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External apical root resorption is among the most common risks of orthodontic treatment, and it cannot be completely avoided and predicted. Risk factors causing orthodontic root resorption can generally be divided into patient- and treatment-related factors. Root resorption that occurs during orthodontic treatment is usually detected by radiographical examination. Mild or moderate root absorption usually does no obvious harm, but close attention is required. When severe root resorption occurs, it is generally recommended to suspend the treatment for 3 months for the cementum to be restored. To unify the risk factors of orthodontic root resorption and its clinical suggestions, we summarized the theoretical knowledge and clinical experience of more than 20 authoritative experts in orthodontics and related fields in China. After discussion and summarization, this consensus was made to provide reference for orthodontic clinical practice.根尖区牙根外吸收（EARR）是口腔正畸治疗中最常见的风险之一，难以预测，且不能完全避免。正畸EARR的风险因素目前尚不明确，一般可分为患者相关因素和治疗相关因素。正畸治疗中发生的EARR通常可在影像学检查时发现。轻、中度EARR通常无明显危害，可密切关注，谨慎正畸；若发生重度EARR，则建议先暂停正畸加力，观察3个月，等待牙骨质的修复。为进一步规范和提高临床医生对正畸EARR的认识，本文邀请了全国20余位口腔正畸及相关领域专家，基于文献分析与讨论，制定出此共识，为正畸临床提供参考。.

Lung cancer is one of the malignant tumors with the highest morbidity and mortality in the world. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) antibody, programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) antibody. It has brought significant survival benefits to some patients with advanced lung cancer and changed the treatment pattern of advanced lung cancer. Previous studies have shown that the objective response rate of PD-1/PD-L1 antibody in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is only about 20%. So reliable biomarkers are urgently needed to screen out the potential benefit population of ICIs and improve the clinical response rate. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) is an emerging biomarker of immunotherapy in addition to PD-L1 expression. There is little correlation between PD-L1 expression and TMB in lung cancer. It is estimated that TMB can expand the benefit population of immunotherapy. However, in clinical practice, the detection of TMB, the determination of cut-off value and the clinical guidance strategy are still not standardized. This consensus will give guiding suggestions on the detection and application scenarios of TMB, so as to promote the standardization of TMB application for immunotherapy in lung cancer. .【中文题目：肿瘤突变负荷应用于肺癌免疫治疗的专家共识】 【中文摘要：肺癌是全球范围内发病率和死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤之一。免疫检查点抑制剂（immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICIs），包括程序性死亡受体1（programmed cell death 1, PD-1）抗体、程序性死亡受体1配体（programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-L1）抗体和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4（cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4, CTLA-4）抗体，给部分晚期肺癌患者带来了显著的生存获益，改变了晚期肺癌的治疗格局。既往研究表明，PD-1/PD-L1抗体在晚期非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC）中的客观缓解率只有20%左右。所以临床亟需可靠的生物标志物协助筛选ICIs潜在获益人群，提高治疗响应率。肿瘤突变负荷（tumor mutational burden, TMB）是除PD-L1表达以外新兴的免疫治疗标志物。肺癌中PD-L1表达与TMB的相关性不大，评估TMB可扩大免疫治疗的获益人群。然而在临床实践中，TMB的检测、阈值的确定和临床指导策略仍然没有形成规范。本共识将对TMB检测和应用场景给出指导性建议，以促进TMB在肺癌免疫治疗中应用的规范化。 】 【中文关键词：肺肿瘤；免疫治疗；免疫检查点抑制剂；肿瘤突变负荷；专家共识】.

