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Perionyx excavatus (Perrier, 1872) Perionyx koboensis Stephenson, 1914: 391. Distribution. Miranda: La Cortada (Rodríguez farm) (this study)., Published as part of Hernández-García, Luis Manuel, Sousa, Sandriel Costa, Ferreira, Carmen & Rousseau, Guillaume Xavier, 2023, An annotated checklist and distribution of earthworms from Venezuela (Megadrili: Crassiclitellata), pp. 183-211 in Zootaxa 5255 (1) on page 195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.19, http://zenodo.org/record/7744707, {"references":["Perrier, E. (1872) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des Lombriciens terrestres. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 8, 5 - 198. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12201","Stephenson, J. (1914) Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911 - 1912, XXIV. Oligochaeta. Records of the Indian Museum, 8, 365 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1193"]}

Perionyx excavatus Perrier BRRSDNA0020, 2 adults, in compost pile, Muçum-RS (S29.14411°, W51.86095°), 21 January 2012, G. Brown, S. James, colls., Published as part of Ferreira, Talita, James, Samuel W., Bartz, Marie Luise Carolina, Lima, Ana Claudia Rodrigues De, Dudas, Rafaela & Brown, George Gardner, 2023, Distribution and diversity of earthworms in different land use systems in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, pp. 399-416 in Zootaxa 5255 (1) on page 402, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.32, http://zenodo.org/record/7745077

Perionyx excavatus (Perrier, 1872) Locality: Rodríguez Farm, La Cortada settlement, Urdaneta county, Miranda, Venezuela, 66°57'0.25"W, 10°2'25.29"N, 600 masl (one adult, complete). June 2010. Hernández-García, L.M. & Rodriguez, L.N. colls. MBUCV-XIII 0306, Published as part of Hernández-García, Luis Manuel, Sousa, Sandriel Costa, Pereira, Natália Jovita, Rousseau, Guillaume Xavier & Ferreira, Carmen, 2023, Additions to earthworms (Annelida, Crassiclitellata) from Aragua and Miranda states, Venezuela, pp. 171-182 in Zootaxa 5255 (1) on page 180, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.18, http://zenodo.org/record/7744674, {"references":["Perrier, E. (1872) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des Lombriciens terrestres. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, 8, 5 - 198. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12201"]}

102. Perionyx kempi Stephenson, 1914 Perionyx kempi Stephenson, 1914a: 389. T. Kobo in Abor Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh: Doju Bung (Julka 1981), Zero Camp Namdapha (Halder et al. 2007)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1914 a) Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911 - 1912. Oligochaeta. Records of the Indian Museum, 8, 365 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1193","Julka, J. M. (1981) Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper, No. 26, 1 - 53.","Halder, K. R., Dhani, S. & Mandal, C. K. (2007) On some earthworms present in unnamed collections of Zoological Survey of India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 107, 79 - 93."]}

103. Perionyx koboensis Stephenson, 1914 Perionyx koboensis Stephenson, 1914a: 391. T. Kobo in Abor Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh . R. The species is doubtfully considered as junior synonym of Perionyx excavatus (see Blakemore 2010: 267)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1914 a) Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911 - 1912. Oligochaeta. Records of the Indian Museum, 8, 365 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1193","Blakemore, R. J. (2010) Cosmopolitan Earthworms-an Eco-Taxonomic Guide to the Peregrine Species of the World. 4 th Edition. VermEcology So (i) lutions, Yokohama, 850 pp., 350 figs., Internet links. [December 2010]"]}

100. Perionyx inornatus Stephenson, 1916 Perionyx inornatus Stephenson, 1916: 320. T. Sandakphu, district Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. West Bengal., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1916) On a collection of Oligochaeta belonging to the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 12, 299 - 354."]}

108. Perionyx pincernus Stephenson, 1916 Perionyx pincerna Stephenson, 1916: 319. Perionyx pincernus Stephenson. Blakemore 2007: 47. T. Near Ghoom, district Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. West Bengal., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1916) On a collection of Oligochaeta belonging to the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 12, 299 - 354.","Blakemore, R. J. (2007) Checklist of 505 earthworms species from India, Sri Lanka and the adjacent regions (excluding Myanmar) compiled from various sources [e. g. Stephenson (1923), Gates (1972), Julka (1988) etc.]. In: Blakemore, R. J. (Ed.), A series of searchable texts on earthworm biodiversity, ecology and systematic from various regions of the world. 3 rd Edition. Available from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm (accessed 1 March 2020)"]}

113. Perionyx rufulus Gates, 1945 Perionyx rufulus Gates, 1945: 74. T. Khezhabama, Nagaland, India. D. Nagaland., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Gates, G. E. (1945) On some Indian earthworms. II. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 11, 54 - 91."]}

114. Perionyx setnai Stephenson, 1931 Perionyx setnai Stephenson, 1931a: 63. T. Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. West Bengal., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1931 a) Oligochaeta from Burma, Kenya and other parts of the world. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1931, 33 - 92."]}

104. Perionyx macintoshi Beddard, 1883 Perionyx ���m���intoshii ��� Beddard, 1883: 217. ? Lampito dubius Stephenson, 1916: 315. ? Megascolex dubius (Stephenson). Stephenson 1923: 240. Perionyx macintoshi Beddard. Gates 1972: 144 (for complete synonymy). T. Akyab, Myanmar. D. Arunachal Pradesh: Yame (Julka 1981), Pabin (Julka 1981), Damin (Julka 1981), Vidak (Julka 1981), ca. 7.5 km S of Mursing village (Julka & Halder 1975). Meghalaya: Dumpep (Gates 1952), Cantonment Hill Cherrapunji (Stephenson 1924b), Cherrapunji (Michaelsen 1910), Mawsmai Cave Cherrapunji (Halder 1999b). Mizoram: Pachhunga University College Aizawl (Lalthanzara & Ramanujam 2014), unspecified localities (Lalthanzara et al. 2011; Ramanujam et al. 2004). Tripura: Unspecified localities (Chaudhuri et al. 2012). West Bengal: ? Kurseong (Stephenson 1916), near Goomti Rest House Mahanadi (Julka 1975)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Beddard, F. E. (1883) Note on some earthworms from India. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 12 (70), 213 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938309459619","Stephenson, J. (1916) On a collection of Oligochaeta belonging to the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 12, 299 - 354.","Stephenson, J. (1923) Oligochaeta. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, Taylor and Francis, London, 518 pp.","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms. An introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62 (7), 1 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Julka, J. M. (1981) Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper, No. 26, 1 - 53.","Julka, J. M. & Halder, K. R. (1975) On the occurrence of the giant earthworm, Perionyx macintoshi Beddard, in Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh (India). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Calcutta, 28, 15 - 17.","Gates, G. E. (1952) On some earthworms from Burma. American Museum Novitates, No. 1555, 1 - 13.","Stephenson, J. (1924 b) On some Indian Oligochaeta, with a description of two new genera of Ocnerodrilinae. Records of the Indian Museum, 26, 317 - 365.","Michaelsen, W. (1910) Die Oligochatenfauna der vorderindisch-ceylonischen Region. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 19 (5), 1 - 108.","Halder, K. R. (1999 b) Oligochaeta: Earthworm. In: State Fauna. Series 4. Fauna of Meghalaya. Part 9. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 393 - 439.","Lalthanzara, H. & Ramanujam, S. N. (2014) Earthworm cast production and physico-chemical properties in two agroforestry systems of Mizoram (India). Tropical Ecology, 55, 77 - 86.","Lalthanzara, H., Ramanujam, S. N. & Jha, L. K. (2011) Population dynamics of earthworms in relation to soil physico-chemical parameters in agroforestry systems of Mizoram, India. Journal of Environmental Biology, 32, 599 - 605.","Ramanujam, S. N., Lalthanzara, H. & Jha, L. K. (2004) Biodiversity of earthworms in Mizoram. Journal of Nature Conservators, 16, 129 - 134.","Chaudhuri, P. S., Dey, A., Bhattacharjee, G. & Nath, S. (2012) Earthworm diversity in Tripura - present status. Science & Culture, 78 (7 - 8), 343 - 346."]}

