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Sonographic diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip allows treatment with a flexion-abduction orthosis preventing hip luxation. Accurate determination of alpha and beta angles according to Graf is crucial for correct diagnosis. It is unclear if algorithms could predict the angles. We aimed to compare the accuracy for users and automation reporting root mean squared errors (RMSE). We used 303 306 ultrasound images of newborn hips collected between 2009 and 2016 in screening consultations. Trained physicians labelled every second image with alpha and beta angles during the consultations. A random subset of images was labeled with time and precision under lab conditions as ground truth. Automation predicted the two angles using a convolutional neural network (CNN). The analysis was focused on the alpha angle. Three methods were implemented, each with a different abstraction of the problem: (1) CNNs that directly learn the angles without any post-processing steps; (2) CNNs that return the relevant landmarks in the image to identify the angles; (3) CNNs that return the base line, bony roof line, and the cartilage roof line which are necessary to calculate the angles. The RMSE between physicians and ground truth were found to be 7.1° for alpha. The best CNN architecture was (2) landmark detection. The RMSE between landmark detection and ground truth was 3.9° for alpha. The accuracy of physicians in their daily routine is inferior to deep learning-based algorithms for determining angles in ultrasound of the newborn hip. Similar methods could be used to support physicians.ZIEL: Die Diagnose von Hüftdysplasie mittels Sonografie erlaubt das Behandeln mit Flexionsorthese, um einer Hüftluxation vorzubeugen. Genaue Bestimmungen der Winkel Alpha und Beta nach Graf sind essenziell für eine korrekte Diagnose. Es ist unklar, ob ein Algorithmus die Winkel vorhersagen könnte. Diese Arbeit vergleicht die Genauigkeit für Anwender und Automation mittels mittlerer quadratischer Fehler (MQF). Wir verwendeten 303 306 Ultraschallbilder von Neugeborenenhüften, die zwischen 2009 und 2016 in Screening-Untersuchungen akquiriert wurden. Ausgebildete Ärzte bestimmten während der Konsultation in jedem zweiten Bild die Winkel Alpha und Beta. Eine zufällige Teilmenge an Bildern wurde unter Laborbedingungen mit Zeit und Präzision als Ground Truth beschriftet. Die Automation sagte die beiden Winkel mittels convolutional neural network (CNN) voraus. Die Analyse war auf den Winkel Alpha fokussiert. Drei Methoden wurden implementiert, jede davon mit einer anderen Abstraktion des Problems: (1) CNNs, die Winkel ohne post-processing direkt lernen; (2) CNNs, die Punkte im Bild bestimmen, die relevant sind, um die Winkel zu bestimmen; (3) CNNs, die Grundlinie, Pfannendachlinie und die Knorpeldachlinie in das Bild legen, um daraus die Winkel zu bestimmen. Der MQF zwischen Ärzten und der Ground Truth war 7,1° für Alpha. Die beste CNN-Architektur war (2) die Detektion der Punkte. Der MQF zwischen Punktedetektion und Ground Truth betrug 3,9° für Alpha. Die Genauigkeit von Ärzten in ihrer täglichen Arbeit ist kleiner als diejenige eines Deep-Learning-basierten Algorithmus beim Bestimmen von Winkeln im Ultraschall der Säuglingshüfte. Ähnliche Methoden könnten verwendet werden, um Ärzte zu unterstützen.

Additional file 4. Relation between levels of LCONV, the corresponding values of LMX and the reduction in lumens where Ddrugs = 2 min.

Due to the lack of structure, scholarly knowledge remains hardly accessible for machines. Scholarly knowledge graphs have been proposed as a solution. Creating such a knowledge graph requires manual effort and domain experts, and is therefore time-consuming and cumbersome. In this work, we present a human-in-the-loop methodology used to build a scholarly knowledge graph leveraging literature survey articles. Survey articles often contain manually curated and high-quality tabular information that summarizes findings published in the scientific literature. Consequently, survey articles are an excellent resource for generating a scholarly knowledge graph. The presented methodology consists of five steps, in which tables and references are extracted from PDF articles, tables are formatted and finally ingested into the knowledge graph. To evaluate the methodology, 92 survey articles, containing 160 survey tables, have been imported in the graph. In total, 2,626 papers have been added to the knowledge graph using the presented methodology. The results demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, but also indicate that manual effort is required and thus underscore the important role of human experts.

