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The pulp and paper industry is highly energy-intensive. In mills that use chemical pulping, roughly half of the higher heating value of the cellulosic material used to manufacture the product typically is incinerated to generate steam and electricity that is needed to run the processes. Additional energy, much of it non-renewable, needs to be purchased. This review considers publications describing steps that pulp and paper facilities can take to operate more efficiently. Savings can be achieved, for instance, by minimizing unnecessary losses in exergy, which can be defined as the energy content relative to a standard ambient condition. Throughout the long series of unit operations comprising the conversion of wood material to sheets of paper, there are large opportunities to more closely approach a hypothetical ideal performance by following established best-practices.

Infectious diseases cause millions of deaths annually in the developing world. Recently, microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) have been developed to diagnose such diseases, as these tests are low cost, biocompatible, and simple to fabricate. However, current μPADs are difficult to use in resource-limited areas due to their reliance on external instrumentation to measure and analyze the test results. In this work, we propose an electricity and external instrumentation-free μPAD sensor based on the colorimetric enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the diagnosis of infectious disease (3D-tPADs). Designed based on the principle of origami, the proposed μPAD enables the sequential steps of the colorimetric ELISA test to be completed in just ∼10 min. In addition, in order to obtain an accurate ELISA result without using any instrument, we have integrated an electricity-free "timer" within the μPAD that can be controlled by the buffer viscosity and fluid path volume to indicate the appropriate times for washing and color development steps, which can avoid false positive or false negative results caused by an extended or shortened amount of washing and development times. Due to the low background noise and high positive signal intensity of the μPAD, positive and negative detection results can be distinguished by just the naked eye. Furthermore, the ELISA result can be semi-quantified by comparing the results shown on the μPAD with a color chart diagram with a detection limit of HIV type 1(HIV-1) p24 antigen as low as 0.03 ng mL-1. These results demonstrate the proposed sensor can perform infectious disease diagnosis without external instrumentation or electricity, extending the application of the μPAD test for on-site detection and use in resource-limited settings.

Summary Numerous studies are published on the benefits of electric hand dryers vs paper towels (PT) for drying hands after washing. Data are conflicting and lacking key variables needed to assess infection risks. We provide a rapid scoping review on hand‐drying methods relative to hygiene and health risks. Controlled vocabulary terms and keywords were used to search PubMed (1946–2018) and Embase (1947–2018). Multiple researchers independently screened abstracts for relevance using predetermined criteria and created a quality assessment scoring system for relative study comparisons. Of 293 papers, 23 were included in the final analysis. Five studies did not compare multiple methods; however, 2 generally favoured electric dryers (ED); 7 preferred PT; and 9 had mixed or statistically insignificant results (among these, 3 contained scenarios favourable to ED, 4 had results supporting PT, and the remaining studies had broadly conflicting results). Results were mixed among and within studies and many lacked consistent design or statistical analysis. The breadth of data does not favour one method as being more hygienic. However, some authors extended generalizable recommendations without sufficient scientific evidence. The use of tools in quantitative microbial risk assessment is suggested to evaluate health exposure potentials and risks relative to hand‐drying methods. We found no data to support any human health claims associated with hand‐drying methods. Inconclusive and conflicting results represent data gaps preventing the advancement of hand‐drying policy or practice recommendations.

The development of actuators for power sources is essential for the efficient manipulation of fluids in microfluidics systems. In this work, a capacitor-type three-layer paper actuator was fabricated by sandwiching a polyelectrolyte layer between two films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS). The paper actuator exhibited stable large electromechanical deformations in bilateral symmetry under alternating square-wave electric field. The actuation properties were examined in a function of voltage (±0.5, ±1, ±1.5, ±2, and ±2.5 V) and frequency (1, 0.5, 0.2, and 0.05 Hz). In addition, the PEDOT/PSS electrode films with different thicknesses were prepared, and the effects of actuator thickness on actuation properties were examined. As a result, it was found that the actuator displacement increased considerably with reducing actuator thickness. In addition, the actuator with a thickness of 48 μm demonstrated a maximum displacement of 5.8 mm at a voltage of 1.5 V and a frequency of 0.05 Hz. The proposed actuator can be potentially used in the development of power sources for micropumps and check valves of microfluidic devices.

