Search

Planting Aceh is one of the provinces that contributes to coffee production in Indonesia. Aceh Province is one of the plantation commodities that has the potential to increase the pace of the regional economy. However, Aceh is one of the provinces that are classified as poor in Indonesia, in 2018 the number of poor people was 809.76 thousand. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of coffee farmers and non-coffee farmers who are different and analyze the impact of coffee farmers' production in reducing poverty and how the impact of coffee production on reducing poverty in Aceh Province. The type of data used is secondary data from SUSENAS BPS in 2018 and 2019. The analytical method used is descriptive analysis and probit regression. The results of the study are that in 2019 the characteristics that were significantly different between coffee farmers and non-coffee farmers Then the impact of the coffee farmer profession in reducing poverty levels in Aceh Province was seen that the results obtained by non-coffee farmers had more differences in total assets and expenses compared to coffee farmer.

This study aimed to determine the effect of education and unemployment on poverty in Jambi Province. This study uses quantitative methods to analyze the impact of the average length of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the open unemployment rate on poverty in Jambi Province for the 2017-2019 period. The subjects of this study were residents of every district and city in Jambi Province. The type of data in this study is secondary data obtained and collected indirectly from the object under investigation. The things of this research are nine districts and two cities in Jambi province for the period 2017-2019 from the official portal of the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) Jambi Province. The data used are the average length of schooling (RLS), expected years of education (HLS), and the open unemployment rate (TPT), and the number of poor people in Jambi Province in the 2017-2019 period. The results of the study show that education and unemployment simultaneously affect poverty in Jambi Province

The deadly coronavirus has affected not only the lives of the people but also the economies of all states of the world. Mainly the lockdown to control the spread of the virus has affected economies. The primary objective of this study was to explore the impacts of novel coronavirus pneumonia on the economy of Pakistan and the government response to it. It has also severely affected the already vulnerable economy of Pakistan by limiting the economic activities, a lot of industrial units and small and medium-sized enterprises either stopped or limited their productions, foreign trade decreased by 40.74 percent, affected the services sector, reduced the tax collection volume, 2.06 million people lost their jobs, increased poverty ratio, tourism industry ruined, and GDP recorded negative for the first time in the history (0.38 percent). The pandemic not only affected the economy of the state but also severely affected the individual economies. The government of Pakistan released some relief packages for industries and poor people but could not control the impacts of a pandemic on the economy. Pakistan is required to formulate and implement comprehensive microeconomic policies to reduce economic losses. ©2021 The Society of Economics and Development, except certain content provided by third parties.

The analysis results used in the problem of poverty are increasingly developing as the understanding of the problem of poverty becomes more complex in the spatial and temporal patterns, seeing the patterns and characteristics of a phenomenon with spatial imaging and study of patterns is the main objective of this study by looking at the pattern of the percentage of poor people and the level of inequality. The method used is processing Moran's I spatial data, Moranscatterplot and LISA, testing development inequality with the Williamson Index, The research area covers 15 districts/cities in 2015-2019. Spatial linkages The percentage of poor people between districts/cities in Lampung Province has a positive Moran's I value, has a spatial pattern with the same characteristics and is clustered. Development inequality is negative Moran's I, Development inequality has a spatial pattern with different characteristics in 2015 -2019. Poverty analysis indicates that during the 5-year study period, 5 districts in Lampung Province were still trapped in high poverty levels, The results of regional development inequality with the Williamson index indicate 3 regions with high levels of inequality, 4 areas of moderate inequality and 8 regions with low levels of inequality.

Buku ini merupakan disertasi doktoral Andreas A. Yewangoe saat studi di Vrije Universiteit di Amsterdam, Belanda. Isinya menyajikan potret kemiskinan di Asia yang ketika itu sedang mengalami penjajahan bangsa-bangsa Barat maupun Jepang. Dalam buku ini Yewangoe menyoroti persoalan kemiskinan secara khusus di Indonesia. Benua Asia dikenal oleh negara Barat sebagai benua yang religius oleh karena di dalamnya terdapat keanekaragaman agama. Namun sebagian besar penduduknya berada di garis kemiskinan. Fakta tersebut mendorong Yewangoe mengajukan beberapa pertanyaan yang kritis yang menjadi pokok analisis dalam disertasinya. Mengapa justru negara yang religius memiliki populasi orang miskin sangat banyak? Apakah agama melegitimasi adanya penderitaan akibat kemiskinan penderitaan? Untuk kepentingan apakah penderitaan karena kemiskinan itu? Yewangoe dalam bukunya ini menggunakan beberapa perspektif analisis diantaranya: historis, sosial, politik, ekonomi maupun budaya. Dengan demikian melalui buku ini pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut akan terjawab secara lengkap.

