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In recent years, essential oils (EOs) as alternatives to synthetic pesticides in managing pests have been assessed. The use of bioinsecticide in pest management is encouraged in agroecology for a sustainable agricultural system. Essential oils of Lantana camara L. leaves from different climatic zones of Kenya were extracted by steam distillation and analyzed through GC-MS to identify the compounds. The contact toxicity and repellent activity of EOs against the invasive tomato pest, Tuta absoluta, were tested. The toxicological assays were performed following the leaf-dip bioassay protocol, while the repellency activity was performed using the repellent response method for phytophagous pests and the data analyzed using the ANOVA test. It was found that L. camara EO has a good insecticidal activity with higher mortality (89%) on the 2nd instar larvae with a higher dosage (0.01 µl/µl). The repellence test also showed a higher average repellence (93.44%) effect with a higher dosage (0.01 µl/µl) of the EOs. According to these results, the EO of L. camara may well be a sustainable, eco-friendly alternative for synthetic insecticide in the T. absoluta management program. Key words: Bioinsecticide; essential oil, integrated pest management, invasive species, secondary metabolites.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the essential oil composition as well as antibacterial activities of essential oil of Lantana camara L flowers against four bacterial strains. Essential oil of Lantana camara L flowers was obtained by hydrodistillation method using Sthal and analyzed by GC-MS. The antibacterial activities of essential oil were tested by using disk diffusion method against four bacterial strains. Results showed 72 compounds for Lantana flowers essential oil, of which caryophyllene (10,87%), davanone (9.84%), a-humulene (7.59%), a-curcumene (3.35%), germacrene D (3.09%), calarene (2.42%), a-muurolene (2.27%), p-cymene (1.79%), 1,8 cineole (1.59%) , δ-cadinene (1.59%), a-copaene (1.12%), nerolidol B (1%) and ß-ocimene (0.54%) were detected as major components. Antibacterial activity assay of Lantana camara L flowers essential oil was examined against four bacterial strains including Gram (+and-) by using disk diffusion agar method. All the tested Gram (+and-) bacterial strains displayed slight to moderate antibacterial activity (7 – 10 mm) against all concentrations of essential oil. The essential oil of Lantana camara L flowers showed remarkable antibacterial activity with inhibition in concentrations of 10% and 20% against the phatogen bacterias Basillus subtilis (9.6 mm; 10.8 mm), Propionibacterium acnes ( 7.6 mm; 8.7 mm), Eschechia coli ( 8.4 mm ; 9.6 mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( 8.3 mm ; 9.3 mm) showed from zone of inhibition that was formed, zone of inhibition in concentration 20% was bigger than concentration 10%.

I Lantana camara L. Small shrub, in thicket and farmland, fallow and disturbed sites. C.N.: kalombele, kandanda, kalobele, kalomba (kb). Uses: medicinal. Introduced and naturalized species, native to South America., Published as part of Monteiro, Francisca, Costa, Esperança Da, Kissanga, Raquel, Costa, José Carlos & Catarino, Luís, 2022, An annotated checklist of the vascular flora of Quiçama National Park, Angola, pp. 1-67 in Phytotaxa 557 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.557.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6985699

Mosquitoes play an important role in the spread of vector-borne diseases and their management is highly essential. Plant extracts have been explored for their mosquitocidal activity against different types of vectors. The present work aimed to determine the larvicidal and pupicidal activity of Lantana camara L. essential oil-loaded nano-emulsion formulation for the control of pests. The synthesized essential oil-loaded nano-emulsion was subjected to evaluate the antioxidant potential and mosquito larvicidal properties. GC-MS analysis revealed that the essential oil of Lantana camara L. leaf contained 12 bioactive components. Caryophyllene oxide (15.81), n-Hexadecanoic acid (4.22), Davanone (6.49) and beta-Sesquiphellandrene (2.32) are the major compounds identified. The nano-emulsion was effective against A. aegypti immature stage (larvae and pupae) and adult mosquitoes in laboratory conditions. The LC

Lantana camara is a plant that is used empirically for traditional medicine. This plant has the potential to be developed as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant drug because it contains flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids[1] essential oils[19], carbohydrates, proteins, glycosides, oligosaccharides, kinins, steroids, triterpenoids, and sesquiterpenes[2]. Therefore this article is created in order to provide information about the various research that supports evidence of conformity with the use of this plant empirically as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. Antioxidant activities were obtained in Lantana camara plants by using the DPPH method which showed high IC50 values compared to the standard drug. The anti-inflammatory activity of lantana leaves showed that they had different anti-inflammatory effects depending on the dose given. From the results of the review, empirical evidence of pharmacological activity was found from the use of the lantana plant leaves.

* Lantana camara L. — Habit: Shrub. Habitat: LMWF. Distribution: IV. Voucher: Meru Forest, Alt. 1 746 m, 20 Jan. 2015, SAJIT 002383 (HIB). References: K.F.S. (2010)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464

Lantana camara (L.) from family Verbenaceae, is an ornamental, annual noxious invasive weed native to tropical America but now found in many other countries due to its fast growth and spread. It has the potential to diminish native plants and can survive under variety of adverse abiotic stresses. Plants growing under natural conditions at different temperatures were sampled and used for various metabolic analysis. Indices like Malondialdehyde (MDA), Membrane Injury Index (MII), Membrane Stability Index (MSI) and stomata measurements were performed on stomata and pollens under adverse conditions. For studying the reason behind high level of invasiveness of Lantana, in-tissue localisation of various secondary metabolites and antioxidant enzymes and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated in stomata and pollens. The histochemical level of secondary metabolites (lignin, lipids, suberin, cellulose, hemicellulose, callose) were increased in stomata and pollens under adverse abiotic stress conditions as compared to control conditions. Similarly, in-tissue localisation of various antioxidants viz: Glutathione, Thioredoxin reductase, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase), Catalase, Superoxide Dismutase, Peroxidase, Monodehydroascorbate reductase increased substantially under cold and heat stress compared to control in stomata and pollens. Elevated levels under stressful conditions suggests the role of all these enzymes and secondary metabolites in plant stress tolerance against environmental abiotic stress conditions. Therefore, it can be implied from the results that invasive alien plants can protect themselves from certain stresses by accumulating ROS scavenging enzymes and other stress related metabolites.

