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This paper examines women scientists’participation in KnowledgeExchange (KE) with nonacademic actors. We compare three KE types–informal engagement, formal engagement and commercialization–andfind significant differences in participation depending on type. Ininformal engagement, women and men participate equally, but womenparticipate less than men in both formal engagement andcommercialization. We explore whether academic rank and womenpeers influence this participation gap. Wefind evidence of a levellingeffect related to academic rank in the case of formal engagement andan emulating effect related to women peers in the case ofcommercialization. The implications of the emerging gender patternsare also discussed.

The gender gap in STEM is an issue that affects regions and countries worldwide. Furthermore, the percentage of women in these areas depends on a range of different factors. In particular, the gender gap is critical in technology in general and, more specifically, in informatics. This problem affects not only the business sector but also society. Informatics is part of our lives; however, 50% of the world population is not represented in the teams that are developing solutions for solving society's problems. In Spain, the number of women with informatics degrees is around 15%. This work describes a case study developed by the committee of Women in Informatics at the Scientific Society of Spanish Informatics (SCIE) to analyse the perception of informatics scientists on the gender gap in informatics.

The text focuses on researching the sources that define public policies and those that form the legal framework within which there are (or are not) equal opportunities for women and men to exercise their rights under equal conditions, including the right to engage in scientific work. Documents (strategies and action plans) in the fields of education, science, gender equality and non-discrimination are the subject of attention. The research is also supported by legal regulations that positivise public policies through binding norms, which include international legal sources containing human rights and gender equality standards in the field of scientific work, as well as domestic legislation (Constitution and laws). The Constitution of the Republic of Serbia in its basic principles guarantees the equality of women and men and obliges the state to pursue a policy of equal opportunities and take special measures in order to achieve in practice the gender equality proclaimed by the Constitution. Our question is whether the state fulfils this constitutional obligation, whether it pursues a policy of equal opportunities in the field of science, whether it takes special measures as instruments for conducting a policy of equal opportunities, whether any special measures which are undertaken are sufficient and what effect they have.Key words: gender equality, equal opportunities, special measures, gender-based discrimination, women scientists

Gender balance (both sexes being represented by at least 40%) in academia has long been a goal. In this study, we present a model for the inert changes in the proportion of female full professors and associate professors at four research universities in Norway and stipulate future scenarios. Data from 1977 to 2019 were fitted to a sigmoid model. The results indicate that for all full professors, gender balance will be reached sometimes in the mid-2030s. Gender balance among all associate professors is already achieved. However, when the data is split into fields of research and development (fields of R&D), pronounced differences were seen. The results indicate that we will not achieve gender balance among full professors within humanities and the arts, while the proportion of female professors within Natural sciences and Engineering and technology cannot be properly modeled. Contrary, gender balance among associate professors will be achieved within all fields of R&D apart from engineering and technology, while natural sciences cannot be modeled properly. Essentially this model exercise illustrates what will happen with the gender balance in academia if no interventions are made. If so, we might not achieve gender balance in all fields of science.

This article proposes an analysis of the representation of women scientists in film through the case study of the pioneer philosopher and astronomer Hypatia of Alexandria in the film Ágora (Alejandro Amenábar, 2009). The objectives of the research aim to explore and describe the different mechanisms of representation of this figure in film. To this end, a textual and narrative analysis of the character has been performed, complemented with data on the development of the film obtained through the consultation of different sources. Considering previous studies on film representations of women scientists and assuming the premise that the film was widely distributed, the main results point to a broad visibility of the figure of Hypatia of Alexandria as an admired woman in the scientific field, but limited by the social context dominated by men. Despite the creative licenses taken by the authors of the film, a positive portrayal of the relationship between women and scientific development is found. El presente artículo propone un análisis de la representación de la mujer científica en el cine a través del estudio de caso de la pionera filósofa y astrónoma Hipatia de Alejandría en la película Ágora (Alejandro Amenábar, 2009). Los objetivos de la investigación persiguen explorar y describir los diferentes mecanismos de representación de esta figura en el ámbito cinematográfico. Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo un análisis textual y narrativo del personaje, que se complementa con datos sobre el desarrollo de la película procedentes de la consulta de fuentes de diversa naturaleza. Considerando estudios previos sobre la representación de la mujer científica en el cine y partiendo de que la premisa de que la película contó con una gran difusión, los principales resultados apuntan a una amplia visibilización de la figura de Hipatia de Alejandría como mujer de ciencia admirada en el ámbito científico, pero limitada por el contexto social dominado por hombres. Pese a las licencias creativas de los autores de la película, se encuentra un retrato positivo de las relaciones entre las mujeres y el desarrollo científico.