This study analyzes the effect of socio-economic and demographic characteristics on poverty levels in Aceh Province in the short and long run. Socio-economic characteristics are represented by factors of income per capita, open unemployment rate, and cigarette consumption. While the demographic characteristics are represented by the dependency ratio factor. This study uses panel data from 23 districts/cities in Aceh Province for the 2010-2019 period and the analysis model used is the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) panel model. The results found in this study are the dependency ratio factor, cigarette consumption, and the open unemployment rate have a significant effect in the long run on the percentage of poor people. Meanwhile, the significant factors in the short run are the dependency ratio and the open unemployment rate.

This study aims to determine and analyze: 1). Changes that occur in capital expenditure, unemployment, and the number of poor people in Tebo Regency during 2004-2018, 2). Effect of capital expenditure and unemployment rates on poverty levels in Tebo Regency during 2004-2018. The data analysis method used in this study uses the formula of development and multiple linear regression. Based on the results of research during 2004- 2018 in Tebo Regency, the average capital expenditure increases 20.99 percent every year, the number of unemployed people has increased 28.57 percent every year and the average number of poor people has decreased 0, 42 percent every year. Capital expenditure and unemployment rate influence reducing the level of poverty in Tebo Regency during 2004-2018 with a regression coefficient value of capital expenditure and the unemployment rate which has a negative regression coefficient. Keywords: Capital expenditure, Poverty rate, Unemployment rate

Poverty eradication is one of the three major battles in our country at the present stage and is a common subject for world development. It is the key to study the dynamic evolution model from poverty, poverty alleviation to wealth. This paper analyzes the causes of poverty from macro to micro, from the regional breadth, and extracts ten factors of poverty. Combined with the dynamic evolution model, this paper puts forward that “root” culture is the key to prevent the return to poverty and realize the stable eradication of poverty, and puts forward the strategy of cultivating the “root” culture of the poor people in the university library, which is of great significance for the realization of stable poverty alleviation in our country.

Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, located in the southwest of Sichuan Province, is China’s largest Yi ethnic community and one of the country’s concentrated contiguous areas of deep poverty. On February 11, 2018, General Secretary Xi Jinping visited the poor people in the hinterland of Daliang Mountain and discussed with local officials and people on targeted poverty alleviation measures. In November 2020, the last seven state-level poverty-stricken counties in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture announced the elimination of poverty, thus eliminating all poverty-stricken counties in Sichuan Province. This is a historic moment for Liangshan Prefecture, a historic moment for Sichuan Province, and also a historic moment for China’s poverty alleviation. In this paper, the combination of Yi’s handmade embroidery and fast fashion clothing is of great practical significance to help Liangshan consolidate and expand the achievements of poverty alleviation.

According to a report by the Central Statistics Agency, the percentage of poor people in urban areas in September 2019 was 6.89%. Meanwhile, the percentage of poor people in rural areas in September 2019 was 13.10%. The data above is only a national percentage, there are still many provinces that have a poverty percentage above the national percentage, especially in Central Kalimantan Province. There are many factors that influence poverty, including education, employment status, working sector, and per capita income. This paper focuses on a study to determine the factors that have the greatest influence on poverty in Central Kalimantan Province in 2019. The results of this study simplify the poverty factor into 2 (two) factors, namely the first factor consisting of variables of education, work status, and sector. work. Meanwhile, the second factor consists of the variable per capita income for food. In addition, the greatest eigen value was obtained in the education variable of 465.67, which indicates that the education variable has the greatest influence on poverty in Central Kalimantan Province in 2019.

Ponggok is the sub district with the largest poor people in Blitar Regency. According Ministry of Social Affairs data, there are 6,875 KPM BPNT programs. Geographically Ponggok is located in North Blitar which have fertile soil from Kelud eruption. Morphologically Ponggok is connect area between Kediri and Blitar regency so all area can be reached by transportation. Poverty at Ponggok is structural poverty because bad policies. This study aims to determine the process of poverty reduction program planning in Social Service of Blitar Regency. The research method used is qualitative method. Based on the research, the program planning in the Social Service has been suitable according to the stages in the planning theory, and according procedures regulated by Permendagri No.86 of 2017. Some factors that influence the planning process include: human resource planners, social cultural, and system used.

