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The profession of advocate or legal adviser is a noble and honorable profession (offium nobile), carrying out the task of enforcing the law in court with prosecutors and judges (officars of the court) where in their work duties are under the protection of the law and the law. If the advocate profession has been regulated by a law, then it is clear that their roles and functions and roles in the midst of society, especially those seeking justice. The advocate's role in the middle of the law must be able to correct and observe the decisions and actions of other legal practitioners and this is justified by law and legislation. The research method in this study uses normative research methods sourced from the literature, journals and literature. The results of this study are the application of sanctions for advocates who do not carry out their obligations to provide free legal aid to underprivileged communities in the city of Palembang as mandated by Article 22 of Law Number 18 of 2003 concerning Advocates in terms of providing free legal aid and if the advocate commits a violation then will be penalized.

Poor people tend to be vulnerable to natural hazards such as floods because of their limited resources and capacities. Community-based disaster preparedness activities aim to increase aware...

Cycle rickshaws, one of the easiest sources of employment for the millions of poor people, are traditional and popular vehicles in Bangladesh. The physical labor required to pedal a rickshaw can be utilized as an effective source of green energy to curve the rising demand and subsequently improve the lifestyles of rickshaw pullers. In this paper, a technical approach is proposed where cycle rickshaws act as a source of green energy generating a minimum of 370.9 MWh electricity per day in Bangladesh.

Background: Previous studies have found that the potential loss of pulmonary tuberculosis is relatively high. The study aimed at analyzing ecologically the factors related to the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Indonesia.Methods: Ecological analysis conducted using secondary data from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia report in 2018. All provinces take as samples. Apart from pulmonary tuberculosis, five other variables analyzed as independent variables were smokers’ percentage and adequate ventilation. Percentage of proper lighting, the rate of poor people, and the portion of the population completing primary education. Data were analyzed using a scatter plot.Results: The study results found that the higher the percentage of smokers in a province, the higher the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis. The higher the percentage of adequate ventilation in an area, the lower the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis. The higher the rate of sufficient lighting in a province, the lower the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis. Meanwhile, the higher the percentage of poor people in a region, the higher the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis. Finally, the higher the portion of the population completing primary education in a province, the lower the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis.Conclusion: It concluded five independent variables analyzed were related to Indonesia’s prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Diabetes mellitus is a dangerous disease and often causes complications. The study aims to analyzeecologically the factors related to the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in Indonesia. The study was designedwith an ecological analysis approach, using secondary data from the 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Surveycovering all provinces as samples. The dependent variable is the prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Theindependent variable is the prevalence of obesity nutritional status according to BMI in the adult population(aged >18 years), the proportion of less physical activity in the population aged >10years, the proportion ofsweet drink consumption habits in the population >3 years old more than once per day and the percentage ofpoor people. Data were analyzed using the scatter plot.The results showed that the higher the prevalence ofobesity nutritional status according to BMI in the adult population, the higher the proportion of less physicalactivity, and the higher the proportion of sweet drink consumption habits in the population more than onceper day, the higher the prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Conversely, the higher the percentage of poor people,the lower the prevalence of diabetes mellitus. The study concluded that the four independent variables testedtend to relate to the prevalence of diabetes mellitus.

If health workers not treated tuberculosis (TB) patients or the treatment is not complete, it can causedangerous complications and death. The study aims at analyzing the performance of pulmonary TB treatmentin Indonesia. The ecological analysis carried out using secondary data from “Data and Information on the2018 Indonesia’s Health Profile”. Apart from the percentage of success in pulmonary tuberculosis treatmentas the dependent variable, four other variables analyzed as independent variables were the completeness ofpulmonary TB treatment, the smoking population’s rate, the ratio of public health centers per district, and thepercentage of poor people. Data were analyzed using cross-tabulation. The results show the percentage ofsuccessful pulmonary TB treatment that is high tends to be lower in provinces with a low rate of pulmonaryTB treatment completeness. Regions with inadequate completeness of pulmonary TB treatment have lowpulmonary TB treatment success.Meanwhile, there is a tendency that a high percentage of the populationwho smokes tends to have a low rate of successful pulmonary TB treatment. Moreover, the high PublicHealth Centers’ ratio tends to be more in provinces with increased pulmonary TB treatment success. Finally,the low percentage of poor people tends to be more in regions with high pulmonary TB treatment success.The study concludes the four independent variables studied were related to the success of pulmonary TBtreatment.

Oral and dental health is an integral part of general health which requires attention. This study was conductedto analyze the ecological factors associated with the proportion of dental and oral utilization in Indonesia.The ecological analysis was conducted using secondary data from the Ministry of Health of the Republic ofIndonesia report in 2018. All provinces were taken as samples. Apart from the proportion of dental and oralutilization, 5 other variables analyzed as independent variables were a percentage of 9-year gross enrollmentrate, percentage of poor people, the proportion of damaged/cavity/sore teeth, proportion of missing teethdue to extraction/date itself, and ratio of PHC per district. The results show that 4 variables tend to have apositive relationship with the proportion of dental and oral utilization. The four variables were the percentageof 9-year gross enrollment rate, the proportion of damaged/cavity/sore teeth, proportion of missing teeth dueto extraction/date itself, and the ratio of PHC per district. On the other side, 1 variable was found to tend tohave a negative relationship with the proportion of dental and oral utilization, namely the percentage of poorpeople. It could be concluded that the five independent variables analyzed tend to have a relationship withthe proportion of dental and oral utilization in Indonesia.

