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У роботі проведено дослідження структури та функцій патологоанатомічної служби в Україні, її актуальні проблеми на сучасному етапі та органи при проведенні реформ. Проведено аналіз умов надання діагностичних послуг у Науковому центрі патоморфологічних досліджень СумДУ, як однієї зі складових патологоанатомічної служби, та проаналізовано основні показники його діяльності. На основі цього було виявлено основні проблеми та потенційні кризи у організації та управлінні роботи Наукового центру патоморфологічних досліджень. На основі виявлених проблем розроблені програми розвитку для подолання наявних та можливих перешкод в умовах реформування медицини. В работе проведено исследование структуры и функций патологоанатомической службы в Украине, ее фактические проблемы на настоящем этапе и органы во время реформ. Был проведен анализ условий предоставления диагностических услуг в научном центре патоморфологических исследований СумГУ, как один из компонентов патлогоанатомической службы, и проанализированы основные показатели его деятельности. Исходя из этого, были выявлены основные проблемы и потенциальные кризисы в организации и управлении работой Научного центра патоморфологических исследований. На основании выявленных проблем были разработаны программы развития для преодоления доступных и возможных препятствий в условиях реформы медицины. A study of the structure and functions of the pathoanatomical service in Ukraine as well as its actual problems at the present stage and organs during reforms have been conducted. The analysis of the conditions for the provision of diagnostic services at the Scientific Center of Pathomorphological Studies of SSU, as one of the components of the pathoanatomical service has been conducted, and the main indicators of its activity have been analyzed. On this basis, the main problems and potential crises in the organization and management of the scientific center of pathomorphological research have been identified. On the basis of identified problems, development programs have been developed to overcome available and possible obstacles in the conditions of medicine reform.

Background. Today there is a necessity for significant clinical and experimental studies considering the pathogenesis of atopic diseases development in view of their increasing frequency, including children. Objective. The aim of this study was to identify the activity of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase (eNOs and iNOs) in soft tissues of the oral cavity of experimental animals in the simulation of atopic disease. Methods. Experimental study was performed with sensitization of animals by ovalbumin for modeling the atopic process. Histological and immunohistochemical studies were performed for detection the activity of eNOs and iNOs in soft tissue of oral cavity. Results. There is a pronounced uneven thickness of squamous layer with the presence of intraepithelial lymphocytes, eosinophils, focal erosion, areas of necrosis, proliferation of basal layer of the epithelium of oral cavity in animals with atopy. Formation of perivascular inflammatory infiltrates, diffuse distribution of eosinophils, swelling of connective tissue fibers are observed in the lamina propria. eNOs immunoreactivity is detected in altered and unaltered areas in the mucous membrane of the oral cavity with appearance of extravascular localization in atopic animals. Morphometric studies revealed that the level of activity of eNOs is not significantly different for vascular wall in different groups of animals, while extravascular localization of eNOs significantly higher in the group of experimental animals. The results of the iNOs detection in the group of animals with experimental atopy showed more pronounced intensity. There are areas with a diffuse and focal increase of immunopositive staining tissue. The presence of such zones can be attributed to the interaction of the immunomodulatory fraction of nitric oxide synthase and inflammatory cells. The most pronounced activity of iNOs is detected in the affected areas and associated with focal perivascular inflammatory infiltration and intensity of immunoreactivity associated with the quantitative and qualitative composition of the cell infiltration in tissues with atopy. Conclusion. It was established that in atopic processes in the oral cavity morphological picture is characterized by inflammatory, degenerative, dyscirculatory changes which are accompanied by disturbance of nitric oxide synthase metabolism. It is characterized by more than doubled increase in activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase and increased activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the extravascular space., Целью настоящего исследования явилось выявление активности эндотелиальной и индуцибельной синтазы оксида азота в мягких тканях ротовой полости экспериментальных животных при моделировании атопической патологии. Для моделирования атопического процесса проведено экспериментальное исследование основанное на сенсибилизации животных овальбумином. Проводили гистологическое и иммуногистохимическое исследование. Установлено, что при атопических процессах в ротовой полости морфологическая картина характеризуется воспалительными, дистрофическими, дисциркуляторными изменениями сопровождающимися нарушением синтазы оксида азота. Последнее характеризуется повышением активности индуцибельной синтазы оксида азота более чем в два раза, повышением активности эндотелиальной синтазы оксида азота во внесосудистом пространстве., Метою даного дослідження було виявлення активності ендотеліальної і індуцібельной синтази оксиду азоту в м'яких тканинах ротової порожнини експериментальних тварин при моделюванні атопічної патології. Для моделювання атопічного процесу проведено експериментальне дослідження засноване на сенсибілізації тварин овальбуміном. Проводили гістологічне та імуногістохімічне дослідження. При атопічних процесах в ротовій порожнині морфологічна картина характеризується запальними, дистрофічними, дисциркуляторними змінами що супроводжуються порушенням синтази оксиду азоту. Останнє характеризується підвищенням активності індуцібельной синтази оксиду азоту більш ніж в два рази, підвищенням активності ендотеліальної синтази оксиду азоту у позасудинним просторі.