Base-of-the-pyramid (BOP) business models aim to achieve profitability and poverty reduction by including poor people into corporate value chains. This goal duality creates tensions. Actors’ responses to these tensions are influenced by their cognitive frames of the phenomena building the tension. Applying a cognitive perspective, I investigate how corporate actors with different frames of poverty respond proactively or defensively to the poverty–profitability tension by adapting business model elements. I find that proactive and defensive responses differ for actors holding different cognitive frames of poverty. The responses have consequences for the poverty impact potential of BOP business models.

Objective: Explore the effects of poverty simulation integrated into an upper level nutrition course as a preparation for working with low income individuals. Background: The number of poor people ...

This study aims to explore and evaluate the effectiveness of zakat distribution as a mechanism for alleviating the poor. The approach used in this study is the study of literature or library research. The results of this study indicate that the effect of zakat distribution on efforts to reduce poverty is varied in each region. Even so, the distribution of zakat funds has a positive effect, but the influence of zakat is varied. There is even a small impact on increasing the income of the poor and economic growth. This is caused by different perspectives in various regions. Therefore, the management of zakat needs to be adjusted with the recipient’s profile of zakat (mustahik). Within the national (macroeconomic) framework, zakat funds can be used to increase the purchasing power of the poor and economic growth, thereby narrowing the gap between rich and poor people. In general, muzaki and mustahik have the same view on the aspect of zakat, namely as an activity of worship.

Research has shown that poor people living in under developing countries are saving less, little is known about the responsible factors which influence savings of these poor urban groups. The following study is based on Theoretical perspectives for examining the nature of savings among Slum dwellers in Lucknow. Three perspectives have been analysed in the study which are Individual capabilities-oriented perspectives, Sociological perspectives and Institutional mechanism (supply-oriented approach) towards the marginal sections of the society. The responsible factors for low savings are due to monopoly-based supply-oriented banking discipline, financial illiteracy, income of the people etc. Findings of the paper suggests that poor people are worth to save and are saving, particularly if both the banking and institutional barriers are removed and made more inclusive so that poor people themselves try to come out from the problem of poverty.

This article examines the influence of dominant thinkers, social welfare leaders, and popular authors who asserted that public aid stimulates recipients’ biological reproduction. This idea ...

The results of empirical studies on the effect of economic growth with poverty show conflicting results. Therefore, this study tries to introduce employment opportunities as a mediating variable. The research objective is to examine whether employment opportunities are able to mediate between economic growth and poverty. The data used in this study are secondary data of DIY Province in the period 2000-2018. The method used in this research is path analysis. The results showed that the three hypotheses above were supported. Thus, economic growth will be able to reduce the number of poor people if the economic growth is able to grow employment opportunities. The finding implies the importance of inclusive growth that gives poor people access to work and business opportunities.

The purpose of this study is to analyze income inequality in Indonesia at the provincial level. The variables used are the Gini index, inflation, the percentage of poor people, and economic growth. The model used is a regression panel for the period 2012-2018. Estimation results show that inflation has a negative and significant effect on income inequality, poverty has a positive and significant effect on income inequality, while economic growth has a positive but not significant effect on income inequality in Indonesia. Thus, the government should use inflation and poverty alleviation programs as instruments to reduce income inequality in Indonesia.

Research has highlighted that social ties help poor people to survive, but has also shown that nonkin ties often only last a short time. In this article, I argue that organizations that serve the needs of poor people can help to create more sustainable supportive ties among them. Drawing on participant observation and ethnographic interviews with twenty-five members of the Kensington Welfare Rights Union (KWRU) in Philadelphia—an organization of, by, and for poor people—I found that supportive ties among members of KWRU can last years or even decades. I show how this organization enabled poor people to create and maintain supportive ties. KWRU provided people living in desperate poverty space for frequent interaction, connection, and cooperation. The organization supported a sense of kinship among members, and group leaders often helped to mend rifts between members. While KWRU is distinctive, other organizations that serve the needs of poor people could use this model to be more responsive to the needs of those in poverty.

Four in five poor people in the Asia and Pacific region live in rural areas. Crop cycles in agrarian areas create periods of seasonal deprivation, or preharvest “lean seasons,” when work is scarce and skipped meals become frequent. In this paper, we document this phenomenon of seasonal poverty and discuss existing formal mechanisms for coping with it. We then focus on seasonal migration from rural to urban areas as a potential coping strategy and review the evidence on the effects of encouraging seasonal migration through transport subsidies. Over the past 10 years, we have conducted a series of randomized control trials in Bangladesh and Indonesia that provided rural agricultural workers with small migration subsidies to pay for the cost of round-trip travel to nearby areas in search of work. This paper summarizes the lessons learned from this multicountry, multiyear series of seasonal migration trials, the implications of these results for spatial misallocation, urbanization, and growth, and the replicability and relevance of this and other policies encouraging domestic migration more broadly for other areas in the Asia and Pacific region.