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion gene, as a tumor driver gene, was crucial for the occurrence and development of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recently, targeted ALK fusion gene has become the main treatment method for ALK-positive NSCLC. The first and second generation ALK inhibitors (ALKi), such as crizotinib, ceritinib, alectinib and ensartinib have been approved in China. However, there was no guidance for the management of ALKi adverse reactions. Therefore, this "Recommendations from experts in the management of adverse reactions to ALK inhibitors (2021 version)" has been summarized, led by Lung Cancer Professional Committee of Sichuan Cancer Society and Sichuan Medical Quality Control Center for Tumor Diseases, to provide practical and feasible strategies for clinical ALKi management specification of adverse reactions. .【中文题目：间变性淋巴瘤激酶抑制剂不良反应管理 西南专家建议（2021年版）】 【中文摘要：间变性淋巴瘤激酶（anaplastic lymphoma kinase, ALK）融合基因作为肿瘤驱动基因，对非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC）的发生和发展至关重要，而靶向ALK融合基因已成为ALK阳性NSCLC患者的主要治疗手段。第一、二代ALK抑制剂（ALK inhibitor, ALKi）克唑替尼、塞瑞替尼、阿来替尼、恩沙替尼已在中国上市并广泛应用。然而，针对ALKi不良反应尚无统一的管理指导规范，在一定程度上降低甚至限制了ALKi的临床使用及患者获益。本文由四川省肿瘤学会肺癌专业委员会及四川省肿瘤性疾病医疗质量控制中心牵头，针对国内已经获批上市的ALKi，参考国内外临床研究和相关文献，并结合专家实践经验，总结出《ALKi不良反应管理专家建议（2021年版）》，以期为临床提供切实可行的ALKi不良反应的管理策略。 】 【中文关键词：间变性淋巴瘤激酶抑制剂；肺肿瘤；不良反应；专家建议】.

Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) is a novel type of bronchoscopy based on electromagnetic positioning technique combined with virtual bronchoscopy, three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) imaging and respiratory gating technique, which has been widely applied in clinic practice. In recent years, the domestic electromagnetic navigation system has also been developed rapidly, and its effectiveness and safety in the diagnosis, localization, and treatment of peripheral pulmonary lesions have been initially verified. In order to optimize and standardize the technical specifications of domestic ENB and guide its application in clinical practice, the consensus statement has been organized and written in a collaborative effort by the Professional Committee on Respiratory Equipment Technology of Chinese Medical Equipment Association and the Expert Group on Technical of Domestic Electromagnetic Navigation Bronchoscopy. .【中文题目：国产电磁导航支气管镜系统引导下诊断、 定位和治疗技术规范专家共识（2021版）】 【中文摘要：电磁导航支气管镜（electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy, ENB）是以电磁定位技术为基础，结合虚拟支气管镜、三维计算机断层扫描（computed tomography, CT）成像和呼吸门控技术的新型支气管镜检查手段，该技术已在临床中广泛应用。近年来，国产电磁导航系统也得到了较快发展，其在肺外周病变诊断、定位和治疗中的有效性和安全性已得到初步验证，为优化和标准化国产ENB技术操作规范，指导其在临床实践中的应用，中国医学装备协会呼吸病学装备技术专业委员会和国产电磁导航支气管镜技术专家组组织专家讨论并制定了本专家共识。 】 【中文关键词：电磁导航支气管镜；肺外周病变；诊断；定位；治疗】.

"The Expert Group on Tumor Ablation Therapy of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, The Tumor Ablation Committee of Chinese College of Interventionalists, The Society of Tumor Ablation Therapy of Chinese Anti-Cancer Association and The Ablation Expert Committee of the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology" have organized multidisciplinary experts to formulate the consensus for thermal ablation of pulmonary subsolid nodules or ground-glass nodule (GGN). The expert consensus reviews current literatures and provides clinical practices for thermal ablation of GGN. The main contents include: (1) clinical evaluation of GGN, (2) procedures, indications, contraindications, outcomes evaluation and related complications of thermal ablation for GGN and (3) future development directions. .【中文题目：热消融治疗肺部亚实性结节专家共识 （2021年版）】 【中文摘要：局部热消融技术在肺部结节治疗领域正处在起步与发展阶段，为了肺结节热消融治疗的临床实践和规范发展，由“中国医师协会肿瘤消融治疗技术专家组”“中国医师协会介入医师分会肿瘤消融专业委员会”“中国抗癌协会肿瘤消融治疗专业委员会”“中国临床肿瘤学会消融专家委员会”组织多学科国内有关专家，讨论制定了“热消融治疗肺部亚实性结节专家共识（2021年版）”。主要内容包括：①肺部亚实性结节的临床评估；②热消融治疗肺部亚实性结节技术操作规程、适应证、禁忌证、疗效评价和相关并发症；③存在的问题和未来发展方向。 】 【中文关键词：肺肿瘤；筛查；肺亚实性结节；肺磨玻璃结节；热消融】.

