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Consumer shows are widely used throughout the world by recreational organizations. Although their use is rampant, little empirical research has been completed to understand the motivations of visitors they attract. The main purpose of this study was to identify different segments of visitors attending RV and camping shows based on the underlying dimensions of their motivations. A total of 411 attendees to four RV and camping shows conducted in Michigan during 2005 were surveyed. Factor analysis performed on the motivations for attendance showed five underlying dimensions for show attendance while subsequent k-means cluster analysis distinguished five segments of visitors. Chi-square and ANOVA tests revealed that these market segments are significantly different regarding their purchase cycle stage, product usage, and show behavior. Recognition of different types of show customers have important marketing implications, especially regarding customer retention and market development, which this article discusses.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the meaning of TQM implementation in India and its impact on the Indian organizations' overall performance. This study also aims to prescribe a TQM model for Indian organizations in order to maximize the impact of TQM with predefined concentrated efforts.Design/methodology/approachA detailed questionnaire, based on current practices and unexplored areas identified by a literature survey, was designed and administered. The questionnaire consists of 11 “Contributing Variables” and nine “Contribution Variables”. The scores for these 20 variables were obtained from different organizations and put to factor analysis.FindingsThe result of factor analysis shows the existence of clusters of large correlation coefficients between subsets of these variables. This suggests that these variables could be measuring aspects of the same underlying dimensions. These underlying dimensions, or extracted factors, are four in number and are related to, respectively, efficiency, customer, people, and teambuilding. This shows that all the 20 TQM variables in India can be summarized into these four dimensions, which are taken as the four pillars of the suggested TQM model for Indian organizations. The proposed model is named TQMEF (TQM‐efficiency model).Research limitations/implicationsThis study is based on a single respondent from each organization, so it adds individuality to the scores. This can be avoided in future by having cross‐sectional data through more than one respondent from each organization. This will also help in avoiding error due to the tendency of respondents sometime to give over‐ambitious answers.Practical implicationsThe paper identifies four pillars on which TQM implementations should yield positive results for Indian organizations, implying that these organizations can gain by concentrating efforts in these areas.Originality/valueThe paper identified the importance of safety and resources conservation as crucial factors. Hitherto, in most models, only the other three aspects of TQM were given importance. Efficiency has emerged as a key issue in the Indian context.

Background Psychosomatic rehabilitation research increasingly agrees that symptom-related therapies need to be supplemented by work-related therapeutic interventions. However, there is a lack of evaluated diagnostic instruments for determination of an indication for and evaluation of specific work-related interventions. This article presents an analysis of the diagnostic quality of work-related self-rating instruments as well as their evaluation from a practical perspective. Method 281 psychosomatic inpatients showing high levels of occupational stress were studied using a set of work-related questionnaires on admission: individual coping skills (AVEM), work-related therapy motivation (FBTM), work satisfaction (ABB), leisure activities, experienced control at work, as well as occupational concerns and social stressors at work. Furthermore a sub-group of 78 patients who had completed a specific work-related group programme during their inpatient treatment were interviewed three months post-treatment. The instruments used were examined for reliability, underlying dimensions (factor analysis), health relevance (correlations with the SCL-90-R total score GSI as health-related external criterion), and sensitivity to change. Results (1) Reliability: Measuring procedures fulfilled the requirements of measurement accuracy. (2) Underlying dimensions: Factor-analytical investigations of relevant occupational constructs identified six aspects of occupational coping relevant for rehabilitation practice: "occupational resilience", "occupational (over-)commitment", "occupational gratification", "well-being at work", a motivational factor of "occupational identification vs. withdrawal", and "leisure activities". (3) Health relevance: Variables of "occupational resilience" and "occupational gratification" showed the highest correlations with indicators of psychosomatic health. (4) Sensitivity to change: Work-related instruments proved to be predominantly sensitive to change. Conclusions The work-related self-report instruments proved satisfactorily in application with psychosomatic patients. The findings concerning their diagnostic quality show that they can be recommended in research to evaluate work-related issues. Longitudinal evaluations should include work-related diagnostic instruments to a much larger extent.

The increasing popularity of festivals and events, coupled with their positive and negative impacts on host communities, has led to a growing body of research on the social impacts of festivals and events. To date, work by several authors represents research in impact scale development specifically related to the social impacts of festivals and events. This article reports on the scale developed by Small and Edwards in 2003, now known as the Social Impact Perception (SIP) scale, which measures residents' perceptions of the social impacts resulting from community festivals. The aim of this study was to test the SIP scale using a larger sample, allowing for further refinement of the scale using exploratory factor analysis. This research represents development of the SIP scale, and is in line with the refinement of other event impact scales, to which factor analysis has also been applied. This represents the most recent stage of this research, which has the aim of refining the SIP scale and identifying the underlying dimensions of the social impacts of community festivals. Factor analysis identified six underlying dimensions of the social impacts of community festivals: inconvenience, community identity and cohesion, personal frustration, entertainment and socialization opportunities, community growth and development, and behavioral consequences.

The ICF reflects a bio-psycho-social paradigm and is increasingly used in outpatients rehabilitation settings. The component of participation is in the ICF the manifestation of a bio-psycho-social reasoning. Different participation measures have already been developed and were operationalized through objective and/or a limited set of subjective variables, but keeping them as separate concepts. There is still need for a generic participation instrument including both objective and all relevant subjective variables resulting in one participation score.To develop a generic participation measure based on objective and subjective aspects and leading to one final score; the Ghent Participation Scale (GPS). Additionally it was the aim to explore whether the GPS has a good internal validity by means of factorial validity and homogeneity and whether the GPS is feasible and interpretable.Cross-sectional study.Outpatient rehabilitation centre.One hundred thirty former rehabilitation outpatients with various conditions.Item derivation for the GPS was based on qualitative research. The participants administered the GPS in the third week after discharge from the Ghent University Hospital. An exploratory factor analysis was performed to determine underlying dimensions. Statistical coherence was expressed in both item-total correlations and in Cronbach's α coefficient.An exploratory factor analysis showed 3 underlying dimensions within the GPS: 1) performing activities according to preferred choices and wishes; 2) social appreciation and acceptance by performing activities; and 3) the need to delegate activities explaining 55.8% of the total variance. The results show a good to strong homogeneity (item-total ranged from 0.58 to 0.80) and a strong internal consistency (Cronbach's α ranged from 0.76-0.92).The results of this preliminary validation study suggest that the GPS appears to be a valid measure to rate participation.Further research and more and more powerful psychometric models such as Rash Analysis or Item Response models are needed to establish a psychometrically sound instrument.