89. Perionyx annulatus Stephenson, 1914 Perionyx annulatus Stephenson, 1914a: 386. T. South of Yembung and Rotung in Abor Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1914 a) Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911 - 1912. Oligochaeta. Records of the Indian Museum, 8, 365 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1193"]}

91. Perionyx daminensis Julka, 1981 Perionyx daminensis Julka, 1981: 20. T. Damin, district Subansiri, Arunachal Pradesh, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Julka, J. M. (1981) Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper, No. 26, 1 - 53."]}

110. Perionyx pokhrianus affinis Stephenson, 1920 Perionyx pokhrianus var. affinis Stephenson, 1920: 210. Perionyx pokhrianus affinis Stephenson. Blakemore 2007: 47. T. Sitong Ridge, Jorpokhri, district Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. West Bengal., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1920) On a collection of Oligochaeta from the lesser known parts of India and from eastern Persia. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 7, 191 - 261.","Blakemore, R. J. (2007) Checklist of 505 earthworms species from India, Sri Lanka and the adjacent regions (excluding Myanmar) compiled from various sources [e. g. Stephenson (1923), Gates (1972), Julka (1988) etc.]. In: Blakemore, R. J. (Ed.), A series of searchable texts on earthworm biodiversity, ecology and systematic from various regions of the world. 3 rd Edition. Available from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm (accessed 1 March 2020)"]}

117. Perionyx sikkimensis michaelseni Stephenson, 1923 Perionyx sikkimensis var. michaelseni Stephenson, 1923: 359. Perionyx sikkimensis (Michaelsen). Michaelsen 1910 (in part): 60. T. Gangtok, Sikkim, India. D. Sikkim., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 295, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1923) Oligochaeta. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, Taylor and Francis, London, 518 pp.","Michaelsen, W. (1910) Die Oligochatenfauna der vorderindisch-ceylonischen Region. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 19 (5), 1 - 108."]}

107. Perionyx pallidus Stephenson, 1917 Perionyx pallidus Stephenson, 1917: 376. T. Kalimpong, district Kalimpong, West Bengal, India. D. West Bengal., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1917) On a collection of Oligochaeta from various parts of India and further India. Records of the Indian Museum, 13, 353 - 416. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 5865"]}

95. Perionyx foveatus Stephenson, 1914 Perionyx foveatus Stephenson, 1914a: 396. T. Renging, Rotung and upper Rotung in Abor Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh. Meghalaya: Nonglang village (Kharkongor 2018)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1914 a) Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911 - 1912. Oligochaeta. Records of the Indian Museum, 8, 365 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1193","Kharkongor, I. J. (2018) Taxonomic and ecological studies on the earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of West Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 118, 56 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.26515 / rzsi / v 118 / i 1 / 2018 / 123034"]}

118. Perionyx turaensis Stephenson, 1920 Perionyx turaensis Stephenson, 1920: 216. T. Tura, Garo Hills, Meghalaya, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh: 79 Mile Camp on Miao-Vijaynagar Road (Halder et al. 2007). Meghalaya: Malki (Halder 1999b). R. The species is possibly a synonym of Perionyx excavatus (Gates 1972: 147; Blakemore 2010: 267)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 295, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1920) On a collection of Oligochaeta from the lesser known parts of India and from eastern Persia. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 7, 191 - 261.","Halder, K. R., Dhani, S. & Mandal, C. K. (2007) On some earthworms present in unnamed collections of Zoological Survey of India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 107, 79 - 93.","Halder, K. R. (1999 b) Oligochaeta: Earthworm. In: State Fauna. Series 4. Fauna of Meghalaya. Part 9. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 393 - 439.","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms. An introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62 (7), 1 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Blakemore, R. J. (2010) Cosmopolitan Earthworms-an Eco-Taxonomic Guide to the Peregrine Species of the World. 4 th Edition. VermEcology So (i) lutions, Yokohama, 850 pp., 350 figs., Internet links. [December 2010]"]}

90. Perionyx daflaensis Julka, 1981 Perionyx daflaensis Julka, 1981: 18. T. Kolang, district Subansiri, Arunachal Pradesh, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh: Near Kau Pass (Julka 1981), 3 km E of Richik (Julka 1981), Rui (Julka 1981)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Julka, J. M. (1981) Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper, No. 26, 1 - 53."]}

92. Perionyx depressus Stephenson, 1914 Perionyx depressus Stephenson, 1914a: 394. Perionyx aborensis Stephenson, 1914a: 392. Perionyx depressus Stephenson. Stephenson 1923: 328. T. Rotung and Upper Rotung, Abor Hills, Arunachal Pradesh. D. Arunachal Pradesh: Renging (Stephenson 1914a), Galensinaik (Julka 1981), near Kau Pass (Julka 1981), ca. 4 km NW of Tali (Julka 1981)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1914 a) Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911 - 1912. Oligochaeta. Records of the Indian Museum, 8, 365 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1193","Stephenson, J. (1923) Oligochaeta. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, Taylor and Francis, London, 518 pp.","Julka, J. M. (1981) Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper, No. 26, 1 - 53."]}

94. Perionyx fossus Stephenson, 1920 Perionyx fossus Stephenson, 1920: 214. T. Shillong, Meghalaya, India. D. Meghalaya: About 4 km from Markasa on Markasa-Nongstoi�� Road (Kharkongor 2018)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1920) On a collection of Oligochaeta from the lesser known parts of India and from eastern Persia. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 7, 191 - 261.","Kharkongor, I. J. (2018) Taxonomic and ecological studies on the earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of West Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 118, 56 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.26515 / rzsi / v 118 / i 1 / 2018 / 123034"]}

109. Perionyx pokhrianus pokhrianus Stephenson, 1920 Perionyx pokhrianus Stephenson, 1920: 208. Perionyx pokhrianus pokhrianus Stephenson. Blakemore 2007: 47. T. Jorpokhri, Sitong, district Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. West Bengal., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1920) On a collection of Oligochaeta from the lesser known parts of India and from eastern Persia. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 7, 191 - 261.","Blakemore, R. J. (2007) Checklist of 505 earthworms species from India, Sri Lanka and the adjacent regions (excluding Myanmar) compiled from various sources [e. g. Stephenson (1923), Gates (1972), Julka (1988) etc.]. In: Blakemore, R. J. (Ed.), A series of searchable texts on earthworm biodiversity, ecology and systematic from various regions of the world. 3 rd Edition. Available from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm (accessed 1 March 2020)"]}