Although Islam is described as a fundamental aspect of Kyrgyz national identity, its theological aspects are generally elided in nationalist discourse. However, as Islam becomes more promin...

The agricultural sector is generally recognized as the engine of economic growth, poverty reduction and food security in countries with a high share of poor people employed in that sector. However,...

Most low- and middle-income countries lack the infrastructure to efficiently process and deliver payments to beneficiaries of welfare programs. As a result, many poor people are financially exclude...

Our European ancestors came as a poor people to a seemingly empty land in North America, and we built our institutions with that perception. Now we’ve become a rich people in an increasingly poor land, one that’s filling up, and our institutions don’t hold. We’ve patched them up, given them a lick and a promise, but they don’t hold. Dan Luten said almost those same words nearly four decades ago as the two of us crossed the Bay Bridge from San Francisco to Berkeley. I will go beyond citation of the source here to entertain a useful digression. Dan was a U.C. Berkeley professor. We were on the board of Friends of the Earth (FOE). The staff director of FOE was Rafe Pomerance, who, backed by the board, tried to spur ome grassroots action which would lead to policy to reduce greenhouse gases. But it was clear FOE was failing in that and other environmental efforts, and thus the conversation with Dan. See the press release for this article.

King and the Other America begins with the end of Resurrection City – the destruction of a temporary city of over 3,000 poor people and their allies located on the National Mall. From this encampme...

Dünyanın birçok yerinde insanlar yoksulluk içinde yaşamaktadır. Yoksulluk olgusu ülkelerin gelişmişlik düzeyine göre farklılaşsa da sisteme ilişkin bir sorun olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Yoksulluk probleminin çocuklar üzerinde etkileri daha derin şekilde görülmekte ve çocukların fiziksel ve zihinsel gelişimleri olumsuz şekilde etkilenmektedir. Genellikle çocukluk döneminde yoksulluğa maruz kalan çocuklar gelecekte de yoksullukla karşı karşıya gelebilmektedir. Böylece yoksulluk nesilden nesile aktarılarak devam eden bir sorun olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Yoksul aileler perspektifinden bakıldığında çocuk işçiliği aile gelirine katkı sağladığı için çocuklar gelir kaynağı olarak görülmektedir. Bu durum çocuk işçiliğinin önlenmesi sürecindeki en önemli engellerden biridir. Çocuk işçiliğinin en kötü şartlarda gerçekleştiği hali bugünün çocuklarının geleceğin yetersiz ve yoksul bireylerine dönüşmesine sebep olmaktadır. Bu sorun sadece yoksul ailelere özgü değil, toplumun genelini ilgilendiren önemli bir sosyal gerçekliktir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’deki çocuk yoksulluğu ve düzeyi araştırılarak, dünyada çocuk yoksulluğuna ilişkin güncel çözüm önerilerinin Türkiye’de uygulanabilme imkânı ana hatlarıyla tartışılmıştır.

Zakat is an important part of a wealth distribution system given by God in a fair and detailed manner for the benefit of humanity. Islamic principles of fiscal policy aim at developing a society based on the balanced wealth distribution by placing material and spiritual values at the same level, equally. One of the goals of zakat expenditure in Islamic fiscal policy is to provide for the needy and poor people in addition to paying the zakat collectors.

