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Diplophyllum purpurascens is described from the northern part of Yunnan Province in China based on the evidence obtained during an integrative study. The new species differs from congeners in its pinkish to purplish gemmae—a feature not known before in Diplophyllum. The species occupies a basal position in a clade composed of D. sibiricum, D. obtusifolium and D. andrewsii and is morphologically similar to all the aforementioned species. Diplophyllum purpurascens probably belongs to the group of Sino-Himalayan liverworts—a very diverse, little understood complex of taxa.

Three new clerodane-type diterpenoids, diplapiculins A–C (1-3), together with five known compounds (4-8) were isolated from the Chinese liverwort Diplophyllum apiculatum (A. Evans) Stephani. Their structures were determined by detailed analysis of HRMS and NMR data, coupled with single-crystal X-ray diffraction crystallography and electronic circular dichroism (ECD). They were found no antifungal and anticancer effects in preliminary biotests in vitro.

Diplophyllum sibiricum is described based on plants from North and East Asia. It somewhat resembles D. obtusifolium, from which it differs in coloration and highly protandrous paroecy, as well as distribution. The species status of D. trollii is confirmed based on molecular studies, and it is additionally recorded from the spurs of the Himalaya in Guizhou Province of China. Both taxa are slightly molecularly divergent ‘young’ species that are strongly defined geographically from close morphological relatives. Diplophyllum obtusatum and D. obtusifolium should be excluded from the flora of North Asia. A key to Diplophyllum taxa in North and East Asia is provided. Probable cryptic speciation was observed within D. albicans, but this problem is regarded as requiring further studies. The split of Diplophyllum subg. Diplophyllum into two sections is not maintained.

The new generic name Diplosophyllum Doweld is proposed to replace a later homonym, Diplophyllum Velenovský & Viniklař (non Dumortier nec Lehmann). The generic names Cussoniophyllum Doweld gen. nov., Hederago Doweld gen. nov., and Priscophyllum Doweld gen. nov. are validated replacing the invalidly published Cussoniphyllum, Hederophyllum and Grevilleophyllum, respectively. The new combinations Cussoniophyllum partitum (Velen.) Doweld, Diplosophyllum cottae (Ettingsh.) Doweld, D. cretaceum (Velen. & Viniklař) Doweld, D. elongatum (Velen.) Doweld, D. inaequale (Velen.) Doweld, D. primigenium (Saporta) Doweld, Hederago credneriifolia (Velen.) Doweld, H. primordialis (Saporta) Doweld, and Priscophyllum constans (Velen.) Doweld are proposed. The names Diplophyllum cretaceum Velen. & Viniklař, Hymenaea elongata Velen., H. inaequalis Velen., H. primigenia Saporta, Hedera credneriifolia Velen, and Grevillea constans Velen. are lectotypified and Hedera primordialis (Saporta) is neotypified.

Diplophyllum obtusifolium subsp. domesticum (Gottsche) Váňa, Phytotaxa 76 (3): 29, 2013 (see Váňa et al. 2013a). BASIONYM: Jungermannia domestica Gottsche, Linnaea 28 (5): 548, 1856 [1857] (see Gottsche 1856). NOTE: This name also creates the autonym., Published as part of Söderström, Lars, Hagborg, Anders & Konrat, Matt Von, 2016, Early Land Plants Today: Index of Liverworts & Hornworts 2013 - 2014, pp. 133-185 in Phytotaxa 269 (3) on page 143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.269.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4779693, {"references":["Vana, J., Soderstrom, L., Hagborg, A. & von Konrat, M. J. (2013 a) Notes on Early Land Plants Today. 13. New names and synonyms in Diplophyllum (Scapaniaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 76 (3): 28 - 30. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 76.3.1","Gottsche, C. M. (1856 [1857]) Plantae Muellerianae: Hepaticae Australiae a Dre. Ferd. Muller lectae. Linnaea 28 (5): 547 - 561."]}

Diplophyllum sect. Protodiplophyllum (R.M.Schust.) Váňa et L.Söderstr., Phytotaxa 76 (3): 29, 2013 (see Váňa et al. 2013a). BASIONYM: Diplophyllum subg. Protodiplophyllum R.M.Schust., Hepat. Anthocerotae N. Amer. 3: 192, 1974 (see Schuster 1974). NOTE: This name also creates the autonym., Published as part of Söderström, Lars, Hagborg, Anders & Konrat, Matt Von, 2016, Early Land Plants Today: Index of Liverworts & Hornworts 2013 - 2014, pp. 133-185 in Phytotaxa 269 (3) on page 143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.269.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4779693, {"references":["Vana, J., Soderstrom, L., Hagborg, A. & von Konrat, M. J. (2013 a) Notes on Early Land Plants Today. 13. New names and synonyms in Diplophyllum (Scapaniaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 76 (3): 28 - 30. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 76.3.1"]}