Additional file 1. Compatibility chart.

Due to the lack of structure, scholarly knowledge remains hardly accessible for machines. Scholarly knowledge graphs have been proposed as a solution. Creating such a knowledge graph requires manual effort and domain experts, and is therefore time-consuming and cumbersome. In this work, we present a human-in-the-loop methodology used to build a scholarly knowledge graph leveraging literature survey articles. Survey articles often contain manually curated and high-quality tabular information that summarizes findings published in the scientific literature. Consequently, survey articles are an excellent resource for generating a scholarly knowledge graph. The presented methodology consists of five steps, in which tables and references are extracted from PDF articles, tables are formatted and finally ingested into the knowledge graph. To evaluate the methodology, 92 survey articles, containing 160 survey tables, have been imported in the graph. In total, 2,626 papers have been added to the knowledge graph using the presented methodology. The results demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, but also indicate that manual effort is required and thus underscore the important role of human experts.

Additional file 8. Number of IV lumens required by multiplex scheduling (LMX; panels A-E and G-K) and by conventional scheduling (Lconv; panels F and L). Values of Lconv and Lmx were determined over 1 h periods (panels A-F) and the maximal values of Lconv and Lmx aggregated over 24 h periods from midnight to midnight (panels G and L). Note that for Ddrugs = 1, 2, and 5 a maximum of 4 lm is required, whereas for Ddrugs = 10 and 20 a maximum number of 6 lm is required.

One of the grand challenges discussed during the Dagstuhl Seminar "Knowledge Graphs: New Directions for Knowledge Representation on the Semantic Web" and described in its report is that of a: "Public FAIR Knowledge Graph of Everything: We increasingly see the creation of knowledge graphs that capture information about the entirety of a class of entities. [...] This grand challenge extends this further by asking if we can create a knowledge graph of "everything" ranging from common sense concepts to location based entities. This knowledge graph should be "open to the public" in a FAIR manner democratizing this mass amount of knowledge." Although linked open data (LOD) is one knowledge graph, it is the closest realisation (and probably the only one) to a public FAIR Knowledge Graph (KG) of everything. Surely, LOD provides a unique testbed for experimenting and evaluating research hypotheses on open and FAIR KG. One of the most neglected FAIR issues about KGs is their ongoing evolution and long term preservation. We want to investigate this problem, that is to understand what preserving and supporting the evolution of KGs means and how these problems can be addressed. Clearly, the problem can be approached from different perspectives and may require the development of different approaches, including new theories, ontologies, metrics, strategies, procedures, etc. This document reports a collaborative effort performed by 9 teams of students, each guided by a senior researcher as their mentor, attending the International Semantic Web Research School (ISWS 2019). Each team provides a different perspective to the problem of knowledge graph evolution substantiated by a set of research questions as the main subject of their investigation. In addition, they provide their working definition for KG preservation and evolution.

Additional file 3. Relation between levels of LCONV, the corresponding values of LMX and the reduction in lumens where Ddrugs = 1 min.

Additional file 6. Relation between levels of LCONV, the corresponding values of LMX and the reduction in lumens where Ddrugs = 10 min.

Open Educational Resources (OER) are free and open-licensed educational materials widely used for learning. OER quality assessment has become essential to support learners and teachers in finding high-quality OERs, and to enable online learning repositories to improve their OERs. In this work, we establish a set of evaluation metrics that assess OER quality in OER authoring tools. These metrics provide guidance to OER content authors to create high-quality content. The metrics were implemented and evaluated within SlideWiki, a collaborative OpenCourseWare platform that provides educational materials in presentation slides format. To evaluate the relevance of the metrics, a questionnaire is conducted among OER expert users. The evaluation results indicate that the metrics address relevant quality aspects and can be used to determine the overall OER quality.

Additional file 9. Relation between the multiplex administration rate (QMX) and the conventional rate (QCONV) for different values of Ddrugs.