98. Perionyx himalayanus Michaelsen, 1907 Perionyx himalayanus Michaelsen, 1907: 158. T. Sandakphu, district Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. Sikkim: Rimbi (Subedi et al. 2018b). West Bengal., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Michaelsen, W. (1907) Neue Oligochaeten von Vorder-Indien, Ceylon, Birma, und den Andaman-Inseln. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, Hamburg, 24 (2), 143 - 188.","Subedi, H. P., Saxena, R. M. & Reynolds, J. W. (2018 b) New records of earthworm species Amynthas morrisi, Perionyx himalayanus and Perionyx jorpokriensis (Oligochaeta; Megascolecidae) from Sikkim, India. Megadrilogica, 23, 69 - 77."]}

115. Perionyx shillongensis Stephenson, 1920 Perionyx shillongensis Stephenson, 1920: 213. T. Shillong, Meghalaya, India. D. Manipur: Koirengei Forest (Haokip & Singh 2017). Meghalaya: Umsing (Julka 1977), Malki Forest Shillong (Julka 1977). R. The species is dubiously distinguishable from Perionyx excavatus (Gates 1972: 146), therefore, may doubtfully be a synonym of P. excavatus (see Blakemore 2010: 267)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 295, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1920) On a collection of Oligochaeta from the lesser known parts of India and from eastern Persia. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 7, 191 - 261.","Haokip, S. L. & Singh, T. B. (2017) Comparative studies on the earthworm community structure in the natural mixed and oak plantation sub-tropical forests ecosystem of Imphal, Manipur, India. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 43, 319 - 329.","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms. An introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62 (7), 1 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Blakemore, R. J. (2010) Cosmopolitan Earthworms-an Eco-Taxonomic Guide to the Peregrine Species of the World. 4 th Edition. VermEcology So (i) lutions, Yokohama, 850 pp., 350 figs., Internet links. [December 2010]"]}

97. Perionyx heterochaetus (Stephenson, 1917) Perionyx aborensis var. heterochaetus Stephenson, 1917: 379. Perionyx heterochaetus (Stephenson). Stephenson 1923: 335. T. Pashok, district Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. West Bengal., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1917) On a collection of Oligochaeta from various parts of India and further India. Records of the Indian Museum, 13, 353 - 416. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 5865","Stephenson, J. (1923) Oligochaeta. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, Taylor and Francis, London, 518 pp."]}

88. Perionyx annandalei (Michaelsen, 1907) Perionychella annandalei Michaelsen, 1907: 154. Perionyx annandalei (Michaelsen). Michaelsen 1910 (in part, excluding specimens from Cherrapunji (Meghalaya): 61. T. Kurseong, Darjeeling Hills, West Bengal, India. D. Assam: Unspecified localities (Rajkhowa et al. 2015). West Bengal., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Michaelsen, W. (1907) Neue Oligochaeten von Vorder-Indien, Ceylon, Birma, und den Andaman-Inseln. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, Hamburg, 24 (2), 143 - 188.","Michaelsen, W. (1910) Die Oligochatenfauna der vorderindisch-ceylonischen Region. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 19 (5), 1 - 108.","Rajkhowa, D. J., Bhattacharyya, P. N., Sarma, A. K., and Mahanta, K. (2015) Diversity and distribution of earthworms in different soil habitats of Assam, North-East India, an Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 85 (2), 389 - 396. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 40011 - 014 - 0380 - 1"]}

101. Perionyx jorpokriensis Julka, 1975 Perionyx jorpokriensis Julka, 1975: 21. T. Sukiapokri and Jorpokri, district Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. Sikkim: Namchi (Subedi et al. 2018b). West Bengal: 1 km E of Jorpokri (Julka 1975), Palmajoa (Soota & Halder 1981)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Subedi, H. P., Saxena, R. M. & Reynolds, J. W. (2018 b) New records of earthworm species Amynthas morrisi, Perionyx himalayanus and Perionyx jorpokriensis (Oligochaeta; Megascolecidae) from Sikkim, India. Megadrilogica, 23, 69 - 77.","Soota, T. D. & Halder, K. R. (1981) On some earthworms from eastern Himalayas. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 79, 231 - 234."]}

112. Perionyx rimatus Stephenson, 1920 Perionyx rimatus Stephenson, 1920: 206. T. Jorpokhri, Sitong, district Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. West Bengal: Dow Hill Kurseong (Julka 1975)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1920) On a collection of Oligochaeta from the lesser known parts of India and from eastern Persia. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 7, 191 - 261."]}

