MST1 Team, Adamek, J, Aho Mantila, L, Akaslompolo, S, Amdor, C, Bardin, S, Orte, L, Belonohy, E, Boom, J, Brochard, T, Bruedgam, M, Casson, F, Curran, D, da Silva, F, Eixenberger, H, Endstrasser, N, Gal, K, Munoz, M, da Graca, S, Hangan, D, Haertl, T, Hauff, T, Hoehnle, H, Ionita, C, Janzer, A, Kasparek, W, Kocan, M, Konz, C, Koslowski, R, Kubic, M, Kurki Suonio, T, Leipold, F, Lindig, S, Lisgo, S, Makkonen, T, Mehlmann, F, Menchero, L, Merz, F, Mueller, S, Mueller, H, Muenich, M, Neuwirth, D, Nold, B, Podoba, Y, Pompon, F, Polozhiy, K, Pueschel, M, Rathgeber, S, Rooij, G, Sauter, P, Sempf, M, Sommer, F, Staebler, A, Teschke, M, Tsalas, M, Van Zeeland, M, Veres, G, Viola, B, Vorpahl, C, Wachowski, M, Wauters, T, Weller, A, Wenninger, R, Wieland, B, Wuersching, E, Zhang, Y, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Max Planck IPP-EURATOM Assoziation, Universidade de Lisboa, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Technical University of Munich, IRFM-CEA, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Université de Lorraine, and École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne
- Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Tokamak ,Materials science ,Energies [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC] ,114 Physical sciences ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,Electron cyclotron resonance ,H-MODE DISCHARGES ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,ASDEX Upgrade, overview ,ASDEX Upgrade ,law ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph] ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,ITER ,0103 physical sciences ,Fusió nuclear ,[SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering ,010306 general physics ,tokamak ,DEMO ,tokamak physic ,Fusion reactions ,nuclear fusion ,Divertor ,Magnetic confinement fusion ,[ SPI.GPROC ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering ,[ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph] ,Fusion power ,Condensed Matter Physics ,___ ,Plasma parameter ,Plasma diagnostics ,Atomic physics ,tokamak physics - Abstract
The ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) programme is directed towards physics input to critical elements of the ITER design and the preparation of ITER operation, as well as addressing physics issues for a future DEMO design. Since 2015, AUG is equipped with a new pair of 3-strap ICRF antennas, which were designed for a reduction of tungsten release during ICRF operation. As predicted, a factor two reduction on the ICRF-induced W plasma content could be achieved by the reduction of the sheath voltage at the antenna limiters via the compensation of the image currents of the central and side straps in the antenna frame. There are two main operational scenario lines in AUG. Experiments with low collisionality, which comprise current drive, ELM mitigation/suppression and fast ion physics, are mainly done with freshly boronized walls to reduce the tungsten influx at these high edge temperature conditions. Full ELM suppression and non-inductive operation up to a plasma current of I p = 0.8 MA could be obtained at low plasma density. Plasma exhaust is studied under conditions of high neutral divertor pressure and separatrix electron density, where a fresh boronization is not required. Substantial progress could be achieved for the understanding of the confinement degradation by strong D puffing and the improvement with nitrogen or carbon seeding. Inward/outward shifts of the electron density profile relative to the temperature profile effect the edge stability via the pressure profile changes and lead to improved/decreased pedestal performance. Seeding and D gas puffing are found to effect the core fueling via changes in a region of high density on the high field side (HFSHD). The integration of all above mentioned operational scenarios will be feasible and naturally obtained in a large device where the edge is more opaque for neutrals and higher plasma temperatures provide a lower collisionality. The combination of exhaust control with pellet fueling has been successfully demonstrated. High divertor enrichment values of nitrogen E N ⩾ 10 have been obtained during pellet injection, which is a prerequisite for the simultaneous achievement of good core plasma purity and high divertor radiation levels. Impurity accumulation observed in the all-metal AUG device caused by the strong neoclassical inward transport of tungsten in the pedestal is expected to be relieved by the higher neoclassical temperature screening in larger devices.
