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On 4/5 December 2015 a slow moving frontal system associated with the extratropical cyclone Storm Desmond brought record-breaking levels of rainfall to Lancaster. Both high ground and low-lying areas were already saturated following the wettest November on record, and on the evening of 5 December the River Lune flooded into the city. Critical road and rail transport networks ground to a halt, and the city and the surrounding areas were left without mains power for 2 days after a key substation flooded, consequently leaving the majority of communication services inoperable. Was this a ‘Perfect Storm’, or a glimpse of what the future may hold for our cities as they face more frequent extreme weather events, set against the backdrop of urban population growth, and increasingly interdependent critical urban infrastructure systems?

Hornby Castle in the Lune valley was the centre of an estate covering manors in north Lancashire and bordering Westmorland and Yorkshire. This volume by Jennifer S. Holt, a well-known economic and ...

A 15.2-ha Roman marching camp has been identified at the northern end of the Lune gorge where the Roman road northwards from Ribchester emerges into the Eden valley and the Cumbrian plain. The road runs here on an alignment that has not been determined before. The camp lies astride the road and faced east. The remains of the camp and the road are described and discussed.

Dean Roden Chapman (1922-1995), an engineer and scientist at NASA Ames Research Center, was one of the founders of astronautics (rocket science). He used his laboratory to produce objects that are very similar to Australian tektites. There were two major questions about tektites in his day: did they come for the Earth or the Moon? And were they caused by meteor impacts or volcanic eruptions? Chapman came to believe that tektites were caused by meteor impacts on the Moon. He made many contributions to our understanding of tektites and was also one of the people who helped NASA get to the Moon. One percent of the Moon was covered with little glass spheres, but they are quite different from the tektites known on the Earth. The data from the Moon rocks was largely incompatible with the theory that terrestrial tektites are derived from the Moon. Chapman stopped publishing papers about tektites, but he remained interested in the subject for the rest of his life and believed that in the long run the lunar impact theory might become dominant again as new data was returned from the Moon. From our present understanding of tektites and the Moon, Chapman failed because he privileged the facts that he generated himself in his laboratory. He was not prepared to study the messy complexity of natural products. He was misled by the meteorite science traditions used in tektite science. He did not use appropriate statistical procedures, and because he was such a famous scientist in his own field the editors of two major journals in which he published did not properly assist him when he was working outside his area of major competence.

Inland fisheries in England and Wales have high economic and social values. Managing participation to maximise fishery performance is key to maintaining this status. The capital value of fishing rights for migratory salmonid fisheries is €165 million. Coarse fisheries contribute €1030 million to the economy. The central tenet to increasing participation in recreational salmonid fisheries is that an increase in stock size will result in more anglers accessing the fishery. This was examined for salmon on the rivers Usk and Lune where exploitation restrictions increased the number of salmon available to anglers. On the River Lune, the number of salmon available post-intervention increased by 66%. There was no significant increase in catch while the number of anglers decreased by 16.3%. On the River Usk, the closure of the net fishery potentially resulted in an additional ∼1200 salmon being available. Following closure, there was no significant change in rod catch or in the number of anglers. Increased participation is dependent less upon stock manipulation for coarse fisheries and more upon facilitating the activity. In recent years, urban fishery development programmes have provided improved access to local fishing opportunity. Also, new anglers have been targeted through campaigns such as Get Hooked on Fishing and the Scout Angler Badge.

The effects of temperature, water level and moon phase on the movements of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) were studied during pre-spawning and spawning season from April to June. Trends in catches and temperature were removed with linear regression. Cross-correlation analysis showed that temperature change one and two days earlier had the strongest effect on catches. Close to the new moon, pikeperch catches increased, whereas changes in water level had no effects on movements.