Resumen Introducción: el consumo excesivo de alcohol constituye un serio problema de salud pública en Ecuador y se posiciona como una de las principales causas de muerte en el país. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo identificar si el nivel socioeconómico condiciona la probabilidad de que una persona se convierta en consumidor excesivo de alcohol. Materiales y métodos: se usa como fuente de información la Encuesta Ecuatoriana de Condiciones de Vida 2014. El método de estimación es un modelo logístico para determinar el efecto marginal que tiene el nivel socioeconómico en la probabilidad de que un individuo sea catalogado como consumidor excesivo de alcohol; el nivel socioeconómico se aproxima con el nivel de pobreza, situación laboral e instrucción. Resultados: se demuestra que las personas que se encuentran en una situación de pobreza, no culminaron sus estudios secundarios o superiores y están desempleados tienen, en promedio, una mayor probabilidad de caer en el consumo excesivo de alcohol; es decir, los hallazgos confirman que los factores que determinan un bajo nivel socioeconómico vulneran a los individuos a ser consumidores excesivos de alcohol. Además del factor económico, un individuo es más propenso consumir alcohol en exceso cuando es hombre, soltero, mayor de 65 años y habita en la zona urbana. Conclusión: el diseño de política para atender el consumo excesivo de alcohol como un problema de salud pública debe plantearse como ejes de atención aquellos determinantes fundamentales para tener una atención efectiva y que está estrechamente vinculada con los niveles socioeconómicos bajos. Abstract Introduction: High levels of alcohol consumption constitute a relevant public health issue in Ecuador; in fact, it positions as one of the principal causes of death in the country. This research aimed to identify if the socioeconomic level conditions relate to the probability of a person consumption of alcohol in excess. Materials and Methods: The cardinal source of information is the 2014 Living Conditions Survey. The estimation method was a logit-type probabilistic model to determine the marginal effect of the socio-economic level in the probability of cataloging an individual as an in excess alcohol drinker. The socioeconomic level is a proxy of the poverty level, labor situation, and education. Results: The research demonstrates that poor people without finished education in the secondary or high level and who are unemployed, on average, have a higher probability of being a drinker of alcohol in excess. In addition to the economic factor, this probability increases if the individual is male, single, over 65 years old, and lives in the urban area. Conclusions: The policy design should address excessive alcohol consumption as a public health problem. The attention of politicians should be driven to the fundamental determinants of alcohol consumption to have effective results, especially to those closely linked with low socioeconomic levels. Resumo Introdução: o consumo excessivo de álcool constitui um sério problema de saúde pública no Equador e posiciona-se como uma das principais causas de morte no país. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar se o nível socioeconómico condiciona a probabilidade de que uma pessoa se converta em consumidor excessivo de álcool. Materiais e métodos: se usa como fonte de informação o Inquérito Equatoriano de Condições de Vida 2014. O método de estimação é um modelo logístico para determinar o efeito marginal que tem o nível socioeconómico na probabilidade de que um indivíduo seja catalogado como consumidor excessivo de álcool; o nível socioeconómico aproxima-se com o nível de pobreza, situação laboral e instrução. Resultados: demostra-se que as pessoas que se encontram em uma situação de pobreza, não culminaram seus estudos secundários ou superiores e estão desempregados têm, em média, uma maior probabilidade de cair no consumo excessivo de álcool; é dizer, os resultados confirmam que os fatores que determinam um baixo nível socioeconômico vulneram aos indivíduos a ser consumidores excessivos de álcool. Para além do fator econômico um indivíduo é mais propenso consumir álcool em excesso quando é homem, solteiro, maior de 65 anos e habita na zona urbana. Conclusão: o desenho de política para atender o consumo excessivo de álcool como um problema de saúde pública deve apresentar-se como eixos de atenção aqueles determinantes fundamentais para ter uma atenção efetiva e que está estreitamente vinculada com os níveis socioeconômicos baixos.

Increasing economic inequality adversely affects groups with low socioeconomic status (low-SES). However, many people are opposed to wealth redistribution policies. In this context, we examined whether dehumanization of low-SES groups has a role in this opposition. In the first study ( N = 303), opposition to wealth redistribution was related to denying human uniqueness (e.g., intelligence and rationality) and having negative attitudes toward low-SES groups, more than denying human nature (e.g., emotionality and capacity to suffer) to low-SES groups. Mediation analyses indicated that this effect occurred via blaming low-SES groups for their plight, after controlling for participants’ SES and negative attitudes towards low-SES groups. In the second study ( N = 220), manipulating the human uniqueness of a fictitious low-SES group affected support for wealth redistribution measures through blame. These results indicate that animalizing low-SES groups reduces support for wealth redistribution via blaming low-SES groups for their situation.

This paper seeks to illuminate the significance of datafication for anti-poverty programmes, meaning social protection schemes designed specifically for poor people. The conversion of benef...

This study examines cultural poverty in the lives of economically poor Hindus in Karangasem Regency. Poverty is a serious problem in Karangasem Regency, such that until the present time Karangasem Regency occupies the top position as the region with the highest number of poor people in Bali Province. Various efforts have been made to alleviate poverty but the difficulty of poverty reduction in Karangasem Regency is inseparable from the occurrence of cultural poverty, such as the values, attitudes, and behavior of the poor who are, in this case, predominantly Hindus. This article discusses some of the reasons for the occurrence, forms and implications of cultural poverty.

The study aimed to: Understand and analyze the poors perceptions and attitude on poverty reduction programs, identify, elaborate, and analyzethe term poor among the poor people and identify and analyze meaning and expectation on poverty reduction program. This research applies developmental research method; the analysis model uses SEM (Structural Equation Modeling). Before applying this model, goodness of fit was conducted in order to find out whether this model can be accepted or not. The model could achived goodness of fit; therefore, all variables could follow hypothesis test. The research result showed the changed in economic structures have direct significant influence on the government’s stimulus and economic growth. Capital establishment also has direct unsignificant effect on the government’s stimulus. Capitall establishment has significant influence to the economic growth and the socio cultural influence does not have significant influence to the economic growth. These results indicate that the greater stimulus of the government signified by precise goals leads to better economic growth.