Festival season constitute the main buying period across India, especially for consumer durable goods, which contributes almost 45-50% of the total annual sales. In a highly segmented market with different races, subcultures, religions, castes, linguistic groups and geographical variations, significant differences exist with regard to the buying motives, buying behavior and consumption patterns of the consumers. It is imperative to identify various factors and the extent of influences on consumer behavior during festivals, enabling marketers to be more precise on their occasion based marketing efforts. Considering market segmentation and knowledge about segment characteristics, as powerful marketing tools, this study is an attempt to understand the underlying dimensions of festival buying motives and to segment the consumer durable market. Thirty-one motivational items were factor analyzed in order to delineate underlying dimensions of motivation associated with festival buying and done the segmentation using cluster analysis based on the delineated motivation factors. Cluster analysis identified four clustered segments from the six motivation dimensions in which the Renewal and Family togetherness seekers were found to be the most important segment. Group of Deal seekers was the second important cluster, followed by multi-purpose festival buyers and the last cluster was Ritual and auspicious time seekers.

Oddi's 24-item Continuing Learning Inventory (OCLI) is an instrument that has been used frequently to measure self-directed learning. Although three previous studies have assessed OCLI's underlying dimensions, the conflicting results of those studies prompted this further investigation that used a series of factor analyses of the 250 responses from University of Toronto undergraduate medical students. Although exploratory factor analyses yielded results consistent with Oddi's empirically derived three-factor model, further analyses of the student responses suggested that OCLI's underlying dimensions are better described by four factors. This four-factor model was also identified through confirmatory factor analyses. These four underlying OCLI dimensions—Learning With Others, Learner Motivation/Self-Efficacy/Autonomy, Ability to be Self-Regulating, and Reading Avidity—provide further specificity and insights for examining and better understanding students' self-directed learning.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the results of a study that examined how customers in the USA, France, and Korea perceived and classified a set of 13 services based on multidimensional scaling (MDS).Design/methodology/approachA MDS framework was used to map service classifications and actual services in the USA, Korea and France. Results from each country were then compared to the other two countries to determine similarities and differences.FindingsResults from this research suggest that there are two underlying dimensions that explain approximately 80 percent of the total variance in service perceptions and classifications. Underlying dimensions of the classifications across the three cultures were virtually identical. Differences among the countries were based on relative positioning of classifications and/or services on the underlying dimensions.Research limitations/implicationsEvidence from diverse cultures implies that consumers perceive services in a somewhat simplistic, two‐dimensional fashion rather than the complex set of classifications proposed by researchers. Although the complex classifications may be of use to service providers in organizing the delivery of services, the presentation and positioning of those services is along a much simpler framework in the minds of customers.Originality/valueThis is the first time consumer‐based perceptions of services have been examined systematically across cultures using a MDS approach.

PurposeThere has recently been an increase in interest in the notion of “network pictures” amongst researchers in the field of business‐to‐business marketing. Network pictures are managers' subjective mental representations of their relevant business environment. They are posited to work as “sense‐making” devices, and consequently shape managerial decisions, actions, and evaluations. However, while interest in this concept has been reported in a range of literature that is here identified and discussed, there has been no attempt to rigorously conceptualise the underlying dimensions of such pictures. This paper aims to address this issue.Design/methodology/approachBased on an extensive review of previous work, this study proposes a parsimonious set of interrelated dimensions, and initially tests this approach.FindingsThis article shows the model's face validity, but also argues that not all dimensions are perceived as being equally useful: utilisation of the different dimensions is determined more by what it is that managers wish to represent.Research limitations/implicationsThe implications of the concept of network pictures, as well as further research propositions, are discussed.Originality/valueAs researchers develop their interest in network pictures, so one needs to develop one's understanding of what their underlying dimensions are. A parsimonious set of such dimensions is developed and tested.

The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression in older Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults.A modified version of the PHQ-9 (KICA-dep) and the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) were administered as part of a wider dementia prevalence study conducted in the Torres Strait. Results were compared to diagnoses obtained on Geriatric review to evaluate their applicability in the region.A total of 236 participants completed the KICA-dep and 184 completed the GAI short form. Of these, 10.6% were identified with depression and 15.8% with anxiety. Some participants found questions about suicide ideation and self-harm offensive and others had difficulty understanding concepts on the GAI. The KICA-dep performed poorly in comparison to diagnosis on geriatric clinical review, so results are unlikely to reflect the true prevalence of depression in the region.Further research is required to explore the underlying dimensions of depression and anxiety and terminology used to express mood symptoms in the Torres Strait.• Current mental health screening tools are not applicable for the Torres Strait• More work is required to determine how symptoms of depression and anxiety are expressed within Torres Strait communities.

The Oddi Continuing Learning Inventory (OCLI) is one of the most popular instruments for measuring self-directed learning (SDL). Although several previous studies have validated it, an exploratory application of confirmatory factor analysis had not been attempted; such an analysis provided new insights. Responses from 159 students from Aalborg University, a Problem-Based Learning institution known for its high degree of self-directed project work, were analyzed. This investigation examines all previously suggested factor structures against commonly applied measures and further develops the most promising, identifying a new three-factor structure reaching standard thresholds of model fit. The newly identified underlying dimensions of the OCLI—internal locus of control, the ability to be self-regulating, and avidity for learning—simplify the interpretation of the factors and help mitigate some of the instrument’s previous problems. This will serve to keep the OCLI relevant as an instrument for measuring self-directed learning in the future. We recommend further studies to revise the OCLI, rephrasing and reconceptualizing items that have aged poorly as well as investigating the pattern of the reverse-coded items. Lastly this paper suggests that other statistical instruments might be revitalized through the application of similar methods, taking advantage of the advances in computation and statistical analysis.

This paper applies Multi-Dimensional Analysis (MDA) to a corpus of English tweets to uncover the most common patterns of linguistic variation. MDA is a commonly applied method in corpus linguistics for the analysis of functional and/or stylistic variation in a particular language variety. Notably, MDA is an approach aimed at identifying and interpreting the frequent patterns of co-occurring linguistic features across a corpus, such as a corpus of spoken and written English registers (Biber, 1988). Traditionally, MDA is based on a factor analysis of the relative frequencies of numerous grammatical features measured across numerous texts drawn from that variety of language to identify a series of underlying dimensions of linguistic variation. Despite its popularity and utility, traditional MDA has an important limitation – it can only be used to analyse texts that are long enough to allow for the relative frequencies of many grammatical forms to be estimated accurately. If the texts under analysis are too short, then few forms can be expected to occur sufficiently frequently for their relative frequency to be accurately estimated. Tweets are characteristically short texts, meaning that traditional MDA cannot be used in the present research. To overcome this problem, this paper introduces a short-text version of MDA and applies it to a corpus of English tweets. Specifically, rather than measure the relative frequencies of forms in each tweet, the approach analyses their occurrence. This binary dataset is then aggregated using Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), which is used much like factor analysis in traditional MDA – to return a series of dimensions that represent the most common patterns of linguistic variation in the dataset. After controlling for text length in the first dimension, four subsequent dimensions are interpreted. The results suggest that there is a great deal of linguistic variation on Twitter. Notably, the results show that Twitter is commonly used for self-commodification, as people manage their identities, engaging in practices of self-branding through stance-taking, self-reporting, promotion and persuasion, as well as broadcasting their message beyond their followership, distributing news and expressing opposition, and this often occurs in order to attract attention. Additionally, the results show that interaction is common, suggesting that Twitter is also used for social and interpersonal gain.