Several species of invertebrates time the release of larvae with environmental conditions such as oceanographic conditions or the stage of tidal, lunar, or diurnal cycles. The timing of larval release in Petrolisthes cinctipes was estimated based on changes in the proportion of crabs with eggs and the status of eggs over the summer months at three sites in Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia, Canada. A drop in the proportion of crabs with eggs nearly ready to hatch was observed in early July, coincident with the new moon and large amplitude nocturnal ebbing tides. Water temperature and chlorophyll a concentration for the surrounding waters were also recorded throughout the field season but no link between oceanographic conditions and timing of larval release was observed. Further study is required to determine if this species is releasing larvae synchronously timed with the tidal/lunar cycles. Plusieurs especes d'invertebres adaptent la liberation de leurs larves aux conditions environnementales telles que les conditions oceanographiques ou l'etat de la maree, les cycles lunaires ou diurnes. Le moment du relargage des larves chez Petrolisthes cinctipes a ete estime a partir des variations des pourcentages de crabes avec œufs et l'etat des œufs au cours des mois d'ete dans trois sites du detroit de Clayoquot, en Colombie britannique, Canada. Une chute dans le pourcentage de crabes avec œufs presque prets a eclore a ete observee au debut juillet, coincidant avec la nouvelle lune et avec une grande amplitude nocturne de la maree descendante. La temperature de l'eau et la concentration en chlorophylle a des eaux environnantes ont egalement ete mesurees durant toute la saison d'etude mais aucune relation n'a ete observee entre les conditions oceanographiques et le "timing" de liberation des larves. Une etude ulterieure est necessaire pour determiner si cette espece relâche ses larves de facon synchrone avec les cycles de la lune et des marees.

The objective was to determine the effectiveness of a regular prescribed burning program for reducing tree mortality in southern pine forests burned by wildfire. This study was conducted on public and industry lands in northeast Florida. On the Osceola National Forest, mean mortality was 35% in natural stands and 43% in plantations two growing seasons after a June 1998 wildfire. Burn history significantly affected mortality with those stands prescribe-burned 1.5 yr prior to the wildfire having the lowest mortality, while stands prescribe-burned 2 or more years prior had higher mortality. Although significant tree mortality did occur on the Osceola National Forest, with all trees killed in some stands, many trees in other burned stands did survive. The overall mortality was lower in both plantations and natural stands on the Osceola than at Tiger Bay where prescribed burning had been less frequent. The highest mortality rates occurred on the Lake Butler Forest where prescribed burning had not been used since plantation establishment. Thus, a regular prescribed burning program will reduce mortality following wildfires in both natural and planted stands of southern pines on flatwoods sites, even when wildfires occur under severe drought conditions. South. J. Appl. For. 28(1):28–34.

This paper shows a possible new use of a common or computerised star finder for a rapid and easy solution to some space problems such as: – launch windows;– satellite fly-over;– the rise and setting of a satellite;– Earth or Moon satellite surveys;– the eclipse of a satellite.