Large general hospitals currently play an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and treatment for acute critical patients and difficult diseases because of the development of dual referral system and hierarchical diagnosis, as well as the formation of medical treatment alliance. Patients with oral cancers are often associated with systemic diseases, which increases the complexity of the condition. Thus, meeting the demand through the traditional single medical model is difficult. As such, a multidisciplinary team (MDT) model has been proposed and has achieved a good clinical effect. To standardize the application of this model, we organized an event in which relevant experts discussed and formulated a consensus to provide standardized suggestions on the MDT process and the diagnosis and treatment of common systemic diseases as reference for clinical practice.近年来，随着双向转诊、分级诊疗和医联体的建立，大型综合医院承担急危重症和疑难疾病诊疗的功能定位日益凸显，来诊的口腔癌患者常伴有全身情况复杂的系统性疾病，传统的单一诊疗模式难以达到医疗需求。为此，多学科协作诊疗（MDT）模式应运而生并在实践中应用，取得了良好的临床效果。为了进一步规范口腔癌患者的MDT，组织专家制订了本专家共识，对诊疗流程、常见系统性疾病的诊治等给出了规范化建议，供临床医师参考。.

Nowadays, there is a rising development and popularity of medical endoscopes. The international brand dominates the endoscope market. The market size of domestic brands is also growing rapidly. The electronic technologies of hard or soft endoscopes are developing rapidly and gradually approaching to the advanced level in worldwide. However, at present, there is a lack of relevant standards for national standards and industry regulations for evaluating medical endoscopes, and also lacking of quantitative and clear understanding of the gap between domestic and foreign products. It is urgently necessary to give a comprehensive and accurate evaluation to the medical endoscopes. In this context, the expert group has established a scientific, systematic, and applicable standardized medical endoscopy clinical evaluation system to standardize various endoscopic evaluation indicators.【中文题目：医用内窥镜临床评价体系专家共识】 【中文摘要：医用内窥镜的发展速度及普及程度非常快，国际大厂品牌统领内窥镜市场半壁江山，目前国产品牌的市场规模也迅速增长，硬镜、软镜电子化技术迅速发展，逐渐接近国际先进水平。但是，目前适用于评价医用内窥镜的国家标准、行业规定等相关标准缺乏，国内外产品差距缺少定量、明确的认识，国产品牌多而杂，需要对医用内窥镜给予全面、准确的评价。在此背景下，专家组经过科学地遴选和严谨地实践提出了一套科学、系统、适用的标准化医用内窥镜临床评价体系，以期规范化各类内窥镜评价指标。】 【中文关键词：医用内窥镜；评价指标；专家共识】.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common pathological type of lung cancer, most NSCLC patients are at advanced stage at the time of diagnosis. For patients without sensitive driven-oncogene mutations, chemotherapy is still the main treatment at present, the overall prognosis is poor. Improving outcomes and obtaining long-term survival are the most urgent needs of patients with advanced NSCLC. In recent years, immunotherapy has developed rapidly. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), especially targeting programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), have made a breakthrough in the treatment of NSCLC, beneficial to patients' survival and changed the treatment pattern for NSCLC. It shows more and more important role in the treatment of NSCLC. Led by NSCLC expert committee of Chinese society of clinical oncology (CSCO), relevant experts in this field were organized. On the basis of referring to domestic and foreign literature, systematically evaluating the results of Chinese and foreign clinical trials, and combining the experiences of the experts, the experts group reached an agreement to develop this consensus. It will guide domestic counterparts for better application of ICIs to treat NSCLC.【中文题目：中国非小细胞肺癌免疫检查点抑制剂治疗专家共识（2019年版）】 【中文摘要：非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC）是肺癌中最常见的病理类型，大多数NSCLC患者在确诊时已属晚期。对于驱动基因突变阴性的患者而言，目前的治疗仍以化疗为主，总体预后较差，改善治疗现状、获得长期生存是晚期NSCLC患者最迫切的需求。近年来，肿瘤免疫治疗发展迅速，免疫检查点抑制剂（immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICIs），尤其是以程序性死亡因子-1（programmed death-1, PD-1）/程序性死亡因子配体-1（programmed death-ligand 1, PD-L1）为靶点的ICIs在驱动基因突变阴性的NSCLC治疗中取得了突破性的进展，为患者带来了生存获益，改变了NSCLC的治疗格局，显示出越来越重要的地位。由中国临床肿瘤学会（Chinese society of clinical oncology, CSCO）NSCLC专家委员会牵头，组织该领域的相关专家，在参考国内外文献、系统评价中外临床研究结果、结合专家经验与体会的基础上，达成统一意见并制定本共识，以期指导国内同行更好地应用ICIs治疗NSCLC。】 【中文关键词：肺肿瘤；肿瘤免疫治疗；免疫检查点抑制剂；PD-1/PD-L1】.