З метою визначення поточної необхідності та форми подачі лекційного матеріалу з гістології у системі медичної освіти було проведене соціальне опитування серед випускників ДЗ «ДМА МОЗУ» останнього десятиріччя. Встановлена ретроспективна думка свідчила про необхідність лекцій з гістології сьогодні та можливість змін форми їхньої подачі. Визначені ознаки трансформації сучасного студента та поступове приєднання його до загального інформаційного простору., Background. We live in an era of powerful technical progress. Modern education system has not always kept pace with this development. We’re dealing with new students and their new information request. So, our lecture’s system and theoretical material delivery needs to be reformed. Objective. Determine the need for and delivery of histology lecture material for graduate students of the last decade from the SI «DMA Ministry of health of Ukraine». Methods. 60th graduate student’s views were collected and partially processed in the application «Pool app» of Facebook. Within the application were collected and counted the votes, their percentage ratio in the selection and gender of participants. Results and conclusion. We analyzed results of the interview by the percentage ratio in the selection. It was established that histology lectures need for the allocation of primary from the secondary to present information situation today. During this experiment was observed the division of participants into age groups for the three proposed categories views of the form of lecture delivery. The oldest age group (2006-2008 graduate’s year (g.y.)) selected traditionally histology lectures, the middle group (2009-2011 g.y.) favoured of the additional histology lectures for postgraduate categories in consulting form and the younger group (2012-2016 g.y.) picked on the system of webinars and audio lectures replace to usual. Summing we saw the evolution of graduate student’s mind towards rationalizing delivery of theoretical material with the use of modern information resources., С целью определения текущей необходимости и формы подачи лекционного материала по гистологии в системе медицинского образования был проведен социальный опрос среди выпускников ГУ «ДМА МЗУ» последнего десятилетия. Установленное ретроспективное мнение свидетельствовало о необходимости лекций по гистологии сегодня и возможности изменения формы их подачи. Определены признаки трансформации современного студента и постепенное присоединение его к общему информационному пространству.

Current development of medicine determines the necessity to revise the content of the lessons and teaching tools in fundamental sciences including histology. In this paper the following issues are considered: 1. Use of the problembased education to stimulate clinical motivation and real interest of students to basic sciences including histology. 2. Reorganization of stuff administration to prepare highly qualified young teaches on histology. 3. Stimulation of associative and logic memory during histology studying. 4. Development of the positive educational milieu, including psychological comfort and satisfaction of the learning process and outcomes, as well as personalization of learning process. Citation: Sulaieva ON. [What factors determine the efficacy of histology learning in medical university?]. Morphologia. 2015;9(3):127-9. Russian.

The seventh edition of Histology: A Text and Atlas is ideal for medical, dental professions and students - cell biologists.

Aim:to investigate the structural and functional changes in paravertebral muscles of patients with degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine based on histological and electron microscopic analyzes. Material and methods: histological and electron microscopic analysis of multifidus muscles of 49 patients (27 men and 22 women) was performed. Patients were on treatment between September 2015 and March 2018. The material was obtained during surgery for degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine: instability (9 patients), spondylolisthesis (11), spinal stenosis (9), lumbar disc herniation (20). Results: dystrophic disorders of muscle fibers were detected. There were thickness unevenness, discoid decay, loss of transverse striation and polygonality, replacement of muscle fibers with fat tissue, proliferation of fibrous tissue, edema. Prevalence of adipose tissue was found in 20 % of patients with a lumbar disc herniation, 22.22 % with instability, 36.36 % with spondylolisthesis, 44.44 % with spinal stenosis. The proliferation of connective tissue only in perimysium was defined in patients with a diagnosis "lumbar disc herniation", in others – both in perimysium and in endomysium. At the ultramicroscopic level, in the postoperative material of the patients with spondylolisthesis and spinal stenosis, in addition to intermyofibrillar edema and the violation of the architectonics of sarcomeres, as well as the structure and location of the mitochondria, focal necrosis of myofibrils were detected. Areas with a normal distribution of mitochondria were noted only in a group of patients with a lumbar disc herniation. In patients with a diagnosis of "spinal stenosis" violations of the ultrastructural organization of venules were found. This has a negative effect on nutrition and, accordingly, the functioning of a partitioned muscle. Conclusion: the greatest manifestations of dystrophic disorders of muscle fibers at the tissue and ultrastructural levels were revealed in patients with diagnoses of "spondylolisthesis" and "spinal stenosis"