International audience; This article focuses on the stories of key women scientists (Rachel Carson, Anita Conti, Aliette Geistdoerfer, Elinor Ostrom and Elisabeth Mann Borgese) who had a major impact on ocean conservation. Through these portraits of women scientists from the Western world, we study their trajectories in the professional world of the sea, an environment largely dominated by men, and we explore the intangible heritage of these courageous pioneers, in order to understand their impact on today's generations of ocean scientists. Their works have allowed to develop a better understanding of marine ecosystems and of the coastal communities that live off the sea, and to raise awareness on the impacts of overexploitation and the need to better preserve the ocean. They all contributed to making the protection of the marine environment an international political issue. The authors aim to contribute to a necessary historical and sociological reframing of the epistemology of ocean sciences. The aim of this article is not to provide a sociological gender analysis, but rather to give an overview of women leaders in ocean science who have paved the way for new ways of thinking about the ocean and its governance.

The objective of this article, based on the results of the R+D+i project “Maps of communication research in Spanish Universities from 2007 to 2018”, is to offer the current state of the presence, access and leadership of women on academic research in the field of communication. The results show that the gender gap persists in the social sciences and to a lesser extent in the field of communication. Women consume their doctorate in a higher proportion than men and outperform them in the authorship of contributions to congresses and presence in the Spanish Association for Communication Research as associates without leadership positions in the management of R+D+i projects, doctoral thesis, research groups, responsibility positions in the Spanish Association for Communication Research or in the publication of articles in the journals with the greatest impact of the specialty. El objetivo de este artículo, basado en resultados del proyecto I+D+i “Mapas de la investigación en comunicación en las Universidades españolas de 2007 a 2018”, es ofrecer el estado actual de la presencia, acceso y liderazgo de las mujeres en la investigación académica en el campo de la comunicación. Los resultados muestran que la brecha de género subsiste en ciencias sociales y, en menor medida, en el campo de la comunicación. Las mujeres consuman en mayor proporción que los hombres su doctorado y aventajan a éstos en la autoría de contribuciones a congresos y presencia en la Asociación Española de Investigación de la Comunicación como asociadas, sin que esto tenga un correlato en la progresión de su carrera académica respecto a ocupar posiciones de liderazgo en la dirección de proyectos de I+D+i, tesis doctorales, grupos de investigación, puestos de responsabilidad en la Asociación Española de Investigación de la Comunicación o en la publicación de artículos en las revistas de mayor impacto de la especialidad.

YouTube is an appropriate social network for disseminating scientific audiovisual content, and this content can help to make the position of women in science, and gender equality, more visible. The aim of this study is to analyse the visibility of women scientists on the YouTube channels of Spanish biosanitary research institutes accredited by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III. A mixed study of the channels and communication departments of the institutions has been carried out, analysing metrics of audience impact, the type of audiovisual production and the use of YouTube in the institution. Of the 1914 videos analysed, 4% (n = 76) of the content is related to the visibility of women scientists and has little impact. The audiovisual production is basic and informative, without a dramatic narrative structure and focused on transmitting the personal experiences of women scientists. It is necessary to invest resources in institutions to improve the production and dissemination of content that makes women in the scientific field more visible, especially among students.