Additional file 1 : Supplementary Figure 1: Prediction performance of Decon-cell within 500FG: The Y-axis represents the 73 immune cell types quantified by FACS in the 500FG cohort. The bar plot on the left panel shows the mean Prediction Performance (Spearman correlation coefficient between predicted and measured cells across 100-fold cross validations). On the right panel, box plots represent the distribution of the Prediction Performance within 100 iterations of the cross validations. A cutoff of mean Prediction Performance ≥0.5 was applied to define predictable cell types (green). Supplementary Figure 2. Signature genes selected for prediction of cell proportions by Decon-cell: (A) Total number of marker genes (genes selected in ≥80% of all models in the 100 iterations) per predictable cell type. Different colors indicate different subpopulations. (B) The number of genes significantly correlated with cell counts (Spearman correlation, adjusted P ≤ 0.05) (y-axis) shows the total number of significantly correlated genes, while the x-axis shows the prediction performance (x-axis). (C) Distributions of the total number of “strongly” correlated genes (absolute Spearman correlation ≥0.3) between predictable and unpredictable cell subpopulations. Supplementary Figure 3. Comparison of prediction performance between Decon-cell and other existing methods. (A) Performance of Decon-cell: the measured (x axis) and predicted cell proportions (y-axis) were compared for neutrophils (given by granulocytes in 500FG), lymphocytes and monocytes CD14+ and granulocytes in three independent cohorts (shown by row, from top to bottom: LLDeep (n = 627); LLS (n = 660); RS (n = 773)). (B) Comparison of prediction performance for Decon-cell, CIBERSORT and xCell in three independent cohorts for a total of 4 major immune subpopulations. Supplementary Figure 4. Prediction performance of xCell and CIBERSORT in three independent Dutch populations (LLDeep, n = 627; LLS, n = 660; RS, n = 773). (A) Scatter plots showing the measured cell proportions of circulating immune cells on the x-axis and the xCell enrichment score on the y-axis. (B) Scatter plots showing the measured cell proportions of circulating immune cells on the x-axis and the predicted cell proportions given by CIBERSORT) on the y-axis. Supplementary Figure 5. Expression of marker genes selected by Decon-cell. Expression levels (scaled, log2(TPM + 1)) of signature genes in the data in three purified cell subpopulations: CD4+ T cells (A), neutrophils/granulocytes (B) and monocytes (C) in the data from BLUEPRINT. Cell subpopulations are indicated in different colors by columns. Correlation of each of the signature genes and the cell subpopulation percentage in the 500FG cohort is shown on by the green bar at the left-hand side of heatmap figure, i.e. darker green corresponds to higher correlations. Supplementary Figure 6. Many of the CTi eQTL are cell type exclusive. Colored bar plot on the left shows the total number of significant CTi eQTLs in whole blood eQTLs (as also shown in Fig. 2a). Gray bar plot shows the total number of eQTLs shared across the possible combinations of the six cell subpopulations under study. Supplementary Figure 7. Variation of gene expression across samples for deconvoluted cell-type eQTLs genes in whole blood. Granulocyte eQTL genes show significantly higher variance across the BIOS samples (F test p-value ≤0.05) compared to those from monocytes, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells and NK cells. Supplementary Figure 8. Validation of CTi eQTLs using effect sizes of eQTLs from purified cells. CTi eQTLs (FDR ≤ 0.05) from the BIOS cohort show a significantly bigger effect size in purified cell eQTLs [9] from their relevant cell subtype as compared to other whole blood eQTLs (diagonal boxed comparisons). The off-diagonal comparisons show that these eQTL genes are specific to a cell subpopulation because the differences in effect sizes are non-significant in all but one case (CD4+ T cell eQTL genes in monocyte-derived eQTLs). Supplementary Figure 9. Validation of CTi eQTLs using effect sizes of K27AC QTLs from purified cells. CTi eQTLs (FDR ≤ 0.05) show a significantly bigger effect size for K27AC QTLs that have peaks located in the promoter region of the eGenes from their relevant cell subtype compared to the rest of the significant whole blood eQTLs (diagonal boxed comparisons). The off-diagonal comparisons show that these eQTL genes are specific to a cell subtype because the differences in effect sizes are non-significant in all but the comparisons across Neutrophils and Monocytes (CD14+). Supplementary Figure 10. Validation of CTi eQTLs using effect sizes of K4ME1 QTLs from purified cells. CTi eQTLs (FDR ≤ 0.05) show a significantly bigger effect size for K4ME1 QTLs (where the eGenes is the closest gene tagging the K4ME1 QTLs peak) from their relevant cell subtype compared to the rest of the significant whole blood eQTLs (diagonal boxed comparisons). The off-diagonal comparisons show that these eQTL genes are specific to a cell subtype because the differences in effect sizes are non-significant in all but the comparisons between neutrophils and monocytes (CD14+). Supplementary Figure 11. Validation of CTi eQTLs using allelic concordance with eQTLs results from purified cells. CTi eQTLs (FDR ≤ 0.05) show high allelic concordance with their respective purified cell eQTLs. Top row shows allelic concordance of deconvoluted granulocyte eQTLs (all in green) against neutrophils, monocytes and CD4+ T cells. Second row shows deconvoluted monocyte eQTLs against purified cell eQTLs in the same order as the top row. Bottom row shows the same comparisons as for deconvoluted CD4+ eQTLs. Allelic concordance of the off-diagonal (comparing CTi eQLTs with non-relevant cell types) show a consistent decrease in allelic concordance. P-values are Bonferroni-corrected Fisher exact tests between groups. Supplementary Figure 12. Validation of CTi eQTLs using allelic concordance with K27AC results from purified cells. CTi eQTLs (FDR ≤ 0.05) show a high allelic concordance in their respective purified cell K27AC QTLs. Top row shows allelic concordance of deconvoluted granulocyte eQTLs (all in green) against neutrophils, monocytes and CD4+ T cells derived from K27AC QTLs. Second row shows deconvoluted monocyte eQTLs (all in orange) against purified cell K27AC QTLs in the same order as top row. Bottom row shows the same comparisons as for deconvoluted CD4+ eQTLs (all in purple). Allelic concordance of the off-diagonal (comparing deconvoluted eQTLs with non-relevant cell types) show a consistent decrease in allelic concordance when compared to the relevant cell type comparisons. P-values are Bonferroni-corrected Fisher exact tests between groups. Supplementary Figure 13. Allelic concordance between whole blood eQTLs and K27AC QTLs for purified neutrophils, CD14+ monocytes and CD4+ T cells. Supplementary Figure 14. Comparison of whole blood eQTLs with eQTLs from single cell RNA-seq Whole blood eQTLs show 89% allelic concordance for significant eQTLs derived from scRNA-seq data, comprising monocytes CD14+, B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and NK cells. Supplementary Figure 15 Validation of cell type eQTLs detected in the BIOS cohort using the Westra et al method: (A) Expression of eGenes in purified cell subpopulations from BLUEPRINT (green for granulocyte eQTL genes showing expression for purified neutrophils; orange for monocytes; purple for CD4+ T cells; pink for B cells). (B) CT eQTLs detected by the Westra method show a significantly larger effect size in purified cell eQTLs [11] as compared to the rest of the whole blood eQTLs. Boxed-diagonal shows the comparisons with relevant cell types where the effect differences are stronger. Supplementary Figure 16 Allelic concordance rates of cell type eQTLs detected using the Westra et al method and eQTLs from purified cells. Top row shows allelic concordance of granulocyte CT eQTLs against neutrophils, monocytes and CD4+ T cells. Second row shows CT monocyte eQTLs against purified cell eQTLs in the same order as top row. Bottom row shows the same comparisons for CT CD4+ eQTLs. Supplementary Figure 17 Comparison of Decon-eQTL with Westra et al method. Overlap of CT eQTLs detected with Decon-eQTL and the Westra et al method and those found to be significant in purified cell subpopulations for granulocyte QTLs (A), CD4+ T cells (B), and monocytes (C). Supplementary Figure 18 Distribution and correlation among circulating cell proportions. (A) Scatter plots show the correlations between different cell subpopulations in 89 samples from 500FG. Blue line indicates a fitted linear model. Diagonal plots depict the overall density distribution per cell type. Upper right triangle shows the Pearson correlation coefficient for each pairwise comparison. (B) Correlations between different cell subpopulations in the BIOS cohort obtained by prediction using Decon-cell. Supplementary Figure 19.General overview of the Decon2 method. (A) Gene expression can be used to predict cell count percentages of cell counts that are already trained in the Decon-Cell model. Additionally, the model can be trained on different cell types if expression data and cell count proportions are available. (B) Decon-eQTL models the cell type dependent eQTL effect using expression, genotype, and measured cell count proportions or, if unavailable, predicted cell count proportions.

