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El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar cómo estudiantes universitarios generan nociones sobre el Teorema Fundamental del Cálculo (TFC) al utilizar un razonamiento inductivo mediante el uso de GeoGebra. Se considera la noción de esquema desde la perspectiva del enfoque instrumental, y cómo se movilizan estos esquemas en cada uno de los procesos que comprenden el razonamiento inductivo. Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes utilizaron fórmulas de geometría, para determinar el área de un conjunto de regiones limitadas por funciones polinómicas y, a partir de un proceso inductivo, obtuvieron antiderivadas de estas funciones y describieron un procedimiento semejante al que se utiliza con el TFC para resolver integrales definidas. Se concluye que el uso de GeoGebra asociado con un proceso inductivo posibilita la observación de regularidades y la formulación de generalizaciones relacionadas con el TFC.

Landslides and flash floods are geomorphic hazards (GHs) that often co-occur and interact. They generally occur very quickly, leading to catastrophic socioeconomic impacts. Understanding the temporal patterns of occurrence of GH events is essential for hazard assessment, early warning, and disaster risk reduction strategies. However, temporal information is often poorly constrained, especially in frequently cloud-covered tropical regions, where optical-based satellite data are insufficient. Here we present a regionally applicable methodology to accurately estimate GH event timing that requires no prior knowledge of the GH event timing, using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing. SAR can penetrate through clouds and therefore provides an ideal tool for constraining GH event timing. We use the open-access Copernicus Sentinel-1 (S1) SAR satellite that provides global coverage, high spatial resolution (∼10–15 m), and a high repeat time (6–12 d) from 2016 to 2020. We investigate the amplitude, detrended amplitude, spatial amplitude correlation, coherence, and detrended coherence time series in their suitability to constrain GH event timing. We apply the methodology on four recent large GH events located in Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) containing a total of about 2500 manually mapped landslides and flash flood features located in several contrasting landscape types. The amplitude and detrended amplitude time series in our methodology do not prove to be effective in accurate GH event timing estimation, with estimated timing accuracies ranging from a 13 to 1000 d difference. A clear increase in accuracy is obtained from spatial amplitude correlation (SAC) with estimated timing accuracies ranging from a 1 to 85 d difference. However, the most accurate results are achieved with coherence and detrended coherence with estimated timing accuracies ranging from a 1 to 47 d difference. The amplitude time series reflect the influence of seasonal dynamics, which cause the timing estimations to be further away from the actual GH event occurrence compared to the other data products. Timing estimations are generally closer to the actual GH event occurrence for GH events within homogenous densely vegetated landscape and further for GH events within complex cultivated heterogenous landscapes. We believe that the complexity of the different contrasting landscapes we study is an added value for the transferability of the methodology, and together with the open-access and global coverage of S1 data it has the potential to be widely applicable.

Microplastic pollution is increasingly recognised as a global environmental challenge which stems from the rapid growth of the use of petrochemical-derived plastic. As researchers and practitioners face a myriad of environmental challenges, oceanic microplastic pollution has so far dominated interest. However, airborne microplastics present an increasing environmental and public health concern. There is currently a need for research addressing this emerging challenge, and at the same time, the lack of knowledge and consensus regarding airborne microplastics presents an obstacle to action. The purpose of this study is to utilise a participatory Structured Decision-Making (SDM) approach to understand the perspectives of a range of stakeholders involved in the microplastics landscape, and subsequently refine common research priorities and knowledge gaps to advance the field. Through two participatory workshops, we first defined shared objectives of stakeholders and then negotiated best courses of action to achieve these objectives based on discussion between stakeholders and facilitators. The qualitative approach taken has enabled the full, complex and multidisciplinary aspects of the research into airborne microplastic pollution to be considered. Our findings highlight some important potential consequences of airborne microplastic pollution, including impacts on human health, and the need for more interdisciplinary research, and collaborative, integrated approaches in this area. As a result of the first workshop, five fundamental objectives on the theme of airborne microplastics were identified. As a direct consequence of this, participants identified 84 actions split across eight themes, which are outlined later in this paper.

Aims Human-induced pressures such as deforestation cause anthropogenic range contractions (ARCs). Such contractions present dynamic distributions that may engender data misrepresentations within species distribution models. The temporal bias of occurrence data-where occurrences represent distributions before (past bias) or after (recent bias) ARCs-underpins these data misrepresentations. Occurrence-habitat mismatching results when occurrences sampled before contractions are modelled with contemporary anthropogenic variables; niche truncation results when occurrences sampled after contractions are modelled without anthropogenic variables. Our understanding of their independent and interactive effects on model performance remains incomplete but is vital for developing good modelling protocols. Through a virtual ecologist approach, we demonstrate how these data misrepresentations manifest and investigate their effects on model performance. Location Virtual Southeast Asia. Methods Using 100 virtual species, we simulated ARCs with 100-year land-use data and generated temporally biased (past and recent) occurrence datasets. We modelled datasets with and without a contemporary land-use variable (conventional modelling protocols) and with a temporally dynamic land-use variable. We evaluated each model's ability to predict historical and contemporary distributions. Results Greater ARC resulted in greater occurrence-habitat mismatching for datasets with past bias and greater niche truncation for datasets with recent bias. Occurrence-habitat mismatching prevented models with the contemporary land-use variable from predicting anthropogenic-related absences, causing overpredictions of contemporary distributions. Although niche truncation caused underpredictions of historical distributions (environmentally suitable habitats), incorporating the contemporary land-use variable resolved these underpredictions, even when mismatching occurred. Models with the temporally dynamic land-use variable consistently outperformed models without. Main conclusions We showed how these data misrepresentations can degrade model performance, undermining their use for empirical research and conservation science. Given the ubiquity of ARCs, these data misrepresentations are likely inherent to most datasets. Therefore, we present a three-step strategy for handling data misrepresentations: maximize the temporal range of anthropogenic predictors, exclude mismatched occurrences and test for residual data misrepresentations.

Summary Organic agriculture is a food production system that sustains the health of people, soils and ecosystems with no adverse consequences, combining tradition, innovation and science. The development of such type of agricultural production, from its beginnings to the present day, has encompassed a number of specific stages both in Serbia and worldwide. Accordingly, the purpose of this survey study is to present the developmental course of organic agricultural production in Serbia and worldwide. The paper also summarises the state of organic plant production across different regions of Serbia, arguing that the Serbian organic production has been increasing since the 1990s. Following the political changes in Serbia in 2000, foreign donations, investments and organisations have significantly enhanced the country’s organic production sector as a whole. The largest number of organic producers (1/3) and the largest areas devoted to organic farming are concentrated in Vojvodina.

Objective:To explore the relationships between dental problems and underweight status among rural women in Burkina Faso by using nationally representative data.Design:This was a cross-sectional secondary study of primary data obtained by the 2013 WHO Stepwise Approach to Surveillance survey conducted in Burkina Faso. Descriptive and analytical analyses were performed using Student’s t test, ANOVA, the χ2 test, Fisher’s exact test and logistic regression.Setting:All thirteen Burkinabè regions were categorised using quartiles of urbanisation rates.Participants:The participants were 1730 rural women aged 25–64 years.Results:The prevalence of underweight was 16·0 %, and 24·1 % of participants experienced dental problems during the 12-month period. The women with dental problems were more frequently underweight (19·9 % and 14·7 %; P < 0·05) and had a lower mean BMI (21·1 ± 3·2 and 21·6 ± 3·7 kg/m2, P < 0·01) than those without dental problems. More risk factors for underweight were observed in less urbanised regions among elderly individuals (> 49 years old) and smokeless tobacco users. Age > 49 years, professions with inconsistent income, a lack of education, smokeless tobacco use and low BMI were factors that were significantly associated with dental problems, while residency in a low-urbanisation area was a protective factor.Conclusion:The prevalence of underweight in rural Burkinabè women is among the highest in sub-Saharan Africa, and women with dental problems are more frequently affected than those without dental problems. Public health measures for the prevention of these disorders should specifically target women aged over 49 years and smokeless tobacco users.