Summary The behaviour of wild African elephants and ten hand-reared (H-R) elephants was studied for two years. The majority of the H-R elephant data were collected while following them on foot, while the wild elephants were observed and identified from a vehicle. The diurnal activities of eight H-R calves (aged 12–60 months) were compared to wild calves of the same age classes. Overall, the H-R calves fed for 82·9% of the time and rested for 7·9%. The wild calves fed for 44·5% of the time and rested for 35·5%. Similar results were found during the two dry seasons and two wet seasons. Both groups of calves fed primarily on grasses (H-R 77·0%; wild 75·1%) during the day. During the Full Moon, data were collected on the lying-down patterns of four H-R elephants, aged 2–32 years, while they were in their cages. There were two lying-down periods, 2100–2300 h and 0200–0400 h. Spatial proximity between the members of the same group of four was found to be greater than was observed between wild elephant family members. However, the nulliparous adult exhibited behaviours of adoption for the female calf (3–4 years old), giving attention and suckling at the exclusion of the other calves. The association between this group of four and the population of wild elephants showed early signs of integration. Their most frequent association was with mixed groups of elephants (male and female). Human contact was found to have a major effect on the H-R elephant behaviour. Therefore the following recommendations were made to minimize contact with humans and encourage wild-type social behaviours to be expressed: (i) visiting by the public to be kept to a minimum and touching by visitors forbidden; (ii) interactions between the keepers and H-R elephants to be kept to a minimum to increase bonding between the elephants; (iii) H-R elephants should be encouraged to join wild elephant groups. Resume On a etudie pendant deux ans le comportement d'elephants africains sauvages et de dix elephants eleves a la main (hand-reared=H-R). La majorite des donnees concernant les elephants H-R ont ete recoltees en les suivant a pied tandis que les elephants sauvages etaient observes et identifies a partir d'un vehicule. On a compare les activites diurnes de huit elephanteaux H-R (âges de 12 a 60 mois) avec celles d'elephanteaux sauvages de meme classe d'âge. Dans l'ensemble, les jeunes H-R se nourrissaient pendant 82,9% du temps et se reposaient pendant 7,9%. Les jeunes sauvages se nourrissaient pendant 11,5% du temps et se reposaient 35,5%. On a trouve des resultats comparables pendant les deux saisons seches et les deux saisons des pluies. Les deux groupes d'elephanteaux se nourrissaient principalement d'herbes (H-R 77,00% sauvages 75,1%) pendant la journee. Pendant la pleine lune, on a recolte des donnees sur les heures ou quatre elephants, âges de 2 a 32 ans, se couchaient pendant qu'ils etaient dans leur cage. Il y avait deux periodes, de 21 h a 23 h, et de 2 h a 4 h. La proximite physique maintenue entre les quatre membres de ca meme groupe etait plus grande qu'entre des membres d'une famille d'elephants sauvages. Cependant, l'adulte nullipare manifestait un comportement d'adoption envers l'elephanteau femelle (de 3–4 ans) a l'exclusion de tout autre. L'association entre ce groupe de quatre et la population d'elephants sauvages a montre des signes precoces d'integration. Leur association la plus frequente se faisait avec des groupes mixtes (elephants mâles et femelle). On a constate que les contacts avec les hommes avaient un effet tres important sur le comportement des elephants H-R. C'est pourquoi on donne les recommandations suivantes pour reduire au minimum les contacts avec les hommes et encourager l'expression d'un comportement social proche de celui observe en liberte; (i) reduire le plus possible les visites du public at interdire totalement les contacts physiques; (ii) maintenir a un niveau minimal les interactions des elephants H-R avec leurs gardiens pour renforcer les liens entre les elephants; (iii) encourager les elephants H-R a rejoindre les groupes d'elephants sauvages.

Captain George Vancouver's survey of the North Pacific coast of America has been characterized as being among the most distinguished work of its kind ever done. For three summers, he and his men worked from dawn to dusk, exploring the many inlets of the coastal mountains, any one of which, according to the theoretical geographers of the time, might have provided a long-sought-for passage to the Atlantic Ocean. Vancouver returned to England in poor health but, with the help of his brother John, he managed to complete his charts and most of the book describing his voyage before he died in 1798. He was not popular with the British Establishment and, after his death, all of his notes and personal papers were lost, as were the logs and journals of several of his officers.

The 18.6 yr nodal cycle modulates tidal amplitudes and currents, and consequently sedimentation in tide-influenced sedimentary environments. Data are presented which show that such effects are obvious along the coast of the Dutch barrier islands and in the sedimentary fill of abandoned channels.

Lunar patterns of settlement of 15 Caribbean reef fishes were assessed from daily collections of newly arrived fishes from each of two small (A=63 and B=28 m2) patch reefs at Punta de San Blas (Panama) during two consecutive 2 yr periods (1984, 1985 and 1986, 1987). In 12 species settlement was lunar-cyclic, with a broad peak of activity around the new moon in 11 cases, and at first quarter in 1 species. However, 3 of these “lunar-cyclic” species displayed intermittent semilunar periodicity in settlement, with peaks around the quarter moons. One other species had a semilunar cycle of settlement with peaks at both quarter moons. Two species apparently lacked lunar settlement cycles. In some, but not all, paris of congeners: (a) monthly variation in settlement intensity was positively correlated, (b) the duration of settlement pulses in the same month consistently differed, and (c) the timing of settlement pulses in the same month often differed (although one species did not consistently arrive before the other). Recruitment of juvenile fish that survived to the end of the lunar cycle in which they settled was monitored monthly, concurrently with settlement, at a number of large sites scattered up to 2 km apart. The levels of variation in the amount of settlement and recruitment each month differed in only 2 of 17 cases, with settlement variation exceeding recruitment variation in only one of these. The intensity of recruitment was positively correlated with the intensity of settlement in 16 of 17 cases. In 15 of those 16 cases, R 2 values for linear regressions of recruitment on settlement exceeded R 2 values for curvilinear regressions that would indicate either increasing or decreasing recruitment success with increasing intensity of settlement. Thus it appears that variation in recruitment can be used to estimate variation in settlement, and that recruitment success may be density-independent.