Orientador: Maria Margaret Lopes Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências Resumo: Esta tese aborda trajetórias de mulheres, principalmente estrangeiras, que realizaram expedições científicas no Brasil, em meados do século XX. A partir da documentação do Conselho de Fiscalização das Expedições Artísticas e Científicas do Brasil - CFE (1933-1968) ¿ MAST, RJ, foi realizado um levantamento sobre a participação de mulheres em expedições científicas buscando entender como elas se inseriam nessas práticas de campo. Apresentamos um panorama geral sobre o levantamento feito na documentação do CFE, quem eram as mulheres que ficaram registradas nestes documentos, a que áreas científicas pertenciam, quantas eram brasileiras e quantas estrangeiras e como articularam suas experiências no Brasil, ao mesmo tempo que retomamos referências bibliográficas importantes e fontes inéditas sobre o assunto. Tratamos das trajetórias de três cientistas que fizeram do Brasil seus campos privilegiados de pesquisa estabelecendo redes de relações sólidas no país, cada uma a sua maneira, e grande parte de suas produções científicas (teorias, classificações, livros e artigos) provém das pesquisas realizadas aqui. Elas são Doris Cochran, Betty Meggers e Wanda Hanke. As análises particularizadas (e até certo ponto de detalhes) que privilegiamos têm o objetivo de contribuir com o quadro de escassez de testemunhos sobre o comportamento e as atitudes de mulheres cientistas trabalhando no Brasil, no período abordado. Fosse um empreendimento coletivo ou solitário, uma ambição profissional, uma fuga ou aventura, a história dessas mulheres está repleta de vontades diversas. Consideramos cada uma dessas experiências como fragmentos da realidade muitas vezes negligenciados pela história das ciências que foi descrita como um empreendimento quase que exclusivamente masculino. A cultura das ciências fez-se separadamente da cultura das mulheres. As expedições científicas, na forma mais romantizada em que conseguimos imaginá-las - grandes aventureiros e aventureiras se embrenhando em matas fechadas, enfrentando perigos - ainda influenciam a categorização das ciências, suas características e o imaginário popular sobre o que é fazer ciências, contribuindo inclusive para reforçar um caráter masculinizante dessas práticas. A realidade, tanto agora quanto no passado, é bastante diferente. Existem grandes lacunas nesses discursos quando excluem parcelas inteiras da população da história da construção do saber científico. Onde está e como foi a participação das mulheres e de outros grupos excluídos por raça, classe ou etnia? Como essas hierarquizações sociais foram reproduzidas nos ambientes científicos? Nas narrativas sobre a ciência ocidental encontramos apenas pequenas pistas e passagens dessas pessoas por essa história. Essa tese é, portanto, uma contribuição para a ampliação desse registro histórico Abstract: This thesis presents stories of women, mainly foreign, who conducted field research in Brazil in mid-twentieth century. Based on documents of the Brazilian Inspection Council on Artistic and Scientific Expedition - CFE (1933-1968) ¿ MAST (Museum), Rio de Janeiro ¿ an inventory on women¿s participation in scientific expeditions was conducted aiming to understand their experiences on these field practices. We present an overview of the inventory in the CFE documentation, addressing who were the women recorded in these documents. We collected data about their scientific areas, their nationalities, the strategies used to articulate their experiences in Brazil and also gathered important references about the topic. Three scientists were emphasized because their experiences revealed that Brazil was their privileged field of research where they also established strong networks with the local scientific community, each in their own way, because much of their scientific productions (theories, scientific classifications, articles and books) originated from these field activities. They are Doris Cochran, Betty Meggers, and Wanda Hanke. Individualized accounts were privileged, as well as details about these experiences, in order to adress the shortage of testimonials about stories, practices and attitudes of women scientists working in Brazil, in the period covered. Sometimes they went to the field alone, other times as part of a scientific team. They also worked in couples as assistants or collaborators and there were cases of travelers who were just looking for a getaway or an adventure. The stories of these women are interesting and bring up a lot of uniqueness. Each of these experiences can be thought as fragments of a reality often overlooked by the History of Science that has been described as an almost exclusively male enterprise. The culture of science was stablished separately from the women's culture. The popular image of scientific expeditions associated with heroism and riskness still influence the categorization of science and build up an idea of science as an almost exclusively male dominate endeavor, contributing to reinforce the masculine characterization of these practices. Reality, both now and in the past, is quite different. There are large gaps in the Western history of science narratives. Whole social groups were excluded of the construction of scientific knowledge, not only in the institutions but also in the history books. Where is and how was the participation of women and other groups excluded by race, class or ethnicity? How these social hierarchies were reproduced in scientific circles? In the narratives of Western science we found only small hints and passages of this group. This thesis is, therefore, a contribution to increase the field of historical studies about women scientists, gender and sciences Doutorado Política Científica e Tecnologica Doutora em Política Científica e Tecnológica