This study aims to determine the economic development of poverty in East Tanjung Jabung Regency. The data is used in this study is secondary data in the form of time series data and economic growth rate in East Tanjung Jabung Regency. The method of analysis is used in this study is a simple regression. The results of this study indicated that significant capital expenditures to the GDP of the food crops sub-sector and the revenue of regency/city in Jambi Province have no significant effect. Likewise, with strong changes in the number of poor people, the percentage of poor, poverty indices, and poverty severity indices have no significant effect. Keywords: Economic growth, Poverty

Despite the proliferation of poverty studies, poverty in Brunei Darussalam (hereafter, Brunei) is under-researched. What poverty means in Brunei is, therefore, little understood, and there is a local belief that poverty in the country is unique and relative. Moreover, the terms ‘poverty’ ( kemiskinan) and ‘poor’ ( miskin) are somewhat sensitive in Brunei, but the reason(s) for this sentiment and preferred terms are not known. This study examines the language and meaning of poverty in Brunei. It also sheds light on the local belief about poverty within the country. The study used an exploratory research methodology and data were collected from poor and non-poor households and key informants. Results show that Bruneians use different terms to refer to poverty or poor people, but preferred terms are ‘living in need’, ‘difficult life’ and ‘needy people’. Bruneians avoid the terms ‘poverty’ and ‘poor’ because they can erode one’s self-confidence or self-esteem. Poverty in Brunei is construed in different ways, but it is mostly perceived as relative, and its nature is not unique.

Poverty is increasing and it has adverse effects on health. Nurses need to understand how to help patients in poverty meet health goals within interprofessional teams. Nursing students and Veteran's Affairs employees, consisting of patient care and support staff, were recruited for an interprofessional poverty simulation. Prior to and directly following the simulation, participants were asked to complete the Attitudes about Poverty and Poor People (APPP) scale, the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ), and the Self Reflection and Insight Scale (SRIS). Scores on the APPP and TEQ improved. The SRIS results had no significant changes. Interprofessional simulation positively impacts attitudes toward poverty and empathy in nursing students and health professionals.

In developing world, poor people are forced to overuse environmental resources to survive daily, and their impoverishment of the environment is expected to further impoverish them. With poverty and...

This research is in Indragiri Hulu Regency. The sample of this study is the local government of Indragiri Hulu Regency. This research used secondary data in the form of quantitative data that includes financial data on the realization of the regional budget, named local revenue data, general allocation funds, special allocation funds, economic growth and poverty. The data in this study were obtained from relevant agencies or agencies, called the Regional Income Board of Indragiri Hulu Regency and the Central Statistics Agency of Indragiri Hulu Regency directly to the office and online looking at the agency's website related to the research variables. The analytical tool used by the author is Two Stage Multiple Linear Regression Analysis with a quantitative approach with the help of SPSS Software Version 21. The results of the study can be concluded that: (1) Regional original income partially has no effect on economic growth. An increase in regional original income cannot increase economic growth. Vice versa, if the original regional income has decreased does not necessarily reduce economic growth. (2) Partial allocation funds generally have no effect on economic growth. If the general allocation fund increases, economic growth does not increase. And also, if the general allocation funds decline, economic growth does not decline. (3) Partial allocation funds have no effect on economic growth. If the special allocation fund has increased or decreased it does not have an impact on economic growth in the Regency of Indragiri Hulu. (4) Regional original income partially has no effect on poverty. This means that the higher or the amount of original regional income has not been able to reduce poverty in Indragiri Hulu Regency. (5) Public allocation funds partially do not affect poverty. This means that changes (increases / decreases) in general allocation funds in Indragiri Hulu Regency cannot reduce poverty. (6) Partially allocated funds do not partially affect poverty. If the special allocation fund has increased it may not necessarily reduce the number of poor people in Indragiri Hulu Regency, meaning that an increase in DAK every year cannot reduce the number of poor people. (7) Regional original income, general allocation funds, and special allocation funds jointly (simultaneously) do not affect economic growth. (8) Regional original income, general allocation funds, and special allocation funds jointly (simultaneously) do not affect poverty.

