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Background: Controversy exists regarding the optimal duration of the extended adjuvant endocrine treatment (ET) in patients with early-stage breast-cancer (eBC). We performed a systematic review and trial-level meta-analysis of all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing a “limited-extended” adjuvant ET (defined as more than 5 but less than 7.5 years of treatment overall) versus a “full-extended” adjuvant ET (defined as more than 7.5 years of treatment overall) in eBC. Methods: To be eligible, RCTs had to i) compare a “limited-extended” adjuvant ET versus a “full-extended” adjuvant ET in patients with eBC; and ii) report disease-free survival (DFS) hazard ratio (HR) according to the disease nodal-status [i.e., nodal-negative (N-ve) versus nodal-positive (N + ve)]. The primary endpoint was to assess the difference in efficacy of full-versus limited-extended ET, measured in terms of the difference in DFS log-HR, according to the disease nodal-status. Secondary endpoint was the difference in efficacy of full-versus limited-extended ET according to tumor size (i.e., pT1 vs pT2/3/4), histological grade (i.e., G1/G2 vs G3), patients’ age (i.e., ≤60 vs > 60 years) and previous type of ET (i.e., aromatase inhibitors vs tamoxifen vs switch strategy). Results: Three phase III RCTs fulfilled the inclusion criteria. A total of 6689 patients were included in the analysis, of which 3506 (53%) had N + ve disease. The full-extended ET provided no DFS-benefit as compared with the limited-extended ET in patients with N-ve disease (pooled DFS-HR = 1.04, 95%CI: 0.89 to 1.22; I2 = 18%). Conversely, in patients with N + ve disease the full-extended ET significantly improved DFS, with a pooled DFS-HR of 0.85 (95%CI: 0.74 to 0.97; I2 = 0%). There was a significant interaction between the disease nodal-status and the efficacy of the full-versus limited-extended ET (p-heterogeneity = 0.048). The full-extended ET provided no significant DFS-benefit as compared with the limited-extended ET in all the other subgroups analyzed. Conclusions: Patients with eBC and N + ve disease can obtain a significant DFS-benefit from the full-extended as compared with the limited-extended adjuvant ET.

Objectives: Schools of public health (SPHs) must train students through real-world situations. Practice-based teaching (PBT) uses immediate application for skill development through multiple modes of delivery including virtual collaborations. PBT provides short-term benefits but is less understood long term. We sought to understand the longer-term impacts of PBT on students, public health agencies, faculty, and SPH administration and determine if the reported benefits of PBT outweigh the challenges. Methods: We used a mixed-methods pre–post-test evaluation to assess short-term outcomes in spring 2015 and long-term outcomes 3 years later using quantitative and qualitative assessments. The evaluation included 4 PBT courses spanning disciplines in 1 SPH. Participants included students (n = 56), collaborating agencies (n = 9), teaching faculty (n = 7), and SPH administrators (n = 8). Results: Students reported acquisition of competencies, application at follow-up, and being workforce ready (91.0%) with greater appreciation 3 years post-semester (78.6%). Collaborating agencies reported successful implementation of deliverables (77.8%) and enhanced networks (88.7%) with cost savings and better outcomes for the communities served. Faculty recognized beneficial outcomes to students including workforce preparation (71.4%), and administration recognized the benefits and worth of PBT to the school for teaching (100%) and research opportunities (87.5%). Conclusions: Given the shifting higher education landscape as a result of the pandemic, public health courses are being redesigned to provide opportunities for skill development, regardless of delivery mode, and enhanced connections to the field are essential. PBT is a flexible pedagogy that results in lasting and innovative resources to agencies and prepares public health students with technical skills and professional competencies to be workforce ready.