PurposeThis article investigates which definitions, indicators and instruments are used by the companies to identify and assess talented employee potential with successful performance on future pivotal positions.Design/methodology/approachEmpirical data were collected in 2020–2021 in 45 local and multinational companies in Russia with well-established talent management functions using in-depth interviews with human resource (HR) managers and consultants.FindingsThe study found a diversity of approaches to identifying and assessing talent potential with a predominantly contextual approach but so far with little focus on company’s strategic objectives. It was also found that companies assessed cultural (values) fit, social intelligence and impact, engagement and commitment as predictors of managerial and leadership potential of talented employees for future strategic jobs, in addition to characteristics of personal resources. The search for new complex and validated tools and methods of potential assessment under budget constraints show that companies have taken the path of experimentation.Practical implicationsThe results of this research can inform talent and human resource managers how to identify and assess potential of talented employees for future needs of their organizations.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the existing research in three ways. First, it offers a classification of approaches to potential assessment and explores the underlying dimensions of high-potential talent for future needs of a company. Second, it provides an overview of the current state of potential assessment in the companies in a non-western context. Third, it points out the challenges HR professionals face in implementing potential assessment for identifying talents in a new situation of unprecedented changes and uncertain future.

In research on national identity, scholars have developed a wide variety of approaches to measure and better understand this ubiquitous yet complex concept. To date, most of these approaches have been theory-driven, while only a very few have been data-driven. In this article, we aim to contribute to the latter by introducing a new data-driven method that has not been applied yet—that of non-linear principal component analysis (NLPCA). In contrast to other commonly used methods such as factor analysis, NLPCA distinguishes itself by making relatively few assumptions about the data and by allowing for greater flexibility when discovering underlying dimensions of such a complex concept as national identity. Drawing on the 2013 ISSP National Identity module, our analysis focuses on the case of Germany, also taking into account Western and Eastern Germany. Running an NLPCA, we find four dimensions that cover the multidimensionality of national identity: nationalistic attitudes, national pride and attachment, cosmopolitan beliefs, and membership criteria defining national belonging. This article contributes to the empirical debate on measuring national identity by suggesting a new and flexible methodological approach that better grasps the concept’s complexity and which we believe can move empirical research on national identity forward in and beyond Germany.

Parenting adolescents requires parents to display diverse competencies, and parenting competence i.e. «caregiving» may be affected differentially by the underlying dimensions of an individual's «care seeking» behaviour, i.e. their own attachment style. Twenty five mothers of adolescent daughters were recruited in a cross-sectional design for this pilot study. Mothers aged between 32-51 years with a mean (± SD) age of 44.72 (± 5.47) years and each completed the Parenting Role Interview, which provides an «investigator-based» as-sessment of their parenting competence, as well as self-report measures of attachment style, stress, depression and well-being. Results revealed that greater parenting competence was associated with higher levels of the specific attachment construct of proximity-seeking, but not attachment security. In addition, worse maternal psychological health was associated with attachment insecurity, but not proximity-seeking. The underlying attachment dimension of proximity-seeking may hold particular significance for mothers of adolescent daughters and may be a viable resilience target for parenting interventions.

This study has been designed to investigate Lebanese Shi'i respondents' attitudes toward Lebanon's party of God (Hezbollah). Specifically, the study focuses on two research questions. First, what is the extent of support for Hezbollah and its underlying dimensions (that is, the belief it should continue to grow, or that it should be demobilised, and the desirability of confrontation with the Lebanese authorities)? Second, what are the predictors of these attitudes? The results based on a sample of 256 Shi'i respondents indicated a discrepancy between attitudes toward Hezbollah and its underlying dimensions. Furthermore, personal religiosity was found to be significant predictor to all of the resettlement variables. The implications of these findings on Lebanon are discussed.

This study examines the performance of a new method for assessing and characterizing dimensionality in test data using the NOHARM model, and comparing it with DETECT. Dimensionality assessment is carried out using two goodness-of-fit statistics that are compared to reference χ2 distributions. A Monte Carlo study is used with item parameters based on a statewide basic skills assessment and the SAT. Other factors that are varied include the correlation among the latent traits, the number of items, the number of subjects, skewness of the latent traits, and the presence or absence of guessing. The performance of the two procedures is judged by the accuracy in determining the number of underlying dimensions, and the degree to which items are correctly clustered together. Results indicate that the new, NOHARM-based method appears to perform comparably to DETECT in terms of simultaneously finding the correct number of dimensions and clustering items correctly. NOHARM is generally better able to determine the number of underlying dimensions, but less able to group items together, than DETECT. When errors in item cluster assignment are made, DETECT is more likely to incorrectly separate items while NOHARM more often incorrectly groups them together.

This paper empirically investigates the determinants of retailers' pricing decisions. It finds that competitor factors explain the most variance in retailer pricing strategy. Only in the cases of price-promotion coordination and relative brand price do category and chain factors explain much variance in retailer pricing. These findings are derived from a simultaneous equation model of how underlying dimensions of retailers' pricing strategies are influenced by variables representing the market, chain, store, category, brand, customer, and competition. The optical scanner data base describes 1,364 brand-store combinations from six categories of consumer packaged goods in five U.S. markets over a two-year time period. Our study classifies retailers' pricing strategies based on four underlying dimensions: price consistency, price-promotion intensity, price-promotion coordination, and relative brand price. These four pricing dimensions are statistically related to: (1) competitor price and deal frequency (competitor factors), (2) storability and necessity (category factors), (3) chain positioning and size (chain factors), (4) store size and assortment (store factors), (5) brand preference and advertising (brand factors), and (6) own-price and deal elasticities (customer factors). These findings are useful to retailers profiling alternative pricing strategies, and to manufacturers customizing the levels of marketing support spending for different retailers.