Lantana camara L. is widely used in folk medicine for alleviation of inflammatory disorders, but studies that proved this folk use and that revealed the molecular mechanism of action in inflammation mitigation are not enough. Therefore, this study aimed to identify L. camara phytoconstituents using UPLC-MS/MS and explain their multi-level mechanism of action in inflammation alleviation using network pharmacology analysis together with molecular docking and in vitro testing. Fifty-seven phytoconstituents were identified in L. camara extract, from which the top hit compounds related to inflammation were ferulic acid, catechin gallate, myricetin and iso-ferulic acid. Whereas the most enriched inflammation related genes were PRKCA, RELA, IL2, MAPK 14 and FOS. Furthermore, the most enriched inflammation-related pathways were PI3K-Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Molecular docking revealed that catechin gallate possessed the lowest binding energy against PRKCA, RELA and IL2, while myricetin had the most stabilized interaction against MAPK14 and FOS. In vitro cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory testing indicated that L. camara extract is safer than piroxicam and has a strong anti-inflammatory activity comparable to it. This study is a first step in proving the folk uses of L. camara in palliating inflammatory ailments and institutes the groundwork for future clinical studies.

Red sage (Lantana camara L.) (Verbenaceae) is a widely spread plant that was traditionally used in Brazil, India, Kenya, Thailand, Mexico, Nigeria, Australia and Southeast Asia for treating several ailments including rheumatism and leprosy. Despite its historical role in relieving respiratory diseases, limited studies progressed to the plant's probable inhibition to respiratory viruses especially after the striking spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections.This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory activity of different L. camara cultivars to SARS-CoV-2, that was not previously inspected, and clarify their mechanisms of action in the metabolomics viewpoint, and to determine the biomarkers that are related to such activity using UPLC-MS/MS coupled to in vitro-studies and chemometric analysis.Chemical profiling of different cultivars was accomplished via UPLC-MS/MS. Principle component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection to latent structures (OPLS) models were built using SIMCA® (multivariate data analysis software). Cytotoxicity and COVID-19 inhibitory activity testing were done followed by TaqMan Real-time RT-PCR (Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) assay that aimed to study extracts' effects on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and E-genes expression levels. Detected biomarkers from OPLS analysis were docked into potential targets pockets to investigate their possible interaction patterns using Schrodinger® suite.UPLC-MS/MS analysis of different cultivars yielded 47 metabolites, most of them are triterpenoids and flavonoids. PCA plots revealed that inter-cultivar factor has no pronounced effect on the chemical profiles of extracts except for L. camara, cultivar Drap d'or flowers and leaves extracts as well as for L. camara cv Chelsea gem leaves extract. Among the tested extracts, flowers and leaves extracts of L. camara cv Chelsea gem, flowers extracts of L. camara cv Spreading sunset and L. camara cv Drap d'or showed the highest selectivity indices scoring 12.3, 10.1, 8.6 and 7.8, respectively, indicating their relative high safety and efficacy. Leaves and flowers extracts of L. camara cv Chelsea gem, flowers extracts of L. camara cv Spreading sunset and L. camara cv Drap d'or were the most promising inhibitors to viral plaques exhibiting ICFlowers and leaves extracts of four L. camara cultivars were recognized as rich sources of phytoconstituents possessing anti-COVID-19 activity. Combination of UPLC-MS/MS and chemometrics is a promising approach to detect chemical composition differences among the cultivars and correlate them to COVID-19 inhibitory activities allowing to pinpoint possible biomarkers. Further in-vitro and in-vivo studies are required to verify their activity.

Lantana camara L. is an economically important essential oil producing plant belonging to family Verbenaceae. It is used in medication for treating various diseases like cancer, ulcers, tumor, asthma and fever. The plant is a useful source of essential bioactive compounds such as steroids, flavonoids and phenylpropanoid glycosides etc. Nonetheless, very little is known about the genomic or transcriptomic resources of L. camara, and this might be the reason of hindering molecular studies leading to identification of improved lines. Here we used Illumina sequencing platform and performed the L. camara leaf (LCL) and root (LCR) de novo transcriptome analyses. A total of 70,155,594 and 84,263,224 clean reads were obtained and de novo assembly generated 72,877 and 513,985 unigenes from leaf (LCL) and root (LCR) respectively. Furthermore, the pathway analysis revealed the presence of 229 and 943 genes involved in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in leaf and root tissues respectively. Similarity search was performed against publically available genome databases and best matches were found with Sesamum indicum (67.5%) that were much higher than that of Arabidopsis thaliana (3.9%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of leaf and root tissues of this non-model plant from family Verbenaceae and may serve as a baseline for further molecular studies.

Genus Lantana L. comprises of 129 species under the family Verbenaceae and Lantana camara L. is a significant invasive weed species whose growth form is bushy scandent shrub. Inspite of being one of the World's worse invader, this plant species is used in Indian traditional system of medicine to treat ulcers, skin rashes, leprosy, asthma, and various viral disease such as rabies, chicken pox, and measles. Extract of L. camara has cytotoxic effect against certain cancer cell lines. Leaves of L. camara show insecticidal, antibacterial, and fungicidal properties. This species possesses essential oils and different type of phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds, proteins, alkaloids, and carbohydrates (glycosides, oligosaccharides, iridoid glycosides, phenylethanoid, quinine, saponins, steroids, triterpenes, sesquiterpenoids, and tannin) present in different parts of the plant. In addition to these phytochemicals, L. camara also contains flavonoids that have reductive ability indicating antioxidant and anticancerous activities. This communication deals with ethnobotany and phytochemistry of L. camara and its scope in future research for medicine and herbal formulation development.

Exotic invasive plants endanger the integrity of agricultural and natural systems throughout the world. Thus, the development of cost-effective and economic application of invasive plants is warranted. Here, we characterized fifteen biochars derived from five invasive plants at different temperatures (300, 500, and 700 °C) by determining their yield, ash content, pH, CEC, surface area, elementary composition, functional groups, and mineral composition. We conducted batch adsorption experiments to investigate the adsorption capacity and efficiency for Cd

A new species belonging to genus Epitrimerus Nalepa from Egypt is described and illustrated, namely Epitrimerus lantanae sp. nov. from Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae). The new species is vagrant on the lower and upper leaf surfaces of their host plant. No damage to the host was observed. A key to the species of Epitrimerus in Egypt is provided. In addition, a list of all known species of eriophyoid mites found on Lantana sp. is also provided.