The industry of disposables has undergone a huge revolution in this century owing to the busy lifestyles and technological advancements in its production and manufacturing process. Paper cups are one of the widely used products in disposable industry. It has multi utility options that is it can be used to drink water as well as beverages, soups, liquids etc. This paper entirely focuses on increasing the quality factor of production and manufacturing process of these paper cups by adding additional circuitry to the existing machinery to reduce waste of raw materials as well as the per unit cost involved in wastage of electricity. This research work is based on using proximity sensors to sense the materials and molded paper cups infront of machinery and reduce the electric wastage through a relay Mechanism assembly. This is a PLC based live project example of effectively increasing the overall efficiency of the manufacturing plant

Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) CO2 capture technology can be used to recover energy from municipal solid waste (MSW). In this study, techno-economic analysis of CLC of waste paper, PVC and their blends for electricity and heat generation was carried out. The process includes the chemical looping combustion section, carbon capture section and lastly, electricity generation section, and this was simulated using Chemcad software. Four scenarios were evaluated; IG-CLC (In-situ Gasification Chemical Looping Combustion) with electricity production only, and with combined heat and power (CHP), Chemical Looping Oxygen Uncoupling (CLOU) with electricity production and with combined heat and power (CHP). Based on a net capacity of 150 MW, the effect of waste paper, PVC and its blends on its net efficiency and LCOE was investigated for all four scenarios.

RATIONALE Paper spray (PS) has been developed as a method of choice for point-of-care analysis in many real cases, where its applications can be further expanded with delicate high-throughput design. To achieve this goal, we developed a new PS regime, with the assembly of an induced high voltage into the ion source. Compared with regular DC high voltage, the newly developed setup is capable of high-throughput, simple configuration and rapid switching between individual papers without complicated electric/mechanic design. METHODS A device of high-throughput induced PS (IPS) was designed by using a two-dimensional (2D) rotating platform equipped with a circular glass plate. The paper substrate was placed on the circular glass plate and separated from the electrode. The method avoids physical contact between the electrode and the sample. Charged droplets were generated at the paper tip once an induced high voltage was applied to a wet paper. RESULTS A relatively rapid analytical speed of 2.6 s per sample was achieved via IPS-MS. Rapid quantification of amitriptyline (AMT) in complicated matrices was obtained within 1 min using an isotope internal standard method. Limits of detection for AMt in urine, FBS and blood were calculated to be 1.04, 0.84 and 1.33 ng/mL, respectively. In addition, high-throughput IPS-MS can be used for chemical reaction monitoring. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated the versatility of high-throughput IPS-MS in ambient ionization, which successfully simplified the experimental installation and facilitated the experimental operation. Therefore, we believe that high-throughput IPS-MS analysis will be widely used for discovering drugs and screening reactions, and the present design has the potential for applications in paper chip-MS analysis.