Research has focused on factors causing pressure and impairing auditor independence. These include competition, opinion shopping, client and auditor size, and client financial health. No study has examined the characteristics of the pressures. Responses to case studies sent to auditors in the USA and Australia were analysed via factor analysis. The objective was, first, to increase understanding of the underlying dimensions of pressures faced by these auditors; and second, to examine any similarities between these two countries, similar in culture, but significantly different in such respects as the legal environment. The results indicate two dimensions: pressure to retain the client, and to conform. The first is a more pervasive but subtle pressure while, in the second, the auditor is asked to follow a certain course of action. Pressure to retain the client appears to be greater for auditors in both countries, relative to the pressure to conform. So the underlying dimensions of the pressures in these countries are similar.

This study was designed to investigate Lebanese respondent’s attitudes toward an imposed Palestinian settlement in the country. Specifically, the study focuses on two research questions: (a) What is the extent of support for an imposed settlement and its underlying dimensions? That is, the belief that such a policy would damage Lebanese society, that it would lead to a renewal of the civil war and that it would lead to intergroup conflict; and (b) What are the predictors of these attitudes? The results based on a sample of 1,073 respondents indicated a discrepancy between attitudes toward resettlement and its underlying dimensions. Furthermore, the concept of “tolerance for Palestinians” and sectarian affiliation were found to be significant predictors of all the resettlement variables. The implications of these findings for Lebanon are discussed.

PURPOSE This study aimed to identify the underlying dimensions of brand (professional sport team) authenticity and to develop a valid, reliable scale to measure these dimensions.METHODS A pool of 67 potential items was drawn through a literature review, content analysis, qualitative research (n=43), and an expert evaluation. The identified items were subjected to exploratory factor analysis (n=248) and confirmatory factor analysis (n=285). In addition, multiple regressions were conducted to examine the criterion validity of the scale.RESULTS The results showed that the brand authenticity scale for professional sport teams consists of 42 items representing 8 dimensions: continuity, originality, quality commitment, heritage, symbolism, credibility, stakeholder-related integrity, and consumer-related integrity. The study has proven evidences of internal consistency and convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity of the scale.CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the scale developed in this study offers a vital foundation to understand the structure of brand authenticity in the context of sport fans and its impact on sport consumer behavior.

PurposeThe primary purpose of this research is to segment food festivalgoers based upon their experiential value. Once those segments are found, it aims to examine whether the segments differ with regard to their perceived level of satisfaction, delight and loyalty.Design/methodology/approachA self-administered questionnaire was designed to assess the on-site festival experiential value, satisfaction, delight and loyalty of local and overseas visitors at the Macau International food festival. Data were analyzed by using the factor and cluster approach. To profile segments, a series of chi-square tests, ANOVAs and multivariate analysis of variance were performed.FindingsThis study uncovered three underlying dimensions of experiential value and classified four segments based on their experiential value among the food festivalgoers, which provides insightful implications for festival organizers and marketers. The segments differed in age, education level and place of residence. Furthermore, the multi-experiential value group was the most important segment, showing the highest festival satisfaction, delight and loyalty.Originality/valueExperiential value reflects a core value of festival attendees, where the experience is a determining factor in the creation of a successful festival and desirable outcomes. Limited studies, however, have been conducted to segment food festival markets according to their festival experience. This study identified experiential value, applying it as a segmentation criterion within a food festival setting.

Previous research indicates that insecure attachment patterns are associated with interpersonal trauma and posttraumatic symptomatology, and that they mediate various trauma-related symptoms. However, no study to date has examined whether these patterns mediate the link between interpersonal trauma and the newly recognized diagnostic features of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD), as published by the World Health Organization (2019) in the 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Mediators of CPTSD are important to identify because they can provide a deeper understanding of the condition’s etiology. Moreover, if amenable to clinical intervention, they can be targeted to improve treatment effectiveness. The purpose of the present study was to formally test our hypothesis that two underlying dimensions of adult attachment insecurity (i.e., attachment anxiety and avoidance) would mediate the link between interpersonal trauma and ICD-11 CPTSD symptoms. Participants were a culturally diverse sample of 169 college men and women. They completed a modified version of the Life Events Checklist (LEC-5), the revised Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR-R) scale, and the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ). Results of path analysis partially supported our hypothesis, indicating that attachment anxiety, but not avoidance, partially mediated the link between interpersonal trauma and PTSD and DSO (“Disturbances in Self-Organization”) features of CPTSD. Although longitudinal research is needed, findings suggest that attachment anxiety may contribute to the development and maintenance of CPTSD symptoms following interpersonal trauma. Clinical interventions that help individuals rework and integrate representations of attachment that involve a fear of not being able to access adequate care and protection, and a negative view of self may be particularly useful in ameliorating the symptoms of CPTSD.

Introduction. Patient safety during hospitalisation is one of the biggest concerns for hospitals worldwide and one obligation of all medical professionals is to create a safe environment for patients and prevent accidents. Approximately 50% of adverse events can be prevented with a systematic approach. Aim. This study aimed to examine the underlying dimensions and psychometric properties of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture questionnaire in Croatian hospital settings, and to compare the results with the original questionnaire from the United States of America. Methods. The sample consisted of 438 nurses from four Croatian university hospitals. All participants signed an informed consent document, and the questionnaires were provided to the nurses in their units by the head nurses of their departments. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS 25.0. Bartlett's test of sphericity and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) indicator were performed with Cronbach’s alpha test and sample standard deviation. Results. All factors explain the total of 59% of variance of the measured questionnaire. Additionally, the reliability of the entire questionnaire was determined by using the internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach’s alpha) on the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture with 12 of 0.88 particles, which is high internal consistency reliability. Our results show that the particles that make up the questionnaire are very homogeneous according to their object of measurement. Conclusion. The results of our study found that the survey can be applied to Croatian settings and used in hospitals. We also believe that more research on this topic is needed and is crucial for improving patient safety in hospitals. It is necessary to emphasize continuous education of nurses regarding patient safety in hospitals.

Social capital is considered important for resilience across social levels, including communities, yet insights are scattered across disciplines. This meta-synthesis of 187 studies examines conceptual and empirical understandings of how social capital relates to resilience, identifying implications for community resilience and climate change practice. Different conceptualisations are highlighted, yet also limited focus on underlying dimensions of social capital and proactive types of resilience for engaging with the complex climate change challenge. Empirical insights show that structural and socio-cultural aspects of social capital, multiple other factors and formal actors are all important for shaping the role of social capital for guiding resilience outcomes. Thus, finding ways to work with these different elements is important. Greater attention on how and why outcomes emerge, interactions between factors, approaches of formal actors and different socio-cultural dimensions will advance understandings about how to nurture social capital for resilience in the context of climate change.