Additional file 7. Relation between levels of LCONV, the corresponding values of LMX and the reduction in lumens where Ddrugs = 20 min.

Additional file 5. Relation between levels of LCONV, the corresponding values of LMX and the reduction in lumens where Ddrugs = 5 min.

Additional file 2. Flow of study data.

E-learning accessibility is a well studied topic that aims at making online educational resources accessible for everyone, including disabled users. The focus of these efforts is mainly on making content consumption more accessible while content creation is often neglected. This means that the perspectives of disabled users are not accommodated and that full inclusiveness cannot be reached. In this work we introduce a novel interface to author educational content, in particular presentation slides. This interface is specifically designed for visually impaired and blind users. The interface is implemented in the OpenCourseWare platform SlideWiki. Instead of the default visual WYSIWYG interface, the alternative editor uses the lightweight markup language Markdown to support content authoring.

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Despite improved digital access to scholarly knowledge in recent decades, scholarly communication remains exclusively document-based. In this form, scholarly knowledge is hard to process automatically. In this paper, we present the first steps towards a knowledge graph based infrastructure that acquires scholarly knowledge in machine actionable form thus enabling new possibilities for scholarly knowledge curation, publication and processing. The primary contribution is to present, evaluate and discuss multi-modal scholarly knowledge acquisition, combining crowdsourced and automated techniques. We present the results of the first user evaluation of the infrastructure with the participants of a recent international conference. Results suggest that users were intrigued by the novelty of the proposed infrastructure and by the possibilities for innovative scholarly knowledge processing it could enable., 8 pages

Pyoderma gangrenosum is een zeldzame huidziekte waarbij spontaan of na beschadiging van de huid wonden ontstaan, die langzaam groter worden. Het is moeilijk te onderscheiden van een wondinfectie en daarom is een juiste wonddiagnose zeer belangrijk, zo blijkt uit deze casuistiek.

In Rotterdam trekken hbo-v-docenten en wijkverpleegkundigen enkele maanden met elkaar op. Om de positie van de wijkverpleegkundige te verbeteren en meer interesse te wekken voor het werken in de wijk.

Honderden verpleegkundigen deden mee aan de Nursing Challenge 2015 en maakten gezamenlijk zo’n 1400 toetsen. Verpleegkundige Cindy Reekers (44) uit Zwolle was de allerbeste; zij gaat er met de hoofdprijs vandoor.

Met de nieuwe beroepsprofielen is een volgende stap gezet naar twee verschillende verpleegkundige functies verankerd in de wet BIG. De daarbij behorende titels basisverpleegkundige en regieverpleegkundige waren direct voer voor discussie onder verpleegkundigen.

The metabolism of the dopamine D2 agonist N-0923 was investigated by an in vitro isolated liver perfusion. Determining the metabolic profile and identity of the different metabolites was achieved by using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection, combined with atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. Using this technique, no extensive sample cleanup is required, and the studies can be performed without radioactivity. In addition to previously observed metabolites, nine new metabolic products were identified. All metabolites were exclusively excreted into the bile, except for the despropyl metabolite, which was also detectable in the perfusate. 5-O-Glucuronidation and N-depropylation followed by 5-O-glucuronidation are the most important metabolic routes. N-dealkylation of the thienylethyl group followed by 5-O-glucuronidation and sulfation is a second major metabolic pathway. Catechol formation of the despropyl metabolite with or without subsequent conjugation was not found. Catechol formation of the desthienylethyl metabolite occurred, but only its glucuronide conjugates were found. This study complements previous results of in vivo metabolic studies using the radiolabeled racemate N-0437, and it explains differences in bile excretion during isolated liver perfusions using N-0923 and radiolabeled N-0923.

The growth and population of the Semantic Web, especially the Linked Open Data (LOD) Cloud, has brought to the fore the challenges of ordering knowledge for data mining on an unprecedented scale. The LOD Cloud is structured from billions of elements of knowledge and pointers to knowledge organization systems (KOSs) such as ontologies, taxonomies, typologies, thesauri, etc. The variant and heterogeneous knowledge areas that comprise the social sciences and humanities (SSH), including cultural heritage applications are bringing multi-dimensional richness to the LOD Cloud. Each such application arrives with its own challenges regarding KOSs in the Cloud. With contributions by Sören Auer, Gerard Coen, Kathleen Gregory, Mohamad Yaser Jaradeh, Daniel Martínez Ávila, Philipp Mayr, Allard Oelen, Cristina Pattuelli, Tobias Renwick, Andrea Scharnhorst, Ronald Siebes, Aida Slavic, Richard P Smiraglia, Markus Stocker, Rick Szostak, Marnix van Berchum, Charles van den Heuvel, J. Bradford Young, Veruska Zamborlini and Marcia Zeng.