Der Beitrag von Stephan Wolff rekonstruiert Entscheidungsprozesse bei der Auswahl von Urlaubskartenmotiven. Er geht von der These aus, dass sowohl das Lesen als auch das Schreiben von Urlaubskarten (unter Berücksichtigung des jeweiligen Textes, Bildes und Briefmarkenmotivs) darin besteht, Lesbarkeitshinweise zu platzieren oder zu realisieren. Die implizite Kategorisierung von Personen, Tätigkeiten, Eigenschaften und Sachverhalten wird als zentrale Praxis zur Herstellung sozialer Lesbarkeit vorgestellt und an empirischen Beispielen verdeutlicht. Die Studie bedient sich der ethnomethodologischen Teildisziplin der Teilnehmerkategorisierungsanalyse.

Chapter 9 addresses the impact of story (culture) on correctional policies and the design of correctional settings. The medieval story of the loathly lady is used throughout the book to illustrate the curse and shadow of harm and the humanism needed to break the curse. This chapter returns to the story of the criminal and its impact on correctional policies and the (un)intelligent design behind the way we punish. An alternative story—that of the wounded person—connects us centrally to who we are and how we interact with each other. The reimagination of prisons as transformative healing centers begins with a new narrative that calls forth compassionate efficiency to break the curse of harm, yielding a value proposition worth paying for.

Chapter 3 summarizes the qualitative and quantitative evidence on childhood harm as reported by justice-involved youths and adults. Their personal narratives of childhood harm begin the chapter. Their stories include what happened—the curse—and their subsequent reactions as they aged—the shadow. The stories are then validated through the prevalence evidence on childhood harm drawn from the national and international research based on justice-involved samples. The qualitative data from the beginning of the chapter are combined to tell a meta-narrative of the shadow, which is then explained using developmental science theory and evidence. An ecobiodevelopmental framework describes the interplay among genes, environment, and personal experiences, which, for some, turns the curse of childhood harm into a lifelong shadow.

The supply of behavioral health treatment is explored in Chapter 7. The constitutional obligation to provide behavioral health services to incarcerated persons is juxtaposed to the under provision of mental health and substance abuse services in correctional settings. This leads to the question: If these services are currently underprovided, should more tax dollars be spent to increase their provision in correctional settings? The answer is: it depends. A value proposition framework is used to explain. A value proposition statement for behavioral health services delivered by correctional agencies is developed and then critically examined, exploring how services are delivered and what services are delivered. The evidence on affordable harm-recovery interventions based on correctional populations is reviewed in the last section.

Chapter 5 uses the personal accounts of incarcerated people to explore the production of harm inside prison. The chapter offers a unified model, called the triadic (resident-officer-environment) dynamic interactive (TDI) model, that draws from importation and deprivation theories, strain/stress theory, and a life-course perspective, to identify explanatory factors that might hinder or foster prison-based victimization. The empirical evidence on the impact of individual and prison factors on prison-based victimization is reviewed using the TDI model to organize the evidence. Research findings from national and international studies are reviewed. Similarities and differences in findings are discussed in the context of theoretical and methodological differences. Recommendations for the next generation of empirical studies are discussed in the last section.

In Chapter 6, elements of the medieval story, along with personal accounts from resident experts and research evidence, are used to focus on two extremes: the immoderate need for treatment (evidenced by the high-reaching prevalence of behavioral health problems among detained and incarcerated persons: clinical need) and the equally immoderate unmet behavioral health needs (chasm between need and treatment use) among incarcerated people. Why is it that so few people with behavioral health needs are receiving behavioral health treatment while incarcerated? This need–service misalignment is explored by examining why residents may rationally not seek services for behavioral health problems even when services are available free of charge. This chapter stresses the importance of the therapeutic union and environment and their attributes.

Correctional settings are analogous to neighborhoods. Neighborhood conditions are improved through community-development (capacity-expanding) efforts. The community-engagement approach offered in Chapter 8 aims to change the mix of healing and harm inside prison. The approach described is resident-centric and works with residents to create and sustain a neighborhood where residents and staff work together to reduce harm and to increase healing. Two case studies describe how community engagement could be used to transform the social environment of prisons and create a service delivery system with best value. Growing harm-informed and sensitive environments to support harm-recovery programs is feasible inside prisons if the environment is imbued with values, partnerships, and resources that socialize and support healing, recovery, and rehabilitation. Community empowerment is a way to build the capacity of prison communities to change their conditions and cultures toward healing and away from harm.

