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The 18.6 yr nodal cycle modulates tidal amplitudes and currents, and consequently sedimentation in tide-influenced sedimentary environments. Data are presented which show that such effects are obvious along the coast of the Dutch barrier islands and in the sedimentary fill of abandoned channels.

In accordance with 140 Chinese ancient records of lunar eclipses with magnitude and time a study and analysis of the accuracy of these records is made in this paper. We conclude: (1). The accounts of magnitude and time of lunar eclipses are quite accurate and the records are reliable. (2). The ancient phenomenon in China was recorded with dawn as the beginning of a day. (3). That whether the penumbral lunar eclipses were recorded in China's ancient times is analyzed. The answer is in the affirmative basically.

Summary This paper examines the purport of epact tables encountered on scientific instruments, and explains their use. The epact is a valuable chronological aid for calculating the age of the moon. In handbooks of chronology, usually two types of epacts are distinguished: the epact used in medieval times, and the so-called Lilian epact used after 1582 in the Gregorian perpetual calendar. By examining the rules for calculating the age of the moon, it turns out that the Julian and Gregorian epacts encountered on instruments must be distinguished from the medieval and Lilian epacts. It is shown that the Julian epact was already in use in 1478, and that, by adjusting for the shift of ten days in the date of the vernal equinox, the Gregorian epact was derived from it in 1582. The common association of the latter with the Lilian epact employed in the Gregorian perpetual calendar is incorrect. It is further shown that in contrast to the medieval and Lilian epacts, which served purely ecclesiastical purposes, the...

Data from the Tibet air-shower array were used to examine the cosmic-ray shadows of the Moon and the Sun at energies around 10 TeV. The shadowing effect was clearly observed at the $5.8\ensuremath{\sigma}$ level for the Moon, while the shadow of the Sun was found in the direction away from the Sun by 0.86\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to the west and 0.43\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to the south. The effect of the geomagnetic field has also been observed in the shadow of cosmic rays by the Moon. The observed deflection of the Sun's shadow is briefly discussed in connection with the effect of the magnetic fields between the Sun and the Earth. This is the first observation of the effects of such magnetic fields on the cosmic-ray shadow. The maximum-likelihood analysis of the Moon data set shows that the angular resolutions of the array for showers with its mode energies 7 and 35 TeV are 0.87${\mathrm{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}}_{\ensuremath{-}0.10\mathrm{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}}^{+0.13\mathrm{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}}$ and 0.54${\mathrm{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}}_{\ensuremath{-}0.08\mathrm{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}}^{+0.11\mathrm{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}}$, respectively.

One of the most important inferences of the Lunar Prospector mission data was the existence of subsurface water ice in the permanently shadowed craters near both lunar poles [Feldman et al., 1998]. We propose and substantiate an alternative explanation that hydrogen can exist in the shallow lunar subsurface in the form of clathrate hydrates: CH4 . 6H(2)o and/or CO2 . 6H(2)o.

Lunar patterns of settlement of 15 Caribbean reef fishes were assessed from daily collections of newly arrived fishes from each of two small (A=63 and B=28 m2) patch reefs at Punta de San Blas (Panama) during two consecutive 2 yr periods (1984, 1985 and 1986, 1987). In 12 species settlement was lunar-cyclic, with a broad peak of activity around the new moon in 11 cases, and at first quarter in 1 species. However, 3 of these “lunar-cyclic” species displayed intermittent semilunar periodicity in settlement, with peaks around the quarter moons. One other species had a semilunar cycle of settlement with peaks at both quarter moons. Two species apparently lacked lunar settlement cycles. In some, but not all, paris of congeners: (a) monthly variation in settlement intensity was positively correlated, (b) the duration of settlement pulses in the same month consistently differed, and (c) the timing of settlement pulses in the same month often differed (although one species did not consistently arrive before the other). Recruitment of juvenile fish that survived to the end of the lunar cycle in which they settled was monitored monthly, concurrently with settlement, at a number of large sites scattered up to 2 km apart. The levels of variation in the amount of settlement and recruitment each month differed in only 2 of 17 cases, with settlement variation exceeding recruitment variation in only one of these. The intensity of recruitment was positively correlated with the intensity of settlement in 16 of 17 cases. In 15 of those 16 cases, R 2 values for linear regressions of recruitment on settlement exceeded R 2 values for curvilinear regressions that would indicate either increasing or decreasing recruitment success with increasing intensity of settlement. Thus it appears that variation in recruitment can be used to estimate variation in settlement, and that recruitment success may be density-independent.