More than half of the world's population inhabit urban areas, causing significant environmental changes. In underdeveloped countries this fact is expressed in a chaotic manner, generating social and structural problems. The city of Rio de Janeiro is a megalopolis known worldwide for its natural beauties, including beaches and forests and because of favelas (subnormal clusters of houses of economically poor people).The favelas are composed of a mosaic of cultures which reflects even in urban afforestation. In this work we characterize the afforestation structure of a favela to understand its ecological and social functionalities. The survey was conducted in the favela Morro da Formiga, with an area of approximately 30 ha. It was conducted through a census and using the list of species, a classification based on 11 parameters was carried out. 1,042 individuals were found, belonging to 110 genera, 148 species and 42 families. The most abundant species shows that the planters intend is, leastwise partially, generating an extra-support for community in terms of feeding fruits (62% of the subjects had this purpose). In relation to the nature thereof, the natives species represents 54% of the total, while the exotic species 39%. About 50% of the trees are in the backyards of houses and a few in squares and streets. It was found that 70% of individuals were planted by residents. Studies are needed to identify which native species can replace community demands currently supplied by exotic species that have been used for decades. The "forestation" in favelas is quite distinct from that implemented by the city hall in more urbanized areas. In favelas, the species reflect more about the knowledge of the local population, their backgrounds and needs.

The revolution of January 25, 2011 in Egypt takes place with the Police Day, and was apopular revolution to remove President Hosni Mubarak due to the deterioration of livingconditions, political and economic. During this revolution, violations was occurred in variousforms due stress of life and not providing a decent life. Egypt is the second largest country inthe population after Nigeria in Africa about 100 million people live on the banks of the RiverNile on an area of about 40 thousand square kilometers, and where the rates of poor people to80%. The scale of violations was very high on Government and private property, includingmost of Egypt sites. UNESCO wanted to remove some of Egypt's archeological sites from theWorld Heritage List as a result of the deterioration of the situation due to the January 2011revolution, the deterioration of some archaeological sites and the violation of them.And To activate international cooperation to uphold local and international law in accordancewith international conventions. And in accordance with the local laws issued by Egypt on theprotection of antiquities and the fight against corruption, especially Law 117 of 1983 andamended by Law 3 in 2010 and its executive regulations and the provisions of the decisions ofthe Minister of Culture in this regard and Law 119 of 2008, with declaration of theestablishment of the National Organization for Urban Harmony, Which is based on theprotection of buildings and real estates. جاءت ثورة ٢٥ يناير ٢٠١١ بمصر لتوافق عيد الشرطة ، وکانت ثورة شعبية للإطاحة برئيس الجمھورية حسنى مبارکلتدھور الأحوال المعيشية والسياسية والاقتصادية. وفى أعقاب ھذه الثورة حدثت تعديات بأشکال مختلفة نتيجة غيابالوعي الشعبي والانفلات الأمني . وقد کان حجم التعديات کبير جدا على أملاک الدولة والأملاک الخاصة حيث شمل جمعأنحاء مصر . وبقدر ما کان لثورة يناير ٢٠١١ آثار سلبية والتى ظھرت فى صورة تعديات على الأراضي الزراعيةوعلى ضفاف المجاري المائية والأنھار ، وبناء مبان جديدة دون تصاريح وانتھاک للمباني الأثرية والتراثية ، کان ردالفعل على ھذه الانتھاکات ھو الإزالة والتعديل والإصلاح. ھذا بالإضافة الى مشاريع جديدة ساعدت على جذب الاستثمارفي جميع مجالات الحياة. لذا کان لثورة يناير ٢٠١١ آثار سلبية وآثار إيجابية ، مما أدى إلى تحسن في ظروف مصرالاقتصادية والسياسية.

This research aimed to analyze the implementation Mayor Regulation of Padang Number 14 of 2016 About the Implementation of Regional Regulation Number 2 of 2015 About Legal Aid to Poor People. This was a qualitative research with normative-empiric and phenomenal approach. Informants of this research were determined with purposive sampling, that was head of subsection of legal aid and human rights of Padang City Government, Legal Aid Organizations, leaders young secretary of law Padang District Court, and poor people who received legal aid. This research used primary and secondary data derived from observation, interview, and documentation study. Validity tested of this data used source triangulation technique, and than the data were analyzed with qualitative data technique. The results of the research showed that neeed some improvement in implementation Mayor Regulation of Padang Number 14 of 2016. There are supporting factors and inhibiting factors in this regulation. Padang City Government solved the problems in this policy with some efforts.

The government has done its best to solve cases of poverty in Indonesia. However, the efforts made by the government have been implemented but the government has not been able to complete optimally and thoroughly and prosper the Indonesian people, this becomes a prolonged problem. In this case the government issued Keluarga Harapan Program (PKH). Implementation of PKH program located in Kajhu village, Baitussalam sub district, Aceh Besar district due to Rumah Tangga Sangat Miskin (RTSM) so this should get special attention from the government. The method used in this research is qualitative method with descriptive research type. The results of the research say that PKH is able to eradicate poverty in Kajhu village and able to bring prosperity to the community, so that the community is very grateful for the existence of this PKH in the village, and reduce the existing poverty. Obstacles obtained are the manipulation / forgery of data by people who are not entitled to receive PKH funds.