Background: Accurate detection of clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa), Gleason Grade Group ≥ 2, remains a challenge. Prostate MRI radiomics and blood kallikreins have been proposed as tools to improve the performance of biparametric MRI (bpMRI). Purpose: To develop and validate radiomics and kallikrein models for the detection of csPCa. Study Type: Retrospective. Population: A total of 543 men with a clinical suspicion of csPCa, 411 (76%, 411/543) had kallikreins available and 360 (88%, 360/411) did not take 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors. Two data splits into training, validation (split 1: single center, n = 72; split 2: random 50% of pooled datasets from all four centers), and testing (split 1: 4 centers, n = 288; split 2: remaining 50%) were evaluated. Field strength/Sequence: A 3 T/1.5 T, TSE T2-weighted imaging, 3x SE DWI. Assessment: In total, 20,363 radiomic features calculated from manually delineated whole gland (WG) and bpMRI suspicion lesion masks were evaluated in addition to clinical parameters, prostate-specific antigen, four kallikreins, MRI-based qualitative (PI-RADSv2.1/IMPROD bpMRI Likert) scores. Statistical Tests: For the detection of csPCa, area under receiver operating curve (AUC) was calculated using the DeLong's method. A multivariate analysis was conducted to determine the predictive power of combining variables. The values of P-value < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The highest prediction performance was achieved by IMPROD bpMRI Likert and PI-RADSv2.1 score with AUC = 0.85 and 0.85 in split 1, 0.85 and 0.83 in split 2, respectively. bpMRI WG and/or kallikreins demonstrated AUCs ranging from 0.62 to 0.73 in split 1 and from 0.68 to 0.76 in split 2. AUC of bpMRI lesion-derived radiomics model was not statistically different to IMPROD bpMRI Likert score (split 1: AUC = 0.83, P-value = 0.306; split 2: AUC = 0.83, P-value = 0.488). Data Conclusion: The use of radiomics and kallikreins failed to outperform PI-RADSv2.1/IMPROD bpMRI Likert and their combination did not lead to further performance gains. Level of Evidence: 1. Technical Efficacy: Stage 2. publishedVersion

Covid-19 is a disease that attacks the respiratory tract that began to be identified in Wuhan, China. WHO then announced the condition as a pandemic that quickly spread throughout the world. The rapid spread of the Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) also occurred in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. In a spatial-temporal perspective, the spread of infectious diseases can be happened by the interconnectivity or interaction between areas, populations, and transportation facilities that facilitate community mobility. This research aims to describe the interactions between regions in West Kalimantan and the relation to the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic. The method used centrality measurement and cluster analysis, where the results of these calculations are then described in line with the distribution of the Covid-19 case in West Kalimantan. From the justification, areas with high centrality in the network configuration tend to have the most confirmed cases compared to other areas. The character of these areas tends to be the main entrance (air/port), the provincial capital, and the hub area in West Kalimantan, which is also included as the same cluster. Another interesting finding is that areas with low centrality, and included in the same cluster, have several people under surveillance which is quite large compared to the previous cluster. These areas tend to have a dense population and are directly related to the Provincial Capital and neighboring countries (border).

The ocean contains unique biodiversity, provides valuable food resources and is a major sink for anthropogenic carbon. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are an effective tool for restoring ocean biodiversity and ecosystem services1,2, but at present only 2.7% of the ocean is highly protected3. This low level of ocean protection is due largely to conflicts with fisheries and other extractive uses. To address this issue, here we developed a conservation planning framework to prioritize highly protected MPAs in places that would result in multiple benefits today and in the future. We find that a substantial increase in ocean protection could have triple benefits, by protecting biodiversity, boosting the yield of fisheries and securing marine carbon stocks that are at risk from human activities. Our results show that most coastal nations contain priority areas that can contribute substantially to achieving these three objectives of biodiversity protection, food provision and carbon storage. A globally coordinated effort could be nearly twice as efficient as uncoordinated, national-level conservation planning. Our flexible prioritization framework could help to inform both national marine spatial plans4 and global targets for marine conservation, food security and climate action. Using a globally coordinated strategic conservation framework to plan an increase in ocean protection through marine protected areas can yield benefits for biodiversity, food provisioning and carbon storage.

The drying of water flow from rivers is a complex phenomenon, which can manifest itself in different forms. In the Someşean Plateau, an integral part of the Transylvanian Depression, river drying occurs more frequently in the summer and autumn months, and less frequently in the winter months. The paper analyzes several aspects related to the drying phenomenon: the favoring factors, the distribution parameters and the zoning of the drying phenomenon

Magnesite is an important raw material used in various industrial applications, especially the production of high-temperature resistant materials. Due to its high reactant nature, magnesite ore is not found in pure form and it contains a great variety of pollutants such as calcium compounds, which restrict its use when exceeding 1% of the ore. Thus, the development of efficient strategies for the removal of pollutants remains a crucial step for magnesite utilization. In this regard, our present work was conducted to isolate and identify active fungal strains that remove calcium pollutants without changing the main magnesium content of the ore. For this aim, magnesite ore samples were collected from two quarries (Turanocagi and Ortaocak) of KuMAS Magnesite Inc. and fungal isolation studies were done by using the ore's flora. Active isolates were chosen according to their CaCO(3)and MgCO(3)dissolving capabilities and identified by using conventional light microscopy and molecular characterization techniques. 71 fungal isolates were obtained from the isolation step and 14 of them were chosen as active isolates that solve calcium compounds while not affecting the magnesium component. The data of the microscopic examination and 18S rDNA gene sequence analysis showed that 14 active strains with magnesite enrichment potential grouped inAspergillus alliaceus(3),Aspergillus flavus(2),Aspergillus leporis(1),Aspergillus nomius(1),Fusarium tricinctum(2),Penicillium chrysogenum(1) andPenicillium sp.(4).

The coupling of gamma oscillation (~ 40+ Hz) amplitude to the phase of ongoing theta (~ 6 Hz) oscillations has been proposed to be directly relevant for memory performance. Current theories suggest that memory capacity scales with number of gamma cycles that can be fitted into the preferred phase of a theta cycle. Following this logic, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) may be used to adjust theta cycles (increasing/decreasing theta frequency) to decrease or increase memory performance during stimulation. Here, we used individualized EEG-informed theta tACS to (1) experimentally “slow down” individual theta frequency (ITF), (2) evaluate cognitive after effects on a battery of memory and learning tasks, and (3) link the cognitive performance changes to tACS-induced effects on theta-band oscillations as measured by post EEG. We found frequency- and task-specific tACS after effects demonstrating a specific enhancement in memory capacity. This tACS-induced cognitive enhancement was specific to the visual memory task performed immediately after tACS offset, and specific to the ITF-1 Hz (slowing) stimulation condition and thus following a protocol specifically designed to slow down theta frequency to enhance memory capacity. Follow-up correlation analyses in this group linked the enhanced memory performance to increased left frontal-parietal theta-band connectivity. Interestingly, resting-state theta power immediately after tACS offset revealed a theta power increase not for the ITF-1 Hz group, but only for the ITF group where the tACS frequency was ‘optimal’ for entrainment. These results suggest that while individually calibrated tACS at peak frequency maximally modulates resting-state oscillatory power, tACS stimulation slightly below this optimal peak theta frequency is better suited to enhance memory capacity performance. Importantly, our results further suggest that such cognitive enhancement effects can last beyond the period of stimulation and are linked to increased network connectivity, opening the door towards more clinical and applied relevance of using tACS in cognitive rehabilitation and/or neurocognitive enhancement.

