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Selen je važan element u tragovima koji sudjeluje u brojim fiziološkim i metaboličkim procesima u organizmu životinja i ljudi. Brojna su područja i regije u svijetu poznati po nedostatku selena u tlima, a samim time i u usjevima/proizvodima, što se odražava i na njegov nedostatak u životinja i ljudi. Posljednjih se godina sve više pozornosti poklanja iznalaženju optimalne metode/postupka u cilju obogaćivanja proizvoda selenom. Konzumacijom animalnih proizvoda obogaćenih selenom u humanoj prehrani moguće je zadovoljiti njihove nutritivne potrebe za selenom. Cilj ovoga rada je analizom i sintezom dostupne literature istražiti: (I) važnost selena za životinje i ljude, (II) sadržaj selena u mlijeku preživača s posebnim naglaskom na mlijeko malih preživača (ovaca i koza), (III) metode/postupke u procesu obogaćivanja mlijeka malih preživača selenom i to prije svega onih s naglaskom na hranidbeno modeliranje i prirodne postupke te (IV) neke od mogućnosti uporabe obogaćenoga mlijeka selenom u prehrani ljudi. Zaključno se može reći da su metode/ postupci usmjereni u obogaćivanje mlijeka malih preživača selenom za preporuku. Prije svega su to dodavanje organskih izvora selena u hranu ili provođenje postupka biofortifikacije krmiva selenom koji slovi kao prirodni postupak čime se postižu pozitivni učinci na zdravlje životinja, kao i pozitivni učinci pri konzumaciji mlijeka obogaćenoga selenom i u ljudi, osobito pri dužem nedostatku selena u hrani., Selenium is an important trace element that participates in numerous physiological and metabolic processes in animals and human organism. Many areas in the world are known for its lack of selenium in soil, and in crops/products, which is then reflected in its deficiency in animals and humans. In recent years, more attention has been paid to finding the optimal method/procedure in order to enrich the product with selenium. By consuming animal products enriched with selenium in the human diet, it is possible to meet their nutritional needs for selenium. By analyzing the available literature, the aim of this paper is to research: (I) the importance of selenium for animals and humans; (II) the selenium content in ruminants ´ milk with special emphasis on small ruminants milk (sheep and goats); (III) methods/procedures in enrichment of small ruminants´ milk with selenium, especially those with an emphasis on nutritional modeling and natural methods; and (IV) some of the possibilities of using milk enriched with selenium in human nutrition. In conclusion, the methods/procedures aimed at enrichment of small ruminants milk with selenium can be recommended. This includes the addition of organic sources of selenium in the diet, or biofortification of feed with selenium, also known as a natural process which may lead to positive effects on animal health, as well as positive effects on humans when consuming milk enriched with selenium, especially when selenium deficiency is prolonged.

This research aimed to determine the influence of selenium supplements (organic, inorganic) in the rations of heavily pregnant and lactation ewes on indicators of acid-base balance. The research was conducted on 30 pregnant ewes Merinolandschaf breeds. The ewes were divided into three groups of 10 animals. The research started in autumn, by selecting the heavily (90th days of pregnancy) pregnant ewes with a single lamb pregnancy, continued during the spring of next year with the same ewes after lambing in lactation. The control group of ewes (group I) was fed without the selenium supplement, the second group of ewes (group II) was supplemented with 0.3 mg/kg of organic selenium, and the third group of ewes (group III) was supplemented with the 0.3 mg/kg inorganic selenium. In the blood of heavily pregnant and lactating ewes pH, gases (pCO2, pO2), electrolytes (Ca, Na+, K+, Cl- and HCO3-), were determined and calculated z - value, BEfw, BECl -, BEalb, anion gap (AG) and the strong ion difference (SID). Most of the indicators of acid base balance in all three groups were in reference range and supplementation with selenium especially inorganic helps move their values to reference and avoid acid base imbalance and disorders connected, which can cause reduced productivity and economic results. Determined acid base indicators are a sign of proper, timely, and good feeding adjustments of ewes in demanding reproduction statuses., Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj dodatka selena (organskog, anorganskog) u obrocima kasno gravidnih ovaca i ovaca u laktaciji na pokazatelje acidobazne ravnoteže. Istraživanje je provedeno na 30 gravidnih ovaca Merinolandschaf pasmine. Ovce su podijeljene u tri skupine po 10 životinja. Istraživanje je počelo u jesen, odabirom kasno gravidnih ovaca (90. dan gravidnosti) s jednim janjetom i nastavljeno tijekom proljeća sljedeće godine s istim ovcama nakon janjenja u laktaciji. Krmna smjesa kontrolne skupine ovaca (skupina I) bila je bez dodatka selena, krmna smjesa druge skupine ovaca (skupina II) bila je obogaćena dodatkom 0,3 mg/kg organskog selena, a krmna smjesa treće skupine ovaca (skupina III) bila je obogaćena dodatkom 0,3 mg/kg anorganskog selena. U krvi visoko gravidnih ovaca i ovaca u laktaciji utvrđeni su sljedeći pokazatelji: pH, plinovi (pCO2, pO2), elektroliti (Ca, Na+, K+, Cl- i HCO3-), te izračunata z - vrijednost, BEfw, BECl -, BEalb, anionski procijep (AG) i jaka ionska razlika (SID). Većina pokazatelja acidobazne ravnoteže u sve tri skupine bila je unutar referentnih vrijednosti, a dodatak selena, posebno anorganskog oblika u obrocima ovaca pomaknuo je njihove vrijednosti prema referentnim i izbjegao acido-baznu neravnotežu i povezane poremećaje, koji mogu uzrokovati smanjenu produktivnost i ekonomske rezultate. Utvrđeni pokazatelji acido bazne ravnoteže znak su odgovarajuće hranidbe ovaca i njihove pravovremene i dobre prilagodbe u zahtjevnim reprodukcijskim stanjima.