93. Perionyx excavatus Perrier, 1872 Perionyx excavatus Perrier, 1872: 126. Perionyx excavatus Perrier. Blakemore 2010: 267 (for further synonyms). T. Saigon, Vietnam. D. Arunachal Pradesh: Taliha (Julka 1981), Ayumuring (Julka 1981), Richik (Julka 1981), Huri (Julka 1981), Pabin (Julka 1981), Parsipapa (Julka 1981), Tumbia (Julka 1981), near Kau Pass (Julka 1981), 3 km E of Richik (Julka 1981), Kabak (Julka 1981), Vidak (Julka 1981), Chowkham (Julka 1976), Rotung (Stephenson 1914a), Renging (Stephenson 1914a), Upper Rotung (Stephenson 1914a), Miao (Halder et al. 2007), Darlak (Halder et al. 2007). Assam: Katlicherta (Stephenson 1926), Dibrugarh (Stephenson 1914a), Guwahati (Gates 1960), Sadiya (Stephenson 1914a), unspecified localities (Rajkhowa et al. 2015). Manipur: Lamphel Pat (Stephenson 1921), Imphal (Stephenson 1921), Potsengbham (Stephenson 1921), Thanga Island (Stephenson 1921). Meghalaya: Mawphlang (Julka 1977), Shillong (Julka 1977; Halder et al. 2007), Mauryngnang (Halder 1999b), Muktapur (Halder 1999b), Nonglang village (Kharkongor 2018). Mizoram: Sakawrtuichhun (Lalthanzara & Ramanujam 2014), Pachhunga University College Aizawl (Lalthanzara & Ramanujam 2014), unspecified localities (Lalthanzara et al. 2011; Ramanujam et al. 2004). Sikkim: Rangpo (Halder 2003), Gangtok (Halder 2003), Sombaria (Halder 2003), Manul (Soota & Halder 1981), Mangan (Soota & Halder 1981). Tripura: Ramnagar (Halder 2000), unspecified localities (Chaudhuri & Bhattacharjee 1999, 2005; Chaudhuri et al. 2012; Dey & Chaudhuri 2014). West Bengal: Darjeeling (Halder et al. 2007), Phallut (Michaelsen 1909), Pashok (Gates 1960), near Ghoom (Stephenson 1916), Kurseong (Michaelsen 1909), Dhobikhola Stream Kurseong (Julka 1975), Dow Hill (Julka 1975), Kalimpong (Julka 1975), near Mahananda River Siliguri (Julka 1975)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Perrier, E. (1872) Recherche pour servir a l'historie des Lombriciens terrestres. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle Paris, 8, 5 - 198. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12201","Blakemore, R. J. (2010) Cosmopolitan Earthworms-an Eco-Taxonomic Guide to the Peregrine Species of the World. 4 th Edition. VermEcology So (i) lutions, Yokohama, 850 pp., 350 figs., Internet links. [December 2010]","Julka, J. M. (1981) Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper, No. 26, 1 - 53.","Julka, J. M. (1976) Studies on the earthworms collected during the Daphabum Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 69, 229 - 239.","Stephenson, J. (1914 a) Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911 - 1912. Oligochaeta. Records of the Indian Museum, 8, 365 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1193","Halder, K. R., Dhani, S. & Mandal, C. K. (2007) On some earthworms present in unnamed collections of Zoological Survey of India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 107, 79 - 93.","Stephenson, J. (1926) Descriptions of Indian Oligochaeta. I. Records of the Indian Museum, 28, 249 - 267.","Gates, G. E. (1960) On Burmese earthworms of the family Megascolecidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 123 (6), 201 - 282.","Rajkhowa, D. J., Bhattacharyya, P. N., Sarma, A. K., and Mahanta, K. (2015) Diversity and distribution of earthworms in different soil habitats of Assam, North-East India, an Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 85 (2), 389 - 396. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 40011 - 014 - 0380 - 1","Stephenson, J. (1921) Oligochaeta from Manipur, the Laccadive Islands, Mysore, and other parts of India. Records of the Indian Museum, 22, 745 - 768. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1484","Halder, K. R. (1999 b) Oligochaeta: Earthworm. In: State Fauna. Series 4. Fauna of Meghalaya. Part 9. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 393 - 439.","Kharkongor, I. J. (2018) Taxonomic and ecological studies on the earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of West Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 118, 56 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.26515 / rzsi / v 118 / i 1 / 2018 / 123034","Lalthanzara, H. & Ramanujam, S. N. (2014) Earthworm cast production and physico-chemical properties in two agroforestry systems of Mizoram (India). Tropical Ecology, 55, 77 - 86.","Lalthanzara, H., Ramanujam, S. N. & Jha, L. K. (2011) Population dynamics of earthworms in relation to soil physico-chemical parameters in agroforestry systems of Mizoram, India. Journal of Environmental Biology, 32, 599 - 605.","Ramanujam, S. N., Lalthanzara, H. & Jha, L. K. (2004) Biodiversity of earthworms in Mizoram. Journal of Nature Conservators, 16, 129 - 134.","Halder, K. R. (2003) Oligochaeta: Earthworm. In: State Fauna. Series 9. Fauna of Sikkim. Part 5. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 91 - 116.","Soota, T. D. & Halder, K. R. (1981) On some earthworms from eastern Himalayas. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 79, 231 - 234.","Halder, K. R. (2000) Oligochaeta: Earthworm. In: State Fauna. Series 7. Fauna of Tripura. Part 4. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 239 - 236.","Chaudhuri, P. S. & Bhattacharjee, G. (1999) Earthworm resources of Tripura. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India, 69 (B), 159 - 170.","Chaudhuri, P. S., Dey, A., Bhattacharjee, G. & Nath, S. (2012) Earthworm diversity in Tripura - present status. Science & Culture, 78 (7 - 8), 343 - 346.","Dey, A. & Chaudhuri, P. S. (2014) Earthworm community structure of pineapple (Ananas comosus) plantations under monoculture and mixed culture in West Tripura, India. Tropical Ecology, 55, 1 - 17.","Michaelsen, W. (1909) The Oligochaeta of India, Nepal, Ceylon, Burma and the Andaman Islands. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 1, 103 - 253.","Stephenson, J. (1916) On a collection of Oligochaeta belonging to the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 12, 299 - 354."]}

111. Perionyx pulvinatus Stephenson, 1916 Perionyx pulvinatus Stephenson, 1916: 317. T. Near Ghoom, district Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. West Bengal: 1 km E of Jorpokri (Julka 1975), 2 km S of D.I. Fund Rest House Jorpokri (Julka 1975)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1916) On a collection of Oligochaeta belonging to the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 12, 299 - 354."]}

99. Perionyx horai Stephenson, 1924 Perionyx horai Stephenson, 1924b: 342. T. Cantonment Hill Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India. D. Meghalaya: Cherrapunji (Gates 1960), Domkseh village (Kharkongor 2018)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1924 b) On some Indian Oligochaeta, with a description of two new genera of Ocnerodrilinae. Records of the Indian Museum, 26, 317 - 365.","Gates, G. E. (1960) On Burmese earthworms of the family Megascolecidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 123 (6), 201 - 282.","Kharkongor, I. J. (2018) Taxonomic and ecological studies on the earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of West Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 118, 56 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.26515 / rzsi / v 118 / i 1 / 2018 / 123034"]}

120. Perionyx vidakensis Julka, 1981 Perionyx vidakensis Julka, 1981: 27. T. Vidak, district Subansiri, Arunachal Pradesh, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh: Rui (Julka 1981), Kabak (Julka 1981)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 295, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Julka, J. M. (1981) Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper, No. 26, 1 - 53."]}

96. Perionyx gravelyi Stephenson, 1917 Perionyx gravelyi Stephenson, 1917: 378. T. Pashok, district Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh: Ayumuring (Julka 1981), Lingpo (Julka 1981), Kolang (Julka 1981), Parsipala (Julka 1981), Rui (Julka 1981), Vidak (Julka 1981). West Bengal., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1917) On a collection of Oligochaeta from various parts of India and further India. Records of the Indian Museum, 13, 353 - 416. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 5865","Julka, J. M. (1981) Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper, No. 26, 1 - 53."]}

105. Perionyx modestus Stephenson, 1922 Perionyx modestus Stephenson, 1922: 435. T. Cherrapunji, district East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh: Lingpo (Julka 1981), Yame (Julka 1981), Parsipala (Julka 1981), Richik (Julka 1981), 3 km E of Richik (Julka 1981), ca. 4 km NW of Tali (Julka 1981), Rui (Julka 1981), Chowkham (Julka 1976). Meghalaya: Umsing (Julka 1977), Mawphlang (Julka 1977; Halder 1999b), Sarching (Halder 1999b), Barangapara (Halder 1999b), Tura (Halder 1999b), Rongreng Chidekgre (Halder 1999b), Williamnagar (Halder 1999b), Dumpep (Gates 1960)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1922) Some earthworms from Kashmir, Bombay, and other parts of India. Records of the Indian Museum, 24, 427 - 443.","Julka, J. M. (1981) Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper, No. 26, 1 - 53.","Julka, J. M. (1976) Studies on the earthworms collected during the Daphabum Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 69, 229 - 239.","Halder, K. R. (1999 b) Oligochaeta: Earthworm. In: State Fauna. Series 4. Fauna of Meghalaya. Part 9. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 393 - 439.","Gates, G. E. (1960) On Burmese earthworms of the family Megascolecidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 123 (6), 201 - 282."]}