El presente documento académico tiene como objetivo formular estrategias de mitigación del riesgo y adaptación al cambio climático de la cuenca media del Río Bogotá, a partir de información técnica generada durante los últimos diez años. Esto se lleva a cabo mediante la lectura e identificación de las principales problemáticas y soluciones planteadas en dicha información por medio análisis del contenido de documentos seleccionados, complementada por análisis semántico dentro de la minería de textos. Las estrategias se formularon mediante la técnica de árbol de problemas y de objetivos, complementado con las estrategias del Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático (PNACC) y las tendencias de desarrollo saludable de cuencas hidrográficas a nivel internacional. Este trabajo se divide en 7 capítulos. En los tres primeros se establece el planteamiento del problema, justificación y objetivos. En el cuarto se describen los fundamentos teóricos teniendo en cuenta el estado del arte y el marco conceptual frente al manejo de cuencas hidrográficas, gestión del riesgo, adaptación al cambio climático y el ordenamiento territorial. En el quinto capítulo se describe el área de estudio y la estrategia metodológica seguida para el análisis de contenido y el complemento realizado con análisis semántico por medio de minería de textos. En el sexto capítulo se describen los resultados de acuerdo a los objetivos específicos planteados. En el séptimo capítulo se discuten estos resultados y, finalmente, se describen las conclusiones. The objective of this academic document is to formulate strategies for risk mitigation and adaptation to climate change in the middle basin of the Bogotá River, based on technical information generated during the last ten years. This is carried out by reading and identifying the main problems and solutions raised in said information through content analysis of selected documents, complemented by semantic analysis within text mining. The strategies were formulated using the problem and objective tree technique, complemented with the strategies of the National Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change (PNACC) and the trends of healthy development of hydrographic basins at the international level. This work is divided into 7 chapters. In the first three, the problem statement, justification and objectives are established. The fourth describes the theoretical foundations, taking into account the state of the art and the conceptual framework regarding the management of hydrographic basins, risk management, adaptation to climate change and land use planning. The fifth chapter describes the study area and the methodological strategy followed for the content analysis and the complement carried out with semantic analysis through text mining. The sixth chapter describes the results according to the specific objectives set. In the seventh chapter these results are discussed and, finally, the conclusions are described. http://www.ustadistancia.edu.co/?page_id=3956 Maestría

Protected areas are important in species conservation, but high rates of human-caused mortality outside their borders and increasing popularity for recreation can negatively affect wildlife populations. We quantified wolverine (Gulo gulo) population trends from 2011 to 2020 in > 14,000 km2 protected and non-protected habitat in southwestern Canada. We conducted wolverine and multi-species surveys using non-invasive DNA and remote camera-based methods. We developed Bayesian integrated models combining spatial capture-recapture data of marked and unmarked individuals with occupancy data. Wolverine density and occupancy declined by 39%, with an annual population growth rate of 0.925. Density within protected areas was 3 times higher than outside and declined between 2011 (3.6 wolverines/1000 km2) and 2020 (2.1 wolverines/1000 km2). Wolverine density and detection probability increased with snow cover and decreased near development. Detection probability also decreased with human recreational activity. The annual harvest rate of ≥ 13% was above the maximum sustainable rate. We conclude that humans negatively affected the population through direct mortality, sub-lethal effects and habitat impacts. Our study exemplifies the need to monitor population trends for species at risk—within and between protected areas—as steep declines can occur unnoticed if key conservation concerns are not identified and addressed.

The aspects highlighted in this paper refer to the application of fertilizers and plant protection products to the wheat crop, and their impact on total production, competitiveness in export markets, price optimization as a result of increased harvest quality, and not least row, ensuring farmers’ incomes. The present analysis concerned the areas cultivated with wheat, and the productions achieved in relation to the quantities of fertilizers and protection products used in wheat cultivation, in Romania, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Hungary, Poland and the UK. The analysis highlighted that, the average productions are influenced both by the technology used, by the fertilization and treatments applied, as well as by other synergistic factors that intervene in wheat crops. In countries such as Spain and Italy, the correlation between the amounts of N (nitrogen), P2O5 (phosphorus), K2O (potassium) and the average production of wheat is insignificant, but in Romania and Hungary, there is a strong, direct connection between the number of fertilizers used and the average wheat crop yield. In Romania and Hungary, there is a very significant connection, but the production link average with pesticides is negative, while in Germany, the correlation is direct and quite intense for all types of fertilizers used, while the use of pesticides has a lower influence on average wheat production. In this study, we also applied a multiple regression model; in which the dependent variable was the average yield of wheat per ha and the independent variables were the average quantity of pesticides and fertilizers used. We used the “t Stat” values for each coefficient to determine whether the coefficient is equal to zero; where a high value of “t Stat”, greater than 2; indicates the fact that the coefficient is significantly different from the value zero. The “p-value” for each coefficient indicates the probability that the coefficient has the value zero. A value below the significance level of 5% results in a coefficient significantly different from zero and with an impact on the dependent variable. The use of fertilizers on wheat crops has a synergistic effect as shown by the multiple linear regression analysis which demonstrated a strong direct relationship, particularly with the amount of N, K2O and P2O5 applied.

The human brain functional lateralization has been widely studied over the past decades, and neuroimaging studies have shown how activation of motor areas during hand movement execution (ME) is different according to hand dominance. Nevertheless, there is no research directly investigating the effects of the participant's handedness in a motor imagery (MI) and ME task in both right and left-handed individuals at the cortical and subcortical level. Twenty-six right-handed and 25 left-handed participants were studied using functional magnetic resonance imaging during the imagination and execution of repetitive self-paced movements of squeezing a ball with their dominant, non-dominant, and both hands. Results revealed significant statistical difference (p

Genus Areas Walker, 1855: 658 Type species: Areas orientalis Walker, 1855, Published as part of Singh, Navneet, Joshi, Rahul, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Bisht, Santosh Singh & Param, Harsimranjeet Singh, 2021, A catalogue of Indian Arctiinae (Erebidae, Lepidoptera), pp. 1-118 in Zootaxa 5058 (1) on page 19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5058.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5602576, {"references":["Walker, F. (1855) List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Vol. 3. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 193 pp. [pp. 583 - 775]"]}

23. Areas (Melanareas) imperialis (Kollar, [1844]): 466 Type locality: Himalaya, Massuri [India: Uttarakhand: Massooree] Distribution: North West Himalayas, Sikkim (Dubatolov 2010), Nagaland (Chandra et al. 2019), Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh (Sondhi et al. 2021)., Published as part of Singh, Navneet, Joshi, Rahul, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Bisht, Santosh Singh & Param, Harsimranjeet Singh, 2021, A catalogue of Indian Arctiinae (Erebidae, Lepidoptera), pp. 1-118 in Zootaxa 5058 (1) on page 19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5058.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5602576, {"references":["Chandra, K., Kumar, V., Singh, N., Raha, A. & Sanyal, A. K. (2019) Assemblages of Lepidoptera in Indian Himalayan through long term monitoring plots. Published by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 457 pp.","Sondhi, S., Sondhi, Y. Roy, P. and Kunte, K. (2021) Moths of India, v. 2. 61. Indian Foundation for Butterflies. Available from: https: // www. mothsofindia. org / (Assessed on 20.09.2021)."]}

Aim: In this study, we examined (1) the presence of abnormally low scores (below 10th percentile) in various visual motion perception aspects in children with brain damage, while controlling for their cognitive developmental delay; (2) whether the risk is increased in comparison with the observation and expectation in a healthy control group and healthy population.Methods: Performance levels of 46 children with indications of brain damage (Mage = 7y4m, SD = 2y4m) on three visual motion perception aspects (global motion, motion speed, motion-defined form) were evaluated. We used developmental age as entry of a preliminary reference table to classify the patient’s performance levels. Then we compared the percentages of abnormally low scores with percentages expected in the healthy population using estimated base rates and the observed percentages in the control sample (n = 119).Results: When using developmental age as reference level, the percentage of low scores on at least one of the three tasks was significantly higher than expected in the healthy population [19/46, 41% (95%CI: 28–56%), p = 0.03]. In 15/19 (79% [95%CI: 61–97%] patients only one aspect of motion perception was affected. Four patients performed abnormally low on two out of three tasks, which is also higher than expected (4/46, 8.7%, 95%CI: 2.4–20.8% vs. 2.1%; z = 2.61, p < 0.01). The observed percentages in the patient group were also higher than found in the control group.Interpretation: There is some evidence that children with early brain damage have an increased risk of isolated and combined motion perception problems, independent of their performance IQ.