Dispersal is an important ecological process that affects plant population structure and community composition. Invasive plants with fleshy fruits rapidly form associations with native and invasive dispersers, and may affect existing native plant-disperser associations. We asked whether frugivore visitation rate and fruit removal was associated with plant characteristics in a community of fleshy-fruited plants and whether an invasive plant receives more visitation and greater fruit removal than native plants in a semi-arid habitat of Andhra Pradesh, India. Tree-watches were undertaken at individuals of nine native and one invasive shrub species to assess the identity, number and fruit removal by avian frugivores. Network analyses and generalised linear mixed-effects models were used to understand species and community-level patterns. All plants received most number of visits from abundant, generalist avian frugivores. Number of frugivore visits and time spent by frugivores at individual plants was positively associated with fruit crop size, while fruit removal was positively associated with number of frugivore visits and their mean foraging time at individual plants. The invasive shrub, Lantana camara L. (Lantana), had lower average frugivore visit rate than the community of fleshy-fruited plants and received similar average frugivore visits but greater average per-hour fruit removal than two other concurrently fruiting native species. Based on the results of our study, we infer that there is little evidence of competition between native plants and Lantana for the dispersal services of native frugivores and that more data are required to assess the nature of these interactions over the long term. We speculate that plant associations with generalist frugivores may increase the functional redundancy of this frugivory network, buffering it against loss of participating species.

We evaluated the impact of the gall-forming mite, Aceria lantanae (Cook) (Acari: Trombidiformes: Eriophyidae) on flower and fruit production by coppicing shoots, following pruning, of a widely distributed variety (light pink 163LP) of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) in South Africa. Counts, at three different sites, of developed inflorescences, flowers and fruits and the extent of A. lantanae galling were done for coppicing shoots at four different stages of growth (3, 6, 9- and 12-months post-pruning). The percentages of shoots with at least one A. lantanae gall, and the numbers of inflorescence galled per shoot were not significantly different between the three sites. The production of developed inflorescences and fruits were significantly reduced by up to 7.4 and 8.8-folds respectively on the untreated shoots, which were subject to attack and galling by A. lantanae, compared to shoots where A. lantanae had been excluded by insecticide-treatment. The relationship between shoot ages post-pruning and the numbers of flowers and fruits produced were significantly different for both the insecticide-treated and untreated shoots. However, the production of developed inflorescences and fruits for the shoots colonized by A. lantanae was significantly less than that for those shoots that had been insecticide-treated. Our results indicate that A. lantanae has the ability to recolonize and reduce the reproductive capacity of mechanically cleared, coppicing and regenerating growth of lantana, and thus can play an important, and as yet largely unrecognized, role in the integrated management of the 163LP variety of L. camara in South Africa.

The identification of hyperaccumulators is a key step for the phytoextraction of contaminated soils. However, few cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulators have been identified in the plant kingdom. In our previous field investigations, Lantana camara L. plants exhibited some traits of hyperaccumulators. To confirm whether this species is a Cd hyperaccumulator, laboratory dose-gradient experiments and field sample analysis experiments were first designed and implemented in an integrated manner. The results showed that lantana plants did not exhibit any visible damage or marked reduction in shoot biomass when grown in Cd-contaminated soil with less than 100 mg kg−1 Cd. Moreover, the lantana plants exhibited high Cd tolerance with effective coordination of photosynthesis and rapid reactive oxygen species scavenging. Most importantly, the bioaccumulation factors (BFs) and translocation factors (TFs) were greater than 1.0 in all the Cd treatments, while the Cd concentrations in the shoots were all greater than those in the roots and were also greater than 100 mg kg−1, the threshold value for a Cd hyperaccumulator. Our data provide comprehensive evidence that lantana plants have the typical characteristics of a Cd hyperaccumulator and thus can be regarded as potential Cd-hyperaccumulating plants for the restoration of Cd-polluted soils.

Lantana camara L. ��� Un individu subspontan�� sur le talus de la route D168 �� l���entr��e Est du village de Conca, 13.7.2017, Georges, N. observation. Identifi�� en Corse �� l�����tat spontan�� pour la premi��re fois en 1996 �� Ajaccio (ALPHAND, Candollea 52: 262, 1997), cette esp��ce exotique a ��t�� plus r��cemment observ��e sur la c��te orientale �� Porto-Vecchio (TISON, Candollea 67: 321, 2012)., Published as part of Jeanmonod, Daniel & ��d., 2018, Notes �� la flore de Corse, XXVI, pp. 75-90 in Candollea 73 (1) on page 90, DOI: 10.15553/c2018v731a7, http://zenodo.org/record/5722166

Lantana camara L. – Un individu subspontané sur le talus de la route D168 à l’entrée Est du village de Conca, 13.7.2017, Georges, N. observation. Identifié en Corse à l’état spontané pour la première fois en 1996 à Ajaccio (ALPHAND, Candollea 52: 262, 1997), cette espèce exotique a été plus récemment observée sur la côte orientale à Porto-Vecchio (TISON, Candollea 67: 321, 2012).

Species of the genus Lantana (Verbenaceae) are among the species studied scientifically. Lantana camara L. and Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. are shrubs present in various countries, where they are often grown as ornamental plants. They have been used in many parts of the world to treat a variety of diseases. For decades, these species have been widely studied with regards to their phytochemical components, among them terpenoids, flavonoids and phenylpropanoids being the more commonly isolated secondary metabolites. Ethnopharmacological information, isolated constituents, as well as the activities of their different phytochemicals are the focus of this chapter. All these aspects allow an evaluation of the ethnopharmacological potential of these species for the utilization of the large biomass of these plants.