Chapter 2 provides a definition of, and framework for, harm (the curse). The recommended definition is ecologically framed and welfare-based, drawing on legal and philosophical frameworks of harm. Harm occurs when an act, inaction, incident, or condition adversely impacts the welfare interests of an individual. The ecosystem of harm has three levels: individual, household, and community. Surveys of harm used in correctional research are reviewed and compared to the original and adapted versions of the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Questionnaire. These harm surveys incompletely and inconsistently measure the harm experienced by justice-involved persons. A framework for measuring harm in accordance with the ecologically framed, welfare-based definition of harm is provided to guide the development of a standardized harm survey.

Adulthood harm experienced in the community and inside prison as reported by incarcerated men and women is the focus of Chapter 4. The chapter begins with the personal accounts of adulthood harm experienced by justice-involved adults. The qualitative evidence is validated, where possible, with empirical evidence on the prevalence of adulthood harm before and during incarceration. Harm of all types is prevalent in incarcerated settings even though there are legal protections that should keep people safe while incarcerated. Legal protections associated with international treaties on human rights, the U.S. Constitution, and federal and state laws are reviewed in the context of ethical principles regarding the treatment of people while they are deprived of their liberty.

Datos; Anticuerpos monoclonales biosimilares Dades; Anticossos monoclonals biosimilars Data; Biosimilar monoclonal antibodies Biosimilar monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been approved in the European Union since 2013 and have been demonstrated to reduce healthcare costs and to expand patient access. Biosimilarity is mainly established on the basis of demonstrated similarity of relevant quality attributes (QAs), determined by comprehensive physiochemical and functional analyses, and demonstration of bioequivalence. In addition, comparative efficacy/safety studies have been requested for all approved biosimilar mAbs so far, although the European Medicines Agency (EMA) Guidelines state that such confirmatory clinical trials may not be necessary in specific circumstances. In order to evaluate the degree of analytical similarity, how residual uncertainty regarding biosimilarity was resolved, and the value of clinical data, we analyzed the quality and clinical data packages for authorized adalimumab (7 products) and bevacizumab (5 products) biosimilars. The percentage of biosimilar batches meeting the similarity range for QAs, as defined by the biosimilar manufacturer based on a comprehensive characterization of the EU reference product (RP), was determined and clinical data were reviewed. Our analyses show that QAs of approved adalimumab and bevacizumab biosimilars have varying concordance with the EU-RP similarity range. In this study, we found that clinical efficacy data played a limited role in addressing quality concerns. Therefore, we encourage a regulatory review of the standards for clinical data requirements for mAb and fusion protein biosimilars. This study outlines a quality data driven approach for facilitating tailored clinical programs for biosimilars.

Brain metastases (BM) in patients with thyroid cancer (TC) are rare with an incidence of 1% for papillary and follicular, 3% for medullary and up to 10% for anaplastic TC (PTC, FTC, MTC and ATC). Little is known about the characteristics and management of BM from TC. Thus, we retrospectively analyzed patients with histologically verified TC and radiologically verified BM identified from the Vienna Brain Metastasis Registry. A total of 20/6074 patients included in the database since 1986 had BM from TC and 13/20 were female. Ten patients had FTC, 8 PTC, one MTC and one ATC. The median age at diagnosis of BM was 68 years. All but one had symptomatic BM and 13/20 patients had a singular BM. Synchronous BM at primary diagnosis were found in 6 patients, while the median time to BM diagnosis was 13 years for PTC (range 1.9–24), 4 years for FTC (range 2.1–41) and 22 years for the MTC patient. The overall survival from diagnosis of BM was 13 months for PTC (range 1.8–57), 26 months for FTC (range 3.9–188), 12 years for the MTC and 3 months for the ATC patient. In conclusion, development of BM from TC is exceedingly rare and the most common presentation is a symptomatic single lesion. While BM generally constitute a poor prognostic factor, individual patients experience long-term survival following local therapy.