In this paper the problem of the classification of natural samples is discussed. An updated version of the G-mode multivariate statistical method for the classification of natural samples, applicable to a wide range of research fields, is discussed in this paper. This method allows an automatic classification in terms of homogeneous taxonomic units, without any a priori knowledge of the taxonomic structure of the natural observations; it provides informations on the different levels of classification present in the data set under study (classes and subclasses), on the level of information residing in each variable, on the level of similarity and/or difference among homogeneous classes.

It is pointed out that the implication of the popular giant impact model of lunar origin (e.g., Hartmann and Davis, 1975; Cameron and Ward, 1976; Stevenson, 1987) is that any depth-related silicate differentiation within the impactor (and/or the earth) at the time of the impact must be partly inherited by the preferentially peripheral matter that forms the moon. This paper presents calculations of the magnitude of the net differentiation of the protolunar matter for a variety of elements and scenarios, with different assumptions regarding the geometries of the 'sampled' peripheral zones, the relative proportions of the earth-derived to impactor-derived matter in the final moon, and the degree to which the impactor mantle had crystallized prior to the giant impact. It is shown that these differention effects constrain the overall plausibility of the giant impact hypothesis.

Durant le premier millénaire, entre le VIIe/VIe et le IIe siècle avant Jésus-Christ, les Carthaginois ont élevé des stèles votives dans un sanctuaire à ciel ouvert. Dédiées à la dyade Baal Hamon et Tinnit Pane Baal, ces sculptures montrent sur leur surface décorée une iconographie qui se compose, en grande partie, de signes et symboles géométriques: un losange, une image céleste composée d’un disque et d’un croissant, une « idole-bouteille », le signe dit « de Tinnit » et un étendard nommé « caducée » dans la littérature. À ce jour, les informations liées à l’interprétation de ces images sont restées largement disparates et fragmentaires et aucune synthèse approfondie n’a encore été publiée à leur sujet. Afin d’aboutir à des résultats tangibles, il s’avère indispensable de mettre à plat l’ensemble des connaissances acquises sur le sujet. À cette fin, une nouvelle approche méthodologique basée sur une typologie raisonnée, c’est-à-dire diachronique et limitée à la seule métropole carthaginoise, sera mise en place. En outre, cette démarche doit être définie en adéquation avec le contexte régional tyrien, berceau de l’idéologie religieuse carthaginoise. Au-delà du rapport de ces images avec les divinités invoquées, la typologie à promouvoir doit, en même temps, nous permettre de clarifier le contexte chronologique propre à chacun de ces éléments figurés. / During the first millennium, between the VIIth/VIth and IInd century bc, the Carthaginians have erected votive stelae in an open air precinct. Dedicated to the dyad Baal Hamon and Tinnit Pane Baal, those sculptures show on their decorated surface an iconography mostly composed of geometric signs and symbols: a lozenge, a celestial pattern made up of a disk and a crescent, a “bottle idol”, the “Tinnit sign” and a standard named “caduceus” in the literature. To date, the information tied up with the interpretation of those images are largely disparate and fragmentary and no thorough synthesis has been published on their subject. In order to reach tangible results, it is necessary to gather all known data’s on the subject. To that end, a new methodological approach, based on a diachronic typology limited to the sole Carthaginian metropolis, will be put in place. Moreover, this approach must be defined in adequacy with the Tyrian regional context, cradle of the Carthaginian religious ideology. Beyond the links of those images with of the invoked divinities, the typology to promote must allow us, in the same time, to clarify the chronological context peculiar to each of the studied items., Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

To understand the possible large scale influence of Titan on its plasma environment, we study the magnetic fields and plasma measurements, both when Cassini flies close to Titan and when Cassini crosses the moon's orbit far from it. Using 98 Cassini passes from 06/2004 to 12/2008, we examine the plasma environments at the orbit of Titan with the moon present and absent. In particular, the presence of Titan appears to affect the magnetopause location. Near noon, the Saturn magnetopause is more frequently inside of Titan's orbit with the moon absent than with it present. Titan's presence near noon appears to locally enhance the total pressure and reduce the magnetosphere compressibility, possibly by mass-loading. Near local midnight, the stretching and sweepback angles for cases with Titan present and absent suggest that the moon enhances the tail reconnection rate, in agreement with previous studies of the moon's influence on the Saturnian magnetosphere.