E-commerce provides the opportunity for retailers to attract and nurture a wider consumer base in big ticket consumer electronics trade sans the traditional high investment intensive pre-requisites such as extravagant physical presence, wide distribution networks etc. However, distrust in the mindset of the consumer in turn impede such opportunities. By using the construal level theory such reluctance could be partially explained via psychological distance; and by deploying certain tactics and manipulating the underlying dimensions of psychological distance, whether retailers have the ability to offset such reluctance in the mindset of consumers without the need for heavy investment on complicated operating structures. This research marks a unique milestone in Sri Lanka where it is the first of its’ nature to explore a heavily under-researched frontier of psychological distance in the context of e-commerce, and calls for more systematic research attention towards such. This paper offers practitioners an overview of variables such as psychological distance, online trust, perceived risk and online purchasing intention in view of expanding the local e-commerce market for big ticket electronics.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the challenges and potential improvement mechanisms for the development of technology and innovation in the Ethiopian construction industry. Design/methodology/approach In this study both quantitative and qualitative research approaches were adopted. While a structured questionnaire was used for the quantitative data collection, semi-structured interview was used for qualitative data collection. In analyzing the quantitative data, mean score was used to rank the variables and factor analysis was conducted to identify the underlying dimensions of the research constructs. The qualitative data was analyzed thematically focusing on specific objectives of the study; the challenges and improvement mechanisms of technology and innovation development. Findings The findings indicate that the major challenges are nature of the industry and lack of awareness, weak capacity of companies and the regulatory instruments, inadequate tender duration and poor monitoring and controlling practice. The suggested improvement mechanisms are effective coordination of the process and awareness creation, promoting technology and innovation in the procurement process and technology and innovation consideration in construction project registration. Originality/value Effectiveness of construction industry improvement programmes is affected by inappropriateness of the adopted implementation mechanisms. Understanding the operating environment; the enablers and potential barriers, is important for the success of any envisioned improvement programme. The improvement framework proposed by this study indicates the potential intervention areas and improvement mechanisms to effectively induce and enhance technology and innovation development in the construction industry. Major pillars of the improvement framework are improving regulatory framework, raising awareness and stakeholder engagement and continual monitoring and controlling of the practice.

A key support mechanism for early-stage entrepreneurs is business incubator programs, which provide tailored assistance and a conducive work environment for new business development. However, incubators are not created equal in terms of their effectiveness and reach. Extant research on business incubation is also largely gender-neutral. In addition, a scholarly gap exists when it comes to our understanding of the cognitive, behavioral and socio-cultural barriers to incubation and entrepreneurship. This research contributes to filling this gap by designing a pre-experiential behavioral intention model rooted in social psychology theories to explain the entrepreneur’s intention to participate in incubation programs. A multidimensional construct of perception and its underlying dimensions (e.g., usefulness, ease of use and self-efficacy) is developed and tested. Studying 344 early-stage entrepreneurs, it is found that perceived utility and ease of use relate to the decision to join an incubation program. Furthermore, when female entrepreneurs are not convinced whether incubation programs are beneficial considering their use and access, they are less likely to join incubation. Our empirical results highlight the need for adopting behavioral interventions and inclusionary best practices to expand the effect of business incubation programs.

Purpose This study aims to explore the phenomenon of sentimental tourism in Central-Eastern Europe, which is travels to places related to people’s past or their country’s past for sentimental reasons with reference to disruptive historical events (e.g. border changes and lost territories), and identify different segments within sentimental tourists. Design/methodology/approach A survey was conducted with 400 Polish sentimental tourists to compare their attitudes and behaviour when visiting a “lost” land by age and family roots. Independent samples t-tests and analysis of variance were conducted to compare the views of sentimental tourists by Borderland origin. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify the underlying dimensions of destination performance. Cluster analysis was conducted to classify tourists into segments based on their perception of destination performance. Findings This study analysed the attitude and behaviour of sentimental tourists by age and family roots. Some significant differences were revealed in the purpose of trip, interest in heritage attractions and perception of destination performance across different groups. The study also identifies key factors of destination performance: accessibility, sentiment and infrastructure and security. Based on factor and cluster analyses, Polish sentimental tourists were divided into three types of connections: personally attached older sentimental tourists, cognitively attached younger sentimental tourists and tourists with general interests. Originality/value Different from roots tourism, sentimental tourism is unique in including tourists without personal roots but feels sentimental towards the destination based on the shared heritage of lost territories. This study shows how sentimental tourists attach to a lost land that used to belong to their country and how different perceptions of the destination have roots and non-roots tourists. Sentimental tourism in Central Europe provides a new perspective to consider the relationship between tourists and heritage places as well as tourist segmentation.

This comprehensive chapter examines the nature of the psychosis spectrum from multiple perspectives. Beginning with a definition of psychosis and psychotic phenomena, the chapter summarizes criteria from the fifth edition, text revision, of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems and clarifies conceptual, terminological, and cultural issues that help sharpen the understanding of the structural factors, underlying dimensions, developmental issues, and course of psychotic disorders. A central theme concerns the multimethod assessment of symptom dimensions (including the importance of assessing insight), as well as an identification of risk and protective factors that mediate the severity of psychotic symptoms and disorders. Finally, the chapter discusses the restorative nature of interpersonal relationships in the recovery process, with implications for the role that therapeutic assessment can play in working with individuals struggling with psychotic phenomena.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to discern the underlying dimensions of destination branding and social media in the socio-geographical context of Pakistan. The study while selecting an event – Pakistan Tourism Summit 2019 – has explored the narratives of foreign social media influencers (SMIs). These narratives and content of tourism website of Pakistan have been comparatively analyzed to disentangle the voluntary and involuntary branding eventualities. Design/methodology/approach Qualitative research strategy has been adopted. Using the interface of NVivo 12, thematic analysis on the narratives of foreign influencers and content of tourism website has been performed. Eventually, influencer’s videos and website’s content have been transcribed and integrated into inductive themes. Findings The findings implies that multiple halt points exist in tourism branding of Pakistan. Stigmatized image as a dangerous place for visitation, superficial/exaggerated branding by the influencers, colonial mindset to marginalize the domestic influencers, domestic branding through foreign influencers and veiled tourism potential are the various dimensions emerged during analysis phase. Research limitations/implications Given the limitations of the qualitative research approach, the current study lacks statistical avenues of quantitative or mix-method studies. Selection of a single event and website further limits this study and calls for the necessity of future studies having wider units of data collection and other portals of social media. Practical implications For policy makers, academia and supply sector, this study offers touchpoints to be emphasized in the strategic, legal and theoretical fronts of destination branding. Originality/value Despite the hegemony of SMIs in destination branding, there is scarcity of research on the paybacks of such branding campaigns. This endeavor in response to this call, accentuated the destination branding via foreign social media activists regarding the tourism potential of Pakistan. Findings provides novel insights and branding ethos deemed necessary to be considered in destination branding strategies/campaigns.