In recent decades, the concept of Ecosystem Services (ES) has generated a paradigm shift in the perspective of human society on nature and has had an important awareness-raising role concerning the importance of ecosystems. However, the concept has not been capable to stop the loss of biodiversity and nature in order to meet the societal challenges of ES provision, especially in urbanized territories. From the reviewed literature, it is obvious that implementing the ES concept within spatial design and planning processes poses several difficulties. In this context we state that a more comprehensive approach is needed of which the ES concept is part. To move to genuine landscape change and a shift in land use and land stewardship, we argue that a landscape design approach can play a significant activating role. The goal of this paper is to underpin this assumption from a theoretical and methodological point of view. The paper first gives an overview of the difficulties that the field of ES science and practice is facing when implementing the ES concept in landscape design and planning processes. Then a landscape design approach is presented as an alternative approach and a possible way forward for genuine landscape change to meet the societal demand for ES.

In addition to neuronal death and elimination of synapses, the production of transient, exuberant axons, and axonal branches is a general phenomenon in development across species and systems. To understand what drives the decision of which axons are maintained and which are eliminated, it is important to monitor the interaction of juvenile axons at their target. As old and more recent work show, unlike what is claimed by Ribeiro Gomez et al. (2019), in the cerebral cortex, both classes of axons branch in the white matter near the target; axons destined to be maintained massively invade the gray matter where they develop terminal arbors and synapses. Axons destined to elimination remain in the white matter although a few transient, exploratory branches can enter the cortex. Axonal behavior and fate seem dictated by positional information probably conveyed by thalamic afferents and activity. Unlike what is suggested by Ribeiro Gomez et al. (2019), axonal selection should not be confused with synaptic reduction, which is a later event with minor or no impact on the topography of the connection.

Post-Tsunami in Aceh province the issue of agricultural land to non-agricultural land continues to increase. In line with the increasing population and high economic growth led to increased land demand. Residents choose a safe area that is an area far from the sea and close to the urban area as a place to live so that there is agricultural land turned function into a settlement land. he purpose of this research is to determine the rate of change in the land use of rice fields in Darul Imarah subdistrict in 2007 and 2016 and its impact on farmers income. The rate of land function was analyzed by the equality of land function and the impact of land conversion was analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the trend over the function of rice paddy field in District Darul Imarah has fluctuation from the year 2007-2016. The rate of paddy field function is 18.21 percent or 0.18 percent per year with a pattern of changing paddy fields to a residential area of 167.51 ha. While the impact of land conversion is the result of changes in the average total revenue of farmers before and after the conversion of land is experiencing the addition of Rp. 1.093.939. The average income before the conversion of agricultural land amounted to Rp. 1.263.636 and the average income after the conversion of agricultural land amounted to Rp. 2.357.575.

Miguel Leal was funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through grant SFRH/BD/96632/2013. Marcelo Fragoso was financed by national funds through the FCT, under the framework of the project BeSafeSlide – Landslide early warning soft technology prototype to improve community resilience and adaptation to environmental change (PTDC/GES-AMB/30052/2017)., This research aims to understand how insurance, rainfall, land cover and urban flooding are related and how these variables influenced the material damage in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA) during the 2000–2011 period. Correlation coefficients show strong relationships between built-up areas and claims (0.94) and payouts (0.88). Despite no significant relationships being found between rainfall and the amount of material damage per event, three likelihood levels of flooding were determined for hourly rainfall. Unlike the studied period, the number of claims and their spatial distribution during the 2008 extreme rainfall event were strongly dependent on rainfall. Flooding related to the old watercourses assumed greater importance during this extreme event, recovering a more natural/ancient hydrological behaviour. In the LMA, the greatest material damage was the result of high-magnitude/low-probability rainfall events. Lower magnitude events can trigger numerous claims in heavily built-up areas, but they are hardly capable of producing large material damage., Portuguese Association of Insurers (APS)

Summary The aim of this article is threefold. Firstly, to present income-based poverty and extreme poverty indicators for 2015, when the macroeconomic crisis led to a generalized deterioration affecting all areas and regions. The second aim is to discuss long-term evolution, emphasizing the period since 2004, when sustained improvement of income indicators as well as convergence of regional and area results began. Considering the period from 2004 to 2014/2015, the third aim is to show that the reduction in poverty and extreme poverty was parallel to increased inequality in poverty regarding two critical aspects: the regional aspect, since inequality among the five regions became higher, thus reinforcing the dichotomy between the North/Northeast versus the Centre-South; the age aspect, because the recent improvements since 2004 have not sufficiently benefited children as to reverse their disadvantaged position, so much so that in 2015 children still had a share in poverty that was twice their share in the total population. The last section concerns policy measures that may reduce the impact of the crisis on the poor. Resumo Este artigo tem três objetivos. Primeiro, apresentar indicadores de pobreza para 2015, quando a crise macroeconômica levou ao seu agravamento em todas as regiões e áreas do país. Segundo, discutir a evolução de longo prazo enfatizando o período 2004-2015, caracterizado por melhoria sustentada dos indicadores e convergência espacial dos resultados até a reversão de 2015. Terceiro, mostrar que a queda da pobreza de 2004/2014 se fez acompanhar pelo agravamento da desigualdade na pobreza quanto a dois aspectos críticos: o regional - a desigualdade entre as cinco regiões aumentou, acentuando a dicotomia Norte/Nordeste versus Centro-Sul; e o etário, já que redução da pobreza e da indigência não beneficiou primordialmente as crianças, que em 2015 ainda tinham participação na pobreza e na indigência que era o dobro da sua participação na população em geral. Ao final são tratadas medidas de política passíveis de reduzir os efeitos da crise sobre os mais pobres.

This explorative study adopts a regional perspective on understanding differences in observable teaching quality by describing regional levels in teaching quality for specific regions and by examining the contribution of schools’ regional characteristics on effective teaching behaviour of 1,945 beginning teachers in secondary education. Beginning teachers working in schools located in regions of population decline have better basic teaching skills than beginning teachers working elsewhere. Multilevel analyses reveal that within the Randstad region, adaptive instruction skills are weaker in very urban areas. Schools’ changing student numbers influence the quality of adaptive instruction skills and teaching learning strategies. These findings indicate that differences in teaching quality become visible at lower regional levels and are of interest because these effects on student outcomes might not be captured in national figures. This approach adds to existing literature and is useful to tailor current professionalization programmes for beginning teachers to specific regional contexts.

Recent studies have highlighted the possible contributions of direct connectivity between early sensory cortices to audiovisual integration. Anatomical connections between the early auditory and visual cortices are concentrated in visual sites representing the peripheral field of view. Here, we aimed to engage early sensory interactive pathways with simple, far-peripheral audiovisual stimuli (auditory noise and visual gratings). Using a modulation detection task in one modality performed at an 84% correct threshold level, we investigated multisensory interactions by simultaneously presenting weak stimuli from the other modality in which the temporal modulation was barely-detectable (at 55 and 65% correct detection performance). Furthermore, we manipulated the temporal congruence between the cross-sensory streams. We found evidence for an influence of barely-detectable visual stimuli on the response times for auditory stimuli, but not for the reverse effect. These visual-to-auditory influences only occurred for specific phase-differences (at onset) between the modulated audiovisual stimuli. We discuss our findings in the light of a possible role of direct interactions between early visual and auditory areas, along with contributions from the higher-order association cortex. In sum, our results extend the behavioral evidence of audio-visual processing to the far periphery, and suggest – within this specific experimental setting – an asymmetry between the auditory influence on visual processing and the visual influence on auditory processing.