Accepted: 2009-09-02, 資料番号: SA1000796000

[1] We have calculated evaporation rates for a range of organic compounds that may be cold-trapped at the poles of the Moon and Mercury. Organics vary widely in their volatilities and thus can be stable to evaporation at higher and lower temperatures than water. The detection of cold-trapped organics would point to volatile delivery by impacts, as comets and asteroids are the only plausible sources for organic molecules. The characterization of cold-trapped organics on both bodies may provide constraints on the thermal evolution of cold traps over time and the history of volatiles in the inner solar system.

[1] Dust is the Number 1 environmental hazard on the Moon, yet its movements and adhesive properties are little understood. Matchbox-sized, 270-gram Dust Detector Experiments (DDEs) measured contrasting effects triggered by rocket exhausts of Lunar Modules (LM) after deployment 17 m and 130 m from Apollo 11 and 12 LMs. Apollo 11 Lunar Seismometer was contaminated, overheated and terminated after 21 days operation. Apollo 12 hardware was splashed with collateral lunar dust during deployment. DDE horizontal solar cell was cleansed of nominally 0.3 mg cm−2 dust by 80% promptly at LM ascent and totally within 7 minutes. A vertical cell facing East was half-cleaned promptly then totally over hundreds of hours. Each cell cooled slightly. For the first time lunar electrostatic adhesive forces on smooth silicon were directly measured by comparison with lunar gravity. Analyses imply this adhesive force weakens as solar angle of incidence decreases. If valid, future lunar astronauts may have greater problems with dust adhesion in the middle half of the day than faced by Apollo missions in early morning. A sunproof shed may provide dust-free working environments on the Moon. Low-cost laboratory tests with DDEs and simulated lunar dust can use DDE benchmark lunar data quickly, optimising theoretical modelling and planning of future lunar expeditions, human and robotic.

O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar o quanto as relações da televisão com a realidade são mais sutis do que nós costumamos acreditar. Assim, através da análise de Opération Lune, um filme de William Karel que investiga a autenticidade das imagens dos primeiros passos do homem na Lua, questionamos o estatuto desse programa apresentado como um “falso” pela crítica, desembaraçando as múltiplas construções semióticas: imagens de arquivo, testemunhos verdadeiro-falsos, mudança de tonalidade, procedimentos paródicos. Qual é, então, seu estatuto? Mentira? Paródia? Fraude? Opération Lune mostra o quanto, em mediação referencial, a crítica das imagens parece conduzir ao questionamento dos acontecimentos reais que elas narram. Certos telespectadores não hesitam em passar da dúvida sobre a veracidade das imagens à suspeita sobre a realidade dos fatos, com a ajuda cúmplice dos dispositivos presentes no filme.

Control laws obtained by combining a least squares parameter estimator and a minimum variance strategy based on the estimated parameters have asymptotically optimal performance.

A look at what it might be like on a lunar farm in the year 2020 is provided from the point of view of the farmer. Of necessity, the farm would be a Controlled Ecological (or Environment) Life-Support System (CELSS) or a bioregenerative life-support system. Topics covered in the imaginary trip through the farm are the light, water, gasses, crops, the medium used for plantings, and the required engineering. The CELSS is designed with four functioning parts: (1) A plant-production facility with higher plants and algae; (2) food technology kitchens; (3) waste processing and recycling facilities; and (4) control systems. In many cases there is not yet enough information to be sure about matters discussed, but the exercise in imagination pinpoints a number of areas that still need considerable research to resolve the problems perceived.

SUMMARY. 1. The chief objective was to construct a thermal tolerance polygon for juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., using fish from four groups and two populations: two age groups from one population (0+, 1+ parr from River Leven), two size groups from the other population (slow and Fast growing 1+ parr from River Lune). 2. Fish were acclimated to constant temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 27°C; then the temperature was raised or lowered at 1°C h−1 to determine the upper and lower limits for feeding and survival over 10 min, 100 min, 1000 min and 7 days. As they were not significantly different between the four groups of fish, values at each acclimation temperature were pooled to provide arithmetic means (with SE) for the thermal tolerance polygon. 3. Incipient lethal levels (survival over 7 days) defined a tolerance zone within which salmon lived for a considerable time; upper mean incipient values increased with increasing acclimation temperature to reach a maximum of 27.8±0.2°C, lower mean incipient values were below 0°C and were therefore undetermined at acclimation temperatures

We describe the reasons of proceeding Thermal-Vacuum tests for space electronic. We will answer on following questions: why teams are doing TV tests, what kind of phases should be simulated, which situations are the most critical during TV tests, what kind of results should be expected, which errors can be detect. As an example, will be shown TV-test of SIR-2 instrument for Chandrayaan-1 moon mission.