Strain XMU 506T, isolated from the rhizosphere soil of an ornamental plant,Lantana camaraL., collected from Xiamen City, China, was identified using a polyphasic approach to clarify its taxonomic position. The aerial mycelium of this organism formed long straight or curved chains of spores and sporangium-like structures. The optimum growth occurred at 28–30 °C, pH 7.0 with 0–1 % NaCl. Strain XMU 506Tshowed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (96.5 %) toKibdelosporangium philippinenseDSM 44226T, and formed a monophyletic clade in the 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic tree together with the type strains of the genusKibdelosporangium. The chemotaxonomic properties further supported the assignment of strain XMU 506Tto the genusKibdelosporangium:meso-diaminopimelic acid was the diagnostic amino acid in the cell wall peptidoglycan; mycolic acids were not present in the cell wall; the whole-cell hydrolysates contained arabinose, galactose, glucose and ribose. The major menaquinone was MK-9(H4); the phospholipids of the isolate comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, OH-phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and unidentified amino-, glyco- and phospholipids; the major fatty acids of the strain were iso-C16 : 0, C17 : 1ω6cand iso-C16 : 1H. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 67.3 mol%. Based on the results of phylogenetic analysis, phenotypic and genotypic characterization, strain XMU 506Trepresents a novel species in the genusKibdelosporangium, for which the nameKibdelosporangium lantanaesp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is XMU 506T( = KCTC 29675T = MCCC 1K00430T).

This study was carried out to quantify ecological distribution, abundance and effects of Lantana camara on different land uses and to assess the perception of local community concerning its impacts on environment and biodiversity of the study area, Abay Millennium Park, Bahir Dar. To do so, 20 m x 20 m (trees) inside which is 5 m x 5 m nest plots (shrubs and saplings), and 2 m x 2 m (seedlings) were laid. Vegetation data were collected using purposive sampling technique with quantitative measurements (DBH, density, seedling and sapling count). Furthermore, semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data about its socio-economic and ecological impacts. Results reveal that L. camara has shown highest invasion (82.1%, grassland) and least invasion (34.6%, riverine forest); cultivated land being intermediate (57.5%). Plant species density was high at the lower class (

Weather is a general stochastic influence on the life history of weeds. In contrast, anthropogenic disturbance (e.g. land use) is an important deterministic influence on weed demography. Our aim with this study was to investigate the relative contributions of land use and weather on the demography of Lantana camara (lantana), a weed of agricultural and natural habitats, based on the intensive monitoring of lantana populations under three land uses (viz. farm[pasture], and burnt and grazed forests) in subtropical Australia. Lantana populations were growing vigorously across all land uses (asymptotic population growth rate, λ > 3). Examination of historical demography using retrospective perturbation analyses showed that weather was a strong influence on lantana demography with the transition from an El Nino (2008–09) to a La Nina (2009–10) year having a strong positive effect on population growth rate. This effect was most marked at the grazed site, and to a lesser extent at the burnt site, with seedling-to-juvenile and juvenile-to-adult transitions contributing most to these effects. This is likely the result of burning and grazing having eliminated/reduced interspecific competition at these sites. Prospective perturbation analyses revealed that λ was most sensitive to proportionate changes in growth transitions, followed by fecundity and survival transitions. Examination of context-specific patterns in elasticity revealed that growth and fecundity transitions are likely to be the more critical vital rates to reduce λ in wet years at the burnt and grazed forest sites, compared to the farm/pasture site. Management of lantana may need to limit the transition of juveniles into the adult stages, especially in sites where lantana is free from competition (e.g. in the presence of fire or grazing), and this particularly needs to be achieved in wet years. Collectively, these results shed light on aspects of spatial and temporal variation in the demography of lantana, and offer insights on its context-specific management.

Long term effects of lantana (Lantana camera L.) residue and fertilizer application were studied on nitrogen (N) fractions in a Typic Hapludalf under rice-wheat cropping at Palampur, India (32°6’N, 76°3’E). After 12 crop cycles, lantana and fertilizer application showed an additive effect on the buildup of different N fractions. Hydrolyzable-N constituted 86% of total organic-N and 84% of total-N. All fractions of N except unidentified-N, non-hydrolyzable-N, and total-N were strongly interdependent and had a positive influence on grain yield and N uptake in rice and wheat crops. Serine+threonine-N was the most important fraction contributing towards grain yield and N uptake in rice and wheat. Fertilizers at 66% of recommendation plus lantana at 10 t ha−1 maintained higher available-N than that under 100% fertilizers alone; the N content was same as 12 years before. Inclusion of lantana indicated net saving of 33% fertilizers plus higher yields and sustained soil health.

Lantana camara L, widely used in folk medicine, presents toxicity for farm animals. The acute poisoning effects of the apolar and polar L. camara L. extracts in mice were done. The percentage of death during 7 days after treatment, the acute signs of toxicity as well as the general activity observed in open field were assessed. The extracts were administered by i.p. route at 1.5, 3.0 and 5.0 g/kg. Animals were evaluated during the first 2 h after the treatments to assess the acute signs of toxicity and daily observations were done for the presence of death. In the end of the experiment, at day 7, or immediately after death the animals had their organs removed, weighted and observed for macroscopic alterations. (1)H NMR and TLC analysis suggest the presence of triterpenoids in the apolar phase but not in the polar phase. Results showed also that both extracts produced similar percentage of death, mainly after 2 days of treatment; only the apolar extract presented a dose-dependent increased lethality. At necropsy, mice treated by both apolar and polar extracts were severely icteric, dehydrated and constipated, with hepatosis, showed congested heart and lung, and nephrosis; no skin lesions were shown. The main signs of toxicity revealed a decreased spontaneous general activity. In addition, it was observed a decreased duration of locomotion and animal rearing parallel to an increased immobility in the open field. The similarity of the signs related to the acute toxicity for both apolar and polar extracts suggested that the extracts have some of the active toxic principles in common. Data from open field behavior and spontaneous signs of toxicity suggest that the toxic principles have depressive properties on central nervous system.

Phosphate rock ores, rich in phosphorus (P), are mined in great quantities around the world for the production of P fertilizers. However, availability of phosphate reserves is in question due to decreasing global supplies. Therefore, application of alternative, renewable P sources is of interest. Poultry litter ash (PLA), a byproduct of bioenergy production, contains P concentrations comparable to conventional fertilizers. In this experiment, two P sources, PLA and superphosphate (SP), were compared at two P application rates and two liming rates as fertilizer sources for the production of two commonly-grown greenhouse crops (Verbena canadensis Britton ‘Homestead Purple’ and Lantana camara L.‘New Gold’). Application of PLA produced plants of comparable biomass and quality to those fertilized with SP. Increasing P application rate, across both P sources, increased total flower numbers 42 and 26% for verbena and lantana, respectively. Foliar P concentrations of verbena and lantana increased 27 and 62% for PLA-fertilized plants compared to SP. In addition, substrate pH increased 25% using PLA versus SP. Overall, PLA supplies adequate P fertility and does not reduce pH compared to the more water-soluble, rock phosphate based SP fertilizer.

Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) is a weed of great significance in Australia and worldwide, but little is known about connections among compo- nents of its life history. We document over a 3-year period, the links between L. camara seed-bank dynamics and its above-ground growth, including size asymmetry in four land-use types (a farm, a hoop pine plantation and two open eucalypt forests) invaded by the weed near Brisbane, Queensland Australia. Seed- bank populations varied appreciably across sites and in response to rainfall and control measures, and they were higher (*1,000 seeds/m 2 ) when annual rainfall was 15-30 % below the long-term yearly average. Fire reduced seed-bank populations but not the proportion germinating (6-8 %). Nearly a quarter of fresh seeds remain germinable after 3 years of soil burial. For small seedlings (\10 cm high), the expected trade-offs in two life-history traits—survival and growth—did not apply; rather the observed positive association between these two traits, coupled with a persistent seed-bank population could contrib- ute to the invasiveness of the plant. Relationships between absolute growth rate and initial plant size (crown volume) were positively linear, suggesting that most populations are still at varying stages of the exponential phase of the sigmoid growth; this trend also suggests that at most sites and despite increasing stand density and limiting environmental resources of light and soil moisture, lantana growth is inversely size asymmetric. From the observed changes in measures of plant size inequality, asymmetric com- petition appeared limited in all the infestations surveyed.

It is at the population level that an invasion either fails or succeeds. Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) is a weed of great significance in Queensland Australia and globally but its whole life-history ecology is poorly known. Here we used 3 years of field data across four land use types (farm, hoop pine plantation and two open eucalyptus forests, including one with a triennial fire regime) to parameterise the weed’s vital rates and develop size-structured matrix models. Lantana camara in its re-colonization phase, as observed in the recently cleared hoop pine plantation, was projected to increase more rapidly (annual growth rate, λ = 3.80) than at the other three sites (λ 1.88–2.71). Elasticity analyses indicated that growth contributed more (64.6 %) to λ than fecundity (18.5 %) or survival (15.5 %), while across size groups, the contribution was of the order: juvenile (19–27 %) ≥ seed (17–28 %) ≥ seedling (16–25 %) > small adult (4–26 %) ≥ medium adult (7–20 %) > large adult (0–20 %). From a control perspective it is difficult to determine a single weak point in the life cycle of lantana that might be exploited to reduce growth below a sustaining rate. The triennial fire regime applied did not alter the population elasticity structure nor resulted in local control of the weed. However, simulations showed that, except for the farm population, periodic burning could work within 4–10 years for control of the weed, but fire frequency should increase to at least once every 2 years. For the farm, site-specific control may be achieved by 15 years if the biennial fire frequency is tempered with increased burning intensity.

Invasive species pose a major threat to biodiversity which may be intensified by the effects of climate change, particularly if favourable climate conditions allow invasives to spread to new areas. This research explores the combined effects of climate change and soil drainage on the potential future distribution of Lantana camara L. (lantana) in Queensland, Australia. Lantana is an invasive woody shrub species that has a profound economic and environmental impact worldwide. CLIMEX was used to develop a process-based niche model of lantana to estimate its potential distribution under current and future climate. Two Global Climate Models (GCMs), CSIRO-Mk3.0 and MIROC-H, were used to explore the impacts of climate change. These models were run with the A1B and A2 scenarios for 2030, 2070 and 2100. Further refinements of the potential distributions were carried out through the integration of fine scale soil drainage data in a Geographic Information System (GIS). The results from both GCMs show a progressive reduction in climatic suitability for lantana in Queensland. The MIROC-H projects a larger area as remaining at risk of lantana invasion in 2100 compared to CSIRO-Mk3.0. Inclusion of soil drainage data results in a more refined distribution. Overall results show a dramatic reduction in potential distribution of lantana in Queensland in the long term (2100). However, in the short term (2030), areas such as South East Queensland and the Wet Tropics, both regions of significant ecological importance, remain at risk of invasion consistently under both GCMs and with both the climate only and climate and soil drainage models. Management of lantana in these regions will need to be prioritized to protect environmental assets of ecological significance.

The primary objective of this paper is to evaluate the utility of different Indian remote sensing sensors for detection, mapping and patch size estimation of Lantana camara L. (Kurri). The latter, of the family Verbinaceae, is one of the most aggressive invasive plant species and has colonized large areas of forest land in the Himalayan foothills (Shiwalik range). The State Forest Departments of India are planning to develop a suitable strategy to halt its invasion. The first step in this direction is to have accurate information on the location and spread of the plant in spatial format. The test site is part of the forest of the Rajaji National Park, Uttarakhand. Indian Remote Sensing-Linear Imaging Self-Scanning Sensor (IRS-LISS) III (multi-spectral, 23.5 m), IRS-LISS IV (multi-spectral, 5.8 m), Cartosat-1 (Panchromatic, 2.5 m) and a merged image of LISS IV and Cartosat-1 using Brovey fusion techniques were used to map Lantana camara L. Further improvement was obtained using texture analysis. The study demonstrates the potentiality of LISS IV and Cartosat-1 data for detection and mapping of Lantana camara L. The results show the feasibility of developing a semi-automated procedure to map and analyse the distribution of Lantana in forest areas.

As with many invasive plant species, little is known of the population spatial patterns and stand dynamics of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae)—a thicket-forming weed of worldwide significance in managed and conservation lands, including coastal and inland habitats of Eastern Australia. Consequently, we mapped and followed annually for 3 years the demographic fate of more than 2000 Lantana individuals at sites with four land-uses (hoop pine plantation, cattle farm, and two eucalyptus forests with occasional grazing and periodic burning regime, respectively) in Queensland, SE Australia. Populations exhibited plant size distributions that were continuous (i.e., of L or symmetric type) and unimodal, except the farm population where bimodality was observed. Newly established plants could be reproductive within one growing season at ~50 cm in height, especially where environmental resources were not limiting. Density had an appreciable effect on the weed’s reproductive capacity and growth, but not on survival. Established and newly recruited individuals were aggregated but the degree of aggregation decreased with plant size. However, in the sites that had experienced burning or mechanical clearing, Lantana seedling/juvenile recruitment assumed negative association (spatial displacement) in relation to established individuals. The findings of this study agree with the notion that ecological processes often leave characteristic spatial signatures, which if interpreted using appropriate hypotheses can help to ascertain factors responsible for the observed spatial patterns and stand dynamics.