1. Andauernde mechanische Behandlung von Schmierolen (z. B. durch automatisches Reiben im Porzellanmorser) bewirkt deutliche Aenderungen der Viskositat. Oft werden Schmierole durch diese Behandlung viskoser. Die nahere Untersuchung des zeitlichen Verlaufs ergibt (in einigen Fallen wenigstens) zunachst einen Abstieg, dann einen kraftigen Aufstieg, und bei sehr langem Reiben (120 Stunden) wiederum einen Abfall der Viskositat. Die Mitwirkung chemischer Erscheinungen, z. B. Oxydation neben Polymerisation und Depolymerisation, ist wahrscheinlich, wie aus Farbanderungen der Oele geschlossen werden kann. 2. Zusatz von Sauren (Essig- und Oelsaure) erniedrigt anscheinend allgemein die Viskositat von Schmierolen. Besonders auffallig wirkt Zusatz von Aetzalkalien (alkoholische KOH, Soda, nicht jedoch Ammoniak, Anilin usw.), der schon in sehr kleinen Konzentrationen, umgekehrt wie Sauren, fast stets eine kraftige Erhohung der Viskositat hervorruft. Bei den teilweise aus polymerisierten feiten Oelen bestehenden Voltolen ist dieseErhohung so stark, das z.B. 0,28 Proz.KOH Voltol 17 in wenigen Minuten zum Gelatinieren bringt. 3. Kleinere Zusatze von hochdispersem Graphit und Talkum, ferner Marseiller Seife und Lanolin ergeben bei allen Mineralolen Viskositatserhohungen, indessen nicht von dem Ausmase wie Alkalizusatz. Die Voltolole nehmen wieder eine Ausnahmestellung ein, insofern als bei ihnen Seife viskositatserniedrig end wirkt, wahrend die anderen genannten Zusatze die Viskositat kaum verandern. Diese Viskositatserniedrigung durch Seife beiVoltolen ist besonders auffallig im Hinblick auf die gelatinierendeWirkung minimaler Zusatze von freiem Aetzalkali zu den gleichen Oelen, ein Hinweis, das letzterer Effekt nicht nur auf einer gewohnlichen Seifenbildung beruhen kann. 4. Wahrend bei reinen Schmiermitteln · die Druckviskosimetrie wegen der in vorliegender Arbeit erwiesenen weitgehenden Gultigkeit des Hagen -Poiseuille'schen Gesetzeskeine grose Rolle spielt, ist sie von groser Bedeutung fur die eindeutige Kennzeichnung der Viskositat von Schmietolen mit Zusatzen. Hier verlaufen die Viskositatsdruckkurven so individuell, das sie z.B. die Viskositatskurven reiner Oele schneiden, und das die Viskositatsunterschiede zweier solcher Oele bei kleinen Drucken also genau entgegengesetzt sind den Viskositatsunterschieden bei grosen Drucken.

1. Es wurde ein Kapillarviskosimeter mit beliebig einstellbarem hydrostatischem Druck konstruiert, welches sich als sehr geeignet fur die Druckviskosimetrie viskoser Flussigkeiten bei kleinen Ausflusgeschwindigkeiten erwies. 2. Mit dem eigenen konstruierten-Viskosimeter sowie mit dem modifizierten Ostwald-Kruytschen Kapillarviskosimeter wurden bei allen untersuchten trocknenden, halbtrocknenden und nichttrocknenden vegetabilischen Oelen relativ geringe und im Bereiche sehr kleiner Ausflusgeschwindigkeiten liegende Abweichungen vom Hagen-Poiseuille'schen Gesetz festgestellt. 3. Es wurde darauf hingewiesen, das das Rizinusol keine Sonderstellung in bezug auf den Verlauf der p.-Vis.-Kurve zwischen den anderen Oelen einnimmt. 4. Es wurde darauf hingewiesen, das die trocknenden vegetabilischen Oele keine Sonderstellung in bezug auf den Verlauf ihrer p.-Vis.-Kurve zwischen den anderen vegetabilischen Oelen einnehmen.