[1] Using new SMART-1 AMIE images and Arecibo and Goldstone high resolution radar images of the Moon, we investigate the geological relations of the south pole, including the 20 km-diameter crater Shackleton. The south pole is located inside the topographic rim of the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin, the largest and oldest impact crater on the Moon and Shackleton is located on the edge of an interior basin massif. The crater Shackleton is found to be older than the mare surface of the Apollo 15 landing site (3.3 Ga), but younger than the Apollo 14 landing site (3.85 Ga). These results suggest that Shackleton may have collected extra-lunar volatile elements for at least the last 2 billion years and is an attractive site for permanent human presence on the Moon.

[1] Substorms play an important role in the energization and transport of plasmas in planetary magnetospheres, including the shedding of the mass added by moons in the case of Jupiter and Saturn. Mass shedding occurs through rapid reconnection in the near tail resulting in dipolarization on the magnetospheric side of the reconnection point and plasmoid formation down tail. Observations of these sudden reconnection events in Saturn’s near-tail region provide additional insight into this process. Saturnian substorms, at least on occasion, have a plasmoid formation phase leading to a traveling compression region. Changes in the field strength across reconnection events suggest that open flux has been removed from the tail. The timing of tail reconnection events appears to be controlled by both the orbital phase of Titan, and the variable stretching of the near-tail field as Saturn rotates.

Earth's composition, evolution and structure are in part a legacy of provenance (where it happened to form) and chance (the stochastics of that formation).

The oscillating peak model of basin and crater formation proposed by Murray is analysed mathematically. The results could be compared with some basins in order to confirm the basic ideas of this model.

We studied factors influencing variation in nightly levels of activity (birds arriving and vocalizing) and numbers of birds staging offshore at a colony of Ancient Murrelets at Reef Island, British Columbia, during 1984, 1985, and 1986. Activity was restricted to the hours of darkness and extremely variable in magnitude from night to night. The rate of entry into burrows tended to decrease, and the amount of vocalization and numbers of birds at the staging area increased during the nesting season. We detected an underlying 4-day cyclical pattern of attendance. Nightly variability of activity at the colony was affected by moonlight and weather conditions. Since activity, particularly vocalization, was reduced on moonlit nights, we suggest that nocturnal colony attendance is a strategy to avoid diurnal predators in this species. The largest numbers of birds were present and vocalizing at the colony on calm moonless nights. Weather conditions explained a substantial proportion of the night to night variability in murrelet activity. Among weather variables, wind speed had the most consistent effect and was particularly important in 1985. Both short-term, i.e., of a particular night, and long-term, i.e., over the previous 3 days, conditions influenced activity. Our observations suggest that direct weather effects at the colony may be more important than weather effects related to foraging conditions. Interyear differences in activity may have resulted from the interaction of weather and general foraging conditions.

A new combined rhenium-osmium– and platinum-group element data set for basalts from the Moon establishes that the basalts have uniformly low abundances of highly siderophile elements. The data set indicates a lunar mantle with long-term, chondritic, highly siderophile element ratios, but with absolute abundances that are over 20 times lower than those in Earth's mantle. The results are consistent with silicate-metal equilibrium during a giant impact and core formation in both bodies, followed by post–core-formation late accretion that replenished their mantles with highly siderophile elements. The lunar mantle experienced late accretion that was similar in composition to that of Earth but volumetrically less than (∼0.02% lunar mass) and terminated earlier than for Earth.

The sandhopper Talitrus saltator is known to use sun and moon compasses to return to the band of wet sand on a beach. The two compass systems are based on separate chronometric mechanisms that compensate for the azimuthal movement of the two astronomical cues. The aim of our research was to test whether the sandhopper's time-compensating mechanism for lunar compass orientation continues to work during the new moon phase (i.e. when the moon is not visible). Our tests were carried out in a confined environment under the natural sky and in the laboratory under artificial light, in both the full and new moon phases. Sandhoppers released in sea water headed towards the expected land direction of their home beach using the natural or artificial moon as a compass cue independently of the moon's natural phase, including the new moon phase. The sandhoppers' chronometric mechanism that compensates for the moon's azimuthal motion thus works continuously, even during the phase when the actual moon is never visible. This could be based on spatiotemporal interpolation between visible moon positions.