16 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables, supplementary material https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.698890/full#supplementary-material.-- Data Availability Statement: The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author, Benthic habitats of the deep Mediterranean Sea and the biodiversity they host are increasingly jeopardized by increasing human pressures, both direct and indirect, which encompass fisheries, chemical and acoustic pollution, littering, oil and gas exploration and production and marine infrastructures (i.e., cable and pipeline laying), and bioprospecting. To this, is added the pervasive and growing effects of human-induced perturbations of the climate system. International frameworks provide foundations for the protection of deep-sea ecosystems, but the lack of standardized criteria for the identification of areas deserving protection, insufficient legislative instruments and poor implementation hinder an efficient set up in practical terms. Here, we discuss the international legal frameworks and management measures in relation to the status of habitats and key species in the deep Mediterranean Basin. By comparing the results of a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and of expert evaluation (EE), we identify priority deep-sea areas for conservation and select five criteria for the designation of future protected areas in the deep Mediterranean Sea. Our results indicate that areas (1) with high ecological relevance (e.g., hosting endemic and locally endangered species and rare habitats),(2) ensuring shelf-slope connectivity (e.g., submarine canyons), and (3) subject to current and foreseeable intense anthropogenic impacts, should be prioritized for conservation. The results presented here provide an ecosystem-based conservation strategy for designating priority areas for protection in the deep Mediterranean Sea, This study was supported by the DG ENV project IDEM (Implementation of the MSFD to the Deep Mediterranean Sea; contract EU No. 11.0661/2017/750680/SUB/EN V.C2). MC and QG-B acknowledge support from Generalitat de Catalunya autonomous government through its funding scheme to excellence research groups (Grant 2017 SGR 315), With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)

BACKGROUND: To investigate associations between annual average air pollution exposures and health, most epidemiological studies rely on estimated residential exposures because information on actual time-activity patterns can only be collected for small populations and short periods of time due to costs and logistic constraints. In the current study, we aim to compare exposure assessment methodologies that use data on time-activity patterns of children with residence-based exposure assessment. We compare estimated exposures and associations with lung function for residential exposures and exposures accounting for time activity patterns.METHODS: We compared four annual average air pollution exposure assessment methodologies; two rely on residential exposures only, the other two incorporate estimated time activity patterns. The time-activity patterns were based on assumptions about the activity space and make use of available external data sources for the duration of each activity. Mapping of multiple air pollutants (NO2, NOX, PM2.5, PM2.5absorbance, PM10) at a fine resolution as input to exposure assessment was based on land use regression modelling. First, we assessed the correlations between the exposures from the four exposure methods. Second, we compared estimates of the cross-sectional associations between air pollution exposures and lung function at age 8 within the PIAMA birth cohort study for the four exposure assessment methodologies.RESULTS: The exposures derived from the four exposure assessment methodologies were highly correlated (R > 0.95) for all air pollutants. Similar statistically significant decreases in lung function were found for all four methods. For example, for NO2 the decrease in FEV1 was -1.40% (CI; -2.54, -0.24%) per IQR (9.14 μg/m3) for front door exposure, and -1.50% (CI; -2.68, -0.30%) for the methodology which incorporates time activity pattern and actual school addresses.CONCLUSIONS: Exposure estimates from methods based on the residential location only and methods including time activity patterns were highly correlated and associated with similar decreases in lung function. Our study illustrates that the annual average exposure to air pollution for 8-year-old children in the Netherlands is sufficiently captured by residential exposures.

В статье рассматриваются пространственные аспекты развития сельских территорий Северной Азии. Территория Северной Азии в качестве объекта исследования представлена территориями федеральных округов Российской Федерации (РФ): Уральского федерального округа (УФО), Сибирского федерального округа (СФО), Дальневосточного федерального округа (ДФО). Выявлены основные тенденции и особенности развития сельских территорий регионального уровня Северной Азии. Определены основные факторы, влияющие на снижение инвестиционной привлекательности сельских территорий и миграцию сельского населения. Дана характеристика зарубежного опыта государственного регулирования устойчивого развития сельских территорий, направленной на развитие сельской экономики, местных инициатив, повышение занятости и снижение бедности сельского населения. Выделены основные приоритеты государственной поддержки развития сельских территорий в России, направленные на содействие переселению населения в сельскую местность за счет усиления государственной поддержки сельских семей, повышения доступа к кредитным ресурсам для обновления сельскохозяйственной техники, приобретения кормов, развитие механизмов дотирования закупочных цен на сельскохозяйственную продукцию, поддержку крестьянских (фермерских) хозяйств, малого бизнеса. Авторский подход к управлению социально-экономическими рисками пространственного развития сельских территорий основан на пересмотре стратегических ориентиров бюджетного планирования, изменении стандартов и нормативов бюджетной обеспеченности развития сельских территорий в сфере формирования производственной и социальной инфраструктуры, повышения транспортной доступности сельских населенных пунктов в целях повышения инвестиционной привлекательности сельских территорий и снижения миграционных рисков сельского населения. Особое внимание на территориях Северной Азии должно быть уделено развитию местных инициатив в сфере сохранения традиционной культуры коренных народов Севера, Сибири и Дальнего Востока Российской Федерации, инфраструктурного обустройства территорий сельских населенных пунктов., The article is devoted to the spatial development of rural areas in Russia. As an object of research, the author selected the territory of North Asia as the territory of federal districts: Ural federal district (UFD), Siberian Federal District (SFD), Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD). The main trends and features of the territorial development of the regions of North Asia are revealed. The main factors influencing the decrease in the investment attractiveness of rural areas and the migration of the rural population are determined. The article describes the foreign practice of state support for sustainable development of rural areas, aimed at developing the rural economy, local initiatives, increasing employment and reducing poverty of the rural population. The priority directions of the formation of the regional socio-economic policy of Russia are highlighted, involving the promotion of resettlement of the population to the countryside by strengthening state support for rural families, increasing access to credit resources for updating agricultural equipment, purchasing feed, developing mechanisms for subsidizing purchase prices for agricultural products, supporting peasants (farm), small business. The author's approach to managing the socio-economic risks of spatial development of rural areas is based on revising the strategic guidelines of budget planning, changing the standards and norms of budgetary provision for the development of rural areas in the formation of industrial and social infrastructure, increasing the transport accessibility of rural settlements in order to increase the investment attractiveness of rural areas and reducing the migration risks of the rural population. Particular attention in the territories of North Asia should be paid to preserving the traditional culture of the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation, increasing local initiatives on the basis of grants for the development of folk art, infrastructural arrangement of the territories of rural settlements.

Background Accurately predicting patient outcomes in Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could aid patient management and allocation of healthcare resources. There are a variety of methods which can be used to develop prognostic models, ranging from logistic regression and survival analysis to more complex machine learning algorithms and deep learning. Despite several models having been created for SARS-CoV-2, most of these have been found to be highly susceptible to bias. We aimed to develop and compare two separate predictive models for death during admission with SARS-CoV-2. Method Between March 1 and April 24, 2020, 398 patients were identified with laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 in a London teaching hospital. Data from electronic health records were extracted and used to create two predictive models using: (1) a Cox regression model and (2) an artificial neural network (ANN). Model performance profiles were assessed by validation, discrimination, and calibration. Results Both the Cox regression and ANN models achieved high accuracy (83.8%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 73.8–91.1 and 90.0%, 95% CI 81.2–95.6, respectively). The area under the receiver operator curve (AUROC) for the ANN (92.6%, 95% CI 91.1–94.1) was significantly greater than that of the Cox regression model (86.9%, 95% CI 85.7–88.2), p = 0.0136. Both models achieved acceptable calibration with Brier scores of 0.13 and 0.11 for the Cox model and ANN, respectively. Conclusion We demonstrate an ANN which is non-inferior to a Cox regression model but with potential for further development such that it can learn as new data becomes available. Deep learning techniques are particularly suited to complex datasets with non-linear solutions, which make them appropriate for use in conditions with a paucity of prior knowledge. Accurate prognostic models for SARS-CoV-2 can provide benefits at the patient, departmental and organisational level.