[1] Using new SMART-1 AMIE images and Arecibo and Goldstone high resolution radar images of the Moon, we investigate the geological relations of the south pole, including the 20 km-diameter crater Shackleton. The south pole is located inside the topographic rim of the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin, the largest and oldest impact crater on the Moon and Shackleton is located on the edge of an interior basin massif. The crater Shackleton is found to be older than the mare surface of the Apollo 15 landing site (3.3 Ga), but younger than the Apollo 14 landing site (3.85 Ga). These results suggest that Shackleton may have collected extra-lunar volatile elements for at least the last 2 billion years and is an attractive site for permanent human presence on the Moon.

We studied factors influencing variation in nightly levels of activity (birds arriving and vocalizing) and numbers of birds staging offshore at a colony of Ancient Murrelets at Reef Island, British Columbia, during 1984, 1985, and 1986. Activity was restricted to the hours of darkness and extremely variable in magnitude from night to night. The rate of entry into burrows tended to decrease, and the amount of vocalization and numbers of birds at the staging area increased during the nesting season. We detected an underlying 4-day cyclical pattern of attendance. Nightly variability of activity at the colony was affected by moonlight and weather conditions. Since activity, particularly vocalization, was reduced on moonlit nights, we suggest that nocturnal colony attendance is a strategy to avoid diurnal predators in this species. The largest numbers of birds were present and vocalizing at the colony on calm moonless nights. Weather conditions explained a substantial proportion of the night to night variability in murrelet activity. Among weather variables, wind speed had the most consistent effect and was particularly important in 1985. Both short-term, i.e., of a particular night, and long-term, i.e., over the previous 3 days, conditions influenced activity. Our observations suggest that direct weather effects at the colony may be more important than weather effects related to foraging conditions. Interyear differences in activity may have resulted from the interaction of weather and general foraging conditions.

The author analyzes extensiveness and diversity of the Balkan–Slavic ritual of stealing milk in rites with a pronounced erotical component.

[1] We study the correlation between the phase of the moon and the occurrence of microearthquakes in the Tamba region, close to the fault of the 1995 Kobe earthquake. The existence of the correlation during the two-year period following the Kobe earthquake was suggested in a previous study. First, in this study, we investigate the statistical significance of such correlation. Using point-process modeling and AIC (Akaike Information Criterion), we confirm that the existence of the correlation is statistically significant. Second, we investigate the temporal variation of the correlation during the four-year period following the Kobe earthquake. The result of the second analysis indicates that the correlation is strongest just after the Kobe earthquake and that it then becomes weaker year by year.

Estuaries are increasingly being used for recreational purposes. The Lune estuary at Lancaster, for example, is a centre for water skiing and jet skiing. Such sports can only be done at high-water, which unfortunately coincides with the discharge of sewage effluent into the estuary from Lancaster’s effluent treatment works (ETW). There is a risk, therefore, of exposure to high levels of faecal microorganisms with the consequent risk of disease3,6,8. We have shown that Campylobacter occurs in the Lune estuary at levels above the infective dose, especially in winter and autumn4. In the past, water sports were almost exclusively a summer pastime, nowadays however, such activities continue throughout the winter, when bacteria survive for longer.

During the explorations of Pourquoi-Pas?, commanded by Jean Baptiste Charcot, in the Southern Ocean in the period 1908–1910, Ensign R.-E. Godfroy collected, between latitudes 64°09'S and 70°05'S, eleven samples of air, according to instructions given by Muntz and Luné (1911) for measuring the concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere. The samples were later analysed in the laboratories of the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, Paris using basically the same methods as for the samples collected by the French First Polar Year expedition 1882–1883 (Baker 2009). The maximum concentration of CO2 was 255 ppm, the minimum 145 ppm (the sample taken at sea at 69°30'S) and the mean 205 ppm. The average of the concentrations in the samples made by the French first IPY expedition at Bahia Orange was 256ppm and the minimum was 231 ppm.

Summary Nitrogen-fixing strains of the Enterobacteriaceae are the most numerous nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the waters and sediments of the Lune estuary. However, their contribution to the nitrogen status of the sediments has been questioned as they have been shown to be intolerant of sea-water salinities. Results presented here show that salinity-tolerant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae are common and are capable of fixing nitrogen (acetylene reduction) in the sediments.