Despite the interest shown in the concept of gratitude over the last decade, there is no agreement on its definition and underlying dimensions. This paper provides a critical review of the definitions of gratitude and other similar constructs. A total of 22 definitions for gratitude were identified. The identified definitions were analyzed against each other for their commonality and differences. After highlighting the lacunae, lack of consensus, and overlap among the available definitions of gratitude, this paper differentiates gratitude from other similar constructs., Organisms, Vol 6, No 1 (2023)

This PhD research offers a milestone towards building an intellectual project which would hopefully encourage further lines of scholarly inquiry within the domain of relational leadership and leadership development literature. This PhD research will contribute to the literature by extending LMX theory towards the inclusion of relational ambivalence drawing from the literature on social and interpersonal relationships, and ambivalence. The present research addresses the theoretical gap in the LMX literature by developing a theoretical framework of LMX ambivalence. The theoretical contribution will provide the conceptual clarity on underlying dimensions of LMX and provide the rationale for why the LMX relationship can be ambivalent. Drawing upon existing literature on LMX multidimensionality, the four dimensions of LMX, affect loyalty, perceived contribution and professional respect are used as the basis for experimental manipulation of LMX to induce LMX ambivalence. The Study 1 provided the empirical evidence for the antecedents of LMX ambivalence. This research also examined the impact of LMX ambivalence on a broad array of employee outcomes – organisational citizenship behaviour, supervisor targeted interpersonal deviance, and task performance. The empirical support was found for the association between LMX ambivalence and follower’s organisational citizenship behaviour and supervisor- targeted interpersonal deviance. Study 2 showed partial support for negative impact of LMX ambivalence on follower’s citizenship behaviour and study 3 showed support for positive impact of LMX ambivalence on supervisor-targeted interpersonal deviance behaviour. The research also investigated work-related trait rumination as a mediating mechanism to investigate how LMX ambivalence would impact followers’ outcome, and state affectivity as a boundary condition for the indirect path mediated through trait rumination. The moderated mediation analysis provided empirical support for the underlying mechanism and boundary condition for the effect of LMX ambivalence on follower’s organisational citizenship behaviour and supervisor-targeted interpersonal deviance. Theoretical and practical implication of findings of the research are discussed.

For the first time in an Arab country, this article examines attitudes toward public opinion surveys and their effects on survey-taking behavior. The study uses original survey data from Qatar, the diverse population of which permits comparisons across cultural–geographical groupings within a single, non-democratic polity. The authors find that Qatari and expatriate Arabs hold positive views of surveys, both in absolute terms and relative to individuals from non-Arab countries. Factor analysis reveals that the underlying dimensions of survey attitudes in Qatar mostly mirror those identified in Western settings, but a new dimension is discovered that captures the perceived intentions of surveys. Two embedded experiments assess the impact of survey attitudes. The results show that generalized attitudes toward surveys affect respondents’ willingness to participate both alone and in combination with surveys' objective attributes. The study also finds that negative views about survey reliability and intentions increase motivated under-reporting among Arab respondents, whereas non-Arabs are sensitive only to perceived cognitive and time costs. These findings have direct implications for consumers and producers of Arab survey data. Other information Published in: British Journal of Political Science License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 See article on publisher's website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007123419000206

Since decades, two-dimensional capability as well as maturity model (CMM) based approaches next to the simpler version of readiness checks are a common and structured method – within the specific focus subject and its thematic indicators (1st CMM dimension) – to determine the approximate current maturity, competence and/or capability level (2nd CMM dimension) of an organization. Hundreds of CMMs have been developed – all being made up of indicators to be fulfilled on a certain level – shown in numerous CMM literature review publications let alone in 2022 (Hoang 2022, Ünal 2022, Mirihagalla 2022). This indicates the diversity but also relevance and importance of their application domains of identifying optimization potentials (SEI 2010, Becker 2009) and delivering a structured way for transformation and change. Nevertheless, the situation with most academic two-dimensional CMMs today, is that the models 1) are very general for the subject at hand; 2) usually do not deliver understandable guidance how to define which level it needed for the intended change; 3) usually do not deliver specific measures to reach the next levels; 4) are mostly designed in such a way, that the user is not able to use them without external support; and, most importantly for this paper, 5) mix the process, human, and technology related base capability criteria within the capabilities necessary for the subject at hand. They are not separated enough which blurs the assessment result.When developing a new CMM-based method to support SMEs in the strategic decision process of the currently not very widespread subject of smartifying products, a well-balanced approach is required which also takes into account the explicitness and definiteness of the underlying dimensions as well as an acceptable effort needed for their specification. Further requirements towards such an approach are already outlined within our previous work (Frings 2021). For this paper, we focus on the need for explicitness and introduce a third dimension in our CMM. We separate the thematic aspects defined within the 11 areas of action within smartification (Frings 2022) from the cross-sectoral base capabilities grouped into general process-, human- and technology-oriented criteria – these coming from the corresponding core components of organizations. For each of the derived base capabilities which include business process integration, human competencies and capacities, as well as technological capabilities and capacities, we defined specific criteria, i. e. documentation/reporting, responsibilities and governance, rules and guidelines (compliance), and scalability. The paper will give insights into these criteria and their six different assessment levels – both specifically formulated for the smartification intent of the SME.This multi-dimensional approach contributes to more transparency in the assessment result, being able to derive more specific and appropriate measures, deliver input for completeness of the assessment topics, as well as underlines the modular approach of the smartification tool kit (Frings 2021). Our work will bring SMEs a large step closer to their strategic decisions by considering the integration of people and intelligent systems in a competitive manner to develop future service business and make more use of the advantages of the digital transformation.

The objective of this study was to understand global caregiver concerns about SARS-CoV-2 vaccination for children with cancer and to provide healthcare providers with guidance to support parental decision-making. A co-designed cross-sectional mixed-methods survey was distributed to primary caregivers of children with cancer globally between April and May 2021 via several media. Caregivers were asked to rate the importance of vaccine-related questions and the median scores were ranked. Principal Component Analysis was conducted to identify underlying dimensions of caregiver concerns by World Bank income groups. Content analysis of free-text responses was conducted and triangulated with the quantitative findings. 627 caregivers from 22 countries responded to the survey with 5.3% (n = 67) responses from low-and-middle-income countries (LMIC). 184 caregivers (29%) provided free-text responses. Side effects and vaccine safety were caregivers’ primary concerns in all countries. Questions related to logistics were of concern for caregivers in LMIC. A small minority of caregivers (n = 17) did not consider the survey questions important; free-text analysis identified these parents as vaccine hesitant, some of them quoting safety and side effects as main reasons for hesitancy. Healthcare providers and other community organizations globally need to provide tailored information about vaccine safety and effectiveness in pediatric oncology settings. Importantly, continued efforts are imperative to reduce global inequities in logistical access to vaccines, particularly in LMIC.