Six new sesquiterpenoids and two new norsesquiterpenoids were isolated from the essential oils of three liverworts. The isolated compounds include (+)-eudesma-4,11-dien-8α-ol from the liverwort Diplophyllum albicans , (−)-4β,5β-diacetoxygymnomitr-3(15)-ene, (+)-5β-acetoxygymnomitr-3(15)-ene, (−)-15-acetoxygymnomitr-3-ene, (−)-3β,15β-epoxy-4β-acetoxygymnomitrane, and (−)-3α,15α-epoxy-4β-acetoxygymnomitrane from Marsupella emarginata , and (+)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-1,4-dimethylazulene and (−)-2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-1,4-dimethylazulen-4-ol from Barbilophozia floerkei . These compounds were isolated by a combination of different chromatographic techniques, and their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic studies (MS, 1 H, 13 C, and 2D NMR) and chemical transformations using enantioselective GC.

Diplophyllum sect. Protodiplophyllum (R.M.Schust.) Vá ň a et L.Söderstr., comb. et stat. nov. Basionym:— Diplophyllum subgen. Protodiplophyllum R.M.Schust., Hepat. Anthocerotae N. Amer. 3: 192, 1974 (Schuster 1974). Type:— Diplophyllum obtusifolium (Hook.) Dumort., Published as part of Váňa, Jiŕí, Söderström, Lars, Hagborg, Anders & Konrat, Matt Von, 2013, Notes on Early Land Plants Today. 13. New names and synonyms in Diplophyllum (Scapaniaceae, Marchantiophyta), pp. 28-30 in Phytotaxa 76 (3) on page 29, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.112.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5066725, {"references":["Schuster, R. M. (1974) The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America. vol. III. Columbia University Press, New York, 880 pp."]}

Schuster (1974, 2002) classified the genus Diplophyllum Dumortier (1835: 15) into four subgenera, subgen. Diplophyllum , subgen. Macrodiplophyllum Buch (1928: 29), subgen. Austrodiplophyllum Schuster (1968: 18) and subgen. Protodiplophyllum Schuster (1974: 192). Subgenus Macrodiplophyllum was shown by Vilnet et al. (2011) and Hentschel et al. (2012) to be heterogeneous. Of the three species assigned to it, two species nest with Douinia Buch (1928: 13) and the other is basal to Scapania (Dumortier 1831: 38) Dumortier (1835: 14). Of the three remaining subgenera, subgen. Austrodiplophyllum seems to differ most from the rest while subgen. Diplophyllum and subgen. Protodiplophyllum do not differ in the same degree. The main differences between the latter are in the stem cortex (sharply defined vs. ill defined) and the conspicuous vitta vs. not conspicuous. We therefore think subgen. Protodiplophyllum is better treated as a section under subgenus Diplophyllum .

Vilnet et al. (2011) demonstrated that the genus Macrodiplophyllum is heterogeneous. Two species, Macrodiplophyllum imbricatum and the type species Macrodiplophyllum plicatum group together with Douinia , while the third species, Macrodiplophyllum microdontum (Mitten 1891: 196) Persson (1949: 508) is basal to a Scapania (Dumortier 1831: 38) Dumortier (1835: 14) clade. The two former needs to be transferred to Douinia unless the genus Douinia is transferred to Scapania.

Jungermannia albicans Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 1133. 1753. "Habitat in Europae umbrosis." RCN: 8119. Type not designated. Original material: Herb. Linn. No. 1267.11? (LINN); [icon] in Dillenius, Hist. Musc.: 492, t. 71, f. 20. 1741; [icon] in Vaillant, Bot. Paris.: 100, t. 19, f. 5. 1727. Current name: Diplophyllum albicans (L.) Dumort. (Scapaniaceae). Note: Isoviita (in Acta Bot. Fenn. 89: 8. 1970) thought that 1267.11 (LINN) came from Celsius but he did not treat it as the type. Grolle (in Feddes Repert. 87: 191. 1976) designated material in the Dillenius herbarium (OXF) as lectotype (with an isotype in FI), but this material was not studied by Linnaeus and is not original material for the name., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part J), pp. 599-607 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 602, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

The characteristic pungency of the European liverwort, Chiloscyphus polyanthus, is due to a mixture of four sesquiterpene lactones, two new structures ent-5β-hydroxydiplophyllin and ent-3-oxodiplophyllin, and the previously known diplophyllin and diplophyllolide. A new dihydrodiplophyllin, together with the pungent diplophyllolide and diplophyllin, has been isolated from Diplophyllum albicans. Ent-dihydrodiplophyllolides derived from the above pungent diplophyllolides produce intense numbness of the tongue. All pungent sesquiterpene lactones showed inhibitory activity towards the germination and root elongation of rice husks.