The author analyzes extensiveness and diversity of the Balkan–Slavic ritual of stealing milk in rites with a pronounced erotical component.

The frequency of earthquake incidence along the Andaman/Sunda/Java Trench plate-boundary region has been investigated for the ten-lunar-month period 28 October 2004–19 August 2005, encompassing the 26 December 2004 earthquake. During this period variations in earthquake activity correlate with the tidal-force cycles: maxima in earthquake activity occur around the times of new and full moons, typically lagging by 0–3 days. This relationship is consistent with earthquake inducement via ocean tidal loading. Also, during this period the earthquake incidence associated with new and full moons at the western end of the region was (a) 38% and (b) 86% higher than the period averages for the full and declustered major-earthquake catalogs respectively.

[1] Scientists for different regions of the world have indicated the impact of lunar cycle on different climatic parameters including precipitation. In the present study the impact of the lunar cycle on the precipitation in India has been analyzed. Daily precipitation records were assembled for 129 stations spread across the subcontinent for the time period 1910 to 2000. The results of the study indicate a general tendency towards the increased occurrences of precipitation a few days after the full moon in the interiors. The west coast of India showed tendency towards higher precipitation amounts in the ascending phase of the lunar cycle.

[1] The MCNPX radiation transport code is used to simulate cosmic ray interactions within the Moon. Accurate source, geometric, and physics models are developed to successfully benchmark neutron density results with Apollo 17 measurements. The peak of the MCNPX lunar neutron density profile is shown to be within a few percent of the measured value, using a galactic cosmic rays modulation parameter that is consistent with the timeframe of the Apollo 17 mission. Sensitivity of the density profile to various input parameters and physics options is considered. Details of the simulation input are provided, along with neutron production and flux results, to facilitate additional benchmark efforts in the future.

In our recent work on radon in UK homes the authors have observed tidal-periodic variations in built-environment radon levels and here report results from our ongoing investigations. These tidal variations have been quantified using a variety of analytical techniques, including a novel correlation technique developed as part of this investigation. The observed variations are cyclic at the 14-15 day tidal period and lag new/full moons by varying periods of days, the magnitude of the variation and lag being dependent on factors such as location, underlying geology and rock/soil hydration. As well as quantification and discussion of tidal effects on radon levels, the potential effects of such phenomena on the reliability of short-term radon measurements are discussed.

[1] We study the correlation between the phase of the moon and the occurrence of microearthquakes in the Tamba region, close to the fault of the 1995 Kobe earthquake. The existence of the correlation during the two-year period following the Kobe earthquake was suggested in a previous study. First, in this study, we investigate the statistical significance of such correlation. Using point-process modeling and AIC (Akaike Information Criterion), we confirm that the existence of the correlation is statistically significant. Second, we investigate the temporal variation of the correlation during the four-year period following the Kobe earthquake. The result of the second analysis indicates that the correlation is strongest just after the Kobe earthquake and that it then becomes weaker year by year.

The Moon has served as a reference for several satellite instruments including SeaWiFS and MODIS, both of which provide design innovations for NPP VIIRS. However, as yet, the Moon is not a formal part of the calibration baseline for NPP VIIRS. In particular, the lunar measurements by the MODIS instruments require on-orbit maneuvers (spacecraft rolls of up to 20°) to maintain a constant lunar phase angle. Here, we use a simulated set of NPP VIIRS lunar measurements to demonstrate the quality of the Moon as a reference for long-term measurements by VIIRS. With nine lunar comparisons (1 year of VIIRS measurements), it is possible to detect linear changes over time in the calibration of the VIIRS reflective solar bands at the 0.1% per year level or better. In addition, the surface of the Moon does not change over periods of a million years or more. As a result, the Moon can act as a cross-calibration reference for NPP VIIRS and the Terra MODIS instrument that precedes it, even with a time gap between the operation of the two sensors. The quality of this cross-calibration reference is estimated to be significantly better than 1%. However, to accomplish both of these functions, NPP VIIRS must make measurements at the same lunar phase angle as Terra MODIS, that is, at 55° after full phase. This requires periodic spacecraft maneuvers.