The Representational Theory of Measurement (RTM), especially the canonical three volume Foundations of Measurement by Krantz et al., is a landmark accomplishment in our understanding of measurement. Despite this, it has been far from easy to pinpoint what exactly we can learn about measurement from RTM, and who the target audience for RTM’s formal results should be. In what sense does RTM provide foundations of measurement, and what is the philosophical significance of such foundations? I argue that RTM provides semantic foundations of measurement, and that their philosophical significance lies in a shift towards structural representation.

Using a sample of 848 workers in France, this article aims to explain problematic smartphone dependency, a behavior considered to have negative consequences for sufferers in the context of work. It examines whether and how addictive pleasure at work is related to problematic smartphone dependency (PSD). The authors propose a model with the originality of an exploratory measure of what is conceptualized as a mobile personal information system (PIS) development. The results obtained are paradoxical in that addictive pleasure at work is negatively correlated with PSD, although it positively contributes to the development of a PIS, the latter being itself positively correlated to gratifications. However, PIS development is not positively correlated to PSD. It is plausible that, although addictive pleasure at work drives the development of mobile PIS, it also provides an escape from compulsive smartphone usage, thus mitigating PSD. These findings also highlight the protecting role of mindfulness against PSD.

Este artigo apresenta a pesquisa sobre brincadeiras folclóricas e a importância do ato de brincar para o desenvolvimento infantil. Investigou as brincadeiras folclóricas praticadas por crianças da educação infantil, e o conhecimento sobre como seus pais e avós brincavam. A metodologia incluiu a abordagem qualitativa, sendo os dados coletados por meio de questionários com pais, avós e familiares de crianças da educação infantil de uma escola da Região do Vale do Paranhana, Rio Grande do Sul. O referencial teórico utilizado para a análise dos dados obtidos nesta investigação incluiu conceitos relativos ao ato de brincar e às brincadeiras folclóricas, tendo como base nos estudos de Macedo (2005), Saraiva (2011), Huizinga (2000), Cascudo (2012), Garcia e Marques (1989), Wolffenbüttel (2019), entre outros. A partir da coleta e análise dos dados, os dados foram organizados e classificados em categorias, em que foram caracterizadas 26 brincadeiras das décadas 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980 e 1990, sobressaindo-se, em quantidade, esta última. Os tipos de brincadeiras encontrados foram motoras/sensoriais, gráficas, competitivas e cantadas. As brincadeiras motoras/sensoriais e cantadas foram as mais referidas. Enfatiza-se a importância da inclusão dos saberes familiares, da diversidade cultural de estudantes e suas famílias na elaboração dos projetos pedagógicos, possibilitando inúmeros aprendizados.

This article considers the figure of Habsburg Emperor Charles V in relation to Italy, first as perceived by Italians in his own time, the sixteenth century, but then especially as evaluated by Italians of the Risorgimento—and notably by Verdi in his operatic work. The article emphasizes opera as a crucial cultural medium of Habsburg engagement with the Italian peninsula and of Italian culture within the Habsburg monarchy. Contemporary Italian evaluations of Charles's role in the domination of Italy were both regretful of his military interventions (including the sack of Rome in 1527) and respectful of his political skills. During the Risorgimento, the conventional Mazzinian perspective was deeply hostile to the Habsburgs and conditioned the wars of Italian unification against the Habsburg monarchy. Italian opera, however, especially Rossini's Guillaume Tell (1829), Verdi's Ernani (1844), and Verdi's Don Carlos (1867) indicate a complex operatic perspective on the Habsburgs in Risorgimento culture. While the Austrian Habsburg representative Gessler is the villain in Rossini's Guillaume Tell, Verdi's Ernani actually places Charles V on stage in a major baritone role with beautiful music and an ambivalent presence. In Don Carlos, the ghost of Charles V hovers over and haunts the whole opera.