This article aims to highlight some of the contributions from Bangladeshi and Malaysian women scientists in the fields of health informatics, medical physics and biomedical engineering, and veterinary science in combating the COVID-19 world crisis. The status of COVID-19 situations in Bangladesh and Malaysia in respect to global scenario, some relevant government policies, lessons learnt from previous pandemics, socio-economic impacts of COVID-19, the impact on healthcare system and health management approaches taken by individual/institutional research group led by women scientists during the COVID-19 pandemic have been discussed and demonstrated in this article. These promising activities and initiatives will eventually motivate other women in science and extend their roles from laboratory to society in more aspects.

Researchers and policymakers are interested in the pathway to the STEM workforce given projections about a workforce shortage and the underrepresentation of women and people of color in STEM. These examinations often rely on the STEM pipeline model as a framework for understanding STEM persistence, which uses a STEM degree as a proxy for future workforce entry. However, this approach limits knowledge on STEM persistence to students’ postsecondary years and is not an appropriate framework for examining persistence from a longitudinal perspective. Few studies use longitudinal data and methods appropriate for examining STEM persistence and identifying when attrition from the pathway to the workforce is likely to occur. I used STEM career aspirations and social cognitive career theory as a guiding framework to track students on their trajectory to the STEM workforce. Using data from the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS:2002), I examined the career aspirations histories from grade 10 to age 26 of high school students with early STEM career aspirations. I constructed alluvial diagrams to explore patterns of differential change in students’ career aspirations over time and how these patterns relate to STEM-related milestones. I used survival analysis to determine whether and when students lose their STEM career aspirations for the first time during their secondary, postsecondary, and early adult years. I applied discrete-time hazard modeling to determine how students’ characteristics, background affordance, and math self-efficacy contribute to their likelihood of no longer aspiring to a STEM career. I found that students’ career aspirations are unstable over time. Nearly half of the students in the sample lose their STEM career aspirations by grade 12. Still, it was more likely that students who reached STEM-related milestones aspired to a STEM career at the juncture preceding those achievements. While students’ early STEM career aspirations did not appear to have a considerable impact on reaching STEM-related milestones, most of the students who reached those milestones persisted in their grade 10 STEM career aspirations. Students’ gender, race, parental educational expectations, math achievement, and math self-efficacy all have statistically significant impacts on the likelihood of no longer aspiring to a STEM career. I provide implications for future research, policy, and practice related to STEM persistence.

