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The layout of the contemporary Armenian capital Yerevan is based on a 1924 master plan by the Soviet Armenian architect Alexander Tamanyan, who was inspired by the English concept of the 'garden city'. Still, the city has a much longer 'green tradition' that is documented for pre-Soviet times and might reach back to - or at least allude to - the parks and gardens of ancient Mesopotamia. In this article, we give insights into this local green tradition. First, we describe the changing attitude towards the city and urban green space and the city's and city dwellers' changing relationship to nature more generally. We then introduce the Cascade, a Soviet fountain structure, as an example to illustrate some of the recent developments and to map out the tangible and intangible links with the ancient past. Finally, building on our interpretation of the ancient and recent past of Yerevan, we make some suggestions for how to (re)turn the Cascade into a green project that is both traditional and at the same time modern.

This article explores the (contested) concept of political representation in Urdu during the colonial period to address “deceptive familiarities” and highlight multilingual and transnational influences on contemporary Indian Muslim claims. Drawing on official documents, letters, speeches, and newspapers from the late 1850s to 1919, it argues that the “politics of presence”—or descriptive representation—of “Old Party” leaders stemmed from their aristocratic concept of representation as trusteeship (wakālat). Despite changes in terminology, the concept was only challenged in the 1910s by the “Young Party” and by the embracing of democratic values. Conceptual change was then materialized by the appropriation of the Persian numā’indagī in Urdu—a term that might have consecutively accredited descriptive claims and the use of religious symbols in election campaigns.

When the language-dialect dichotomy first emerged in the early modern period, several scholars devised terminological alternatives, particularly for the subordinate lower half of the dichotomy. This article examines a series of terminological alternatives in their social and linguistic contexts, considering terms from the Romance, Germanic, and Slavic linguistic zones. Our case studies suggest that there were two main reasons for coining neologisms, or for devising new meanings for existing words. Some scholars sought terms with stronger pejorative connotations, others acted from language purism. Pejorative neologisms generally proved unsuccessful, but several purist neologisms endured.

While Reinhart Koselleck articulated the limits of conceptual history in relation to social history, and the limits of historiographical understanding in his discussion of the event, his thinking about the limits of the conceptual as such is harder to trace. However, a close reading of key texts where he discusses situations or events marked as “meaningless” or absurd, allows us to uncover both his ethics and analytics of the limit of meaning, of what we call “the ungraspable.” It is further argued that Koselleck's conceptual mapping of European modernity can be fruitfully extended by bringing it into contact with the ideas of thinkers such as Michel De Certeau, Edourd Glissant, and Francis Affergan who have contemplated how especially “the colonial” both represents the outside to and is the site from which the limit of European modernity and its conceptual universe might be (re)thought.

Mechanical stress patterns emerging from collective cell behavior have been shown to play critical roles in morphogenesis, tissue repair, and cancer metastasis. In our previous work, we constrained valvular interstitial cell (VIC) monolayers on circular protein islands to study emergent behavior in a controlled manner and demonstrated that the general patterns of cell alignment, size, and apoptosis correlate with predicted mechanical stress fields if radially increasing stiffness or contractility are used in the computational models. However, these radially symmetric models did not predict the existence of local regions of dense aligned cells observed in seemingly random locations of individual aggregates. The goal of this study is to determine how the heterogeneities in cell behavior emerge over time and diverge from the predicted collective cell behavior. Cell-cell interactions in circular multicellular aggregates of VICs were studied with time-lapse imaging ranging from hours to days, and migration, proliferation, and traction stresses were measured. Our results indicate that elongated cells create strong local alignment within preconfluent cell populations on the microcontact printed protein islands. These cells influence the alignment of additional cells to create dense, locally aligned bands of cells which disrupt the predicted global behavior. Cells are highly elongated at the endpoints of the bands yet have decreased spread area in the middle and reduced mobility. Although traction stresses at the endpoints of bands are enhanced, even to the point of detaching aggregates from the culture surface, the cells in dense bands exhibit reduced proliferation, less nuclear YAP, and increased apoptotic rates indicating a low stress environment. These findings suggest that strong local cell-cell interactions between primary fibroblastic cells can disrupt the global collective cellular behavior leading to substantial heterogeneity of cell behaviors in constrained monolayers. This local emergent behavior within aggregated fibroblasts may play an important role in development and disease of connective tissues. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Mechanical stress patterns emerging from collective cell behavior play critical roles in morphogenesis, tissue repair, and cancer metastasis. Much has been learned of these collective behaviors by utilizing microcontact printing to constrain cell monolayers (aggregates) into specific shapes. Here we utilize these tools along with long-term video microscopy tracking of individual aggregates to determine how heterogeneous collective behaviors unique to primary fibroblastic cells emerge over time and diverge from computed stress fields. We find that dense multicellular bands form from local collective behavior and disrupt the global collective behavior resulting in heterogeneous patterns of migration, traction stresses, proliferation, and apoptosis. This local emergent behavior within aggregated fibroblasts may play an important role in development and disease of connective tissues.

déjà dans hal Wind tunnel experiments provide worthwhile insights for designing efficient micro wind energy harvesters and large-scale wind turbines. As wind tunnel tests with large-scale wind turbines are expensive and not always feasible, most experiments are conducted with geometrically scaled rotors. Furthermore, micro-scale runners used for wind energy harvesting face the issue of lower efficiency than large turbines. A better understanding of Reynolds number effects induced by the downsizing of a turbine would help to design more efficient wind energy harvesters and more faithfully scaled experiments. This paper reports on Reynolds number effects on the performance and wake of micro-scale wind turbines. Wind turbines’ power and torque coefficients are measured in a wind tunnel for a wide range of Reynolds numbers. The wake axial velocity fields and the vortex core locations are collected for three Reynolds numbers using phase-averaged and phase-locked stereoscopic particle image velocimetry techniques. The results emphasize that an increase in the Reynolds number leads to larger power coefficients, torque coefficients, and optimum tip-speed ratios. Higher Reynolds numbers induce wider wake expansion and a larger axial velocity defect. This quantitative analysis will contribute to a clearer understanding of the scaling effects and help to design more efficient wind energy harvesters.

Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag rekapituliert das konstruktivistische Paradigma im Anschluss an Ernst von Glasersfeld und problematisiert dessen Anwendung in der Geschichtswissenschaft. Die konstruktivistischen Grundannahmen werden dann im Lichte der Herausforderungen der Archäogenetik diskutiert und mit einer erkenntnistheoretischen Grundsatzkritik konfrontiert. Damit soll nicht einem Sozial- und Medienkonstruktivismus begrenzter Reichweite die Legitimation abgesprochen werden, vielmehr wird für eine postkonstruktivistische Geschichtswissenschaft argumentiert, die das konstruktivistische Begriffs- und Methodenarsenal nicht mehr als unhinterfragte und undiskutierbare, dabei für die Forschung vielfach konsequenzlose Vorannahme übernimmt, sondern bereit ist, epistemische und normative Vorannahmen zu korrigieren und dabei neuere philosophische Debatten und archäogenetische Ansätze kritisch zu verarbeiten.

Zusammenfassung Es ist eine weitverbreitete Auffassung, dass die moderne deutsche Hochsprache durch die Bibelübersetzung Martin Luthers entstanden sei. Tatsächlich war jedoch die Reichspublizistik, also Drucke von Reichs- und Kreisabschieden, Reichsgesetzen, kaiserlichen Dekreten, der Kanzleien der Reichsgerichte usw. sowie jener Literatur, die sich wissenschaftlich mit dem Reichsstaatsrecht beschäftigte, viel entscheidender, denn hier wurde Deutsch erstmals zur Wissenschaftssprache. In diesem Kontext wird geklärt, wie aus Teutschland Deutschland wurde.

One and six times. More-than-human time, deep time, past and future time, time control(led), waiting time, imagined time, before and after. One and six times - one and many times. One in multiple layers of (inter-)disciplinary vantage points on urban time(s) from a historian, an archaeologist, a geoscientist, an architect, a landscape architect, an urban planner. We cannot ever deal with only one time. We will always be faced with the challenge of integrating the geological and the biological, the historical human and more-than-human, the artefact and the material, the simultaneity of before and after, of experience and expectation, into one, very subjective and ever-changing, urban experience as we walk, breathe, live and study the city. Any city.

This paper aims to identify and analyze some of the substitutions of the particle sed (> ceterum/verum/at), visible in the manuscript of More’s De Tristitia. In this study, the theoretical framework of Functional Discourse Grammar is applied for the first time, and it helps to explain some of the reasons underlying More’s final choices. One of the clearest conclusions is that More tries to show that the particle chosen does not function as a conjunction at the sentence level but as an adversative connector at the presentational level; this level has to do with the presentation and organization of the information in the text, and can serve to offer an explanation, justification, clarification, context, etc. between the various textual units. The examination of the passages in context also shows how More was careful to avoid repetitions which could diminish the elegance of the chosen linguistic expression.

The intellectual history of religious liberty redounds with complexity. This article chronicles the early decades of the Providence Plantations, what eventually became Rhode Island, as a historical frame of reference for exploring the promises and perils that liberty of conscience wrought in the Narragansett Bay.

The development of digitized humanity information provides a new perspective on data-oriented studies of history. Many previous studies have ignored uncertainty in the exploration of historical figures and events, which has limited the capability of researchers to capture complex processes associated with historical phenomena. We propose a visual reasoning system to support visual reasoning of uncertainty associated with spatio-temporal events of historical figures based on data from the China Biographical Database Project. We build a knowledge graph of entities extracted from a historical database to capture uncertainty generated by missing data and error. The proposed system uses an overview of chronology, a map view, and an interpersonal relation matrix to describe and analyse heterogeneous information of events. The system also includes uncertainty visualization to identify uncertain events with missing or imprecise spatio-temporal information. Results from case studies and expert evaluations suggest that the visual reasoning system is able to quantify and reduce uncertainty generated by the data.

This essay examines the unsettling claim of Erasmus that “an unjust peace is preferable by far than a just war”—a dictum he retrieves from Cicero but applies to debates about warfare between nations, feuds of religion, and interpersonal conflicts. Embedded in this aphorism is an entire Erasmian ethic of conflict, one wherein he prods leaders and individuals to pay the price for peace by settling on less than desirable and possibly unfair terms, in order to avoid the devastating fallout of full-fledged battle, while preserving the life of nations, the good of a community, the unity of a church, or the welfare of a friendship. With that challenge Erasmus proceeds to unwind just war theory with its own methods, and he does so with a curious but provocative blend of the most ideal of aspirations with utterly realistic challenges of practical reasoning.