Summary The springhare, Pedetes capensis, was studied in the Kalahari Desert, Republic of Botswana, from August 1971 to August 1974 inclusive. Night censuses totalling 253 h provided data on springhare habitat selection, social grouping, activity pattern and the effect of moonlight and weather on activity. Utilization of dry lakebeds (pans) by springhares was 2.3-3.4 times greater than on the surrounding habitats. Springhares were strictly nocturnal. The population, as a whole, exhibited one activity peak every 24 h. Group size and distance from burrows were directly related to time after sunset. Low temperatures and moderate to heavy precipitation both reduced springhare activity, while moonlight reduced the distance to which springhares moved out onto pans. Except for adult males, all sex/age classes of springhares participated in group formation to the same extent. Apparently little social cohesion existed within groups. Territoriality was not observed but may occur in the area immediately around the burrow. Resume Le lievre sauteur (Pedetes capensis) fut etudie dans le desert du Kalahari, au Botswana, de aout 1971 a aout 1974. Un total de 253 heures de recensements nocturnes a fourni des donnees sur le choix de l'habitat chez le lievre sauteur, son organisation sociale, ses types d'activites et l'effet du clair de lune et du temps sur celles-ci. L'utilisation du fond des lacs esseches (pans) par ces animaux est de 2.3 a 3.4 fois plus important que les habitats avoisinants. Les lievres sauteurs sont strictement nocturnes. L'ensemble de la population presente une activite maximale toutes les 24 heures. La taille du groupe et la distance au terrier sont en relation directe avec le temps ecoule apres le coucher du soleil. Des temperatures basses ou moderees ainsi que les grosses precipitations reduisent l'activite des lievres sauteurs, alors que le clair de lune limite la distance que l'animal parcourt sur les pans.

Observations realisees pres de Tucson, Arizona, montrant que divers rongeurs du desert augmentent leur activite sous les buissons et la reduisent en espece decouvert, au cours des periodes de forte lumiere lunaire

We present photographic evidence of a very short duration, strong flash from the surface of the Moon (near an irregularly shaped crater in Palus Somni). The flash covered a region roughly 22 by 18 km wide with a total energy of the order of 10 17 erg. The event is established to be slightly above the surface of the Moon. An explanation is proposed involving outgassing and a subsequent electrical discharge caused by a piezoelectric effect.

Changes in capacity have been examined in the Lune, Ribble, Mersey and Humber estuaries to assess the role played by land-derived sediments in coastal accretion. The engineering concept of dynamic equilibrium is introduced and shown to imply that land-derived sediments should contribute exclusively to coastal accretion. The various factors responsible for changing estuary capacity are also introduced. Capacity changes over the last 100 years show that all the estuaries considered have suffered large scale siltation, with the majority of the sediment being derived from coastal and offshore sources. In the case of the Lune, Ribble and Mersey estuaries, engineering works have been responsible for large permanent changes in capacity. The situation in the Humber is less clear and siltation is probably a result of natural infilling; the estuary having been over-deepened by glacial and fluvial action in the past. A detailed study of the Mersey suggests that the estuary was also over-deepened and over-widened and has only been tidal for the last 9000 years or so. Calculations suggest that a new equilibrium will be achieved in about 250 years time and that the estuary may then be in a state of dynamic equilibrium. The much smaller Lune estuary may already have achieved this state, although detailed evidence is scarce.

After a long course over a stony substratum, the River Lune, England, runs over flat rock covered with moss. Larvae of four species of Ephemeroptera are abundant in this moss‐covered area from spring to autumn. They overwinter in the egg stage. Baetis rhodani abundant in much of the river at all times of year, is numerous in this stretch in winter but absent from most summer collections. This absence is tentatively attributed to exclusion by the summer species.

Professor Phillips has pointed out, in his ‘Geology of Yorkshire,’ that the Mountain-Limestone between the northern border of the Lake-district and the river Eden includes a group of red sandstones, alternating with limestones in the lower part of the series. They were referred to by him as the “Alternating Limestone and Red Sandstone Series,” and were considered to be the passage-beds between the true basement series, or Upper Old Red, and the principal mass of the Mountain-Limestone which forms the comparatively high ground between the basins of the rivers Lune and Eden. This middle group is fairly exhibited about three miles to the south of Kirkby Stephen, at Ash Fell, where the different members of the whole series may be examined in the quarries and natural sections laid bare in the immediate neighbourhood (fig. 1).