This article examines a model of fusion politics that connects activism to end poverty, and addresses a constellation of social injustices across more than a half century in the United States. We consider an articulation of fusion politics that highlights the actions of disparate groups and individuals, including youth, racial and ethnic minorities, women, LGBT activists, teachers, and union members who have joined in a cooperative effort to address independent but linked concerns such as quality public schools, livable wages, affordable healthcare, environmental justice, immigrant rights, women’s reproductive rights, fair elections, and criminal justice. Our analysis points out the historical links between the 1968 Poor People’s Campaign, the Rainbow Coalition of the 1980s, and the new Poor People’s Campaign launched in 2018. It draws heavily on the words and writings of Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Reverend William Barber, II in understanding the organizing, objectives, and transformative potential of these movements.

Ngawi Regency in July 2016, the poverty rate is still high, reaching almost 32% of the population. Based on the identification of the location of poverty, it turns out there are 16 villages with the largest percentage of poor people. The results show that in some villages in the watershed, there has been a program of PNPM (National Community Empowerment Program) aimed at reducing the poverty of the community. But in the implementation of this program has not touched the community on all groups, so that the effectiveness of community empowerment has not been seen. Women with an amount equal to the number of men have not shown any meaningful involvement. The purpose of this research are: (1) to study the pattern and conception of poverty that happened in rainy season in Ngawi Regency; (2) to examine the role of women in poverty alleviation in the rainy season in Ngawi District. Data collection in this study with the sample method in 5 districts in the District Ngawi. Methods were performed with family samples, through questionnaires and face to face interviews with observation units were the head of the family. The results showed that the pattern and conception of poverty that occurs in the rainy season is quite varied, from the form of relative poverty to culture can be found in the life of the community. The role of women in efforts to eradicate poverty in the rainy season has not been optimal yet, due to the limited quality of human resources and the inherent social status in which women are more engaged in domestic work.

When ethnographers study street crime, they anticipate that readers might shame them for shaming the poor. One common response is to compromise the quality of ethnographic data. Another is to pass righteous indignation away from the poor by arguing the causal significance of deindustrialization, class inequalities, racial prejudice, policing, colonialism, or hostility toward immigrants. Almost always, such arguments are gratuitous: The evidence for the structural and historical causes offered by ethnographers does not vary with the situational and biographical variations in behavior that make for high-quality ethnographic data. Nevertheless, if we read around the rhetorical practices that contemporary ethnographers of crime use to shift shame away from their subjects and themselves, we learn how street crime is produced through small criminogenic social circles. Considered as a set, recent ethnographies have significantly advanced knowledge about the social psychology of criminality, and they provide promising leads for improving the understanding of variations in crime patterns over time and across metropolitan spaces.

As a newly developed city, Langsa City is one of the right areas to try. Introduced as a Service City, the city strives to meet the needs of its people. However, because Langsa City has minimal in industry, especially in medium and high scale industries, only consumptive needs can be met. Therefore, trade is a growing business, especially in retail businesses. Unfortunately, community retail businesses in recent years have experienced a decline in turnover, the main cause is the inability of local retail businesses to compete with national retail. Therefore the purpose of this study was to analyze the competition of national local economic retail business in a socio-economic way in Langsa City. Using a qualitative approach, the results show that the running of the national retail business in Langsa City has made local retailers turnover decline by an average of 30 percent and every year there are local retail businesses that have small business capital must to shut-down their businesses. The decline in the turnover of local retailers also had an effect on the reduced amount of zakah distributed, the reduction of other social contributions such as contributions to the construction of mosques, dayah, and poor people in addition to the amount of tax that also declined.Whereas in the national retail business the positive effect obtained is from tax contributions. The expectation of local retailers to the government in Langsa City is to prioritize the sustainability of local businesses in order to maintain the stability of the people’s economy.

Global food wastage is increasing 1.6 billion tons per year with values about $400 billion, aggravating the food crisis of the 0.8 billion chronic hungry and poor people in the world. In particular, the eutrophic fruits and vegetables contribute a large proportion of food losses due to their susceptible deterioration suffered by dehydration, microbial activation, and senescence. Therefore, developing a multifunctional preservation material to resist these alterations is vital but challengeable. In this study, the nature biocompatible water-locking factor, ceramide was encapsulated into the pre-synthesis of mesoporous HKUST-1 to provide a composite preservative material (Cer@MHKUST-1) with multi-functions of ethylene adsorption, water-locking prolongation and bacteriostatic. Results indicated that: 1) Cer@MHKUST-1 has a higher ethylene adsorption performance of 68.75 cm3/g STP, 2) hydrogen bonds were formed between ceramide and water to prevent water penetrating into ceramide bilayer, 3) Cer@MHKUST-1 showed a better antibacterial performance toward E. coli and S. aureus, with the lethality of 100% and 99.96%, respectively. As a validation experiment, the non-climacteric fruit (e.g., strawberry) and climacteric fruit (e.g., tomato) have confirmed the effectiveness of Cer@MHKUST-1 in preserving fruit freshness. Accordingly, Cer@MHKUST-1 is a promising material to improve the shelf life of perishable products and avoid food wastage.