This dissertation examines the debates and discourses surrounding the Korean Astronaut Program (KAP) using the concepts of sociotechnical imaginaries, sociotechnical vanguards, and the construction of expertise. Based on documentary analysis and oral interviews, this research considers KAP as an example of how the visions of sociotechnical vanguards conflict and their failure to construct a unified sociotechnical imaginary. Furthermore, it contends that the expertization of the Korean astronaut failed because of the public openness of KAP. KAP was proposed by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) and run by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI). These two sociotechnical vanguards, MOST and KARI, provided different visions to the Korean public sphere, which already ascribed to its own image of an astronaut. MOST imagined the future Korea as a science-loving nation in which especially the next generations would have a strong interest in science and technology. Thus, MOST defined KAP as a science popularizing program and the Korean astronaut as a science popularizer. However, imagining a better Korea with better science and technology, KARI defined KAP as a research program that would lead to human space flight technology and considered the Korean astronaut a space expert. However, in the Korean public sphere, the widely shared expectation was a better Korea with a Korean heroic astronaut, because having a hero similar to that in other countries could position Korea on par with other advanced countries. These three visions conflicted in Korean society during KAP, and none of them succeeded in becoming the dominant sociotechnical imaginary. This elicited severe criticism of KAP and the Korean astronaut. KAP was also a good example of expertization with public openness. Credibility is the most important part of modern scientific practice. Without credibility, scientific experts cannot exercise their authority. Credibility rests on social markers such as academic degrees, track records, and institutional affiliation. However, these social markers are not suddenly assigned to an expert, who spends much time and effort attaining them. Rather, experts are made in a continuous process of improvement. Therefore, this research focuses on the process through which a person becomes an expert in emerging science and proposes the new terminology: expertization. Usually, the expertization process is hidden behind a public image. People do not know how experts obtain social markers, despite believing that these verify expertise. However, when the expertization process open to the public, it could be easily destroyed. KARI tried to position the Korean astronaut as a space expert. The first Korean astronaut did not become an expert overnight, but emerged as such to the Korean public through a selection process, training, and spaceflight. However, unlike other expertization, all steps comprising KAP were broadcast, and the expertization of Dr. Soyeon Yi, the first Korean astronaut, was open to the public. Consequently, her expertise was questioned each time the public found an element that did not satisfy their expectations. This research also clarifies the meaning of gender in emerging science. Dr. Soyeon Yi became the first Korean astronaut before any Korean male. In this way, KAP provided an important meaning to women in science, especially in the field of emerging science, which is usually dominated by males. Through these discussions, this research expands the application of sociotechnical imaginary and expert studies. It also enhances understanding of these discourses in Korean society, and stimulates discussions of the negative consequences of research programs. Doctor of Philosophy In April 2008, the first Korean Astronaut, Dr. Soyeon Yi, was launched to the International Space Station. The Korean nation welcomed their astronaut and believed this marked Korea's entry into the space age. However, before long, this aspiration changed to severe criticism. This research analyzes the Korean Astronaut Program (KAP) from its proposal to after its spaceflight in terms of its reception by Korean society. The Korean Astronaut Program was proposed by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) to overcome the science and engineering crisis in 2004. As such, MOST defined KAP as a science-popularization program and the Korean astronaut as a science popularizer. However, as the first human space program in Korea, the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), who ran KAP, considered it a research program to achieve human spaceflight technology and the Korean astronaut a space expert. These two different understandings were communicated to the Korean public sphere. However, the Korean pubic already had its own image of the "heroic" astronaut based on other countries' space programs and popular culture. The public thought that having an astronaut would position the country on par with other countries. Because the visions of MOST, KARI, and the Korean public differed, KAP could not satisfy the expectations of all three actors. In addition, the process through which Dr. Yi became the first Korean astronaut was opened to the Korean public. Consequently, when the public found an element that did not satisfy their expectations, they doubted Dr. Yi as a space expert, bringing about severe criticism of KAP and the concept of the Korean astronaut.

Funding bodies and their fellowship programmes became a cornerstone of the scientific world in the twentieth century, not only providing scholars with the means to conduct their research in practice, but also decisively influencing the perception of their scientific persona as an expression of their expertise. Although women were increasingly entering the scientific realm at the time, few succeeded in obtaining such fellowships. In this article, I shall take a closer look at the fellowship programme of the International Federation of University Women during the interwar period, specifically designed to enable women to continue their research abroad. By focussing in particular on the selection process, as evidenced by the minutes of committee meetings and the fellows’ files, I shall explore the implicit norms and expectations to which candidates were subject in order to reconstruct the ideal type of woman scientist. The fellowship programme was meant to function as a meritocratic and excellence-oriented system, in which personal and non-scientific characteristics did not serve as criteria in the allocation of funding. Deliberately understating aspects of gender and developing a strictly meritocratic discourse, the Federation promoted a “disembodied" type of scientific persona as a strategy aimed at overcoming a long-standing bias against the alleged amateurism of women scientists. Whereas other funding bodies such as the Rockefeller Foundation contributed to the shape of a masculine persona, the IFUW sought to promote a universal model, in which women could be recognised as legitimate scientists. ispartof: Persona Studies vol:4 issue:1 pages:88-102 status: published