General Remarks Though the secondary rocks which form a crescent around the Cumbrian Lake district are in general arranged with much regularity, geologists are aware that in consequence of dislocations of some strata and unconformed positions of others, the beds do not always appear at the surface in the order of their consecutive deposition. The great fault under Cross Fell, investigated by Dr. Buckland, and the double range of limestone scars which stretch to the west and north from under Wild Boar Fell, would have been much less difficult of explanation but for the unconformed deposit of red marl and sandstone in the vale of Eden, upon the depressed range of limestone. In some parts around the Lake mountains, the obscuration of certain secondary rocks may be ascribed wholly to the over-extension of new red sand­stone; as from Egremont to Low Furness, where this rock is brought into contact with granite and slate, to the exclusion of coal-measures, limestone, and old red sandstone;—and sometimes, without any considerable deposit of unconformed rocks, great interruptions in the lines of strata are caused by sudden variations of dip, or remarkable dislocations. A full account of the variations which are produced by the causes above-mentioned, on the direction and appearance of the secondary rocks round the Lake district, would be highly serviceable to the cause of inductive geology. The observations in the present communication are restricted as much as possible to the illustration of the phaenomena connected with a group of rocks, aberrant

This Paper refers briefly to the hydrological features of the upland sources of the Tees Valley and Cleveland Water Board, and deals in some detail with certain aspects of the design and construction of the Selset Dam. The geology and cut-off trench are touched upon and the Authors deal with the study of the foundation and refer to the subsequent settlement observations. The principal parts of the Paper deal with the construction of over 4,000 vertical sand drains for increasing the strength of the soft clay underlying the seat of the embankment, and the problems associated with the construction of an embankment 128 ft high of boulder clay, with speciraelf erence to the dissipation of porewater pressure and the effect of rainfall and temperature on the rate of progress achieved. The presence of a slipped area on the south side of the dam adjacent to the embankment necessitated the carrying out of special protective measures, which are described, and the overflow works and control of the water are dealt with shortly. Construction commenced in June 1955 and the reservoir first filled in July 1960. The cost of the dam was £3,200,000.

The Howgill Fells form a well-defined geographical unit. They occur as an upland tract of roughly triangular form, the angles being blunted. The northern side of the triangle is defined by the valley in which the village of Ravenstonedale lies. It extends for 8 miles measured in a straight line, in a direction a little north of west, from a point 2 miles south-east of that village to the village of Tebay. This valley was originally watered by the streams of the Lune drainage, although (owing to subsequent diversion) the waters at its eastern end now find their way into the Eden. At Tebay the main waters of the Lune flow southwards, and this part of the course of the Lune forms the western side of the triangle for a distance of 8 miles to a point a little west of the town of Sedbergh. The trend of this side is about 5° east of south. The third and longest side is curved, and measured along the straight is about 9 miles long. At the north-eastern end it is defined by the Dent Fault and its parallel fractures as far as Rawthey Bridge, after which it follows the line of the Rawthey to the southern end of the second side immediately west of Sedbergh. Along these lines a continuous depression separates the Howgill Fells from the adjoining heights on the west, north, and south-east. The bottom of this depression along the major portion of its length is less than 600

The observations on which these notes are founded were made when carrying on the geological survey of the district, and are now offered to your Society with the permission of the Director of the Survey. I do not propose to give a detailed description of the district, but rather to call the attention of your Society to points of special interest, which may be visited in a summer’s day ramble, or points of special difficulty, which require working out. The general features of the country may be thus summed up. Ingleborough, Whernside, and Penyghent consist chiefly of Yoredale rocks, capped by Millstone grit, and resting on a great plateau of Mountain limestone, which slopes gently, with the slope of the beds, to the N.N.E. Under the southern escarpment of the limestone, and in the deep valleys of Horton-in-Ribblesdale, Crummack Beck, Clapham, Chapel-le-dale, and Kingsdale, we find different members of the Silurian series on the upturned edges of which the Carboniferous rocks lie. The Craven faults, of various ages, running nearly W.N.W. and E.S.E., bring down the Mountain limestone on the S. against the Silurian rocks, and again the higher Carboniferous, and even Permian, against the Mountain limestone. As we get near the Lune, a great system of N. and S. faults runs into these, connecting them eventually with the Pennine system. Taking the rocks in ascending order, we have first:— The Silurian Rocks. As I have a paper in the press* describing these beds in some detail, I will now ...