A Inseminação Artificial em Tempo Fixo (IATF) convencional é uma biotecnologia muito utilizada na bovinocultura de corte, no entanto, a técnica tem apresentando índices de fertilidade das fêmeas quase estabilizados. A IATF em Blocos é uma técnica que visa maximizar esses índices, visto que para obter bons resultados de prenhez, a inseminação necessita ser efetuada no momento próximo da ovulação, esse período é definido pela interação entre indutor e diâmetro do folículo dominante. Neste trabalho, o objetivo foi analisar a taxa de gestação de vacas Nelore, comparando a IATF em Bloco com a IATF convencional, em dois protocolos distintos que são mais utilizados na região, se divergindo apenas pelo indutor de ovulação, sendo o Cipionato de Estradiol e o Benzoato de Estradiol, e quantidade de manejos. Foram utilizadas 40 vacas multíparas da raça Nelore. Sendo 10 fêmeas em cada um dos quatro grupos: IATF convencional com cipionato, IATF em Bloco com cipionato, IATF convencional com benzoato e IATF em Bloco com benzoato. A IATF em blocos com cipionato apresentou maior taxa de gestação 70% (P = 0,079), dessa forma, é uma boa alternativa aos produtores da região que não conheciam essa técnica.

This study examines the impact of course-based collaboration between an elementary teacher education program and a writing center. Written texts of preservice teachers (n=141) were analyzed to establish the most frequent errors/problems in their writing. Based on the first analysis, the researchers designed and implemented an intervention focused on language usage, content, and coherence. The intervention group (n=41) significantly outperformed the control group (n=41) after a single intervention session, with large effect sizes for language usage and content, and a medium to large effect size for coherence.

Parameters of the normalized gamma particle size distribution (PSD) have been retrieved from the Precipitation Image Package (PIP) snowfall observations collected during the International Collaborative Experiment–PyeongChang Olympic and Paralympic winter games (ICE-POP 2018). Two of the gamma PSD parameters, the mass-weighted particle diameter Dmass and the normalized intercept parameter NW, have median values of 1.15–1.31 mm and 2.84–3.04 log(mm−1 m−3), respectively. This range arises from the choice of the relationship between the maximum versus equivalent diameter, Dmx–Deq, and the relationship between the Reynolds and Best numbers, Re–X. Normalization of snow water equivalent rate (SWER) and ice water content W by NW reduces the range in NW, resulting in well-fitted power-law relationships between SWER/NW and Dmass and between W/NW and Dmass. The bulk descriptors of snowfall are calculated from PIP observations and from the gamma PSD with values of the shape parameter μ ranging from −2 to 10. NASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, which adopted the normalized gamma PSD, assumes μ = 2 and 3 in its two separate algorithms. The mean fractional bias (MFB) of the snowfall parameters changes with μ, where the functional dependence on μ depends on the specific snowfall parameter of interest. The MFB of the total concentration was underestimated by 0.23–0.34 when μ = 2 and by 0.29–0.40 when μ = 3, whereas the MFB of SWER had a much narrower range (from −0.03 to 0.04) for the same μ values.

O presente texto representa o trabalho de formação de protagonistas na Psicologia Histórico-Cultural. Este protagonismo se inicia com a formação de alunos do curso de Psicologia da Universidade Estadual de Maringá que participam do Laboratório de Psicologia Histórico-Cultural, um projeto de ensino e extensão, em que os professores coordenadores mobilizam ações formativas para os futuros profissionais. Com fundamentos no materialismo histórico-dialético, é proporcionado aos alunos processos de autogestão e desenvolvimento de ações em que a prática-teórica metodológica se faz presente. Nesse caminho, uma das ações que se sobressai é a administração do legado de conhecimentos produzidos por diferentes autores consagrados na Psicologia Histórico-Cultural mediante a produção de entrevistas sobre os caminhos produtivos desses autores. Este texto apresenta o resultado do trabalho teórico e conceitual produzido pelo prof. Carl Ratner, durante entrevista produzida e gerida pelos alunos do laboratório. Pretende-se, dessa forma, manter viva a produção e a memória desses grandes pensadores da teoria.