Study aims to: 1) To find out the development of economic growth, inflation and the level of open unemployment in Jambi Province; 2) To analyze the influence of economic growth, inflation and the open unemployment rate on the number of poor people in Jambi Province. This research uses secondary data for the period 2001-2016. The method used in analyzing the data is by using multiple regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that: 1) The poor population in Jambi Province from 2001-2016 has decreased, where the number of poor people in Jambi Province has decreased by 0.46 percent. Economic growth in Jambi Province on the basis of constant prices from 2001-2016 experienced an average fluctuation of 6.23 percent per year. During the period of 2001-2016 the inflation rate in Jambi Province was an average of 12.25 percent. The highest number of unemployed occurred in 2005, amounting to 133,964 people and then in 2016 a decrease of 67,671 people; 2) Every increase in economic growth in Jambi Province is 1 percent, the poverty rate of the population in Jambi Province will decrease by 0.140 percent. The results of this test indicate that economic growth has a negative impact on the number of poverty in Jambi Province. Every increase in the inflation rate by 1 percent, the poverty rate will increase by 0.002 percent and every increase in the unemployment rate in Jambi Province by 1 percent, the poverty rate of the population in Jambi Province will increase by 0.052 percent. Together economic growth, inflation and unemployment have a positive and significant effect on the poverty rate of the population in Jambi Province during the period 2001-2016. Variation in ups and downs the poverty rate of the population in Jambi Province is able to explain economic growth, inflation and unemployment by 35.2 percent, while the remaining 64.8 percent is explained by other variables not included in this research model.

In recent years, an increasingly visible poverty has been widely debated in Sweden, not least in terms of ‘vulnerable EU citizens’. Issues of EU-internal mobility have gained renewed interest as EU citizens have the legal right to move freely within the EU. The focus in this debate has been on poor EU citizens categorized as ‘Roma’. In many respects, ‘the Roma’ have become a symbol for the mobility of poor people as a problem. The purpose of this article is to investigate contemporary discourses on poor people’s mobility as a social problem, in the light of similar descriptions in the past. Starting with the 2010s, we analyse governmental reports from the 1950s and 1920s in which the mobility of poor people has been subjected to political debate. We draw upon a genealogical approach informed by Michel Foucault, focusing on the categorization of mobile poor people as problematic and deviant, in relation to what is conceptualized as the norm. In line with this approach, we analyse historical formations of particular ‘regimes of truth’ concerning the mobility of poor people. Our results show that the mobility of poor people is a recurring problem, even though in different ways at different times. The political responses to the problems caused by poor people’s mobility range from disciplinary and excluding to assimilating interventions directed at the mobility of poor people – in the 2010s represented by ‘the vulnerable EU citizens’, in the 1950s by ‘the gypsies’ and in the 1920s by ‘the travellers’.

Research on the commitment of the poor at the Cinta Orang Miskin Foundation is motivated by the reality of academic and practical gaps. From an academic perspective, researchers have never found the commitment of the poor at the Cinta Orang Miskin Foundation, even though the number of poor people is committed for the church to thrive. Currently the number reaches 1,300 people. On a practical level, this research wants to explore the decisions of these poor people to find out their commitment to involvement in the Cinta Orang Miskin Foundation (COM), which is served by Pastor Gunawan Setiadarma in Surabaya, East Java, which has experienced significant growth from 23 congregations to 1,300 people. . The problem of poverty is a problem that is being faced by the nation (nations in the world in general. The Indonesian nation itself cannot be separated from the poverty problem. The economic crisis that occurs within the Indonesian nation has an impact on all aspects of people's lives. It can be seen from the existence of people who live in poverty, live in slum environments, and the number of children (street children who are scattered in cities (cities in Indonesia). During this economic crisis, the number of street children in Indonesia increased drastically.