Based on new archival materials, this paper reconstructs the pre-revolutionary system of women’s training in zoology at the Moscow Higher Women’s Courses. The history of teaching zoology at the Women’s Courses is the first experience of a large-scale training in life sciences for female students based on the university-level curricula. The zoological laboratory opened at the Courses in 1904 to train the auditors in histology, embryology, and evolutionism. The academic quality of education was provided by Moscow University professors, M.A. Menzbir, N.K. Kol’tsov, and P.P. Sushkin, who were invited to teach at the Courses. The training, which lasted from September through May included lectures, the female students attended practicums; many attended scientific seminars and circles, and also conducted research under the guidance of eminent scientists. The laboratory was fitted with the necessary equipment, collections, and professional literature: all of this was regularly updated and replenished, which was paid with the Courses’ own funds and charity donations. The experience of organizing the teaching and learning process at the Zoological Laboratory was shared with the participants in 12th Congress of Natural Scientists and Physicians in Moscow to demonstrate different forms and methods of zoological teaching. In 1918, the Courses were reorganized into the Second Moscow University. Nevertheless, the traditions of prerevolutionary education were adopted by the teachers of the nascent soviet higher school and implemented in teaching practices. Among those who received training in zoology at the Moscow Higher Women’s Courses were S.L. Frolova, N.N. Ladygina-Kohts, M.P. Sadovnikova-Kol’tsova, V.N. Shreder, and others who became renowned scientists in the fields of zoology, cytology and genetics, the teachers and organizers of Russian science., В статье на основе новых архивных материалов воссоздана дореволюционная подготовка женщин в области зоологии на Московских высших женских курсах. Преподавание на женских курсах являлось первым в Москве опытом массового обучения слушательниц зоологическим дисциплинам по университетским программам. Благодаря открытию на курсах лаборатории зоологии в 1904 г. была организована подготовка слушательниц по зоологии, гистологии, эмбриологии, эволюционному учению. Академизм преподавания обеспечивали приглашённые преподаватели Московского университета: М.А. Мензбир, Н.К. Кольцов, П.П. Сушкин. Обучение проводилось с сентября по май, кроме лекционного материала слушательницы проходили практикум, многие студентки посещали научные семинары и кружки, выполняли исследования под руководством выдающихся учёных. Лаборатория была обеспечена необходимым оборудованием, коллекциями и специальной литературой, которые постоянно пополнялись за счёт собственных средств учреждения и благотворительных пожертвований. Опыт организации учебного процесса в зоологической лаборатории был представлен участникам XII Съезда естествоиспытателей и врачей в Москве, так как демонстрировал различные формы и методы обучения зоологии. В 1918 г. курсы были преобразованы во Второй Московский университет, тем не менее, традиции дореволюционного образования были взяты на вооружение педагогами зарождающейся советской высшей школы и перенесены в практику преподавания. В стенах Московских Высших женских курсов подготовку по специальности «зоология» прошли С.Л. Фролова, Н.Н. Ладыгина-Котс, М.П. Садовникова-Кольцова, В.Н. Шредер и др., которые впоследствии стали известными исследователями в области зоологии, цитологии и генетики, педагогами и организаторами отечественной науки.