The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of vermicomposting of two noxious terrestrial weeds Lantana camara L. and Parthenium hysterophorus L. A plastic crate was used to design a compost pit and both weeds were mixed in the 1:1 ratio. Five different concentrations of weed mixture and cow dung were prepared and Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826) was used for vermicomposting. Physicochemical parameters of samples were analysed after 45, 60 and 90 days. Several physicochemical characteristics, important in terms of fertility, were measured in all treatments. A decrease in pH, conductivity and total organic carbon was observed in all experimental pits during the 90-day cycle. An increase in the concentration of total nitrogen, potassium, sodium, and phosphorus was also observed. The results indicated that Parthenium and Lantana can be used as raw material along with cow dung for vermicomposting.

Alien plant invaders significantly threaten native community diversity, although it is poorly understood whether invasion initiates a linear or non-linear loss of resident species. Where low abundances of an invader have little impact on native species diversity, then a threshold level may exist, above which native communities rapidly decline. Our aim was to assess the broadscale effects of an alien thicket-forming shrub, lantana (Lantana camara L.), on wet sclerophyll forest in southeastern Australia. Vascular plant species richness, abundance and composition were measured and compared along a gradient of lantana invasion. There was a strong negative non-linear relationship between native species richness and lantana cover, indicative of an impact threshold. Native species richness remained stable below 75% lantana cover, but declined rapidly above this threshold level, leading to compositional change. Thus, sparse lantana infestations had evidently little effect on the resident community, with impacts elicited at an advanced stage of invasion. The impact of lantana was pervasive, with all major structural groups (i.e. ferns, herbs, shrubs, trees and vines) exhibiting significant species losses; however, the rate of species loss was relatively greater for tree and shrub species, signalling a shift in vegetation structure from tall open forest to low, dense lantana-dominated shrubland. Potentially, broadscale conservation of species diversity could be achieved by maintaining lantana infestations below the 75% cover impact threshold at sites containing regionally common species that are also widely represented in non-invaded vegetation. This would enable targeted invader eradication at sites of high conservation value (i.e. those containing regionally rare species or endangered ecological communities).

The dry deciduous forest of northern India is being progressively invaded by an alien invasive woody shrub Lantana camara L. (Lantana). The invasion of lantana threatens the survival of many species. This study examines the demographic instability of tree species at different levels of lantana cover. Based on proportion of seedlings of a species in its total population (seedling+sapling+adult), about 39.5% and 60% of total 38 species exhibited local demographic instability at different levels of lantana cover for the first and the second census respectively. This decline in species could be attributed to altered microenvironment (light, pH and temperature) beneath the lantana bushes. The study concludes that the presence of lantana shrub as dense understorey perturbs the seedling recruitment of native tree species in the forest and this leads to differential depletion of native trees.

Plant invasions of natural communities are commonly associated with reduced species diversity and altered ecosystem structure and function. This study investigated the effects of invasion and management of the woody shrub Lantana camara (lantana) in wet sclerophyll forest on the south-east coast of Australia. The effects of L. camara invasion and management on resident vegetation diversity and recruitment were determined as well as if invader management initiated community recovery. Vascular plant species richness, abundance and composition were surveyed and compared across L. camara invaded, non-invaded and managed sites following L. camara removal during a previous control event by land managers. Native tree juvenile and adult densities were compared between sites to investigate the potential effects of L. camara on species recruitment. Invasion of L. camara led to a reduction in species richness and compositions that diverged from non-invaded vegetation. Species richness was lower for fern, herb, tree and vine species, highlighting the pervasive threat of L. camara. For many common tree species, juvenile densities were lower within invaded sites than non-invaded sites, yet adult densities were similar across all invasion categories. This indicates that reduced species diversity is driven in part by recruitment limitation mechanisms, which may include allelopathy and resource competition, rather than displacement of adult vegetation. Management of L. camara initiated community recovery by increasing species richness, abundance and recruitment. While community composition following L. camara management diverged from non-invaded vegetation, vigorous tree and shrub recruitment signals that long-term community reinstatement will occur. However, secondary weed invasion occurred following L. camara control. Follow-up weed control may be necessary to prevent secondary plant invasion following invader management and facilitate long-term community recovery.

The biology and host range of the cerambycid beetle Aerenicopsis championi Bates, a potential biological control agent for the weed Lantana camara L., were studied. A. championi is a univoltine species associated with L. camara, L. urticifolia, and L. hirsuta in Mexico and Central America. In Mexico, adult emergence occurred in May and June at the start of the rainy season. Larvae fed within the stems over a 9- to 12-month period and caused damage to the plant. The insect was imported into Australia, where a procedure for rearing it in the laboratory was developed. Host-range tests indicated that adults oviposited and larvae commenced development in L. camara and L. montevidensis but not in any of 57 other species tested. A CLIMEX model indicated that most areas infested with lantana in Australia would have a favorable climate for A. championi. Permission to release this insect in Australia was obtained and three small releases were made in southern Queensland in February 1995.

This study investigated the preharvest carbohydrate status and postharvest ethylene action of unrooted shoot-tip cuttings of lantana ‘Dallas Red’ harvested at three times during the day (0800, 1200, and 1600 hr) in relation to subsequent leaf abscission, shoot apices blackening, and adventitious root formation. The cuttings harvested at various times during the day were stored in darkness at 20 ± 1 °C for 4 days in sealed polyethylene bags. The cuttings harvested at 0800 hr had lowest total nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations; however, the amount of ethylene production during postharvest storage was similar among harvest times and increased during the storage period. After 4 days of storage, 69% of the leaves of cuttings harvested at 0800 hr abscised, but only 22% and 8% of the leaves abscised in cuttings harvested at 1200 and 1600 hr, respectively. Application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) increased ethylene production and suppressed leaf abscission regardless of the harvest time, but cuttings harvested at 0800 hr developed blackened shoot apices. Leaf abscission was negatively correlated with total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration in the leaves, but no relationship was found with ethylene production. These results indicate that a high endogenous carbohydrate status decreases the postharvest ethylene sensitivity in unrooted shoot-tip cuttings of lantana. Time of harvest influenced subsequent rooting response; however, 1-MCP application did not inhibit rooting. Among various storage treatments, the best rooting response was observed in cuttings harvested at 1600 hr and treated with 1-MCP. Therefore, significant improvement of postharvest storage quality in vegetative lantana cuttings could be achieved by harvesting cuttings late in the day and treating with 1-MCP.