When perceiving the world around us, we are constantly integrating pieces of information. The integrated experience consists of more than just the sum of its parts. For example, visual scenes are defined by a collection of objects as well as the spatial relations amongst them and sentence meaning is computed based on individual word semantic but also syntactic configuration. Having quantitative models of such integrated representations can help evaluate cognitive models of both language and scene perception. Here, we focus on language, and use a behavioral measure of perceived similarity as an approximation of integrated meaning representations. We collected similarity judgments of 200 subjects rating nouns or transitive sentences through an online multiple arrangement task. We find that perceived similarity between sentences is most strongly modulated by the semantic action category of the main verb. In addition, we show how non-negative matrix factorization of similarity judgment data can reveal multiple underlying dimensions reflecting both semantic as well as relational role information. Finally, we provide an example of how similarity judgments on sentence stimuli can serve as a point of comparison for artificial neural networks models (ANNs) by comparing our behavioral data against sentence similarity extracted from three state-of-the-art ANNs. Overall, our method combining the multiple arrangement task on sentence stimuli with matrix factorization can capture relational information emerging from integration of multiple words in a sentence even in the presence of strong focus on the verb.

Psychopathy is an important clinical construct in explaining criminal behavior, determining the likelihood of treatment response, and evaluating risk assessment. The majority of past research has focused on male offenders or male forensic patients. Psychopathy in females is relatively unexplored. The current study was designed to further investigate the underlying dimensions of psychopathy in females. Utilizing a sample of 119 female inmates from a large metropolitan area jail, a series of confirmatory factor analyses was undertaken. Previous research and clinical tradition suggest the use of a two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy. More recent research suggests that a three-factor model may better capture the underlying dimensions of psychopathy. Two-factor models of psychopathy were not confirmed. However, the three-factor model reproduced the data extremely well. Clinical and research implications of this finding are addressed.

This study examines the importance of 25 barriers to market entry in industrial markets. A survey of 93 firms indicates that majority of business executives consider cost advantages and capital requirements to enter markets as the two most important barriers to entry followed by incumbents having a superior production process, capital intensity of the market, and customer loyalty. The least important barriers perceived by the executives in the study are government licensing requirements, followed by heavy advertising. In addition, the study investigates the underlying dimensions of barriers to entry in industrial market through a factor analysis. The results indicate that there are four major underlying dimensions of entry barriers in industrial markets.

Following a previous evaluation of concept, item and semantic equivalences, this paper assesses the measurement equivalence between a Portuguese version of Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2) and the original instrument conceived in English. The CTS2 has been widely used to tap violence between couples. An intra-observer reliability evaluation involved 165 replications carried out within a 24-48 hour period. Kappa point-estimates were above 0.75 for all scales except sexual coercion. The analysis of internal consistency concerned 768 subjects with complete sets of items. Kuder-Richardson-20 estimates ranged from 0.65 to 0.86. Results were similar to those found in the original instrument in English for the negotiation, psychological aggression and physical violence scales, yet not so for the sexual coercion and injury scales. Factor analysis identified factors with a recognizable correspondence to the underlying dimensions, although a few inconsistencies were detected. For the assessment of construct validity (n = 528) associations between the instrument's scales were evaluated, as well as the relationships between violence and putative underlying dimensions. Overall, the findings suggest that the version can be used in the Brazilian context, although further investigation should be carried out to unveil some important remaining issues.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare health related values within Quality Management with Key Principles of Communicative Leadership in order to see if Communicative leaders also promote healthy co-workers. Methodology/approach – A literature review was conducted within the area of Communicative Leadership and within the values of health related Quality Management. The principles within Communicative leadership were compared with the underlying dimensions within the health related values ‘Leadership Commitment’ and Participation of everybody’. Findings – The analysis shows that the underlying dimensions within both of the health related Quality Management values ‘Participation of everybody’ and ‘Leadership commitment’ were related to some of the Key Principles of Communicative Leadership. Practical implications – The results can help Communicative Leaders to emphasize the Key Principles that also promote healthy co-workers. The results can also help leaders that already have healthy co-workers to increase leaders’ communication competence within organizations.

This study examined the motivations, inhibitors, and facilitators that influence association members in attending international conferences. Mailed questionnaires were sent to conference participants of the 2000 International Council of Hotel, Restaurant Industry Educators (CHRIE) conference. It was found that “Sightseeing,” “Self-enhancement,” and “Business and association activities” are the underlying dimensions of the conference motivations. The underlying dimensions of conference inhibitors are “Conference and personal constraints” and “Distance, time, and money.” The study also revealed that “Affordability and availability of time,” “Family/spouse,” and “Distance and ease of access” are major conference facilitators.

Retaining members in nonprofit organizations is becoming increasingly difficult as more organizations compete for the time and energies of the member. Churches have not been immune to this erosion of loyalty. Understanding the factors which underlie member satisfaction allows church management to prioritize the use of resources and focus on those performance issues that make a difference to the member. This is an empirical study to determine the underlying dimensions of church member satisfaction. The research instrument used was a self-administered questionnaire that was completed by the members of a mainstream denominational church in the midwest. Members who were satisfied with the church's overall performance were compared and contrasted with those who were dissatisfied. Results of the questionnaire were subjected to bivariate correlation, factor analysis, and logistic regression. Ten underlying dimensions of member satisfaction were discovered. Eighty-six percent of all satisfied church memb...

Retaining members in churches is becoming increasingly difficult as more organizations compete for the time energies of the member. Understanding the factors that underlie member satisfaction allows church management to prioritize the use of resources and focus on those performance issues that make a difference to the member. This is an empirical study to determine the underlying dimensions of church member satisfaction. The research instrument used was a self-administered questionnaire that was completed by the members of a mainstream denominational church in the mid-west. Members who were satisfied with the church's overall performance were compared and contrasted with those who were dissatisfied. Results of the questionnaire were subjected to bivariate correlation, factor analysis, and logistic regression. Ten underlying dimensions of member satisfaction were discovered. Results of the survey are summarized and implications of the study for the management of other churches are discussed.