87. Perionyx alatus Stephenson, 1920 Perionyx alatus Stephenson, 1920: 212. T. Sitong Ridge, district Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. West Bengal., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1920) On a collection of Oligochaeta from the lesser known parts of India and from eastern Persia. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 7, 191 - 261."]}

119. Perionyx variegatus (Michaelsen, 1907) Perionychella variegata Michaelsen, 1907: 158. T. Phallut, district Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh: Sinkie River near Police Colony Itanagar (Halder et al. 2007). Sikkim : Nathang (Soota & Halder 1981). West Bengal ., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 295, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Michaelsen, W. (1907) Neue Oligochaeten von Vorder-Indien, Ceylon, Birma, und den Andaman-Inseln. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, Hamburg, 24 (2), 143 - 188.","Halder, K. R., Dhani, S. & Mandal, C. K. (2007) On some earthworms present in unnamed collections of Zoological Survey of India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 107, 79 - 93.","Soota, T. D. & Halder, K. R. (1981) On some earthworms from eastern Himalayas. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 79, 231 - 234."]}

Perionyx excavatus (Perrier, 1872) Material examined. Exotic, epigeic. Locality: Colombia, department of Quindío, municipality of Armenia, La Revancha rural community, Villa Sofia farm (4°30'34.36"N, 75°45'23.50"W).Altitude: 1222 m.a.s.l. Material collected: 1 adult, 2 juveniles. Collection date: 25 April 2016. Collectors: A. Feijoo, L. Molina, and B. Murillo., Published as part of Feijoo, Alexander, Zuluaga, Luis Fernando & Molina, Ligia Janneth, 2018, New species and records of earthworms (Annelida, Oligochaeta) in plantain cropping systems in Colombia's coffee-growing region, pp. 448-458 in Zootaxa 4496 (1) on page 456, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.34, http://zenodo.org/record/1446963, {"references":["Perrier, E. (1872) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des lombriciens terrestres. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 8, 5 - 198."]}

Perionyx excavatus Perrier, 1872 Perionyx excavatus Perrier, 1872: 126, Plate IV, Figs 73���74; Rosa 1890b: 121; Beddard 1895a: 436; Michaelsen 1900: 208; Gates 1939: 108; Gates 1972: 141; Thai 1983: 122; Do 1994: 53; Nguyen 1994: 37; Le 1995a: 70; Thai 1987: 6, 7; Pham 1995c: 63; Thai 2000a: 310; Blakemore 2002: 133, Fig. 2.2; Huynh & Nguyen 2004a: 115; Huynh 2005a: 78; Nguyen V.T. & Tran 2008: 184; Blakemore 2008; Nguyen et al. 2010: 114; Pham 2010: 62; Nguyen & Nguyen 2010: 123; Nguyen & Huynh 2011: 1018; Nguyen et al. 2012: 146; Nguyen 2013: 42; Nguyen 2014: 108. Perionyx sp. ��� Tran, 1985: 56. Perionyx gruenewaldi Michaelsen, 1891: 33. Perionyx turaensis Stephenson, 1920: 216. See Blakemore (2002) for more details and synonyms. Type locality. Vietnam (Saigon). Type material. MNHN, France. Examined material. 5 C, 5 A (CTU-EW.003.01) Cho Moi, An Giang, 2/2010, coll. Ho Minh Thuan. Records from Vietnam. Yen Bai (Yen Bai); Ha Giang (Meo Vac); Cao Bang (Thach An); Lang Son (Binh Gia); Hanoi (Ba Vi NP); Quang Tri (Huong Hoa); Thua Thien Hue (Hue); Da Nang (Hoa Vang); Quang Ngai (Quang Ngai; Tu Nghia); Binh Dinh (Quy Nhon); Gia Lai (Pleiku); Phu Yen (Song Cau); Khanh Hoa (Nha Trang); Lam Dong (Da Lat; Don Duong; Duc Trong); Binh Thuan (Phan Thiet; Bac Binh; Duc Linh); Ho Chi Minh; Ca Mau (U Minh); Bac Lieu (Vinh Loi); Ben Tre (Thanh Phu); Tra Vinh (Chau Thanh); Vinh Long (Vung Liem); Can Tho (Cai Rang; Ninh Kieu; Thot Not; Phong Dien); An Giang (Chau Phu; Chau Thanh; Cho Moi); Hau Giang (Phung Hiep) (Perrier 1872; Thai 1987; Do 1994; Nguyen 1994; Le 1995a; Pham 1995c, 2010; Huynh & Nguyen 2004a; Huynh 2005a; Nguyen V.T. & Tran 2008; Nguyen et al. 2010; Nguyen 2014). Distribution. Cosmopolitan species, widely distributed in Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Korea, China, USA, Canada, England, Samoa, India, Taiwan, Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Madagascar, Cambodia (Gates 1972; Thai & Do 1989; Blakemore 20 12a). Vietnamese name. Giun Qu���, Tr��n Qu���. Remarks. The species is commonly used in earthworm farms, and sold as "red earthworm" for fishing and other purposes in Vietnam., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on pages 9-10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Perrier, E. (1872) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des Lombriciens terrestres. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 8, 5 - 198.","Rosa, D. (1890 b) Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmanica e regioni vicini, XXVI. Perichaetidi. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria, 10, 107 - 122.","Beddard, F. E. (1895 a) A monograph of the Order Oligochaeta. The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 769 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 28557","Michaelsen, W. (1900) Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich, 10, 1 - 575.","Gates, G. E. (1939) Thai earthworms. Thailand Research Society, Natural History Supplementary, 12, 65 - 114.","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese Earthworms: An Introduction to the Systematics and Biology of Megadrile Oligochaetes with Special Reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N. S. 62 (7), 1 - 326. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Thai, T. B. (1983) Earthworms of Vietnam (Systematic, fauna, distribution and zoogeographic). PhD dissertation in Zooglogy. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia [in Russian]","Nguyen, V. T. (1994) The earthworm fauna of Binh Tri Thien region. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 193 pp.","Le, V. T. (1995 a) The earthworm fauna of Northeastern Vietnam. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 148 pp.","Thai, T. B. (1987) Some additional notes in the earthworm distribution in Vietnam. Journal of Science of HNUE, C, 3 - 9.","Pham, T. H. H. (1995 c) The earthworm fauna of Quang Nam-Da Nang. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 180 pp.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Blakemore, R. J. (2002) Cosmopolitan Earthworms - an Eco - Taxonomic Guide to the Peregrine Species of the World. 2 nd Ed. VermEcology, PO BOX 414 Kippax, ACT 2615, Australia. August, 2002.","Huynh, T. K. H. & Nguyen, D. A. (2004 a) Diversity of earthworms of Bavi National Park, Hatay province. The proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science, 114 - 117. [Science and Technics Publishing House, Hanoi]","Huynh, T. K. H. (2005 a) The earthworm fauna of southern part of central Vietnam and their potential usages. Medicine Publishing House, Hanoi, 189 pp.","Pham, T. H. H. (2010) The diversity of earthworms in Danang city. Journal of Science and Technology, Danang University, 5 (40), 60 - 69.","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, T. D. & Pham, T. T. (2011) Preliminary data on earthworms in mainland mountain region of Kien Giang Province. Proceeding of the 4 th national workshop on ecology and biological resources. Hanoi Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi, 1024 - 1030.","Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, T. K. P. & Ho, M. T. (2012) Diversity and distributional characteristics of earthworms in An Giang province. Journal of Science, Can Tho University, 22 A, 143 - 153.","Nguyen, T. T. (2013) The earthworm fauna of the Cuu Long delta. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 169 pp.","Nguyen, T. T., Tran, T. T. B. & Nguyen, D. A. (2014) Earthworms of the ' acaecate' Pheretima group in Vietnam (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae), with description of a new species from the Mekong delta. Zootaxa, 3866 (1), 105 - 121. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3866.1.5","Tran, T. M. (1985) The earthworm fauna of Red River Delta. PhD dissertation in Zoology. Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, 126 pp.","Michaelsen, W. (1891) Oligochaeten des Naturhistorischen Museums in Hamburg, IV. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 8, 299 - 340.","Stephenson, J. (1920) On a collection of oligochaeta from the lesser known parts of India and from eastern Persia. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 7, 191 - 261.","Nguyen, T. T. & Tran, T. A. T. (2008) Composition and Distribution of Earthworms Belt of Tien River. Journal of Science, Can Tho University, 10, 59 - 66.","Thai, T. B. & Do, V. N. (1989) Remarks on earthworm fauna in Phnompenh and the neighbouring regions. Journal of Science of HNUE, special issue, 76 - 78."]}