When the moon is half, one would expect that a line starting from the moon’s center and being perpendicular to the “shadow diameter” would, if extended, go through the center of the light source, namely, the sun. It turns out that, when the sun is visible, this extended line appears to aim significantly above the sun, which is the essence of the “half-moon illusion”. The explanation advanced here is that this is not an optical illusion; instead, it can be explained by the relative sizes and distances of the earth, moon, and sun, and it hinges on the fact that the sunrays are nearly parallel with respect to the earth-moon system. It turns out that the ancients knew and used this near-parallelism of the sunrays. Eratosthenes, for example, used a simple but ingenious scheme to obtain a good estimate of the earth’s circumference. An interesting question is: How did the ancients arrive at the conclusion that the sunrays are nearly parallel? This was probably a corollary, based on the immense size of the sun and its huge distance from the earth, as estimated by, among others, Aristarchus of Samos by a brilliantly simple method.

[1] The northwest portion of the Moon's South Pole-Aitken basin contains an anomalously high abundance of thorium as determined by Apollo and Lunar Prospector gamma-ray spectroscopy. The anomaly's proximity to the antipode of the Imbrium basin has led several investigators to suggest that the anomaly is the result of convergence of thorium-enriched ejecta from the Imbrium impact. Examination of this complex region with new higher-resolution thorium data and several other datasets reveals that a convergence of ejecta cannot explain the anomaly. Alternatively, we propose an indigenous and likely ancient source.

SMART-1 is a technology demonstration mission for deep space solar electrical propulsion and technologies for the future. SMART-1 is Europe’s first lunar mission and will contribute to developing an international program of lunar exploration. The spacecraft was launched on 27th September 2003, as an auxiliary passenger to GTO on Ariane 5, to reach the Moon after a 15-month cruise, with lunar capture on 15th November 2004, just a week before the International Lunar Conference in Udaipur. SMART-1 carries seven experiments, including three remote sensing instruments used during the mission’s nominal six months and one year extension in lunar science orbit. These instruments will contribute to key planetary scientific questions, related to theories of lunar origin and evolution, the global and local crustal composition, the search for cold traps at the lunar poles and the mapping of potential lunar resources

This paper is an exploration of simple four-regular graphs in the plane (i.e. loopless and with no more than one edge between any two nodes). Such graphs are fundamental to the theory of knots and links in three dimensional space, and their planar diagrams. We dedicate this paper to Frank Harary (1921 -- 2005) whose fascination with graphs of knots inspired this work and with whom we had the pleasure of developing this paper. We prove that for v (the number of nodes) greater than or equal to 8 there always exist such knot-graphs. Our proof gives rise to a class of "tight" graphs that do not submit to the recursive procedure that generates graphs with v+2 nodes from "admissible" graphs with v nodes. We then classify such tight graphs., Comment: 24 pages, 27 figures, LaTeX document

[1] An effort to find farside deep moonquakes among the recently discovered nests of deep moonquakes has identified about 30 nests that are likely to be on the farside. Although only a few of them are locatable with currently available data and those few provide little new information about the deep interior of the Moon, the inferred distribution of the rest of these nests indicates that either the region of the Moon's deep interior within about 40 degrees from the antipode of the Moon is nearly aseismic or, alternatively, the very deep interior of the Moon severely attenuates or deflects seismic waves. Since this has important bearing on the origin and evolution of the Moon, future missions to the Moon need to be oriented toward resolving this uncertainty. Some limited data favor the attenuation/deflection hypotheses.

Two types of meteoritic events are associated with the calendric period June 13–30. One is an excess of falls of certain basaltic meteorites. These comprise a new subgrouping of achondrites (designated “NUJ”) whose lithologies suggest possibly similar preterrestrial histories. Historical high-energy impact-like events on the Earth and Moon have also occurred in late June. In addition to much studied events in 1178, 1908 (Tunguska), and 1975, these include an impact-like lunar event known to Islamic scholars whose occurrence in 617 A.D. may have been June 26–27.

It is amazing to see how many webpages are devoted to the art of finding the date of Easter Sunday. Just for illustration, the reader may search for terms such as Gregorian calendar, date of Easter, or Easter algorithm. Sophisticated essays as well as less enlightening contributions are presented, and many a doubt is expressed about the reliability of some results obtained with some Easter algorithms. In short, there is still a great interest in those problems. Gregorian Easter algorithms exist for two centuries (or more?), but most of their history is rather obscure. Some reasons may be that some important sources are written in Latin or in the German of Goethe’s time, or they are difficult to discover. Without being complete, the following paper is intended to shed light on how those techniques emerged and evolved.1 Like a microcosm, the history of Easter algorithms resembles the history of any science: it is a story of trials, errors, and successes, and, last but not least, a story of offended pride.