There is evidence that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and human gut microbiota are associated with the modulation of endocrine signaling pathways. Independently, studies have found associations between air pollution, land cover and commensal microbiota. We are the first to estimate the interaction between land cover categories associated with air pollution or purification, PAH levels and endocrine signaling predicted from gut metagenome among urban and rural populations. The study participants were elderly people (65-79 years); 30 lived in rural and 32 in urban areas. Semi-Permeable Membrane devices were utilized to measure air PAH concentrations as they simulate the process of bioconcentration in the fatty tissues. Land cover categories were estimated using CORINE database and geographic information system. Functional orthologues for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathway in endocrine system were analyzed from gut bacterial metagenome with Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes. High coverage of broad-leaved and mixed forests around the homes were associated with decreased PAH levels in ambient air, while gut functional orthologues for PPAR pathway increased along with these forest types. The difference between urban and rural PAH concentrations was not notable. However, some rural measurements were higher than the urban average, which was due to the use of heavy equipment on active farms. The provision of air purification by forests might be an important determining factor in the context of endocrine disruption potential of PAHs. Particularly broad-leaved forests around homes may reduce PAH levels in ambient air and balance pollution-induced disturbances within commensal gut microbiota. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Urban residence is associated with a higher risk of some psychiatric disorders, but the underlying drivers remain unknown. There is increasing evidence that the level of exposure to natural environments impacts mental health, but few large-scale epidemiological studies have assessed the general existence and importance of such associations. Here, we investigate the prospective association between green space and mental health in the Danish population. Green space presence was assessed at the individual level using high-resolution satellite data to calculate the normalized difference vegetation index within a 210 × 210 m square around each person’s place of residence (∼1 million people) from birth to the age of 10. We show that high levels of green space presence during childhood are associated with lower risk of a wide spectrum of psychiatric disorders later in life. Risk for subsequent mental illness for those who lived with the lowest level of green space during childhood was up to 55% higher across various disorders compared with those who lived with the highest level of green space. The association remained even after adjusting for urbanization, socioeconomic factors, parental history of mental illness, and parental age. Stronger association of cumulative green space presence during childhood compared with single-year green space presence suggests that presence throughout childhood is important. Our results show that green space during childhood is associated with better mental health, supporting efforts to better integrate natural environments into urban planning and childhood life.

Over the past two decades, Haiti was struck by 30 storm events and 40 floods, affecting over 3.5 million people. Being the poorest country in the Northern hemisphere, it is unable to allocate funds to risk assessment and management. Therefore, this research developed a low-cost methodology to analyse flood risk in data-sparse regions. The floodplain of the river Moustiques was chosen as study area. First, a methodology was developed and input data were gathered from existing data, literature, field data, and open source data. Then, a flood risk assessment was performed for the area. The resulting economic risk map and social risk map indicate that the region is at risk for nearly 2 million USD and has potentially 60 casualties per year. Although the assessment was performed as a quantitative analysis, the resulting maps should be interpreted qualitatively, as the values could not be validated. Nonetheless, the results clearly indicate the high-risk areas where measures should be taken. Furthermore, this research shows the potential of citizen science, in the form of a questionnaire survey conducted in the floodplain. This low-cost and fast acquisition method provided many different input data for flood risk assessment, from population data to damage factors and validation information on historic flooding.

During foreign language acquisition neural representations of native language and foreign language assimilate. In the reading network, this assimilation leads to a shift from effortful processing to automated reading. Longitudinal studies can track this transition and reveal dynamics that might not become apparent in behavior. Here, we report results from a longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, which tracked functional changes in the reading network of beginning learners of Greek over one year. We deliberately chose Greek as foreign language that would have similar orthographic transparency but a different alphabet than the native language (Polish). fMRI scans with lexical and semantic decision tasks were performed at five different time points (every similar to 3 months). Classical language areas (the left inferior frontal gyrus, the left precentral gyrus, and the bilateral supplementary motor cortex), and cognitive control areas (left inferior parietal lobe and bilateral anterior cingulate cortex) showed stronger activation after the first months of instruction as compared to the activation before instruction. This pattern occured in both tasks. Task-related activity in the reading network remained constant throughout the remaining 6 months of learning and was also present in a follow-up scan 3 months after the end of the course. A similar pattern was demonstrated by the analysis of convergence between foreign and native languages occurring within the first months of learning. Additionally, in the lexical task, the extent of spatial overlap, between foreign and native language in Broca's area increased constantly from the beginning till the end of training. Our findings support the notion that reorganization of language networks is achieved after a relatively short time of foreign language instruction. We also demonstrate that cognitive control areas are recruited in foreign language reading at low proficiency levels. No apparent changes in the foreign or native reading network occur after the initial 3 months of learning. This suggests that task demand might be more important than proficiency in regulating the resources needed for efficient foreign language reading.

© 2022 Elsevier LtdIn order to meet the energy demand and reduce the environmental pollution, it is necessary utilize photovoltaic (PV) module to produce electrical energy. There are many factors such as solar radiation, PV module material, wind energy, soiling factor, shading effect, geographical location, cell temperature is affecting the performance of the PV module. In this context, the performance of the multi crystalline based two PV plants has been examined. In this work, test is carried out in two solar plants installed at Kastoria, Greece (500kW, ground mounted) and Kocaeli, Turkey (110kW, roof mounted) and the results are compared with PVSYST software simulation results. From the results, it is found that the temperature losses for Kastoria and Kocaeli plants are obtained as 7.9% and 7.6% respectively. This leads to increase the performance ratio of 79% and 72.2% for Kastoria and Kocaeli plants respectively. Similarly, the maximum energy output is obtained for PVGIS database for all three models (Liu Jordan model, Hay Davies model and Perez model). The Internal Rate of Return for Kocaeli plant is 7.08% and for Kastoria plant is 6.71%. In addition, the Net Present Value for Kastoria and Kocaeli plant is obtained as 821900€ and 174072€ respectively.

Nutrition research can guide interventions to tackle the burden of diet-related diseases. Setting priorities in nutrition research, however, requires the engagement of various stakeholders with diverse insights. Consideration of what matters most in research from a scientific, social, and ethical perspective is therefore not an automatic process. Systematic ways to explicitly define and consider relevant values are largely lacking. Here, we review existing nutrition research priority-setting exercises, analyze how values are reported, and provide guidance for transparent consideration of values while setting priorities in nutrition research. Of the 27 (n=22 peer-reviewed manuscripts and 5 grey literature documents) studies reviewed, 40.7% used a combination of different methods, 59.3% described the represented stakeholders, and 49.1% reported on follow-up activities. All priority-setting exercises were led by research groups based in high-income countries. Via an iterative qualitative content analysis, reported values were identified (n = 22 manuscripts). Three clusters of values (i.e., those related to impact, feasibility, and accountability) were identified. These values were organized in a tool to help those involved in setting research priorities systematically consider and report values. The tool was finalized through an online consultation with 7 international stakeholders. The value-oriented tool for priority setting in nutrition research identifies and presents values that are already implicitly and explicitly represented in priority-setting exercises. It provides guidance to enable explicit deliberation on research priorities from an ethical perspective. In addition, it can serve as a reporting tool to document how value-laden choices are made during priority setting and help foster the accountability of stakeholders involved. Supported by a scholarship from the Schlumberger Foundation's Faculty for the Future Program (www.fftf.slb.com) (to DH).

Urban morphology is an important multidimensional variable to consider in climate modeling and observations, because it significantly drives the local and micro-scale climatic variability in cities. Urban form can be described through urban canopy parameters (UCPs) that resolve the spatial heterogeneity of cities by specifying the 3-dimensional geometry, arrangement, and materials of urban features. The sky view factor (SVF) is a dimension-reduced UCP capturing 3-dimensional form through horizon limitation fractions. SVF has become a popular metric to parameterize urban morphology, but current approaches are difficult to scale up to global coverage. This study introduces a Big-Data approach to calculate SVFs for urban areas from Google Street View (GSV). 90-degree field-of-view GSV photos are retrieved and converted into hemispherical views through equiangular projection. The fisheyes are segmented into sky and non-sky pixels using image processing, and the SVF is calculated using an annulus method. Results are compared to SVFs retrieved from GSV images segmented using deep learning. SVF footprints are presented for urban areas around the world tallying 15,938,172 GSV locations. Two use cases are introduced: (1) an evaluation of a Google Earth Engine classified Local Climate Zone map for Singapore; (2) hourly sun duration maps for New York and San Francisco.