The petrography of the Coniston Grits is described. Volcanic and sedimentary rock fragments suggest that the sediments were derived from the Ballantrae Series of the Southern Uplands, and not the Borrowdale Volcanic Series.There is little palaeocurrent evidence for a border land mass, but it is suggested that coarse sedimentation during the Wenlockian was restricted to the Southern Uplands by a shallowing in the border area, which was finally overcome by Ludlovian times, to allow deposition of coarser material to the south.

Synopsis An analysis has been made of a long-term slip in a valley slope of the River Lune, near Middleton-in-Teesdale. The slip was entirely within a deposit of heavily overconsolidated intact boulder clay. Although a complete picture of the ground-water flow net was not obtained, sufficient information was nevertheless available to show that the field value of the cohesion intercept c′ was approximately equal to the laboratorv value measured in drained triaxial tests. This is in marked contrast to the results found from long-term slips in overconsolidated fissured clays. Une analyse d'un glissement à long terme a été faite sur une pente de la vallée de la Lune, rivière voisine de Middleton-in-Teesdale. Le glissement s'est produit entièrement dans un dépôt d'argile de moraine à blocs intacts surconsolidée. Quoique l'on n'ait pas obtenu des renseignements complets sur le débit de l'eau souterraine, on a néanmoins rassemblé asset de renseignements pour montrer que la valeur sur le terrain de la section de cohésion c′ est à peu près égale à la valeur de laboratoire mesurée lors d'essais triaxiaux. Ceci est en opposition nette avec les résultats obtenus avec des glissements à long terme dans des argiles fissurées surconsolidées.

On .lune and .truly 1994, two cases of vivax wl,Blaria were consecutively diagnosed at the Yongsan Hospital, Chung-Ang University in Seoul. The first patient was a soldier sewing in western parts of the demilitarized zone (DMZ) while the second case was a resident of a village near DMZ. Neither patients had history of being abroad. Republic of Korea (ROK) has been free of malaria since the mid-1970s except for imported cases. The two ivfn malaria cases, together with an additional patient detected in 1993, occurred in relatively small areas near DMZ. This necessitated an epidemiologic surveillance. When medical records and blood smears in the areas were examined, no other cases were found. Of 7,723 mosquitoes collected by a black light trap for ho nights in June, 7,066 (91.5%) were Anopheles sinensis. In order to evaluate a significance of the recent malaria occurrence, a surveillance system should be operated in the areas. key words: Indigenous malaria, PEasmonium uivox, Korea

The ingleborough district has long been famous for its broad limestone plateaux, its deeply cut dales and its swallow holes and caves. The aim of this paper is to discuss the origin of these relief features and to show that a number of pre-Glacial erosion stages can be recognized in the denudation of the area. The district considered forms the south-west edge of the North Pennine highland massif, overlooking the Craven Lowlands, and is dominated by the well-known residual hills of Ingleborough and Pen-y-Ghent which rise to over 2000 feet. From it flow, in a general southerly direction, the headstreams of the Lune, Ribble, Aire and Wharfe, and it lies on the watershed between the Irish Sea and the North Sea.

FOR the general use of amateur astronomers this is the best atlas and handbook we have yet seen. The sixteen maps are printed exceptionally clearly, and, while not overcrowded, show more than 7,000 objects. Each map is about 10 in. by 8 in., and is part of a lune, covering, exclusive of overlap, four hours of R.A., and 60° N. or S. of declination. The atlas opens out flat, and shows two maps joined together at the equator, so that about one-fifth of the whole sky is seen at once. Meridians and parallels mark every hour of R.A., and every tenth degree of declination, while marginal divisions enable a position to be fixed to the nearest 5m. or 1°. The polar regions are shown on two pairs of maps. A Star Atlas and Telescopic Handbook (Epoch 1920). For Students and Amateurs. By Arthur P. Norton. Pp. 19 + 16 star and 2 index maps. (London and Edinburgh: Gall and Inglis, 1910.) Price 5s. net.