[1] By following the trajectories of a large number of particles we capture the seasonal variations of the density and spatial distributions of dust in Saturn's E-ring. We have used an optimized set of parameters from our earlier azimuthally symmetric ring model [Juhasz and Horanyi, 2002] to match remote sensing, and in situ observations as well. The model will be tested by the upcoming Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) measurements onboard Cassini. It will be useful to find regions in the E-ring where the source moon of the detected dust grains can be identified. In these regions CDA measurements of the chemical composition of the dust particles will enable us to learn about the surface properties of their moon of origin.

[1] An analysis of simple craters in the lunar polar regions has produced new values for the minimum amount of permanent shadow in these areas, 7500 km2 and 6500 km2, for the north and south pole respectively. These values were obtained by conducting illumination simulations of realistically shaped simple craters

[1] Investigating mare basalt compositions, at both the sample and remote-sensing level for the Apollo and Luna mare sites, reveals the need for a more complex regression procedure than previously proposed in order to extract accurate TiO2 concentrations from Clementine spectral reflectance (CSR) data. The TiO2 algorithm of Lucey and coworkers is modified by using two different sets of regression parameters to relate measured regolith compositions from sampling locations to the CSR properties of these sites. One regression trend fits the majority of Apollo data, and the second regression is a fit to the Apollo 11, Luna 16, and Luna 24 data, which were considered to be anomalous in previous TiO2 calibrations. These three sites have unusually low albedo compared to other mare landing sites, and some 32% of nearside mare regions appear to share this characteristic. Possible reasons for these differences related to proximity of the other sites to mare-highland boundaries are discussed. Using the dual-regression method, we find (1) that TiO2 concentrations calculated for the basaltic landing sites faithfully reproduce a bimodal distribution as seen in the sample data, (2) that when coupled with the effects of other thermal neutron absorbers, Ti concentrations are more consistent with observed epithermal-to-thermal neutron-flux ratios than are previous Clementine-based derivations of TiO2 for basaltic regions, and (3) that basalts of intermediate-TiO2 concentrations occur most frequently in the Oceanus Procellarum region and that these intermediate concentrations appear to be inherent to the flows underlying the regolith and presumably to the basalt source regions.

Many depictions and representations of the Mesopotamian goddess Nanaja are attested from about the second century BC until the second century AD. During this time the cult of Nanaja, equated by the Greeks with Artemis, reached its climax, being attested from Greece and Egypt to far-away Bactria. Her iconographic characteristica are those of a moon-goddess. In cuneiform texts Nanaja is regarded as daughter of the moon-god Sin, but there are no indications that she was a moon-goddess herself; so this trait of Nanaja seems to be the result of a late development.

PrefaceAcknowledgmentsList of Contributors1. Introduction, by Daphne Joslin2. Caregiving Profiles, by Carol Mevi-Triano and Elizabeth Paskas3. Stigma, Isolation, and Support for HIV-Affected Elder Parental Surrogates, by Cynthia C. Poindexter4. Death and Bereavement Issues, by Joan Levine-Perkell and Bert Hayslip, Jr.5. Physical Health and Emotional Well-Being, by Daphne Joslin and Ruth Harrison6. Stress and Social Support in Older Caregivers of Children with HIV/ADS: An intervention Model, by Phyllis Shanley Hansell et al.7. Caring for the HIV-Infected Child, by Jenny Grosz8. Their Second Chance: Grandparents Caring for Their Grandchildren, by Lockhart McKelvy and Barbara Draimin9. Custody and Permanency Planning, by Jan Hudis and Jerome Brown10. Case Management Challenges and Strategies, by Carol DeGraw11. Caregivers and the Educational System, by Matilda B. Catarina12. Immigrant and Migrant Families, by Terence I. Doran, Howard Lune, and Rachel Davis13. Policy Implications for HIV-Affected Older Relative Caregivers, by Nathan L. Linsk, Cynthia C. Poindexter and Sally Mason14. Global Implications, by Namposya Nampanya-Serpell15. Conclusion, by Daphne JoslinIndex