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46. Impact of localized ECRH on alfven eigenmodes in the ASDEX upgrade tokamak
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Garcia-Munoz, M., Zeeland, M. A., Sharapov, S., Classen, I. G. J., Bobkov, B., Galdon-Quiroga, J., Geiger, B., Igochine, V., Lauber, P., Lazanyi, N., Fernando Nabais, Nikoleva, V., Pace, D. C., Rodriguez-Ramos, M., Sanchis-Sanchez, L., Schneller, M., Snicker, A., Stober, J., and ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society
47. Effect of 3D magnetic perturbations on fast ion confinement in the European DEMO
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Varje, J., Agostinetti, P., Kurki-Suonio, T., Snicker, A., Sonato, P., Särkimäki, K., Villone, F., and Pietro Vincenzi
48. TORBEAM 2.0, a paraxial beam tracing code for electron-cyclotron beams in fusion plasmas for extended physics applications
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R. Bilato, E. Westerhof, J. Stober, Daniela Farina, Y. R. Lin-Liu, M. Lochbrunner, Lorenzo Figini, Nikolai B. Marushchenko, T. Happel, Cristian Galperti, A. Bock, Francesca Poli, M. Reich, Omar Maj, R. Fischer, A. G. Peeters, R. Zille, Antti Snicker, Nicola Bertelli, G. D. Conway, U. Mszanowski, G. V. Pereverzev, Francesco Volpe, Faa Federico Felici, A. Stegmeir, and Emanuele Poli
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Diffraction ,Physics ,Magnetic confinement ,Paraxial beam tracing ,Electron cyclotron waves ,ta114 ,Paraxial approximation ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Magnetic confinement fusion ,Electron ,01 natural sciences ,Beam tracing ,WKB approximation ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Computational physics ,Plasma physics ,Wave-plasma interactions ,Hardware and Architecture ,Ordinary differential equation ,0103 physical sciences ,010306 general physics ,Beam (structure) - Abstract
The paraxial WKB code TORBEAM (Poli, 2001) is widely used for the description of electron-cyclotron waves in fusion plasmas, retaining diffraction effects through the solution of a set of ordinary differential equations. With respect to its original form, the code has undergone significant transformations and extensions, in terms of both the physical model and the spectrum of applications. The code has been rewritten in Fortran 90 and transformed into a library, which can be called from within different (not necessarily Fortran-based) workflows. The models for both absorption and current drive have been extended, including e.g. fully-relativistic calculation of the absorption coefficient, momentum conservation in electron–electron collisions and the contribution of more than one harmonic to current drive. The code can be run also for reflectometry applications, with relativistic corrections for the electron mass. Formulas that provide the coupling between the reflected beam and the receiver have been developed. Accelerated versions of the code are available, with the reduced physics goal of inferring the location of maximum absorption (including or not the total driven current) for a given setting of the launcher mirrors. Optionally, plasma volumes within given flux surfaces and corresponding values of minimum and maximum magnetic field can be provided externally to speed up the calculation of full driven-current profiles. These can be employed in real-time control algorithms or for fast data analysis.