The micro-finance institutions are providing service to the people with the noble purpose to improve their socio-economic status which ultimately helps to reduce the poverty Nepal. In the Nepalese context, micro-finance institutions are providing the equal services to all people living in the remote and rural areas. The main objective of this study was to identify the economic importance of micro-finance institutions for poor and non-poor communities of Nepal. The study was conducted in Syangja district among the 385 beneficiaries of micro-finance. This study found that there was no significant association between the poor and non-poor people regarding the success of small scale business with the support of micro-finance, and increasing the amount of saving because p = .524 and .402 respectively which was greater than .05 significant levels. The difference could be observed in the increase in income level of poor and non-poor. Slight better improvement could be seen among the poor people, there was significant association between poor and non-poor because of p = .019.

This article analyzes the representation of poor people through main characters in globally popular American serials. The study employs a systematic content analysis to identify and analyze the main characters who are representing poor people in four serials; Friends, The O.C., 2 Broke Girls and Shameless. We have chosen these American serials because of their popularity and high global rating. Before we started to analyze the serials, we gave an overview of the relationship of popular culture and serials, extremity, and researchers, statistics about poor people to have a realistic perspective. We also studied the latest popular serials and poor people’s representation through main characters of these serials. We have analyzed the serials under six categories to see how poor people are imaged. According to our hypothesis and the results, when American serials focus on poor characters, they are represented as extreme characters in a negative way generally., Bu makale, yoksul insanların küresel olarak popüler Amerikan dizilerinde başrol karakterlerle temsil edilmesini analiz etmektedir. Çalışmada, dört dizide yoksul kişileri temsil eden ana karakterleri tanımlamak ve sistematik bir biçimde analiz etmek için içerik analizi kullanılmaktadır. Sözkonusu dizilerin ismi Friends, The O.C., 2 Broke Girls ve Shameless’tir. Bu Amerikan dizileri, popülerliği ve yüksek küresel derecelendirmeleri nedeniyle seçilmiştir. Dizileri analiz etmeye başlamadan önce gerçekçi bir perspektife sahip olmak için popüler kültür ve dizilerin ilişkisi, ekstremite ve araştırmalar ile yoksul insanlara ait istatistiklerle ilgili genel bir bakış sunulmuştur. Aynı zamanda, en son popüler diziler ve bu dizilerin ana karakterleri aracılığıyla yoksul insanların temsili incelenmiştir. Yoksulların nasıl imgelendiğini anlamak için diziler altı kategoride analiz edilmiştir. Hipotez ve sonuçlara göre, Amerikan dizileri yoksul karakterlere odaklandığında genel olarak olumsuz bir şekilde, uçlarda yaşayan karakterler olarak temsil edilmektedirler.

This article argues that two types of “brainisation” hinder development studies researchers in their phronetic understanding of poor people’s realities. It first provides a literature review on two...

Rural internet use, although still limited, is growing, raising the question of how rural people are using social media politically. As a vehicle of communication that permits the rapid transmissio...

A stalemate has emerged in mainstream liberal/left responses to Trump. Many commentators prefer to see our predicament in terms of either class-based or identity politics. Vis-a-vis the influence o...

This study aimed to determine the influence and factors that cause low school year expectancy, life expectancy, purchasing power, and the number of poor people on economic growth in Banten Province. This study uses data from 2014 to 2019. The method used in this study is the panel data analysis method with theapproach Random Effect Model. The result of panel data analysis shows that the variable of school duration expectancy, life expectancy, purchasing power, and the number of poor people simultaneously influence economic growth in Banten Province. Partially, the variable expectation of school years and people's purchasing power has a significant positive effect on economic growth in Banten Province, the variable life expectancy has a significant positive effect on economic growth in Banten Province and the number of poor people has a significant negative effect on economic growth in Banten Province.

Although Deuteronomy 14:22-29 is understood traditionally in Pentecostal churches in Nigeria to be a call for members of the church to bring their tithes for the pastor's sustenance, this article argues that the theology of Deuteronomy 14:22-29 also includes care and support for widows, orphans, and strangers. It demonstrates that tithing in Deuteronomy 14:22-29 was to be used to improve the life of the poor and needy in ancient Israel. Literature has focused on the reality of paying tithes in Pentecostal churches in Nigeria, but research is scanty on why the number of poor people in Pentecostal churches continue to increase despite that they pay their tithes. It is assumed that understanding tithing in Deuteronomy 14:22-29 will speak anew to the challenge of the neglect of the poor and needy in Pentecostal churches in Nigeria. The pericope reveals that God has a special concern for the poor and that all are called to provide for the poor and the needy.