Drug resistance in the treatment of neglected parasitic diseases, such as leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis, has led to the search and development of alternative drugs from plant origins. In this context, the essential oil extracted by hydro-distillation from Lantana camara leaves was tested against Leishmania braziliensis and Trypanosoma cruzi. The results demonstrated that L. camara essential oil inhibited T. cruzi and L. braziliensis with IC50 of 201.94 μg/mL and 72.31 μg/mL, respectively. L. camara essential oil was found to be toxic to NCTC929 fibroblasts at 500 μg/mL (IC50 = 301.42 μg/mL). The composition of L. camara essential oil analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) revealed large amounts of (E)-caryophyllene (23.75%), biciclogermacrene (15.80%), germacrene D (11.73%), terpinolene (6.1%), and sabinene (5.92%), which might be, at least in part, responsible for its activity. Taken together, our results suggest that L. camara essential oil may be an important source of therapeutic agents for the development of alternative drugs against parasitic diseases.

Streams are periodically disturbed due to flooding, act as edges between habitats and also facilitate the dispersal of propagules, thus being potentially more vulnerable to invasions than adjoining regions. We used a landscape-wide transect-based sampling strategy and a mixed effects modelling approach to understand the effects of distance from stream, a rainfall gradient, light availability and fire history on the distribution of the invasive shrub Lantana camara L.(lantana) in the tropical dry forests of Mudumalai in southern India. The area occupied by lantana thickets and lantana stem abundance were both found to be highest closest to streams across this landscape with a rainfall gradient. There was no advantage in terms of increased abundance or area occupied by lantana when it grew closer to streams in drier areas as compared to moister areas. On an average, the area covered by lantana increased with increasing annual rainfall. Areas that experienced greater number of fires during 1989-2010 had lower lantana stem abundance irrespective of distance from streams. In this landscape, total light availability did not affect lantana abundance. Understanding the spatially variable environmental factors in a heterogeneous landscape influencing the distribution of lantana would aid in making informed management decisions at this scale.

The present work was designed to appraise how different extraction solvents and techniques affect the extractability of antioxidant and antimicrobial components from Lantana camara (L. camard) flowers.Four extraction solvents including 100% methanol, 80% methanol, 100% ethanol and 80% ethanol coupled with three extraction techniques namely stirring, microwave-assisted stirring and ultrasonic-assisted stirring employed to isolate extractable components from the flowers of L. camara. The extracts produced were evaluated for their antioxidant and antimicrobial attributes.The yield of extractable components varied over a wide range 4.87-30.00% in relation to extraction solvent and techniques. The extracts produced contained considerable amounts of total phenolics (8.28-52.34 mg GAE/100 g DW) and total flavonoids (1.24-7.88 mg CE/100 g DW). Furthermore, a promising antioxidant activity in terms of DPPH° scavenging, inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation and reducing power, as well as antimicrobial potential of the extracts were recorded against the selected bacterial and fungal strains.It was concluded that both extraction solvent and techniques employed affected the antioxidant and antimicrobial attributes of the extracts from L. camara flowers. With few exceptions, overall methanolic extracts produced by ultrasonic-assisted stirring offered superior activities followed by the microwave-assisted stirring and then stirring. The results advocate the use of appropriate extraction strategies to recover potent antioxidant and antimicrobial agents from the flowers of L. camara for nutraceutical and therapeutic.

Lantana camara L. is regarded both as a notorious weed and a popular ornamental garden plant and has found various uses in folk medicine in many parts of the world. Some taxa of the widely variable L. camara complex are toxic to small ruminants and this effect has been associated with the types and relative amounts of some triterpene ester metabolites. However, L. camara also produces a number of metabolites in good yields and some have been shown to possess useful biological activities. All these aspects are considered in this review to allow an evaluation of the potential for utilisation of the large biomass of Lantana available. The phytochemistry of other members of the Lantana genus is included.

In native forests in Queensland, more than 50 species of mites can be found on the leaves of the invasive weed Lantana camara, including two lantana specialists: the eriophyoid leaf vagrant Rhynacus kraussi and the lantana flower mite Proctolaelaps lobatus. Three exotic pests with broad host ranges are co-invading native forests on lantana: the privet mite Brevipalpus obovatus; the passionvine mite Brevipalpus phoenicis; and the prickly pear spider mite Tetranychus desertorum. In south-eastern Queensland, privet mite was present at three-quarters of the sites sampled, even on isolated plants deep within national parks. A diverse fauna of mostly Australasian endemic natural enemies also colonise lantana; 37 species of predatory mites were identified (including 25 species of Phytoseiidae) and a pathogenic fungus was found attacking prickly pear spider mite in tropical Queensland. Therefore, largely without notice and with unknown consequences, several introduced agricultural pests have invaded native forests on a noxious weed and a host of native natural enemies have responded. The latter could be a severe problem for any mite introduced into Australia to control lantana.

The effect of various plant growth regulators on leaf area development of Lantana camara L. subsp. camara was investigated under three photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) conditions (100%, 72%, and 34% light transmittance). The triazole compounds paclobutrazol (0, 50, 100, 200, and 500 mg·L-1) and triapenthenol (175, 350, 700, and 1400 mg·L-1), as well as the onium-type compounds mepiquat chloride (125, 250, 500, and 1000 mg·L-1) and chlormequat chloride (750, 1500, 3000, and 6000 mg·L-1), were applied as foliar spray solutions in each PPF level after pinching the plants. Leaf area, in general, decreased logarithmically as the concentrations of paclobutrazol and triapenthenol increased at all PPF levels. On the other hand, PPF reduction was found to increase leaf area of lantana plants treated with all concentrations of each regulator. Leaf area reduction of the paclobutrazol and triapenthenol treated plants at all PPF levels exceeded 60% compared with that of nontreated plants. However, the corresponding reduction was 22%, up to 51% for the plants treated with mepiquat chloride and chlormequat chloride. These results indicate that the triazole compounds have a greater effect on the reduction of lantana leaf area than the onium-type compounds. Chemical names used: (2RS, 3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4, 4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1, 2, 4-triazol-1-yl) pentan-3-ol (paclobutrazol); (E)-(RS)-1-cyclohexyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1, 2, 4-triazol-1-yl) pent-1-en-1-ol (triapenthenol); 1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride (mepiquat chloride); (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat chloride).