【中文题目：晚期非小细胞肺癌抗血管生成药物治疗 中国专家共识（2019版）】.

Tooth preparation is the primary and core operation technique for dental esthetic restoration treatment, due to its effect of providing restoration space, bonding interfaces and marginal lines for dental rehabilitation after tooth tissue reduction. The concept of microscopic minimal invasive dentistry put forward the issue of conducting high-quality tooth preparation, conserve tooth-structure, protect vital pulp and periodontal tissue simultaneously. This study reviewed the concepts, physiology background, design and minimal invasive microscopic tooth preparation, and in the meantime, individualized strategies and the two core elements of tooth preparation (quantity and shape) are listed.牙体预备技术是口腔美学修复治疗必知必会的核心操作，通过一定量的牙修复体组织的磨除，为目标修复体提供容纳空间、粘接面与完成线等。如何在完成高质量牙体预备的同时还能保存牙体、保护活髓和牙周组织是美学修复牙体预备中亟需解决的难题。本文就微创牙体预备的概念及核心要素，显微牙体预备涉及的解剖生理学、显微牙体预备术前设计进行介绍，并总结了显微牙体预备技术临床路径，提出了显微牙体预备核心因素——量与形的新认知。.

Current biomechanical research of dental implants focuses on the mechanical damage and enhancement mechanism of the implant-abutment interface as well as how to obtain better mechanical strength and longer fatigue life of dental implants. The mechanical properties of implants can be comprehensively evaluated by strain gauge analysis, photo elastic stress analysis, digital image correlation, finite element analysis, implant bone bonding strength test, and measurement of mechanical properties. Finite element analysis is the most common method for evaluating stress distribution in dental implants, and static pressure and fatigue tests are commonly used in mechanical strength test. This article reviews biomechanical research methods and evaluation indices of dental implants. Results provide methodology guidelines in the field of biomechanics by introducing principles, ranges of application, advantages, and limitations, thereby benefitting researchers in selecting suitable methods. The influencing factors of the experimental results are presented and discussed to provide implant design ideas for researchers.目前牙种植体的生物力学研究主要集中于种植体-骨结合界面及种植牙内各个部件连接界面的力学损伤及增强机制，以及如何获得更好的牙种植体-基台复合体的整体机械强度和服役寿命等方面的研究。目前有关生物力学的研究，主要通过电阻应力测试方法、光弹应力分析法、数字图像相关分析法、有限元分析法、种植体-骨结合强度力学测试和机械性能测试法对实验样本进行综合评价。目前有限元分析法是最常见的牙种植体应力分布研究法，而静态压力实验和疲劳实验是最常见的机械强度测试研究方法。本文通过对这些研究方法的原理、应用范围及特点的介绍和对实验结果影响因素的梳理，给相关领域研究者们提供方法学的指导，并可拓展种植体的设计思路。.