Perionyx excavatus Perrier, 1872 Frechou, (2) N16.61.613', W61��25. 488', 80 m asl, xerophilic forest on calcareous soils., Published as part of James, Samuel W. & Gamiette, Franciane, 2016, New species of Dichogaster Beddard, 1888 (Clitellata: Benhamiidae) with additional records of earthworms from Guadeloupe (French West Indies), pp. 391-408 in Zootaxa 4178 (3) on page 406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/272503

Genus Perionyx Perrier, 1872 Perionyx Perrier, 1872: 126; Beddard 1895a: 435; Michaelsen 1900: 207; Stephenson 1930: 481; Gates 1972: 138. Type species. Perionyx excavatus Perrier, 1872, by original designation. Distribution. Mainly in Burma and India (Blakemore 2002). Remarks. To date, 61 species and subspecies have been described (Csuzdi 2012), but only one species has been recorded in Vietnam., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Perrier, E. (1872) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des Lombriciens terrestres. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 8, 5 - 198.","Beddard, F. E. (1895 a) A monograph of the Order Oligochaeta. The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 769 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 28557","Michaelsen, W. (1900) Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich, 10, 1 - 575.","Stephenson, J. (1930) The Oligochaeta. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 978 pp.","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese Earthworms: An Introduction to the Systematics and Biology of Megadrile Oligochaetes with Special Reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N. S. 62 (7), 1 - 326. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Blakemore, R. J. (2002) Cosmopolitan Earthworms - an Eco - Taxonomic Guide to the Peregrine Species of the World. 2 nd Ed. VermEcology, PO BOX 414 Kippax, ACT 2615, Australia. August, 2002.","Csuzdi, Cs. (2012) Earthworm species, a searchable database. Opuscula Zoologica, 43 (1), 97 - 99. Avaliable from: http: // earthworm. uw. hu / (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)"]}

Planapheretima arboricola (Rosa, 1890) Perionyx arboricola Rosa, 1890b: 119, Plate I, Fig. 11; Beddard 1895a: 438; Michaelsen 1900: 209; Michaelsen 1903: 89; Gates 1936: 465; Gates 1972: 141. Pheretima arboricola��� Gates 1936: 399; Gates 1972: 169; Thai 1997: 5, fig. 3B; Thai 2000a: 310. Planapheretima arboricola��� Sims & Easton 1972: 233; Easton 1979: 76, Figs 27j, 30a.; Nakamura 1999: 5; Blakemore 2007a: 8; Blakemore 2008b; Nguyen et al. 2014: 109. Type locality. Myanmar (Cobapo, Carin Mts). Type material. Genoa 44017, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "Giacomo Doria", Italy. Examined material. 12 A (SORC-V.206.01) Vinh Phuc Prov., Tam Dao National Park, on the way to the Rung Rinh peak, 20/06/1995. Records from Vietnam. Vinh Phuc (Tam Dao NP) (Thai 1997). Distribution. Vietnam (Thai 1997); Myanmar (Gates 1972). Vietnamese name. Giun l�� c��y. Remarks. The populations in Vietnam differ from the description of Gates (1936) in having spermathecal pores paired in vi and vii, additional genital markings in vi and more setae (Thai 1997)., Published as part of Nguyen, Tung T., Nguyen, Anh D., Tran, Binh T. T. & Blakemore, Robert J., 2016, A comprehensive checklist of earthworm species and subspecies from Vietnam (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4140 (1) on page 70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4140.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/256507, {"references":["Rosa, D. (1890 b) Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmanica e regioni vicini, XXVI. Perichaetidi. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria, 10, 107 - 122.","Beddard, F. E. (1895 a) A monograph of the Order Oligochaeta. The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 769 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 28557","Michaelsen, W. (1900) Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich, 10, 1 - 575.","Michaelsen, W. (1903) Die geographische Verbreitung der Oligochaeten. Friedlander & Sohn Berlin, 186 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11667","Gates, G. E. (1936) The earthworms of Burma. V. Records of Indian Museum, 38, 377 - 468.","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese Earthworms: An Introduction to the Systematics and Biology of Megadrile Oligochaetes with Special Reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N. S. 62 (7), 1 - 326. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Thai, T. B. (1997) New data on leaf - crawlers Pheretima Kinberg, 1863 in Vietnam and a key to species of this group from the mainland of Asia. TAP CHI SINH HOC, 19 (3), 1 - 7.","Thai, T. B. (2000 a) Species diversity of earthworms in Vietnam. Proceedings of the national workshop on the basic issues in life science. Hanoi Science and Technics Publishing House, 307 - 311.","Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Easton, E. G. (1979) A revision of the ' acaecate' earthworms of the Pheretima group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta): Archipheretima, Metapheretima, Planapheretima, Pleionogaster and Polypheretima. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 35, 1 - 126. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 20451","Nakamura, Y. (1999) Checklist of earthworms of Pheretima genus group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) of the world. Edaphologia, 64, 1 - 78.","Blakemore, R. J. (2007 a) Updated checklist of Pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) taxa. www. annelida. net / earthworm / Pheretimoids. pdf (accessed 6 Jun 2016)","Blakemore, R. J. (2008 b) List of earthworms from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Excel spreadsheet). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World - 2 nd Edition (2008). VermEcology, Yokohama. CD - ROM. Avaliable from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm / Vietnam % 20 + % 20 Lao s % 20 + % 20 Cambodia 1. xls (Accessed 21 Jul. 2016)","Nguyen, T. T., Tran, T. T. B. & Nguyen, D. A. (2014) Earthworms of the ' acaecate' Pheretima group in Vietnam (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae), with description of a new species from the Mekong delta. Zootaxa, 3866 (1), 105 - 121. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3866.1.5"]}