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49. Evolution of nitrogen concentration and ammonia production in N-2-seeded H-mode discharges at ASDEX Upgrade
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Drenik, A., Laguardia, L., McDermott, R., Meisl, G., Neu, R., Oberkofler, M., Pawelec, E., Pitts, R. A., Puetterich, T., Reichbauer, T., Rohde, V., Seibt, M., De Temmerman, G., Zaplotnik, R., Aguiam, D., Aho-Mantila, L., Angioni, C., Arden, N., Parra, R. Arredondo, Asunta, O., de Baar, M., Balden, M., Behler, K., Bergmann, A., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Beurskens, M., Biancalani, A., Bilato, R., Birkenmeier, G., Bobkov, V., Bock, A., Bogomolov, A., Bolzonella, T., Boswirth, B., Bottereau, C., Bottino, A., van den Brand, H., Brezinsek, S., Brida, D., Brochard, F., Bruhn, C., Buchanan, J., Buhler, A., Burckhart, A., Cambon-Silva, D., Camenen, Y., Carvalho, P., Carrasco, G., Cazzaniga, C., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Casali, L., Castaldo, C., Cavedon, M., Challis, C., Chankin, A., Chapman, I., Clairet, F., Classen, I., Coda, S., Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Colas, L., Conway, G., Costea, S., Coster, D. P., Croci, G., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., D'Arcangelo, O., Day, C., Delogu, R., de Marne, P., Denk, S., Denner, P., Dibon, M., D'Inca, R., Di Siena, A., Douai, D., Drube, R., Dunne, M., Duval, B. P., Dux, R., Eich, T., Elgeti, S., Engelhardt, K., Erdos, B., Erofeev, I., Esposito, B., Fable, E., Faitsch, M., Fantz, U., Faugel, H., Felici, F., Fietz, S., Figueredo, A., Fischer, R., Ford, O., Frassinetti, L., Freethy, S., Froeschle, M., Fuchert, G., Fuchs, J. C., Fuenfgelder, H., Galazka, K., Galdon-Quiroga, J., Gallo, A., Gao, Y., Garavaglia, S., Garcia-Munoz, M., Geiger, B., Cianfarani, C., Giannone, L., Giovannozzi, E., Gleason-Gonzalez, C., Gloeggler, S., Gobbin, M., Goerler, T., Goodman, T., Gorini, G., Gradic, D., Graeter, A., Granucci, G., Greuner, H., Griener, M., Groth, M., Gude, A., Guenter, S., Guimarais, L., Haas, G., Hakola, A. H., Ham, C., Happel, T., Harrison, J., Hatch, D., Hauer, V., Hayward, T., Heinemann, B., Heinzel, S., Hellsten, T., Henderson, S., Hennequin, P., Herrmann, A., Heyn, E., Hitzler, F., Hobirk, J., Hoelzl, M., Hoeschen, T., Holm, J. H., Hopf, C., Hoppe, F., Horvath, L., Houben, A., Huber, A., Igochine, V., Ilkei, T., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jacob, W., Jacobsen, A. S., Jacquot, J., Janky, F., Jardin, A., Jaulmes, F., Jenko, F., Jensen, T., Joffrin, E., Kaesemann, C., Kallenbach, A., Kalvin, S., Kantor, M., Kappatou, A., Kardaun, O., Karhunen, J., Kasilov, S., Kernbichler, W., Kim, D., Kimmig, S., Kirk, A., Klingshirn, H. -J., Koch, F., Kocsis, G., Koehn, A., Kraus, M., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kraemer-Flecken, A., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kurzan, B., Lackner, K., Laggner, F., Lang, P. T., Lauber, P., Lazanyi, N., Lazaros, A., Lebschy, A., Li, L., Li, M., Liang, Y., Lipschultz, B., Liu, Y., Lohs, A., Luhmann, N. C., Lunt, T., Lyssoivan, A., Madsen, J., Maier, H., Maj, O., Mailloux, J., Maljaars, E., Manas, P., Mancini, A., Manhard, A., Manso, M. -E., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Manz, P., Maraschek, M., Martens, C., Martin, P., Marrelli, L., Martitsch, A., Mastrostefano, S., Mayer, A., Mayer, M., Mazon, D., McCarthy, P. J., Meister, H., Medvedeva, A., Merkel, P., Merkel, R., Merle, A., Mertens, V., Meshcheriakov, D., Meyer, H., Meyer, O., Miettunen, J., Milanesio, D., Mink, F., Mlynek, A., Monaco, F., Moon, C., Nazikian, R., Nemes-Czopf, A., Neu, G., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, S. K., Nikolaeva, V., Nocente, M., Noterdaeme, J. -M., Nowak, S., Oberparleiter, M., Ochoukov, R., Odstrcil, T., Olsen, J., Orain, F., Palermo, F., Papp, G., Perez, I. Paradela, Pautasso, G., Enzel, F., Petersson, P., Pinzon, J., Piovesan, P., Piron, C., Plaum, B., Ploeckl, B., Plyusnin, V., Pokol, G., Poli, E., Porte, L., Potzel, S., Prisiazhniuk, D., Ramisch, M., Rapson, C., Rasmussen, J., Raupp, G., Refy, D., Reich, M., Reimold, F., Ribeiro, T., Riedl, R., Rittich, D., Rocchi, G., Rodriguez-Ramos, M., Ross, A., Rott, M., Rubel, M., Ryan, D., Ryter, F., Saarelma, S., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Sanchis-Sanchez, L., Santos, G., Santos, J., Sauter, O., Scarabosio, A., Schall, G., Schmid, K., Schmitz, O., Schneider, P. A., Schneller, M., Schrittwieser, R., Schubert, M., Schwarz-Selinger, T., Schweinzer, J., Scott, B., Sehmer, T., Sertoli, M., Shabbir, A., Shalpegin, A., Shao, L., Sharapov, S., Siccinio, M., Sieglin, B., Sigalov, A., Silva, A., Silva, C., Simon, P., Simpson, J., Snicker, A., Sommariva, C., Sozzi, C., Spolaore, M., Stejner, M., Stober, J., Stobbe, F., Stroth, U., Strumberger, E., Suarez, G., Sugiyama, K., Sun, H. -J., Suttrop, W., Szepesi, T., Tal, B., Tala, T., Tardini, G., Tardocchi, M., Terranova, D., Tierens, W., Told, D., Tudisco, O., Trevisan, G., Treutterer, W., Trier, E., Tripsky, M., Valisa, M., Valovic, M., Vanovac, B., Varela, P., Varoutis, S., Verdoolaege, G., Vezinet, D., Vianello, N., Vicente, J., Vierle, T., Viezzer, E., von Toussaint, U., Wagner, D., Wang, N., Wang, X., Weidl, M., Weiland, M., White, A. E., Willensdorfer, M., Wiringer, B., Wischmeier, M., Wolf, R., Wolfrum, E., Xiang, L., Yang, Q., Yang, Z., Yu, Q., Zagorski, R., Zammuto, I., Zarzoso, D., Zhang, W., van Zeeland, M., Zehetbauer, T., Zilker, M., Zoletnik, S., and Zohm, H.
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nitrogen seeding ,residual gas analysis ,asdex upgrade ,n-2-h-2 flowing discharges ,plasma-surface interaction ,consistent kinetic-model ,ammonia ,mass spectrometry - Abstract
Ammonia formation was studied in a series of dedicated nitrogen seeded H-mode discharges at ASDEX Upgrade. The evolution of ammonia formation was investigated with a reference phase before the seeding, and a long, stable flat-top nitrogen-seeded phase. It was monitored with divertor spectroscopy and analysis of the exhaust gas. The amount of the detected ammonia increased continuously over the course of five discharges with the same nitrogen seeding rate. The same trend was observed in the nitrogen density in the core plasma, as measured by charge exchange recombination spectroscopy and other signals, linked to the effects of nitrogen seeding. The results show that the rate of ammonia formation exhibited the same trend as the nitrogen density in the plasma. This density, in turn, was strongly influenced by the nitrogen wall inventory. The spatial distribution of the detected ammonia suggests that a significant contribution to the net ammonia formation is made in plasma-shaded areas, through surface reactions of neutral species.
50. Investigating the effect of neoclassical tearing modes on fast ions in ASDEX Upgrade: Measurements and modelling
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Jacobsen, A. S., Geiger, B., Akers, R. J., Buchanan, J., Mcclements, K. G., Snicker, A., Valentin Igochine, Meshcheriakov, D., Salewski, M., Dunne, M., Poli, E., Schneider, P. A., Tardini, G., Jansen Vuuren, A., and Weiland, M.
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