Le paludisme est une maladie parasitaire qui sevit principalement dans les pays pauvres de la zone tropicale. Parallelement a la recherche d’un vaccin, la politique preventive contre le paludisme reste l’utilisation de la moustiquaire en RDC tout comme dans d’autres pays africains. Cependant, le taux de prevalence du paludisme chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans a augmente comparativement a son niveau de 2014. Cette etude vise une meilleure comprehension des determinants du paludisme chez les enfants de 6-59 mois en RDC. Les donnees utilisees proviennent de l’Enquete Demographique et de Sante (EDS) de 2013-2014. Deux methodes sont utilisees dans ce travail : l’analyse descriptive (bivariee et multivariee) et l’analyse explicative multiniveau. En premier lieu, a travers l’analyse factorielle des correspondances multiples, ce travail a montre que les enfants impaludes resident en milieu rural et dans les provinces du Centre, du Nordest et du Nord-ouest. En general, ces enfants vivent dans les communautes ou la proportion des pauvres est elevee. Ils appartiennent a des menages pauvres qui ne disposent d’aucune moustiquaire, de ce fait, ces enfants ne dorment pas sous une moustiquaire. Leurs meres sont agricultrices et sans niveau d’instruction ou de niveau primaire. En second lieu, a travers une regression logistique multiniveau, ce travail a montre que les enfants qui vivent dans les provinces du Centre et du Sud-est contractent davantage le paludisme que ceux de l’Ouest. Le risque de contracter le paludisme baisse avec l’amelioration du niveau de vie des menages et l’amelioration du niveau d’instruction de la mere. Par ailleurs, ce travail a identifie la promiscuite dans le menage, le type de lieu d’aisance, l’utilisation de la moustiquaire, l’âge de l’enfant comme les determinantes du paludisme chez les enfants en RDC. Cette etude a permis de mettre en lumiere les differents determinants qui modulent la transmission du paludisme. Ce constat devrait se traduire par une readaptation des strategies de lutte contre le paludisme en RDC. Ces strategies de lutte devraient cibler les enfants de 24-59 mois en tenant compte de la disparite regionale. Malaria is a parasitic disease that rages mainly in poor countries in the tropics. Along with the search for a vaccine, the preventive policy against malaria remains the use of mosquito nets in the DRC as in other African countries. However, the prevalence rate of malaria in children under five has increased compared to 2014 levels. This study aims to better understand the determinants of malaria in 6-59 months in the DRC. The data used comes from the 2013-2014 Demographic Health and Survey (DHS). Two methods are used in this work: descriptive analysis (bivariate and multivariate) and multilevel explanatory analysis. First, through the factorial analysis of multiple correspondents, this work has shown that malarious children reside in rural areas and in the Center, North-East and North-West provinces. In general, these children live in communities where the proportion of poor people is high. They belong to poor households that do not have any mosquito nets, so these children do not sleep under the mosquito net. Their mothers are farmers and have no education or primary education. Secondly, through the multi-level explanatory analysis, this work has shown that children living in the central and south-eastern provinces contract malaria more than those in the west. The risk of contracting malaria decreases as the standard of living of households improves and the level of education of the mother improves. In addition, this work identified the promiscuity in the household, the type of toilet facility, the use of the mosquito net, the age of the child as the determining factors of malaria in children in the DRC. This study has made it possible to shed light on the various factors which modulate the transmission of malaria. This observation should result in a readaptation of control strategies against malaria in DRC. These control strategies should target children aged 24-59 months, taking into account the regional disparity.

Background The Chinese government has adopted a series of medical security policies to reduce health poverty. This study analyzes the poverty caused by illness (PCI) of the middle-aged and elderly poor population (MAEPP) in rural China, and simulates the poverty reduction effect (PRE) of medical security on medical expenses. Methods The FGT index is used to measure the PCI of the MAEPP in eastern, central, and western regions of China before and after medical security compensation, and further simulate the PRE of medical security under different compensation ratios. Results The rural MAEPP in the eastern, central and western regions have different levels of PCI. The eastern region is higher than that in the central and western regions; the expenditure-based poverty caused by outpatient expenses is higher than the cost of hospitalization and self-treatment, and the self-treatment burden of the poor is large; The higher the compensation rate of medical security, the better the effect of poverty reduction. Conclusions Medical security has played a positive role in improving poverty. The PRE of medical security policies in different regions are different, and outpatient compensation in medical security has a better effect on poverty reduction.

This text is dedicated to one of the main leaders of these local collectives who, since the beginning of the 21st century, have been protesting against the poor living conditions of millions of South Africans. However, it invites us to leave the space of protest as such, so as to better explore the apparently more ordinary territories on its periphery. By re-inscribing the existence of this activist in some of the relationships, institutions and experiences that structure social life in poor and working-class neighborhoods, the aim is indeed to emphasize how much the relationship to ‘the community’ helps to better understand some of the springs of commitment in a ‘poor people’s movement’.

This introduction to the volume gives an overview of foundational issues in AI and robotics, looking into AI’s computational basis, brain–AI comparisons, and conflicting positions on AI and consciousness. AI and robotics are changing the future of society in areas such as work, education, industry, farming, and mobility, as well as services like banking. Another important concern addressed in this volume are the impacts of AI and robotics on poor people and on inequality. These implications are being reviewed, including how to respond to challenges and how to build on the opportunities afforded by AI and robotics. An important area of new risks is robotics and AI implications for militarized conflicts. Throughout this introductory chapter and in the volume, AI/robot-human interactions, as well as the ethical and religious implications, are considered. Approaches for fruitfully managing the coexistence of humans and robots are evaluated. New forms of regulating AI and robotics are called for which serve the public good but also ensure proper data protection and personal privacy.