Uno de los objetivos fijados en la asignatura Ciencias para el mundo contemporáneo (1º de Bachillerato) es el de superar el escaso interés que siente el alumnado hacia la ciencia. Es necesario para tal fin un cambio en los planteamientos tanto metodológicos como temáticos, respecto a las asignaturas de ciencias tradicionales. Con la intención de contribuir a este cambio se han diseñado actividades en las que confluyen características que podrán ayudar a conseguirlo. En el caso propuesto se escogió una temática controvertida a lo largo de la historia: Mujeres y Ciencia; eligiendo como estrategia de aprendizaje las webquests y publicando en la red las tareas realizadas por el alumnado, todo esto con la finalidad de romper las paredes del aula y hacer extensiva la cultura científica al resto de la comunidad educativa y público en general.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama, kokie įvaizdžiai apie moterį mokslininkę (fizinių ir technologinių mokslų srityse) vyrauja tarp paauglių, ar tokias nuostatas lemia lyčių stereotipai. Tyrimas atskleidė šiuos vyraujančius moters mokslininkės įvaizdžius: patrauklios ir kompetentingos mokslininkės, nepatrauklios darboholikės, seksualios mokslininkės, neutraliai atrodančios mokslininkės. Paaiškėjo, kad paaugliams, ypač vaikinams, būdingi stereotipiniai ir pakankamai negatyvūs tradiciškai vyriškoje srityje dirbančios moters mokslininkės vertinimai, o merginos daugiau teigiamai ir neutraliai įsivaizduoja tokią moterį, pabrėždamos komunikacinę bei profesinę jos kompetencijas. Sector of technological and physical sciences is exceptionally male professional area and it is rather difficult for women to become professionals in this field. Professional gender stereotypes is one of the main reasons that impact attitudes towards women in this male area. This paper aims to identify images of female scientist in the field of technological and physical sciences among Lithuanian teenagers. The sample consisted of 1398 respondents (58 % females and 42 % males). Qualitative content analysis was used in this study. The study showed that four images of the female scientist are dominating among teenagers: attractive and competent scientist, unattractive scientist, sexually looking scientist and neutrally looking scientist. The results of the empirical analysis indicated that stereotypical evaluations and even discriminating attitudes are more characteristic for the male respondents while female respondents use to evaluate the female scientist neutrally or even idealized.

Trabajo que se ocupa de analizar la figura y la obra de una de las mujeres científicas más relevantes del siglo XVII: Mme d’Arconville, traductora de obras inglesas e italianas, así como de ensayos propios, el hecho de contraer la viruela a los 22 años y las secuelas físicas que dejó en ella la convertirían en una trabajadora infatigable, formándose adecuadamente en los campos de la física, anatomía, química, medicina, botánica y agricultura, a la vez que se relacionaba con los humanistas y hombres de ciencia más relevantes de Francia gracias a su elevada posición social y económica. Su carácter reflexivo y melancólico, unido a una avidez de conocimientos fuera de lo común la llevarían a publicar anónimamente hasta setenta volúmenes de obras, creyendo sus biógrafos que escribió y tradujo bastantes más. En el laboratorio de su casa de campo de Meudon llevó a cabos experimentos sobre las gomas, las resinas y los efectos de la putrefacción para poder mejorar la conservación de los alimentos. This paper attempts to survey the life and work of one of the most important women scientists of the 17th century: Mme d’Arconville, translator of English and Italian works, as well as of her own essays. The fact that she contracted smallpox when she was 22 and its subsequent physical aftereffects made her an indefatigable worker, properly educated in the fields of physics, anatomy, chemistry, medicine, botany and agriculture. She was in close contact with the most relevant French humanists and scientists thanks to her high social and economic status. Her melancholic and thoughtful nature, together with an unusual thirst for knowledge led her to publish seventy volumes of works anonymously, although her biographers believed that she had written and translated many more. In the laboratory she owned in her country house at Meudon she carried out experiments on gums, resins and the effects of putrefaction in order to improve food preservation.

Irène Joliot-Curie, une féministe engagée ? La question abordée par cet article est double. Chimiste, physicienne et chercheuse en laboratoire, exerçant un métier considéré comme dévolu aux hommes, Irène Joliot-Curie se proclame féministe. Comme scientifique, elle prend des responsabilités hiérarchiques, devenant chef de travaux puis directrice du Laboratoire Curie. Elle accède, avec son mari Frédéric, à la notoriété scientifique grâce au Prix Nobel de Chimie obtenu en 1935. Irène Joliot-Curie s’engage par ailleurs volontiers. Au nom de l’égalité homme-femme et des valeurs essentielles tirées de son éducation, elle milite pour faire avancer la cause des femmes. Au moment de la crise des années 30, la revendication de l’égalité économique et sociale devient prioritaire à ses yeux, au détriment de l’égalité politique. L’antifascisme, les droits des femmes, le désarmement sont les causes qu’elle défend au nom d’une science qui a pour fins l’émancipation et des bienfaits au service de l’humanité. Qu’elle soit sous-secrétaire d’état à la Recherche scientifique au début du Front Populaire ou fidèle compagne de route du PCF au début de la guerre froide, sa tentation du politique obéit au besoin d’une société égalitaire. Elle croit à la voie tracée par le modèle communiste et soviétique, en dépit de quelques réserves et désillusions. Was Irène Joliot-Curie a feminist? Chemist, physicist and laboratory researcher, she worked in a masculine profession, and called herself a feminist. In her scientific work she took on hierarchical responsibilities becoming eventually the head of the Curie Laboratory. With her husband Frédéric, she acquired notoriety thanks to the Nobel Prize in Chemistry they won in 1935. Her education and commitment to the values of gender equality, led her to be active in other areas, notably in the promotion of women’s rights. During the economic crisis of the 1930, she spoke out on issues of economic and social equality, which she placed before political rights. Antifascism, women’s rights and disarmament were the causes she defended in the name of a science she believed should promote emancipation and human welfare. As Sub-secretary of state for scientific research at the beginning of the Popular Front or as the faithful member of the French Community Party at the beginning of the Cold War, her political engagements were always on the side of promoting an egalitarian society. She believed in the communist and soviet model despite some hesitations and disillusions.