Das fette Oel der Samen von Hesperis matronalis L. gehort zu den trocknenden Oelen und besitzt eine leinolahnliche Zusammensetzung, sodass es als Leinolersatz Verwendung finden kann.

Vorige maand stond mijn collega Marloes Oelen op deze plek. Ze vertelde dat zij als redacteur van Nursing de wijkverpleging als aandachtsgebied heeft. Voor mij is dat evidence-based practice (EBP). Een interessante vernieuwing in de verpleegkunde, vind ik. Het past in de trend dat het beroep professioneler wordt.

In den Proceedings of the Royal Society (1873 Nr. 146 vol. XXI. pag. 442—483) ist unter dem Titel „On comparative vegetable chro matology" eine Arbeit von H. C. Sorby erschienen, welche sich mit Untersuchungen der Pflanzenfarbstoffe beschaftigt. Da diese zweifellos sehr wichtige Arbeit in deutschen wissenschaftlichen Journalen nur in sehr durftigen Auszugen erschien (Vergl. Bot. Ztg. 1873, p. 395; Naturforscher 1873 Nov. pag. 450; Botan. Jahresbericht von Prof. Dr. Just I. Abth. 1. Halbbd. pag. 182), so glaube ich nur im Inter esse unseres botanischen Publikums zu handeln, wenn ich in den nachfolgenden Blattern einen genaueren, alle wichtigen Beobachtun gen und Ergebnisse Sorby's enthaltenden Auszug der Oeffentlichkeit ubergebe. Die Zahl der in verschiedenen Organen verschiedener Pflanzen vorkommenden Farbstoffe ist eine sehr bedeutende. In der vorliegen den Arbeit beschaftigte sich jedoch Sorby bloss mit der Untersuchung jener Farbstoffe, welche in den Blattern der hoheren und im Thallus der Lagerpflanzen vorkommen. Es ist vor Allem wichtig, hier einen Unterschied zu machen zwischen solchen Farbstoffen, welche fur das normale Wachsthum einer Pflanze nothwendig und wesentlich sind, und in Folge dessen ziemlich allgemein vorkommen, und solchen, welche zwar viel zahlreicher, aber meist nur als zufallige Produkte erscheinen, und fur das Leben der Pflanze eine weitaus geringere Bedeutung haben. Die Farbstoffe der ersteren Art sind charakterisirt durch ihre Loslichkeit in Schwefelkohlenstoff und in fetten Oelen (Fixed oils) und Unloslichkeit in Wasser. Hieher gehort die Gruppe der Chlorophylle, Xanthopliylle, Lichnoxanthine, sowie das Fucoxan thin ; dagegen zeigen die Farbstoffe der letzteren Art bezuglich ihrer Loslichkeitsverhaltnisse ein gerade entgegengesetztes Verhalten und umfassen die Phycocyan-, Phycoerythrin-, Erythrophyllund Chryso tannin-Gruppen. Die Trennung der Farbstoffe geschah theils auf chemischem Wege, theils durch die zersetzende W irkung der Sonne, welche letz tere Methode Sorby als photochemische Analyse (photochemical ana lysis) bezeichnet. Die Trennung der einzelnen Farbstoffe durch chemische Mittel wurde vorzugsweise durch Schwefelkohlenstoff, absoluten Alkohol, gewohnlichen Weingeist, Benzol und Wasser bewirkt. Es zeigte sich, dass verschiedene Losungsmittel einen Einfluss haben einerseits auf die Stellung der Absorptionsbander, welche beispielsweise bei Lo sungen in Schwefelkohlenstoff viel naher dem rothen Ende des Spek trums liegen, als bei Losungen in Benzol oder absolutem Alkohol, und andererseits auf die Breite der Absorptionsbander. Letztere Er

Ferner dient Mercuronitrat zur Unterscheidung der kunstlichen Aqua Amygdalar. amar. von der naturellen, obgleich es sich gegen kunstliches und naturelles Oleum Amygdalar. amar. aethereum in weingeistiger Losung indifferent verhalt. Das naturelle, durch Destillation aus bitteren Mandeln hergestellte Bittermandelwasser zu 3 ccm mit drei Tropfen der 10 procentigen Mercuronitratlosung versetzt, bewirkt sofort Reduction und graue Trubung, das kunstlich. durch Mischung hergestellte Bittermandelwasser erleidet aber nur eine weissliche Trubung, welche erst nach einigen Stunden grau wird.