With the growing trade integration of India with the world, trade in marine products, like any other sector of the Indian economy, has become exposed to heightened international competition. After being stalled for several years, recent calls were made to resume the India–EU FTA negotiations. In India, marine products trade is significant in terms of providing employment to the millions of poor people, and the EU is one of the largest trading partners of India in this sector. In this backdrop, the paper aims to assess the impact of India–EU FTA through trade and economic linkages. The paper seeks to examine the problems faced by Indian exporters of marine product, and the strategies to enhance the marine exports of India under the Indo-EU FTA. The study indicates that though the EU is a major marine export destination of India even today, but its share has been continuously declining over time. Even though the EU imposes relatively lower tariffs on India’s marine products, India faces many constraints in exporting marine products to the EU. Under the proposed India–EU FTA, the present non-tariff barriers, particularly the stringent regulations and standards, need to be addressed so as to reach a mutually beneficial solution.

This chapter presents the reasons for prohibiting interest or limiting its rate that arise from various motivations such as belief, ethics, or protection of the needy and lists many problems that are asserted to be the consequences of the practicing interest. It briefly introduces some of the more economics-related reasons that depend on the claimed features of interest. The mentioned features are being an income received without working, benefiting from the poor people, enhancing the inequality in the distribution of wealth, causing economic instability, discounting the future, restraining investment, and causing a form of slavery. The chapter evaluates the instruments that were used in the past and are still being used today for the restriction of interest in four groups that are formed regarding their sources of enforcement, namely legal arrangements, religious beliefs, social norms of ethics, and financial means.

Poverty has always been a worldwide issue. Although human beings have made great achievements dealing with this problem, the situation of poverty is still startling. Taking the living standard of $1.25 per person per day as extreme poverty, there are 836 million people living in extreme poverty around the world, most of them in developing countries.

In recent years, an innovation called the smart feature phone has brought the Internet to millions of poor people who would not otherwise have been able to go online. The purpose of this chapter is to show and explain why the new phones have spread most widely in India.

Stunting has become a global concern. The incidence of stunting globally contributes to 15% of under-five mortality, with 55 million children losing their health (Bhutta, 2013) and it is estimated to reduce the country's GDP level up to 7% (Galasso and Wagstaff, 2018). In Indonesia, the incidence of stunting has become one of the main health problems that needs to be solved immediately. Malang Regency is one of the districts in East Java Province that has received the spotlight regarding the problem of stunting. It is estimated by the Regent of Malang Regency that there were 30,323 toddlers from a total of 154,188 toddlers in Malang Regency who are stunted (Plenary Meeting of the Malang Regency DPRD, 2018). This stunting rate in 2018 generated confusion because based on data from the Malang Regency’ People Representative Assembly (DPRD), since 2017, Malang Regency has had no stunting problems as a result of the implementation of the Contraceptive for Women at Risk (CONTRA WAR) program and the Community-Based Integrated Epidemiological Surveillance program (SUTERA EMAS). This research was conducted to examine risk factors of stunting in Malang Regency through Geographical Weighted Regression (GWR). GWR was carried out to calculate the correlation between predetermined demographic variables (population density, education, early marriage), health variables (number of health facilities, number of health workers, access to health facilities, availability of clean water and sanitation, number of malnutrition) and economic variables (income, numbers of poor population, prosperous rice distribution) which are assumed to have an influence on the incidence of stunting.

Background: Tuberculosis is a direct infectious disease caused by TB germs (Mycobacterium Tuberculosis).Indonesia is ranked third in the world, with the largest incidence of tuberculosis after China and India, with845,000 cases or 315/100,000 in 2019. The study was intended to analyze the coverage of treatment of allcases, the percentage of poor people by province and the ratio of public health centre per sub-district in theprovince to the success of tuberculosis treatment in all provinces in Indonesia in 2019.Methods: The ecological approach is carried out using secondary data from the Ministry of Health of theRepublic of Indonesia in the form of Health Profile of the Republic of Indonesia in 2019 and Data andInformation: Health Profile of Indonesia in 2019. Data from 34 provinces in Indonesia related to the successrate of TB treatment, the coverage of treatment of all TB cases, the percentage of poor people by provinceand the ratio of public health centre per sub-district in the province using cross tabulation.Results: The results showed that the success rate of TB treatment in Indonesia in 2019 was in the moderatecategory in line with the coverage of all TB cases, the percentage of poor people by province and the ratio ofpuclic health centre per sub-district in the province which is also in the moderate category.Conclusion: Efforts to monitor and record cases and treatment of TB patients need to be improved toimprove TB treatment coverage. Improving the economy of the community and equalizing the availabilityof public health centre are also very important to improve the success of TB treatment.