A survey of the phytophagous arthropod fauna associated with four closely related species of Lantana (L. camara, L. urticifolia, L. urticoides, and L. hirsuta) was undertaken in Mexico and the southern United States between 1988 and 1992 to find biological control agents for L. camara, a serious weed in Australia and elsewhere. Some 261 phytophagous insect or mite species (and two rust fungi) were found. Records of species collected during three previous entomological surveys were added to produce a more complete data set of 550 phytophagous species collected throughout North America. Twenty-six of these were considered to have host ranges confined to the subfamily Verbenoideae and thus to be prospective or actual biological control agents.

Lantana camara L. ��� Porto-Vecchio, talus ombrag��s de la petite route de la baie de Stagnolo, 14.9.2011, Tison, J.-M. observation. Connu jusqu���ici �� l�����tat ����chapp���� seulement aux environs d���Ajaccio. Sur la localit�� de Porto-Vecchio au moins, une future naturalisation est envisageable: il est difficile de savoir si l���esp��ce a ��t�� plant��e ou non �� cet endroit, mais elle n���est nullement entretenue, prend un grand d��veloppement, fructifie et de jeunes exemplaires ont ��t�� observ��s; il s���agit d���un cultivar ou d���un d��riv�� de cultivar(s) paraissant proche des lign��es sauvages, �� corolles jaunes au d��but, virant rapidement �� un rose-lilas assez terne. On peut s���inqui��ter de l���introduction omnipr��sente, sur le littoral corse, de cette plante notoirement invasive. J.-M. TISON, Published as part of Jeanmonod, Daniel & Schl��ssel, Andr��, 2012, Notes et contributions �� la flore de Corse, XXIV, pp. 293-321 in Candollea 67 (2) on page 321, DOI: 10.15553/c2012v672a11, http://zenodo.org/record/5777445

Seventy‐three per cent of dry rainforest in Forty Mile Scrub National Park and large areas in adjacent savanna woodland have more than 5000 individuals per ha of lantana (Lantana camara L.). Transect studies in dry rainforest and savanna woodland across varying intensities of lantana infestation show a negative correlation between the density of lantana and tree cover in rainforest. The density of pig rooting is very high in areas of the dry rainforest on deep soil that was not heavily infested with lantana. It is suggested that the digging activities of these animals may cause tree death and subsequent increased light penetration, which favours lantana. The species richness of the dry rainforest declines as the density of lantana increases. However, the saplings and seedlings and the soil seed bank of dry rainforest and savanna woodland tree species have comparable densities in heavy and light lantana infestations. The proliferation of lantana results in the build up of heavy fuel loads across the boundary of dry rainforest and savanna woodland. Recent fires have killed the canopy trees in a large area of dry rainforest within the Park. Active management of Forty Mile Scrub National Park is urgent and some initiatives are suggested.

Recent discussion on invasive species has invigorated the debate on strategies to manage these species. Lantana camara L., a shrub native to the American tropics, has become one of the worst weeds in recorded history. In Australia, India and South Africa, Lantana has become very widespread occupying millions of hectares of land. Here, we examine historical records to reconstruct invasion and management of Lantana over two centuries and ask: Can we fight the spread of invasive species or do we need to develop strategies for their adaptive management? We carried out extensive research of historical records constituting over 75% of records on invasion and management of this species in the three countries. The records indicate that governments in Australia, India and South Africa have taken aggressive measures to eradicate Lantana over the last two centuries, but these efforts have been largely unsuccessful. We found that despite control measures, the invasion trajectory of Lantana has continued upwards and that post-war land-use change might have been a possible trigger for this spread. A large majority of studies on invasive species address timescales of less than one year; and even fewer address timescales of >10 years. An understanding of species invasions over long time-scales is of paramount importance. While archival records may give only a partial picture of the spread and management of invasive species, in the absence of any other long-term dataset on the ecology of Lantana, our study provides an important insight into its invasion, spread and management over two centuries and across three continents. While the established paradigm is to expend available resources on attempting to eradicate invasive species, our findings suggest that in the future, conservationists will need to develop strategies for their adaptive management rather than fighting a losing battle. publishedVersion

Six herbicide treatments are registered in South Africa for the control of Lantana camara L. (lantana). Three of the treatments were selected for a costing analysis of the initial control of lantana, based on their suitability for specific situations in which lantana commonly occurs as a weed. For the investigation, a work study was performed to separate the cost of preparative operations (slashing) and herbicide application. The volume of the registered concentration of herbicide that was applied was recorded to permit costing of the chemical. Approximately 27 man days ha−1 were required to slash medium to dense stands of lantana and 3.5 man days ha−1 for sparse infestations. For chemical treatment of the stumps, imazapyr (Chopper®) in water was cheaper than picloram/triclopyr (Tordon Super®) in diesel owing to the respective costs of the carriers. The application of glyphosate (Roundup®)to lantana coppice was also more expensive than imazapyr application to the stumps. The efficacy of all three herbicid...

The groundnut weevil, Caryedon serratus, causes significant losses of groundnut stocks in Senegal by developing larvae in the seeds. Essential oils extracted from leaves of two plants that grow naturally in Senegal, i.e. the sugar apple (Annona senegalensis Pers.) and lantana (Lantana camara), were tested on adults of Caryedon serratus. Purified and pulverized kaolin was flavoured with essential oils of A. Senegalensis Pers. and L. camara (Lam) obtained through vapour distillation. Adults C. serratus aged 24 hrs at most were treated with 0.1 g of powder flavoured with increasing doses (12.5 to 50 il/g. of powder) of essential oil. With increasing doses (12.5 to 50 il/g of powder) of essential oil. The powder Aromatized with essential oil of A. senegalensis at concentration 25 il/g. induced 50% mortality after 36 hrs of contact at concentration 25 il/g and 100% after 48 hrs at 50 il/g. The powder mixed with the essential oil of L. camara induced after 12 hours of contact 22% mortality at the dose of 12.5 il/g, the mortality increased with dose duration of exposure and reached 97.22% after 36 hrs with 50il/g.