Urban planners grapple with rapidity of Urbanization as dense economic activity accelerates. This provided a livelihood in urban areas creating a natural magnet for continuous immigration. Due to increase in impervious surfaces, for example concrete cities, with higher percentage of roads, concrete footpaths and rooftops in urban buildings (Chen et al., 2006). Urbanization is directly correlated to higher temperatures in urban areas (Weng et al., 2004). One such challenge which is obvious in most of the urban agglomeration is Urban Heat Island. (Becker & Li, 1990) This study investigates the temperature rise and identifies the urban temperature pattern in Mumbai. The Split window algorithm is identified to derive Land Surface Temperatures. This study takes two approaches for understanding these effects – the land use changes and the land surface temperature changes. A quantitative approach is followed between temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) (Becker & Li, 1990; Estoque et al., 2017). Thermal remote sensing method has been found directly relevant for understanding urban heat island effects for cities (Roth et al., 1989). Results show that the heat pockets on barren lands, slums, salt pans and concrete areas like airport are more prominent in Mumbai. This research is the first comprehensive research of Land Surface Temperature pattern of 2013 and 2014 on Mumbai by using Remote Sensing Technology and its relation with Urban Morphology.

The relationship between angling effort and catch is well-recognised, in particular that effort influences catch rates. But increased catch, which can be considered an attribute of fishery quality, may influence effort in terms of number of fishing trips. This suggests bi-directional feedback between catch and effort. In many travel cost applications little attention has been given to this endogeneity problem. In this paper we expand the application of structural equation models to address this issue by jointly estimating demand (effort) and catch functions. Using a cross-section dataset of sea bass anglers we propose two separate joint models. First, we include expected catch as an explanatory variable in the demand equation. In the second, we reverse the causality and use the expected number of fishing days as a covariate in the catch function. The two approaches produce similar model estimates, and perform better at predicting anglers' catch and effort than standard models. The findings confirm that sea bass angling is highly valued, with a consumer surplus of about €282–318 per angler per day, though this is likely to be biased upwards. Furthermore higher catches result in more days fished, on average in a 2:1 ratio. Whereas on average, an additional fishing day results in 3–4 additional bass caught.

Artisanal fisheries support millions of livelihoods worldwide, yet ineffective enforcement can allow for continued environmental degradation due to overexploitation. Here, we use spatial planning to design an enforcement strategy for a pre‐existing spatial closure for artisanal fisheries considering climate variability, existing seasonal fishing closures, representative conservation targets and enforcement costs. We calculated enforcement cost in three ways, based on different assumptions about who could be responsible for monitoring the fishery. We applied this approach in the Patos Lagoon estuary (Brazil), where we found three important results. First, spatial priorities for enforcement were similar under different climate scenarios. Second, we found that the cost and percentage of area enforced varied among scenarios tested by the conservation planning analysis, with only a modest increase in budget needed to incorporate climate variability. Third, we found that spatial priorities for enforcement depend on whether enforcement is carried out by a central authority or by the community itself. Here, we demonstrated a method that can be used to efficiently design enforcement plans, resulting in the conservation of biodiversity and estuarine resources. Also, cost of enforcement can be potentially reduced when fishers are empowered to enforce management within their fishing grounds.

Major cities like London, New York, and Tokyo are served by several airports, effectively creating a Multi-Airport System (MAS), or Metroplex. The operations of individual Metroplex airports are highly interdependent, rendering their efficient management rather difficult. This paper proposes a framework for the design of dynamic arrival and departure routes in MAS Terminal Maneuvering Areas, which fundamentally changes the operation in MAS airspaces for much improved efficiency when compared to the current situation. The framework consists of three components. The first presents a new procedure for characterizing dynamic arrival and departure routes based on the spatio-temporal distributions of flights. The second component is a novel Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model for the prioritization of the dynamic routes, which takes into account a set of quantitative and qualitative attributes important for MAS operations. The third component is a priority-based method for the positioning of terminal waypoints as well as the design of three-dimensional, conflict-free terminal routes. Such a method accounts for the AHP-derived priorities while satisfying the minimal separation and aircraft maneuverability constraints. The developed framework is applied to a case study of the New York Metroplex, using aircraft trajectories during a heavy traffic period on typical day of operation in the New York Terminal Control Area in November 2011. The proposed framework is quantitatively assessed using the AirTOp fast-time simulation model. The results suggest significant improvements of the new design over the existing one, as measured by several key performance indicators such as travel distance, travel time, fuel burn, and controller workload. The operational feasibility of the framework is further validated qualitatively by subject matter experts from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the operator of the New York Metroplex.

Endemicity is important for the delimitation of conservation areas. Endemic areas are those that contain two or more taxa with their distribution restricted to the area. The aim of this study was to detect endemic areas for palms in the Amazon region and to determine whether the species that define these endemic areas are protected within conservation units. Records of occurrence were extracted from the global biodiversity information facility (GBIF). The final dataset consisted of 17,310 records, for 177 species of Amazonian palms. For analysis we used parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) and NDM-VNDM program, and grid square size of 1A degrees and 3A degrees as operational geographic units (OGUs). The distribution of endemic species was superimposed on occurrence of the conservation units (CUs). PAE did not show endemic areas in grid squares of 1A degrees, but found 10 palm endemic areas in grid squares of 3A degrees in the western Amazon and Andean sub-region. However, the NDM-VNDM program identified an endemic area in grid squares of 1A degrees located at the eastern Guiana with endemicity score = 2.9, and in grid squares of 3A degrees it identified seven consensus areas with endemicity score > 6.0, all in the western Amazon. The combination of PAE and NDM-VNDM analyses resulted in eight endemic palm areas in the combined western Amazon and Andean sub-region. Of the species that define the endemic areas, five are threatened with extinction in one of three IUCN categories (EN, VU, NT), and they are not protected in any conservation units. The western Amazon, besides having high palm richness, also has palm endemic areas, especially, near the Andean sub-region and the Peruvian Amazon.

Raising the bar (6). Spatial Economic Analysis. This editorial summarizes and comments on the papers published in issue 12(4) so as to raise the bar in applied spatial economic research and highlight new trends. The first paper addresses the question of whether ‘jobs follow people’ or ‘people follow jobs’. The second paper develops a new methodology to determine functional regions. The third paper is a major contribution to the growing literature on new modelling approaches and applications of disaster impact models. The fourth paper focuses on the costs and benefits of higher education. The fifth paper develops a two-step procedure to identify endogenously spatial regimes in the first step using geographically weighted regression, and to account for spatial dependence in the second step. Finally, the sixth paper estimates a dynamic spatial panel data model to explain house prices and to show that restricted housing supply in the city of Cambridge, UK, has some undesirable labour market effects.

Monitoring of snow cover over large areal extent requires the use of remotely sensed satellite data. Conventional snow cover mapping algorithms using SAR data have seldom utilized target scattering information for land cover characterization. In this paper, an approach is proposed for snow cover mapping that utilizes the Touzi eigenvalue-eigenvector-based decomposition parameters viz., the scattering helicities $(\tau _{m}; m = 1, 2)$ , the scattering magnitude $(\alpha _{s})$ , and the entropy $(H)$ . The seasonal variation of these parameters is used as an indicator of scattering mechanism dominance in the proposed algorithm. The C -band RADARSAT-2 (FQ20) winter–summer image pairs over the Manali-Dhundi region of Himachal Pradesh, India, located in the western Hindu-Kush Himalayas are used in this paper. The proposed methodology is able to delineate the snow-covered areas suitably. The temporal extent of the cover is also quantified and validated with field campaigns and weather data. Furthermore, the results obtained from the proposed methodology are compared with NDSI-based snow cover maps derived from LANDSAT-8 images.

Irrespective of substantial research in land use/land cover (LULC) monitoring of urban area, hyperspectral data is not yet exploited effectively because of lack of local spectral resources and a practical reflectance calibration method. The objective of this research is to develop an effective methodology for urban LULC classification using image-based reflectance calibration methods: especially Vegetation-Impervious-Soil classes (VIS), using hyperspectral data. We used EO-1 Hyperion image of Pune City, India and assessed the suitability of different land covers as reflectance calibration surfaces. Furthermore, we performed LULC classification using different reflectance calibration methods such as Internal Area Relative Reflectance, Flat Field Relative Reflectance, and 6S for comparative analysis. Urban VIS signatures extracted from Hyperion image show distinct spectral curves at broader level. Flat Field Relative Reflectance method provides above 90 percent average overall accuracy. An advanced physics-based method such as 6S does not provide any added advantage over image-based calibration methods.