Dental implants represent the majority of treatment strategies used to replace missing teeth. However, peri-implant diseases caused by disturbance in peri-implant microbiological balance are among the reasons for implant failure. Since the 1980s, peri-implant microorganisms have been a hot research topic in dental microbiology. The bacterial ecology between the disease and health largely differs, which directly or indirectly increases the risk of peri-implant diseases. Accordingly, the determination of the 'core microbiome' of peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis is a key point of recent research.牙种植术是目前修复牙列缺损和牙列缺失的主要治疗方案，但是种植体周围微生态失衡易造成种植体周围疾病的发生，进而导致种植失败。从20世纪80年代开始，种植体周围微生物的研究就成为了口腔微生物研究的热点之一。正常种植体周围微生物和种植体周围炎症相关微生物存在着差异，这些差异直接或间接增加了种植体周围疾病的风险，因此寻找种植体周围黏膜炎和种植体周围炎“核心微生物组”是目前研究的关键。.

With the comprehensive application and development of implant dentistry in recent years, multi-institutional data have supported a large number of clinical research findings. A consensus was gradually reached on the evaluation of the state and effect of implants and types of indicators that were selected after restoration. This study aims to examine the frequently used criteria to define treatment success in implant dentistry.近年来口腔种植的广泛应用和发展，显现出多中心数据支持的临床研究结果，对种植义齿修复后该如何评价种植体的状态以及判断种植修复的效果，选择哪些指标来进行评价，逐步达成了一些共识。本文的目的是总结出临床最常用的评价种植修复成功的标准。.

ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI), gefitinib, erlotinib, icotinib and aftinib, which are approved as a frontline treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who have tumors harboring EGFR mutations in China. And osimertinib was approved in second line setting for patients with EGFRT 790M-positive NSCLC. Rash, paronychia, diarrhea, stomatitis, liver dysfunction and (interstitial lung disease, ILD) are frequently observed in patients treated with EGFR-TKI. Chinese Society of Lung Cancer, Chinese Anti-Cancer Association, organized Chinese experts to develop the Chinese expert consensus on EGFR-TKI adverse event (AE) management based on domestic diagnosis and treatment of ADR and also incorporating international updated theory and recommendations. .【中文题目：EGFR-TKI不良反应管理专家共识】 【中文摘要：表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, EGFR-TKI）如吉非替尼、厄洛替尼、埃克替尼和阿法替尼在中国已成为EGFR突变阳性的晚期非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC）的一线治疗药物，奥希替尼也获批用于二线治疗EGFR-T790M突变阳性的晚期NSCLC。EGFR-TKI的常见不良反应（adverse drug reaction, ADR）有皮疹、腹泻、甲沟炎、口腔粘膜炎、肝损伤、间质性肺疾病等。中国抗癌协会肺癌专业委员会根据中国国内不良反应诊疗现状，结合国际最新理论和经验，组织相关专家讨论并制定了EGFR-TKI不良反应管理中国专家共识。 】 【中文关键词：EGFR-TKI；肺肿瘤；不良反应；专家共识】.

【中文题目：非小细胞肺癌术后辅助治疗 中国胸外科专家共识（2018版）】.