Perionyx excavatus Perrier, 1872 Description: Length 20–120 mm. Unpigmented or slightly red dorsally, slightly yellow at ventral side. Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore in some of the intersegmental furrows 2/3–5/6. Nephropores conspicuous, in irregular lines. Spermathecal pores paired, in intersegmental furrows 7/8–8/9 respectively. Female pore single, mediventral. Male pores paired, in 18. Clitellum on 13–17. Gizzard present or absent. Intestinal origin in 15–16. Small parts of calciferous tissues may occur in segment 13, 14 or 15. Last lateral heart in 12. Excretory system holoic, avesiculate. Seminal vesicles in 11 and 12, last pair often extended through septa 12/13–14/15. Prostates in 18, ducts short, straight. Spermathecae paired, large with short ducts. Penial setae present. Notes: Distributed widely worldwide. May be found under the bark of rotten, fallen logs; under moss and debris; on riverbanks; in soil rich in organic matter; in manure heaps and composting areas; and in any considerably moist biotope. Recently used in vermicomposting farms. In RSA breeding is possible under favourable climatic conditions. This species was used in various experiments by Reinecke et al. (1992), and Reinecke and Pieters (1997, 1998), and may be found near previous experimental fields., Published as part of Plisko, Jadwiga D. & Nxele, Thembeka C., 2015, An annotated key separating foreign earthworm species from the indigenous South African taxa (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Microchaetidae, Ocnerodrilidae and Tritogeniidae), pp. 663 in African Invertebrates 56 (3) on page 700, DOI: 10.5733/afin.056.0312, http://zenodo.org/record/7914712, {"references":["PERRIER, E. 1872. Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des lombriciens terrestres. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 8: 5 - 198.","REINECKE, A. J, VILJOEN, S. A. & SAAYMEN, R. J. 1992. The suitability of Eudrilus eugeniae, Perionyx excavatus and Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta) for vermicomposting in southern Africa in terms of their temperature requirements. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24 (12): 1295 - 1307.","REINECKE, S. A. & PIETERS, R. 1997. The morphology of male reproductive structures of Perionyx excavatus (Oligochaeta). South African Journal of Zoology 32 (3): 64 - 71."]}

The life cycle of Perionyx excavatus has been studied and the potential of this epigeic earthworm species for breaking down and processing organic wastes is well known. Understanding of its optimal environmental requirements is required in order to optimize and accelerate the vermicomposting process. The rates of growth and reproduction of P. excavatus, on a variety of organic wastes, were evaluated in these experiments. The time of maturation and the rates of growth of this species, under various population density pressures and temperatures between 15 °C and 30 °C, were also assessed. Increasing temperatures up to 30 °C accelerated the growth of earthworms and lessened the time to sexual maturity. However, the highest rates of reproduction occurred at 25 °C both in cattle solids and sewage sludge. The mean time to egg hatching decreased and the degree of hatching success increased with increasing temperature. Earthworms grew at similar rates in cattle solids, pig solids and aerobically digested sewage sludge, but the earthworms did not grow well in horse solids and grew only poorly in turkey wastes. The maximum individual growth rates as a function of earthworm population and the maximum earthworm weights as a function of time with a constant food supply at four different temperatures were assessed.

Genus Perionyx Perrier, 1872 Perionyx excavatus Perrier, 1872: 126 The species is sometimes assigned to the acanthodrilids, but after a recent molecular study its megascolecid status has been confirmed (Jamieson et al. 2002). Described from the Himalayas (Gates 1972). Common in Asia; distributed by man around the world. Extensively used in experimental and applied practices in the breakdown of organic wastes, vermicomposting, protein production and soil toxicology, and as indicator of soil quality.A batch of specimens imported to RSA for experimental study (Hallatt et al. 1990, 1992; Reinecke et al. 1992; Reinecke & Alberts 1994; Reinecke & Pieters 1997, 1998) initiated the growth of small populations in compost heaps near Potchefstroom (NW). Also found at a vermicomposting farm in Camperdown (KZN)., Published as part of Plisko, Jadwiga Danuta, 2010, Megadrile earthworm taxa introduced to South African soils (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae), pp. 289 in African Invertebrates 51 (2) on page 304, DOI: 10.5733/afin.051.0204, http://zenodo.org/record/7913539, {"references":["PERRIER, E. 1872. Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des lombriciens terrestres. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 8: 5 - 198.","JAMIESON, B. G. M., TILLIER, S., TILLIER, A., JUSTINE, J. L., LING, E., JAMES, S., MCDONALD, K. & HUGALL, A. 2002. Phylogeny of Megascolecidae and Crassiclitellata (Annelida, Oligochaeta): combined versus partitioned analysis using nuclear (28 S) and mitochondrial (12 S, 16 S) rDNA. Zoosystema 24 (4): 707 - 734.","GATES, G. E. 1972. Burmese earthworms, an introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special references to southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 62 (7): 1 - 362.","HALLATT, L., REINECKE, A. J. & VILIOEN, S. A. 1990. Life cycle of the oriental compost worm Perionyx excavatus (Oligochaeta). South African Journal of Zoology 25 (1): 41 - 45.","HALLATT, L., VILJOEN, S. A. & REINECKE, A. J. 1992. The moisture requirement and life-cycle of Perionyx excavatus (Oligochaeta). Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24 (12): 29 - 34.","REINECKE, A. J, VILJOEN, S. A. & SAAYMEN, R. J. 1992. The suitability of Eudrilus eugeniae, Perionyx excavatus and Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta) for vermicomposting in southern Africa in terms of their temperature requirements. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24 (12): 1295 - 1307.","REINECKE, A. J. & ALBERTS, J. N. 1994. Earthworm research in southern Africa since W. Michaelsen, with emphasis on the utilization of the earthworm (Eisenia fetida) as a protein source. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg 89 (2): 23 - 36.","REINECKE, S. A. & PIETERS, R. 1997. The morphology of male reproductive structures of Perionyx excavatus (Oligochaeta). South African Journal of Zoology 32 (3): 64 - 71."]}

Since the epigeic species Eudrilus eugeniae, Perionyx excavatus and Eisenia fetida have a potential as waste decomposers or as possible sources of protein, knowledge of their temperature requirements are required in order to cultivate them in large numbers under different environmental conditions. A study was undertaken outdoors as well as indoors of earthworm populations in artificial containers in order to access the influence of high, as well as low, temperatures on the different species. The results were compared with that obtained for control populations kept at a presumably favourable temperature of 25°C. The results showed that Eisenia fetida has a wider tolerance for temperatures than E. eudrilus eugeniae and P. excavatus which allows this species to be cultivated in areas with higher temperatures (often as high as 43°C) as well as areas with lower soil temperatures (often below 5°C). The other two species will have limited outdoor application in vermiculture systems. The winter temperatures in the southern subregion of Africa and not the summer temperatures seem to be the limiting factor in applying Eudrilus eugeniae and P. excavatus in outdoor vermiculture. The incubation period, development and cocoon production of the species at various temperature simulations were also investigated. Regions in southern Africa were identified, based on prevailing temperature conditions, where E. eugeniae and P. excavatus could be utilized in vermiculture systems.