Recent research has identified boredom as a guiding signal in goal-directed behavior. As boredom activates a search for more valuable activities, it can consequently challenge goal-directed behavior; this is also expected to be the case in the sporting context. Here, we examined the experience of boredom in athletic training for a competition among 153 athletes with a cross-sectional questionnaire. We developed the questionnaire based on theoretical approaches to boredom. Specifically, we considered two core triggers of boredom (i.e., the ability to remain engaged with the training and the value that athletes ascribe to the training). We found that the positive relationship between the difficulty of engagement in athletic training and the experience of boredom was moderated by the value ascribed to the training. In other words, it seems that the value ascribed to the training can play a protective role, in that high levels of value nullify the positive relationship between difficulty of engagement and boredom experienced in sports. Future research is needed to better understand the antecedents and consequences of boredom experiences in specific sporting contexts, which could be achieved, for example, by differentiating between individual and collective activities or competitions and training situations.

The challenge of eradicating leukemia in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) after initial cytoreduction has motivated modern efforts to combine synergistic active modalities including immunotherapy. Recently, the ETCTN/CTEP 10026 study tested the combination of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine together with the immune checkpoint inhibitor ipilimumab for AML/myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) either after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or in the HSCT-naïve setting. Integrative transcriptome-based analysis of 304 961 individual marrow-infiltrating cells for 18 of 48 subjects treated on study revealed the strong association of response with a high baseline ratio of T to AML cells. Clinical responses were predominantly driven by decitabine-induced cytoreduction. Evidence of immune activation was only apparent after ipilimumab exposure, which altered CD4+ T-cell gene expression, in line with ongoing T-cell differentiation and increased frequency of marrow-infiltrating regulatory T cells. For post-HSCT samples, relapse could be attributed to insufficient clearing of malignant clones in progenitor cell populations. In contrast to AML/MDS bone marrow, the transcriptomes of leukemia cutis samples from patients with durable remission after ipilimumab monotherapy showed evidence of increased infiltration with antigen-experienced resident memory T cells and higher expression of CTLA-4 and FOXP3. Altogether, activity of combined decitabine and ipilimumab is impacted by cellular expression states within the microenvironmental niche of leukemic cells. The inadequate elimination of leukemic progenitors mandates urgent development of novel approaches for targeting these cell populations to generate long-lasting responses. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02890329.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has heavily impacted medical care of patients with Parkinson's disease (PwP).ObjectiveTo assess the longitudinal impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on PwP and their relatives in Germany.MethodsTwo online, nationwide, cross-sectional surveys were conducted from December 2020 to March 2021 and from July to September 2021.ResultsA total of 342 PwP and 113 relatives participated. Despite partial resumption of social and group activities, healthcare was continuously disrupted during times of loosened restrictions. Respondents’ willingness to use telehealth infrastructure increased, yet the availability remained low. PwP reported worsened symptoms and further deterioration during the pandemic, resulting in an increase in new symptoms and relatives’ burden. We identified patients at particular risk: young patients and those with long disease duration.ConclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic persistently disrupts the care and quality of life of PwP. Although willingness to use telemedicine services has increased, its availability needs to be improved.