Background and objective As computed tomography (CT) screening for lung cancer becomes more common in China, so too does detection of pulmonary ground-glass nodules (GGNs). Although anumber of national or international guidelines about pulmonary GGNs have been published,most of these guidelines are produced by respiratory, oncology or radiology physicians, who might not fully understand the progress of modern minimal invasive thoracic surgery, and these current guidelines may overlook or underestimate the value of thoracic surgery in the management of pulmonary GGNs. In addition, the management for pre-invasive adenocarcinoma is still controversial. Based onthe available literature and experience from Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, we composed this consensus about diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary GGNs. For lesions which are considered as adenocarcinoma in situ, chest thin layer CT scan follow-up is recommended and resection can only be adopt in some specific cases and excision should not exceed single segment resection. For lesions which are considered as minimal invasive adenocarcinoma, limited pulmonary resection or lobectomy is recommended. For lesions which are considered as early stage invasive adenocarcinoma, pulmonary resection is recommend and optimal surgical methods depend on whether ground glass component exist, location, volume and number of the lesions and physical status of patients. Principle of management of multiple pulmonary nodules is that primary lesions should be handled with priority, with secondary lesions taking into account. .随着胸部计算机断层扫描（computed tomography, CT）检查，尤其是低剂量薄层CT筛查项目在中国的广泛开展，越来越多的无症状肺部磨玻璃结节（ground-glass nodules, GGNs）被发现。虽然国内及国际上已发布了一系列针对肺部GGNs的指南，但是这些指南的撰写者多来自呼吸、肿瘤及影像专业，可能缺乏对现代微创胸外科的充分认识，造成外科手术在肺部GGNs诊治中的作用不明确，甚至被低估；而且，肺部肿瘤相关的各学科对于早期肺癌，尤其是浸润前病变的处理也缺乏统一规范。因此，基于国内外现有文献及上海市肺科医院多年积累的经验，上海市肺科医院撰写了此诊疗共识。本共识推荐对于疑似肺腺癌的GGNs进行多学科评估，依据诊断，选择合理的处置方式。对于疑似原位腺癌，推荐进行胸部薄层CT随访，或在特定情况下进行不超过肺段切除的限制性肺切除；对于疑似微浸润腺癌，推荐进行限制性肺切除或肺叶切除；对于疑似浸润性腺癌，建议依据病灶是否含有磨玻璃成分、位置、大小、个数及患者躯体情况选择合理的手术方式；而肺多发结节的处理原则推荐为主病灶优先，兼顾次要病灶，综合选择治疗方案。 .

Dental caries is a major disease that threaten human's oral healthy severely with the characteristics of high incidence, low rate of treatment and high rate of retreatment. At present, restorative treatment remains the main method for caries treatment. With the development of the Minimally Invasive Cosmetic Dentistry (MICD), reasonable application of various treatment technologies, maximum preservation of tooth tissues and realizing the maximization of treatment effects become problems that call for immediate solution in dental clinics. In addition, there still exist a large number of old restorations that need standard retreatments. Here, some difficulty influence factors of dental caries clinical treatment such as systemic and oral factors, individual caries susceptibility, treatment technologies and materials, retreatment methods of old restorations and technique sensitivity are analyzed, and corresponding processing strategies are also put forward.龋病是严重危害人类口腔健康的主要疾病，具有发病率高，治疗率低，再治疗率高等特点。目前，充填修复术仍然是龋病临床治疗的主要方法。随着微创美学牙科理念的提出，如何合理应用各种治疗技术，最大限度地保存牙体组织，实现龋病治疗效果的最大化已成为口腔临床迫切需要解决的问题。此外，临床上还存在大量的陈旧修复体，这些修复体的再处理也亟待规范。本文就全身因素、口腔因素、个体龋病易患性、治疗技术和材料、陈旧修复体处理，以及技术敏感性等影响龋病临床治疗的难度因素进行分析，并提出针对性的处理策略。.