Objective: Helicobacter pyloriis responsible for a wide spectrum of diseases. Due to ease of use and access, the standard triple therapy is being used as first-line eradication in many areas. Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is a precancerous lesion that requires eradication therapy. Our aim is to investigate the effect of IM on the standard triple therapy success in H. pylori-positive patients. Subjects and Methods: The patients who were referred to Duzce University Hospital and Avrasya Hospital Gastroenterohepatology clinic between January 2014 and December 2016 and diagnosed with H. pylori-positive gastritis and underwent first-line eradication were evaluated retrospectively. Biopsy specimens were evaluated according to the updated Sydney system. All patients diagnosed with H. pylori started treatment with pantoprazole 40 mg b.i.d., amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d. and clarithromycin 500 mg b.i.d. for 14 days. Results: The mean age of 181 patients included in the study was 55.5 +/- 7.8. The success rate of H. pylori eradication was found to be low in severe chronic inflammation (p = 0.001). The success rate was found to be high among patients with no neutrophil activity (p = 0.009). As the intensity of IM increased, density of H. pylori was found to be decreased (p = 0.019). There was no correlation between glandular atrophy, IM, and H. pylori eradication success rate (p = 0.390 and p = 0.812). Conclusion: The severity of chronic inflammation is the most effective Sydney criteria for success of eradication, while the presence on IM does not have any effect. WOS:000598144300007 2-s2.0-85097968133 PubMed: 32344409

Введение: в данном исследовании авторы попытались оценить состояние сельскохозяйственного машиностроения в России через нормативы потребности и условные коэффициенты перевода сельскохозяйственной техники в эталонные единицы при определении нормативов их потребности. Состояние сельхозмашиностроения и сельскохозяйственного производства оценивалось в годы изменения нормативов 1987 год, 2003 и 2012 годы. Материалы и методы: для оценки состояния сельхозмашиностроения использовались статистические ежегодники, Российский статистический ежегодник: 2001 год, статистические сборники, обзоры, доклады, бюллетени, статьи учёных, занимающихся данными исследованиями. В исследовании использовались и применялись следующие методы: нормативный, статистический, экспертных оценок, экспериментальный, расчётно-конструктивный, программно-целевой, экономико-математические. Результаты: в данном исследовании проведён анализ производства основных видов с.-х. техники, поставок АПК (приобретения) основных видов с.-х. техники, парка основных видов техники в с.-х. предприятиях (организациях). Обсуждение: данными исследованиями занимаются следующие учёные: Овсянников В. А. в статье «Сравнительный статистический анализ обеспеченности СССР, России и США сельскохозяйственной техникой», Конкиева Д. В., Зеленина Л. И. в статье «Анализ обеспеченности сельскохозяйственной техникой организаций Архангельской области», Маркелова Е. К., Тихомиров А. В., Уханов В. Ю. в статье «Обоснование и расчет усредненных нормативов энергетических затрат в сельскохозяйственном производстве», Мищенко К. Н. в статье «Анализ конкурентоспособности региональных лидеров сельхозмашиностроения в условиях макроэкономической нестабильности», коллектив авторов Воронин Б. А., Юсупов М. Л., Новопашин Л. А., Воронина Я. В. в статье «Стратегические задачи по обеспечению сельскохозяйственных товаропроизводителей современной сельскохозяйственной техникой и оборудованием», Серёгин А. А., Гличикова Н. А. в статье «Определение нормативной потребности в сельскохозяйственных машинах и комбайнах». Заключение: на основе анализа сельскохозяйственного машиностроения и сельскохозяйственного производства в указанные годы предложен алгоритм разработки условных коэффициентов перевода сельскохозяйственных машин в эталонные единицы и нормативов потребности в соответствии с развитием сельхозмашиностроения., Introduction: in this study, the authors tried to assess the state of agricultural engineering in Russia through the re-quirements of the requirements and the conditional coefficients of the conversion of agricultural machinery into reference units in determining the standards of their needs. The state of agricultural machine building and agricultural pro-duction was assessed during the years of changing the standards ‒ 1987, 2003 and 2012. Materials and methods: to assess the state of agricultural engineering, statistical yearbooks were used, the Russian Statistical Yearbook: 2001, statistical collections, reviews, reports, newsletters, articles by scientists involved in these studies. The following methods were used and applied in the study: normative, statistical, expert estimates, experimental, calculation-constructive, program-target, economic and mathematical methods. Results: in this study, the analysis of the production of the main types of agricultural machinery, deliveries of the agro-industrial complex (acquisition) of the main types of agricultural machinery, the park of the main types of machinery in agricultural enterprises (organizations) is carried out. Discussion: the following scientists are involved in these studies: Ovsyannikov V. A. in the article «Comparative sta-tistical analysis of the supply of agricultural equipment to the USSR, Russia and the USA», Konkieva D. V., Zeleni-na L. I. in the article «Analysis of the supply of agricultural equipment to organizations of the Arkhangelsk region», Markelova E. K., Tikhomirov A. V., Ukhanov V. Yu. in the article «Justification and calculation of average standards of energy costs in agricultural production», Mishchenko K. N. in the article «Analysis of the competitiveness of re-gional leaders in agricultural machinery in the context of macroeconomic instability», team of authors Voronin B. A., Yusupov M. L., Novopashin L. A., VoroninaYa. V. in the article «Strategic tasks for providing agricultural producers with modern agricultural machinery and equipment», Seregin A. A., Glichikova N. A. in the article «Determination of the regulatory needs for agricultural machines and combines».Conclusion: based on the analysis of agricultural engineering and agricultural production in these years, an algorithm is proposed for developing conditional coefficients for converting agricultural machines into reference units and demand standards in accordance with the development of agricultural machinery.

Background Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease and a major cause of disability worldwide. To effectively plan morbidity management programmes, it is important to estimate disease burden and evaluate the needs of patients. This study aimed to estimate patient numbers and characterise the physical, social and economic impact of LF in in rural Nigeria. Methods This is a matched cross-sectional study which identified lymphedema and hydrocele patients with the help of district health officers and community-directed distributors of mass drug administration programmes. A total of 52 cases were identified and matched to 52 apparently disease-free controls, selected from the same communities and matched by age and sex. Questionnaires and narrative interviews were used to characterise the physical, social and economic impact of lymphedema and hydrocele. Results Forty-eight cases with various stages of lower limb lymphedema, and 4 with hydrocele were identified. 40% of all cases reported feeling stigma and were 36 times (95% CI: 5.18–1564.69) more likely to avoid forms of social participation. Although most cases engaged in some form of income-generating activity, these were low paid employment, and on average cases spent significantly less time than controls working. The economic effects of lower income were exacerbated by increased healthcare spending, as cases were 86 times (95% CI: 17.48–874.90) more likely to spend over US $125 on their last healthcare payment. Conclusion This study highlights the importance of patient-search as a means of estimating the burden of LF morbidity in rural settings. Findings from this work also confirm that LF causes considerable psychosocial and economic suffering, all of which adversely affect the mental health of patients. It is therefore important to incorporate mental health care as a major component of morbidity management programmes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-3959-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

This report examines the problematic aspects of the regional development of two areas of the Southern Central Planning Region. The focus on the development of Haskovo and Kardzhali districts is an attempt to outline the need for joint efforts of regional communities for the purpose of integrated management of larger territories as well as the promotion of regional cooperation. In purely spatial terms, the two areas have one-size-fits-all problems, respectively the need for common solutions and the construction of sustainable regional infrastructure to improve the regional connectivity and competitiveness of their settlements. The focus of the report is to outline the strategic location of the two areas by grouping their specifics and outlining guidelines for improving the regional development of the two areas.