Dünyanın birçok yerinde insanlar yoksulluk içinde yaşamaktadır. Yoksulluk olgusu ülkelerin gelişmişlik düzeyine göre farklılaşsa da sisteme ilişkin bir sorun olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Yoksulluk probleminin çocuklar üzerinde etkileri daha derin şekilde görülmekte ve çocukların fiziksel ve zihinsel gelişimleri olumsuz şekilde etkilenmektedir. Genellikle çocukluk döneminde yoksulluğa maruz kalan çocuklar gelecekte de yoksullukla karşı karşıya gelebilmektedir. Böylece yoksulluk nesilden nesile aktarılarak devam eden bir sorun olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Yoksul aileler perspektifinden bakıldığında çocuk işçiliği aile gelirine katkı sağladığı için çocuklar gelir kaynağı olarak görülmektedir. Bu durum çocuk işçiliğinin önlenmesi sürecindeki en önemli engellerden biridir. Çocuk işçiliğinin en kötü şartlarda gerçekleştiği hali bugünün çocuklarının geleceğin yetersiz ve yoksul bireylerine dönüşmesine sebep olmaktadır. Bu sorun sadece yoksul ailelere özgü değil, toplumun genelini ilgilendiren önemli bir sosyal gerçekliktir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’deki çocuk yoksulluğu ve düzeyi araştırılarak, dünyada çocuk yoksulluğuna ilişkin güncel çözüm önerilerinin Türkiye’de uygulanabilme imkânı ana hatlarıyla tartışılmıştır.

Increasing economic inequality adversely affects groups with low socioeconomic status (low-SES). However, many people are opposed to wealth redistribution policies. In this context, we examined whether dehumanization of low-SES groups has a role in this opposition. In the first study ( N = 303), opposition to wealth redistribution was related to denying human uniqueness (e.g., intelligence and rationality) and having negative attitudes toward low-SES groups, more than denying human nature (e.g., emotionality and capacity to suffer) to low-SES groups. Mediation analyses indicated that this effect occurred via blaming low-SES groups for their plight, after controlling for participants’ SES and negative attitudes towards low-SES groups. In the second study ( N = 220), manipulating the human uniqueness of a fictitious low-SES group affected support for wealth redistribution measures through blame. These results indicate that animalizing low-SES groups reduces support for wealth redistribution via blaming low-SES groups for their situation.

This paper seeks to illuminate the significance of datafication for anti-poverty programmes, meaning social protection schemes designed specifically for poor people. The conversion of benef...

This study examines cultural poverty in the lives of economically poor Hindus in Karangasem Regency. Poverty is a serious problem in Karangasem Regency, such that until the present time Karangasem Regency occupies the top position as the region with the highest number of poor people in Bali Province. Various efforts have been made to alleviate poverty but the difficulty of poverty reduction in Karangasem Regency is inseparable from the occurrence of cultural poverty, such as the values, attitudes, and behavior of the poor who are, in this case, predominantly Hindus. This article discusses some of the reasons for the occurrence, forms and implications of cultural poverty.

The government has done its best to solve cases of poverty in Indonesia. However, the efforts made by the government have been implemented but the government has not been able to complete optimally and thoroughly and prosper the Indonesian people, this becomes a prolonged problem. In this case the government issued Keluarga Harapan Program (PKH). Implementation of PKH program located in Kajhu village, Baitussalam sub district, Aceh Besar district due to Rumah Tangga Sangat Miskin (RTSM) so this should get special attention from the government. The method used in this research is qualitative method with descriptive research type. The results of the research say that PKH is able to eradicate poverty in Kajhu village and able to bring prosperity to the community, so that the community is very grateful for the existence of this PKH in the village, and reduce the existing poverty. Obstacles obtained are the manipulation / forgery of data by people who are not entitled to receive PKH funds.

Ngawi Regency in July 2016, the poverty rate is still high, reaching almost 32% of the population. Based on the identification of the location of poverty, it turns out there are 16 villages with the largest percentage of poor people. The results show that in some villages in the watershed, there has been a program of PNPM (National Community Empowerment Program) aimed at reducing the poverty of the community. But in the implementation of this program has not touched the community on all groups, so that the effectiveness of community empowerment has not been seen. Women with an amount equal to the number of men have not shown any meaningful involvement. The purpose of this research are: (1) to study the pattern and conception of poverty that happened in rainy season in Ngawi Regency; (2) to examine the role of women in poverty alleviation in the rainy season in Ngawi District. Data collection in this study with the sample method in 5 districts in the District Ngawi. Methods were performed with family samples, through questionnaires and face to face interviews with observation units were the head of the family. The results showed that the pattern and conception of poverty that occurs in the rainy season is quite varied, from the form of relative poverty to culture can be found in the life of the community. The role of women in efforts to eradicate poverty in the rainy season has not been optimal yet, due to the limited quality of human resources and the inherent social status in which women are more engaged in domestic work.