In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the growth, reproduction and life cycle of the earthworm, Perionyx ceylanensis Mich. in cowdung for the period of 340 days. Results showed that the overall mean growth rate was 1.79, 1.57 and 1.34 mg/worm/day respectively for the worms cultured singly, in batches of four and eight. Cocoon production rate was found between 0.85 and 0.94 cocoons/worm/day and the hatching success between 74.67% and 82.67%. The majority of the cocoons (95.16-96.77%) hatched only one hatchling. Worms raised singly also produced viable cocoons indicating that P. ceylanensis reproduce parthenogenetically. The life cycle of the worms cultured singly was +/-57 days and it was +/-50 days for the worms cultured in batches of four and eight. There is a vast scope to utilize P. ceylanensis for vermiculture practices due to short period of life cycle.

Paddy is one of the most important food crops in India. In Tripura of north east India, paddy covers 78–90% of cultivable areas with hydromorphic clay-rich acidic soils. As earthworms have important role in above-ground crop production, the present study deals with the earthworm communities in the soils of wet land paddy agro-ecosystem of West Tripura (India). The study was conducted during May 2015 to August 2017. Earthworms were collected from the paddy fields by TBSF monolith (25 × 25 × 30 cm) digging and hand sorting method. Temperature, moisture, pH and organic matters were estimated from 0 to 15 cm depth soils. Biological parameters such as density, biomass, relative abundance and ecological parameters such as indices of diversity, dominance etc. were measured. A total of 7 earthworm species belonging to 4 families and 5 genera were recorded: [Almidae Glyphidrilus sp. (near to gangeticus)], Moniligastridae (Drawida assamensis, Drawida papillifer papillifer and Drawida sp.), Megascolecidae (Metaphire houlleti, Perionyx excavatus) and Glossoscolecidae (Pontoscolex corethrurus). The average density and biomass of earthworms in the paddy plantations were 163 ind. m−2 and 56 g m−2 respectively. Diversity and dominance indices of earthworms of paddy plantations were 0.46 and 0.60 respectively. Glyphidrilus sp. contributed more than 50% biomass and density of earthworm community and probably had a great role in paddy production due to enormous deposition of casts (‘cast hills’) in the rhizosphere zone of paddy plants.

This communication deals with the morphology, taxonomy and life history of six new acephaline gregarines (Apicomplexa: Gregarinomorphea) of the genus Monocystis Stein (1848), Nematocystis Hesse (1909), Aikinetocystis Gates (1926) and Dirhynchocystis Cognetti de Martiis (1921) from oligochaete hosts. These are Monocystis molnari sp. nov. from Metaphire anomala (Clitellata: Opisthopora: Megascolecidae); Monocystis paneki sp. nov. from Lampito mauritii (Clitellata: Opisthopora: Megascolecidae); Monocystis bulbae sp. nov from Metaphire posthuma (Clitellata: Opisthopora: Megascolecidae); Nematocystis cylindrum sp. nov. from Perionyx excavatus (Clitellata: Opisthopora: Megascolecidae); Aikinetocystis perionyxae sp. nov. from Perionyx excavatus (Clitellata: Opisthopora: Megascolecidae) and Dirhynchocystis drawidae sp. nov. from Drawida nepalensis (Clitellata: Haplotaxida: Moniligastridae). Trophozoites of Monocystis molnari sp. nov. elongated and cylindrical. Gametocysts elliptoid. Oocysts fusiform. Trophozoites of Monocystis paneki sp. nov. elongated and hump like. Gametocysts orbicular. Oocysts fusiform. Trophozoites of Monocystis bulbae sp. nov. elongated and cylindrical. Gametocysts fusiform. Oocysts fusiform. Trophozoites of Nematocystis cylindrum sp. nov. cylindrical. Gametocysts orbicular. Oocysts fusiform. Trophozoites of Aikinetocystis perionyxae sp. nov. cylindrical. Gametocyst ovoid. Oocysts fusiform. Dirhynchocystis drawidae sp. nov. having a capsule like body. Gametocysts orbicular. Oocysts rhomboid.

Present study revealed the presence of 16 earthworm species belonging to 11 genera and four families viz. Megascolecidae (Amynthus alexandri, Metaphire houlleti, Lampito mauritii, Kanchuria sp1, Perionyx excavatus), Octochaetidae (Eutyphoeus gigas, Eutyphoeus comillahnus, Eutyphoeus orientalis, Octochaetona beatrix, Dichogaster bolaui, Lennogaster chittagongensis, Lennogaster yeicus), Moniligastridae (Drawida papillifer papillifer, Drawida assamensis, Drawida nepalensis) and Glossoscolecidae (Pontoscolex corethrurus) in the soils of five bamboo species [Bambusa balcooa (Sil Barak), Melocanna baccifera (Muli), Bambusa polumorpha (Bari), Bambus cacharensis (Bom) and Bambus bambus (Katabarak)] of West-Tripura. While four earthworm species viz. Metaphire houlleti, Drawida assamensis, Drawida papillifer papillifer and Pontoscolex corethrurus were common to all species of bamboo plantations, the rest showed restricted distribution. Among the earthworm species 4 were exotic (Amynthus alexandri, Metaphire houlleti, Dichogaster bolaui and Pontoscolex corethrurus) and the others were native to the Indian sub-continent. In general, earthworms under the bamboo plantations occurred within temperature range of 21.6 °C–28.0 °C, pH 4.0–7.0, organic matter 0.56–5.99 %, moisture 9.6–31.7 %, water holding capacity 14.6–43.9 % and bulk density 0.7–1.8 g cm−3. The average density and biomass of the earthworms in the studied places were 108 ind m−2 and 44 g m−2 respectively. Earthworm diversity, dominance and evenness indices showed the values 1.00, 0.47 and 0.70 respectively. Earthworm density and biomass showed a negative correlation with temperature whereas those had a strong positive correlation with pH, moisture and organic matter of the soils.

A survey work was conducted in Satkoshia-Baisapalli Wildlife Sanctuary in Odisha, India, where altogether 10 earthworm species were collected. Out of these, four species—Pontoscolex corethrurus (Müller, 1856), Metaphire houlleti (Perrier, 1872), Perionyx bainii Stephenson, 1915, Perionyx barotensis Julka & Paliwal 1993—are reported for the first time after the original description and is proved to be a new record for the state of Odisha.

This study presents the first survey of earthworm species from the grasslands of Uttar Pradesh, a northern state of India. The study was conducted in all five political regions (e.g., Agra, Bareilly, Meerut, Moradabad and Saharanpur) of western Uttar Pradesh, during different climatic seasons from the year 2007 till 2009. Seven species belonging to two earthworm families were recorded: Metaphire posthuma (Vaillant), Lampito mauritii (Kinberg, 1867) and Perionyx excavatus (Perrier, 1872) from Megascolecidae and Eutyphoeus i.e. E. waltoni (Michaelsen, 1907), E. gigas (Stephenson, 1917), E. orientalis (Beddard, 1883) and E. pharpingianus (Michaelsen, 1907) from Octochaetidae. Moradabad was identified as the region of western Uttar Pradesh showing the highest species richness of earthworms during rainy season (July to October). Species richness and density of worms were assessed the maximum in Moradabad and the minimum density in Saharanpur during peak winter months i.e. from November to February. Ho...