This study was aiming to research the effect of the seedless grape pomace (GP) added to feed mixture on meat quality, metabolic profile, and antioxidant status of Merinolandschaf lambs. The 90 days old lambs in the control group (C, n=10) were fed feed mixture without GP while in experimental groups were fed with 10% (GP10, n=10) or 20% (GP20, n=10) of GP in feed mixture for 30 days. There was a significant increase in L*, a* values and hue angle as well as a decrease in b* values of lamb carcasses in GP10 and GP20 compared to C group. When lambs were fed GP glucose concentrations decreased, while non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) increased on the 30th day in GP10 and GP20 compared with C group. A significant increase in SOD activity on day 30 and GPx activity on day 15 in lambs’ blood of GP10 and GP20 compared with C group was determined. Also, an increase in DPPH in lamb GP10 and GP20 compared with C was determined. The obtained results of the meat quality, metabolic profile and antioxidant status parameters of lamb meat showed that the use of 10% GP in the diet is justified, while 20% of GP was questionable.

Due to the high content of crude protein and high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids, pumpkin seed cake (PSC) could be a good quality feedstuff for ruminants, while extruded linseed (ELS) has already shown some beneficial effect on fatty acids proportion of goat milk. Besides, lactation is the most demanding period when monitoring the metabolic condition of animal. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of PSC and ELS replacing soybean meal in diets of dairy goats on blood haemato-chemical parameters and milk quality. A 28 lactating French Alpine dairy goats were monitored within 20 days in early lactation. Diet of each groups had a balanced content of energy and crude protein, and a slight difference in lipid content. Goats in control group (n = 9) received soybean meal and extruded soybean. In experimental groups soybean was partially replaced with ELS (n = 10) or completely with PSC (n = 9). Dietary treatments had no effect on haemato-chemical parameters, although PSC increased concentration of globulins in serum. PSC lowered linoleic acid compared to control. ELS increased proportion of α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and total n-3 fatty acids in milk. Positive correlations were found between non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and ratio C18:1/C15:0, NEFA and ratio C17:0/C15:0, as well as β-hydroxybutyrate and ratio C17:0/C15:0. The replacement of soybean meal with PSC or partially with ELS is feasible with respect to haemato-chemical parameters of early lactating dairy goats, while ELS had much beneficial effect on fatty acids compared to PSC.

A total of 96 Black Slavonian pigs were subjected to the research, in which they were split into 6 groups. Three groups (100, 120, and 130 kg) were fed a higher level (HL) of crude protein in fodder mixtures (CPFM), and three groups (100, 120, and 130 kg) were fed a lower level (LL) of CPFM. After the pigs were slaughtered, pig carcasses were dissected and the meat and halves quality indicators were determined. According to the influence of the final body weight (BW) and nutrition of pigs on the quality of their halves, meat, and dry fermented sausages (kulens), it was concluded that feeding an HL of CPFM increased the proportion of loin, belly rib part, and chin and increased the muscle tissue in the ham, loin, shoulder, neck, and belly rib parts. However, the chemical composition of the meat and the sensory properties of the kulen were not significantly affected by feeding the pigs an HL of CPFM. It was concluded that, by selecting the final BW and adjusting the feeding strategies for pigs, it is possible to modify the conformation and composition of pig carcasses and the quality of meat and kulens produced from the Black Slavonian pig, which is important because consumers prefer products with certain characteristics and of a standard quality and are ready to pay for them.

The aim of this research was to investigate the slaughter indicators, carcass measures, and meat quality of lambs fattened with spelt. Lambs consumed various feed mixtures (1000 g day−1 lamb−1): I—control group; II—group with 10% dehulled spelt; III—group with 20% dehulled spelt. In the blood, the concentrations of minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and iron), biochemical parameters (urea, glucose, total proteins, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, ß-hydroxybutyrate, non-esterified fatty acids, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase), and hepatic enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and creatine kinase) were determined. After slaughter, carcass development was measured. Samples of musculus semimembranosus were taken, of which the physical properties were analyzed. By analyzing the production properties of the lambs, we found that the slaughter characteristics of the lamb carcasses and the physical properties of the lamb meat as well as most biochemical indicators and enzymes did not significantly differ. The concentrations of albumin were increased in the groups with 10% and 20% spelt, as was the activity of alkaline phosphatase in the group with 20% spelt. The presented results indicate that spelt is an appropriate ingredient in the diet for weaned lambs.