The women physicists whose work will be featured are Marietta Blau, Madelaine Forro Barnothy, Phyllis Freier, and Connie Dilworth. The "gluons" that connected their lives to each other (and to the author) included Georges Lemaitre, Manuel Sandoval Vallarta, Cecil Powell, Guiseppi Occhialini, Ken Greisen, Beatrice Tinsley, Hannelore Sexl, and perhaps Elizabeth Rona. Most of the stories are not entirely happy ones. For instance it was Sandoval Vallarta who offered Blau (and her mother) refuge in Mexico when they had to leave Vienna. Vallarta was also Lemaitre's collaborator in calculations of how cosmic rays got to us through the earth's magnetic field. The sad part there is that somehow Lemaitre was never disabused of the view that cosmic rays were direct remnants of his primordial atom and not primarily protons. The result was his gradual exile from main-stream scientific communities. © 2013 American Institute of Physics.

[ES] This essay aims at bringing back biography as an analytical work that provides historical and historiographical pathways towards a transformation of the history of science from a women’s perspective. We review here the historiography of women in the sciences, technologies and medicine, the studies that include them and the concepts and methods used. We present some of the most insightful proposals of what we would define as a feminist historical epistemology of the sciences that analyses women’s strategies of adaptation and the sources of authority they resort to. Such a proposal relies on a set of recent studies on the relationship between biography and history, on the public role of scientific cultures and on the processes of constructing identity and belonging offered by the biographies of woman scientists, physicians and technologists., [ES] Este texto recupera la biografía como estudio histórico cuyo aporte historiográfico contribuye a una transformación de la historia de la ciencia desde la perspectiva de las mujeres. Con ese fin, se repasa aquí la historiografía sobre las mujeres en las ciencias, las tecnologías y la medicina, los estudios que las incluyen y los Conceptos y metodologías que esos estudios manejan. Presentamos algunas de las propuestas más sugerentes de lo que podríamos denominar una epistemología histórica feminista de las ciencias, que estudia las estrategias de adaptación y las fuentes de autoridad de las mujeres. Esta propuesta se apoya en un conjunto de trabajos recientes sobre la relación entre biografía e historia, sobre la creación cultural de un rol público del conocimiento experto y sobre los procesos de construcción de identidad y pertenencia que ofrecen las biografías de científicas, médicas y tecnólogas., La redacción de este trabajo ha sido posible gracias a las ayudas de los proyectos FFI2016-76364 (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad), del grupo de investigación Area de Historia de la Ciencia de la Universidad de Cantabria, del grupo PAIDI HUM603-Estudios de las Mujeres.

El grup ha analitzat l'activitat científica, acadèmica i professional de les dones i com a resultat d'aquestes anàlisis detecta una sèrie de problemes de discriminació que obliguen a adoptar polítiques de gènere en les institucions públiques i privades d'investigació i docència. Aquesta problemàtica requereix un debat social informat que defineixi les actuacions que cal seguir i les modificacions normatives que cal fer per eradicar les situacions de desigualtat.