The micro-finance institutions are providing service to the people with the noble purpose to improve their socio-economic status which ultimately helps to reduce the poverty Nepal. In the Nepalese context, micro-finance institutions are providing the equal services to all people living in the remote and rural areas. The main objective of this study was to identify the economic importance of micro-finance institutions for poor and non-poor communities of Nepal. The study was conducted in Syangja district among the 385 beneficiaries of micro-finance. This study found that there was no significant association between the poor and non-poor people regarding the success of small scale business with the support of micro-finance, and increasing the amount of saving because p = .524 and .402 respectively which was greater than .05 significant levels. The difference could be observed in the increase in income level of poor and non-poor. Slight better improvement could be seen among the poor people, there was significant association between poor and non-poor because of p = .019.

This study aimed to determine the influence and factors that cause low school year expectancy, life expectancy, purchasing power, and the number of poor people on economic growth in Banten Province. This study uses data from 2014 to 2019. The method used in this study is the panel data analysis method with theapproach Random Effect Model. The result of panel data analysis shows that the variable of school duration expectancy, life expectancy, purchasing power, and the number of poor people simultaneously influence economic growth in Banten Province. Partially, the variable expectation of school years and people's purchasing power has a significant positive effect on economic growth in Banten Province, the variable life expectancy has a significant positive effect on economic growth in Banten Province and the number of poor people has a significant negative effect on economic growth in Banten Province.

Background The Chinese government has adopted a series of medical security policies to reduce health poverty. This study analyzes the poverty caused by illness (PCI) of the middle-aged and elderly poor population (MAEPP) in rural China, and simulates the poverty reduction effect (PRE) of medical security on medical expenses. Methods The FGT index is used to measure the PCI of the MAEPP in eastern, central, and western regions of China before and after medical security compensation, and further simulate the PRE of medical security under different compensation ratios. Results The rural MAEPP in the eastern, central and western regions have different levels of PCI. The eastern region is higher than that in the central and western regions; the expenditure-based poverty caused by outpatient expenses is higher than the cost of hospitalization and self-treatment, and the self-treatment burden of the poor is large; The higher the compensation rate of medical security, the better the effect of poverty reduction. Conclusions Medical security has played a positive role in improving poverty. The PRE of medical security policies in different regions are different, and outpatient compensation in medical security has a better effect on poverty reduction.

This text is dedicated to one of the main leaders of these local collectives who, since the beginning of the 21st century, have been protesting against the poor living conditions of millions of South Africans. However, it invites us to leave the space of protest as such, so as to better explore the apparently more ordinary territories on its periphery. By re-inscribing the existence of this activist in some of the relationships, institutions and experiences that structure social life in poor and working-class neighborhoods, the aim is indeed to emphasize how much the relationship to ‘the community’ helps to better understand some of the springs of commitment in a ‘poor people’s movement’.

This introduction to the volume gives an overview of foundational issues in AI and robotics, looking into AI’s computational basis, brain–AI comparisons, and conflicting positions on AI and consciousness. AI and robotics are changing the future of society in areas such as work, education, industry, farming, and mobility, as well as services like banking. Another important concern addressed in this volume are the impacts of AI and robotics on poor people and on inequality. These implications are being reviewed, including how to respond to challenges and how to build on the opportunities afforded by AI and robotics. An important area of new risks is robotics and AI implications for militarized conflicts. Throughout this introductory chapter and in the volume, AI/robot-human interactions, as well as the ethical and religious implications, are considered. Approaches for fruitfully managing the coexistence of humans and robots are evaluated. New forms of regulating AI and robotics are called for which serve the public good but also ensure proper data protection and personal privacy.

Poverty has always been a worldwide issue. Although human beings have made great achievements dealing with this problem, the situation of poverty is still startling. Taking the living standard of $1.25 per person per day as extreme poverty, there are 836 million people living in extreme poverty around the world, most of them in developing countries.

There is a lot of poverty lines used in the world. Commonly lines employed to determine the level of global poverty are the World Bank’s poverty lines. This institution used in the past one international poverty line ($1 from 1990 and $1.25 from 2008 to 2014), but now the World Bank employs a few poverty lines to adapt them to income situation in the countries. There are used $1.9, $3.2 and $5.5 lines. Calculations of the percentage of poor people (so-called poverty rate) using these three lines give different results. Besides, each country employs its own line (so-called national lines) to determine the poverty rate in own country. To assess the agreement between international and national methods of measurement of poverty rates, Bland-Altman plots and Passing-Bablok regression were applied. The data about poverty rates in 102 countries were used in the study. The analysis was conducted for all countries and in groups of countries according to their income situation (low-income, lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income, and high-income countries). The analysis was preceded by an assessment of the strength of association between income group and poverty prevalence (Cramer’s V), and of the degree of correlation between national and international poverty rates (Spearman’s rank correlation). The study showed that national and international poverty lines are not substitutes and give different information about the poverty level. International poverty lines give information about global poverty, but they do not include regional specificity which is incorporated in national poverty lines.