Halal industry is expanding worldwide, and it requires strong supply chain management to enhance halal business efficiency and preserve credibility through halal logistics process. However, studies on halal logistics remain limited and isolated. Thus, this study aimed to understand the impact of stakeholders on halal logistics practices among Malaysian halal-certified manufacturers. The primary objectives of this study are to examine the underlying dimensions of halal logistics practices, investigate the level of halal logistics practices, investigate the extent of stakeholders' influence on halal logistics practices, and explore the relationship of halal logistics practices towards supply chain performance. Based on the data collected through a questionnaires survey from 270 managers from halal-certified manufacturers, SPSS and SmartPLS were used to test the hypotheses. The findings of the study indicated that operational dimensions are the most practiced dimensions of halal logistics amongst firms. Meanwhile, competitors, government, NGOs, community media and society, and customers significantly influence the adoption of halal logistics practices. Importantly, halal logistics practices are positively related to supply chain performance. This study has extended the feasibility of stakeholder theory in the sense of halal logistics to the scope and comprehensiveness of stakeholders. The outcome of this study provides important implications to both academics and practitioners, particularly in the halal industry.

Charles Ruetsch,1 Tigwa Davis,1 Joshua N Liberman,1 Dawn I Velligan,2 Delbert Robinson,3 Chris Jaeger,4 William Carpenter,5 Felica Forma6 1Health Analytics, LLC, Columbia, MD, USA; 2Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; 3Departments of Molecular Medicine and Psychiatry, The Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA; 4JHC Solutions, LLC, San Francisco, CA, USA; 5Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; 6Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc, Princeton, NJ, USACorrespondence: Charles RuetschHealth Analytics, LLC, 9200 Rumsey Road Suite 215, Columbia, MD, 21045, USATel +1 410-997-3314Email c.ruetsch@healthanalytics.comBackground: Psychiatric prescribers (prescribers) typically assess medication adherence by patient or caregiver self-report. Despite likely clinical benefit of a new digital medicine technology, the role of specific prescriber attitudes, behaviors, and experiences in the likelihood of adoption is unclear.Objective: To identify prescriber characteristics that may affect adoption of the ingestible event marker (IEM) platform.Design: A survey of prescribers treating seriously mentally ill patients was conducted. Factor analysis was performed on 11 items representing prescriber characteristics believed to be related to endorsement of the IEM platform. Four factors were extracted. Regression analysis was used to test the strength of the relationships between the factors and likelihood of adoption of the IEM platform.Results: A total of 131 prescribers completed the survey. Most (84%) agreed that visits allow enough time to monitor adherence. Factor analysis revealed four underlying dimensions: 1) perspectives on the value of adherence; 2) concerns about measuring adherence; 3) views toward digital health technologies; and 4) views on payer role/reimbursement. Factors 1 and 3 were related to gender, the belief that computerization benefits prescribers, the presence of office support staff, and the belief that new digital medicine (DM) technology will be cost prohibitive. Willingness to adopt the IEM platform was related to gender (p < 0.05) and perspectives on the value of adherence (p < 0.05), with those scoring higher on that measure also being more likely to adopt.Conclusion: Psychiatric prescribers are concerned about medication adherence, perceive current monitoring tools to be problematic, and are open to using digital technologies to improve accuracy of adherence assessment. Relationships among prescriber characteristics, beliefs, and experiences should be considered when developing educational materials, particularly when the goal is to encourage adoption and use of the IEM platform.Keywords: medication adherence, digital health technologies, antipsychotic, mental illness, personalized medicine, gender differences

Rising awareness of Africa's mostly youthful populations has drawn attention to related opportunities and risks. To accurately scope and address these challenges requires clearly ascertaining the underlying dimensions of the demographic transition. It may also be useful for “younger” countries to learn selectively from the experiences of “older countries” in terms of a proactive approach to population structure and economic development over time. China, although very different from African nations in many respects, could offer an unusually useful and unique economic demography reference point. Gradually from 1980, China implemented a highly restrictive family planning agenda, the One-Child Policy. One consequence of that policy was an elevated and continuous importance placed on the interdependence of population structure and development. This paper attempts to show that, regardless of present and future circumstances of national economic demography, any African country could benefit, directly and indirectly, from an understanding of China's particular economic demography transition approach. A local equivalent could not only prompt more optimal intertemporal population structure-weighted policymaking, but also draw attention to the shifting global economic demography trends and related prospective consequences for African development.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to perform a psychometric evaluation of the internal green marketing (IGM) scale in the context of consumer, industrial and service industry from a developing economy. Drawing on IGM theory, this study validates the measurement scales to operationalize IGM as green internal communication (GIC), green skill development (GSD) and green rewards (GRs).Design/methodology/approachThe sample was drawn from the consumer, industrial and service industries in Jammu and Kashmir, India, using a random sampling method. Data were collected from consumer, industrial and service industries in two phases through a self-administrated questionnaire-based survey. In total, 137 managers responded during the first phase, and 368 managers responded during the second phase. During the first phase, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to uncover the underlying dimensions of IGM, and during the second phase, data were analyzed to test the validity of the IGM scale through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).FindingsEFA suggested a three-dimension scale (green internal communication (GIC), green skill development (GSD), and green rewards (GR)) which was confirmed by CFA. The findings of the study demonstrate that IGM is a valid and reliable scale to capture the individual-level perception of the employees with respect to the green internal marketing of an organization.Practical implicationsThis paper is expected to provide valuable insights into the area of internal green marketing (IGM) about an industry that can be of immense help to domestic and international marketers in formulating human resource (HR)/marketing strategies. Further, it provides a wide-ranging scale that can act as a base for future research studies that aim to explore internal green marketing (IGM) in different organizational settings.Originality/valueIGM is embedded in three underlying elements as GIC, GSD and GRs. It is suitable to the practitioner and researchers to operationalize IGM as a second-order construct in future studies.

This study aims to develop a theoretical approach to define the culture of peace and its dimensions in the workplace based on De-Rivera’s peace culture dimensions at the international level. This study offers an organizational model in the workplace and it needs empirical tests in further studies. This paper is an attempt to develop a theoretical framework for peace culture in the workplace. Peace culture will be analyzed in four underlying dimensions: liberal development, violent inequality, state use of violent means, and nurturance. This study transfers De Rivera’s peace culture dimensions into the organizational level, and it is assumed that peace culture in the workplace could be a remedy for a harmonious and peaceful workplace. Peace culture in the workplace is also expected to be a beneficial factor to employees’ behavior, job performances, and organizational commitment as well as work outcomes. In a conclusion, it is expected that this study fills the gap in the literature and will have a leading role for further studies

Objectives: Emotion regulation is an important transdiagnostic construct and one of the main and underlying dimensions in emotional disorders. This study aims to compare interpersonal and intrapersonal models of emotion regulation in explaining depression and anxiety symptoms in college students. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Participants were 517 students of public universities in Tehran, Iran who were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method. They completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, and short form of Symptom Checklist (SCL-25). Results: Intrapersonal and interpersonal emotion regulation models had a significant role in explaining depression and anxiety symptoms, where the intrapersonal emotion regulation model had a significant and stronger effect in predicting depression and anxiety symptoms (P