Background: Whether endovascular therapy (EVT) added on best medical management (BMM), as compared to BMM alone, is beneficial in acute ischemic stroke with isolated posterior cerebral artery occlusion is unknown. Methods: We conducted a multicenter international observational study of consecutive stroke patients admitted within 6 hours from symptoms onset in 26 stroke centers with isolated occlusion of the first (P1) or second (P2) segment of the posterior cerebral artery and treated either with BMM+EVT or BMM alone. Propensity score with inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to account for baseline between-groups differences. The primary outcome was 3-month good functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score 0–2 or return to baseline modified Rankin Scale). Secondary outcomes were 3-month excellent recovery (modified Rankin Scale score 0–1), symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, and early neurological deterioration. Results: Overall, 752 patients were included (167 and 585 patients in the BMM+EVT and BMM alone groups, respectively). Median age was 74 (interquartile range, 63–82) years, 329 (44%) patients were female, median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was 6 (interquartile range 4–10), and occlusion site was P1 in 188 (25%) and P2 in 564 (75%) patients. Baseline clinical and radiological data were similar between the 2 groups following propensity score weighting. EVT was associated with a trend towards lower odds of good functional outcome (odds ratio, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.66–1.01]; P =0.06) and was not associated with excellent functional outcome (odds ratio, 1.17 [95% CI, 0.95–1.43]; P =0.15). EVT was associated with a higher risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (odds ratio, 2.51 [95% CI, 1.35–4.67]; P =0.004) and early neurological deterioration (odds ratio, 2.51 [95% CI, 1.64–3.84]; P Conclusions: In this observational study of patients with proximal posterior cerebral artery occlusion, EVT was not associated with good or excellent functional outcome as compared to BMM alone. However, EVT was associated with higher rates of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and early neurological deterioration. EVT should not be routinely recommended in this population, but randomization into a clinical trial is highly warranted.

The surgical treatment options for prostate cancer have changed rapidly, given the expansion of robotics. However, open retropubic radical prostatectomy (ORP) will continue to be performed in areas with financial limitations or with limited access to robotics. The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term oncological outcomes, to categorize complication rates and to examine the early continence rates in patients treated with ORP.We identified all patients who underwent ORP at our institution between 2000 and 2020. A standardized pad test was used to determine the early continence rates upon catheter removal, the late continence around a year after surgery was determined by the number of pads per day. The Clavien-Dindo classification was used to report the complication rates. The biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survival and overall survival (OS) rates were defined using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank analysis. Multivariable Cox-regression models were used to test the effect of different factors on biochemical recurrence.We analyzed 1095 patients. The median follow-up was 93.4 months. An overall 10-year BCR-free survival and OS of 73% and 82% respectively was found. A complication rate for Clavien Dindo≥3 was seen in 4.8% of patients. The early continence rate was 81.4% and the late continence 89,1%. Preoperative PSA level, Gleason score sum, pT stage, lymph node status, and surgical margin status were independent predictors of BCR (p0.001, 95% CI). Limitations include retrospective and single center study design.ORP is a surgical procedure that provides excellent oncological- and early continence-rates.

Improving estimation of snow water equivalent rate (SWER) from radar reflectivity (Ze), known as a SWER(Ze) relationship, is a priority for NASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission ground validation program as it is needed to comprehensively validate spaceborne precipitation retrievals. This study investigates the performance of eight operational and four research-based SWER(Ze) relationships utilizing Precipitation Imaging Probe (PIP) observations from the International Collaborative Experiment for Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games (ICE-POP 2018) field campaign. During ICE-POP 2018, there were 10 snow events that are classified by synoptic conditions as either cold low or warm low, and a SWER(Ze) relationship is derived for each event. Additionally, a SWER(Ze) relationship is derived for each synoptic classification by merging all events within each class. Two new types of SWER(Ze) relationships are derived from PIP measurements of bulk density and habit classification. These two physically based SWER(Ze) relationships provided superior estimates of SWER when compared to the operational, event-specific, and synoptic SWER(Ze) relationships. For estimates of the event snow water equivalent total, the event-specific, synoptic, and best-performing operational SWER(Ze) relationships outperformed the physically based SWER(Ze) relationship, although the physically based relationships still performed well. This study recommends using the density or habit-based SWER(Ze) relationships for microphysical studies, whereas the other SWER(Ze) relationships are better suited toward hydrologic application.