This research appears from the diversities of poverty standard which develop among people, each department has different standard to distribute the program in term of poor people. In mass media finds that when the social assistance to needy ones, there are increasing needy numbers, people admits that they are inculding the needy to gain the social assistance. So how Islam and government views? How zakat institutionsmake a clear definitions about concept of poor ?. The method uses qualitative, the characteristic of this research is to descript a case by understanding the meaning and factors, so that data analyzing wchich used is analytic descriptive. Data are collected by observation, interview and the last is summarizing. This research shows that the concept of poor in Islam is more complete then government version, if the government only see from the ability to fulfill basic needs. So Islam sees not only from basic needs but also spiritual sides such as thankfullnes, qona’ah, iffa an ect. The application of concept of poor in zakat institutions in this case BAZNAS has been succeed integrating between government and Islam.

Waqf has an important role for the socio-economic development in the society other than zakah, infaq and charity (sadaqah). During Islam, the practice of waqf was not limited to the religious waqf such as musholla but also developing into a philanthropic waqf for the poor people and to the society at the greater extent. This was done by Umar Ibn Khattab when he got dates garden and asked the prophet what he should do. Prophet then replied that the garden shall be managed and the profit goes to the society. Poverty has been an unfinished issue in the socio-economic development. Broadly speaking people who are poor shall be divided into those who heavily rely on others such as old widow who is sick and living alone and those who can be empowered to be self-independent. For the former, support from others has to be uninterrupted. However, for the latter, called active poor, an effective empowerment model via microfinance is needed to ensure that poverty can be reduced. In order to do so, the role of waqf is important as a financing instrument that can be designed for the active poor.

Poverty has been a world-wide issue. Due to the social disturbs caused by poverty, crime rates have risen, and diseases have spread. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the party and the country have attached great importance to poverty alleviation and led people to successfully create a path of poverty alleviation and development with Chinese characteristics, bringing more than 700 million people out of absolute poverty, and contributing to the world's poverty alleviation. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the state has promoted the targeted poverty alleviation, innovated poverty alleviation methods, and made new progress in the poverty alleviation work. Under the current economic model of precise poverty alleviation, effectively improving the capacity of the poor for poverty alleviation has become a top priority.

Poverty is one of the global issues that never has an ending due to pockets of poverty, and this subsequently has led to the issue of persistent poverty. Persistent poverty means poor people stay in poverty within a period of time. By using the three dimensions in Human Development Index (HDI), quantitative method had been used to seek the one that has an effect on poor people, making it hard to get out of poverty and leaving them in persistent poverty. Respondents for this study are the poor population who received financial aid from anti-poverty agencies. The results obtained show that among the three dimensions, standard of living/economy aspect had the highest ranking in the Friedman test. In the meantime, the statement under standard of living/economy also shows that poor people found it really hard to save some parts of their income for retirement and emergency due to lack of resources. It can be concluded that standard of living for poor people was the one that makes it difficult to get out of poverty, and as a result, they remain receiving financial aid from anti-poverty agencies for a long time.

For most of recorded history, poverty reflected God’s will. The poor were always with us. They were not inherently immoral, dangerous, or different. They were not to be shunned, feared, or avoided. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, a harsh new idea of poverty and poor people as different and inferior began to replace this ancient biblical view. In what ways, exactly, are poor people different from the rest of us became – and remains – a burning question answered with moral philosophy, political economy, social science, and, eventually, biology. Why did biological conceptions of poverty wax and wane over the last century and a half? What forms have they taken? What have been their consequences?

Since rural e-commerce plays a positive role in promoting industrial development in poor areas and pov-erty alleviation and enrichment of poor people, it has gradually become the focus of attention in rural eco-nomic development, as well as a vehicle to promote targeted poverty alleviation and rural revitalization. Since the Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of Finance jointly launched the "E-commerce into the countryside" project, Sichuan Province, as a unique agricultural province with agricultural resources, has actively promoted the implementation of the project and achieved good results. Taking Qingshen county and Xuyong county in sichuan province as examples, this paper analyzes the development status of rural e-commerce in the two counties from the perspective of county subjects, summarizes and puts for-ward the development model of rural e-commerce in counties, and provides reference for the development of rural e-commerce in sichuan province.