Droplet-based microfluidics is a modular platform in high-throughput single cell and small sample analyses. However, this droplet microfluidic system was widely fabricated using soft lithography or glass capillaries, which is expensive and technically demanding for various applications, limiting use in resource-poor settings. Besides, the variation in droplet size is also restricted due to the limitations on the operating forces that the paper-based platform is able to withstand. Herein we develop a fully integrated paper-based droplet microfluidic platform for conducting droplet generation and cell encapsulation in independent aqueous droplets dispersed in a carrier oil by incorporating electric fields. Through imposing an electric field, the droplet size would decrease with increasing the electric filed and smaller droplets can be produced at high applied voltage. The droplet diameter can be adjusted by the ratio of inner and outer flow velocities as well as the applied electric field. We also demonstrated the proof of concept encapsulation application of our paper device by encapsulating yeast cells under an electric field. Using a simple wax printing method, carbon electrodes can be integrated on the paper. The integrated paper-based microfluidic platform can be fabricated easily and conducted outside of centralized laboratories. This microfluidic system shows great potential in drug and cell investigations by encapsulating cells in resource-limited environments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The active sulphur compounds in transformer oil would react with copper wires and produce cuprous sulphides, which then attach themselves to the surface of copper wires and insulating paper, thus reducing the electrical performance of oil–paper insulation and causing insulation failure. This article aims to make a comprehensive summary on the field of sulphur corrosion of oil–paper insulation in the mineral oil transformer, including the corrosion mechanism of sulphide on copper sheets, the deterioration mechanism of sulphide on oil–paper, the factors influencing sulphur corrosion reaction, the method of characterising the degree of sulphur corrosion, the protection technology of sulphur corrosion and the field operation measures for sulphur corrosion. Moreover, four key problems that need to be further solved were sorted out: the synergistic deterioration mechanism of sulphide and its transformation mechanism, the micro‐process and forming path of sulphur corrosion reaction, the characteristic parameters and quantitative characterisation methods of sulphur corrosion degree, and the effective protection technology of sulphide corrosion. To solve these problems, efforts will be made for deeper understanding of the sulphur corrosion phenomenon and its deterioration mechanism based on theoretical background, the assessment methods and protection technology, endeavouring to put forward solid theoretical basis and feasible technical means for preventing sulphur corrosion insulation failure.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been investigated as a promising device to harvest mechanical energy into electricity. At present, paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators (P-TENGs) have been widely researched because paper features with lightweight, low cost, abundance, renewability and biodegradability. In this paper, the operating principles and operation modes of TENGs, the development progress and performance enhancement routes of P-TENGs are comprehensively reviewed. Additionally, the overview, challenges and opportunities of P-TENGs applications are also presented.

The pulp and paper industry, one of Canada’s largest and most important industries, produces many by-products, some of which are used to produce electricity and steam for mill operations; however, the by-products are not used economically. The industry has been facing financial challenges and, therefore, an appropriate means of converting by-products to value-added products is highly desired. In this study, we explore nine pathways for the conversion of black liquor, the major by-product of the industry, to different value-added final products. These include steam, electricity, dimethyl ether, Fischer-Tropsch liquids, mixed alcohols, methanol, acetone, butanol, ethanol, and lignin. The most economical conversion pathway is selected based on the internal rate of return (IRR) calculated through a techno-economic assessment. Lignin production through the fractionation of black liquor is the most attractive scenario. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses were performed on the IRR for the lignin production scenario to evaluate the effect of different parameters on overall performance and assess the accuracy of the results. The sensitivity analysis shows that lignin price and operating costs are the most influential parameters on IRR. This study offers insights into options of revenue generation for the pulp and paper industry through the innovative use of its by-products.

Due to the increasing use of intermittent renewable generation, the power grid requires more flexible resources to balance supply and demand of electricity. Steam systems with turbine-generators, which are widely used in industries, can be operated flexibly to support the power grid. Yet, the available amount of flexibility of industrial steam systems is still not clearly quantified. This study presents the method to quantify electricity generation flexibility of a typical industrial steam system with a steam turbine-generator and process heat demands. The proposed method is introduced based on a real case of an integrated pulp and paper mill in Austria. An integrated mathematical model representing the combined electricity and steam system is developed to simulate the behaviour of the on-site energy system to quantify the potential flexibility provision. Flexibility is represented as the maximum upward and downward changes in the imported electricity from the public power grid. The results demonstrate that it is possible to aggregate the flexibility of the industrial facility as a lookup table. Also, the results reflect key factors that limit the flexibility at different operating points of the turbine-generator.

Although significant technological advancements have been made in the development of analytical biosensor chips for detecting bacterial strains (E. coli, S. Mutans and B. Subtilis), critical requirements i.e. limit of detection (LOD), fast time of response, ultra-sensitivity with high reproducibility and good shelf-life with robust sensing capability have yet to be met within a single sensor chip. In order to achieve these criteria, we present an electrically-receptive thermally-responsive (ER-TR) sensor chip comprised of simple filter paper used as substrate coated with composite of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) polymer (PNIPAm) - graphene nanoplatelet (GR) followed by evaporation of Au electrodes for capturing both Gram-positive (S. mutans and B. subtilis) and Gram-negative (E. coli) bacterial cells in real-time. Autoclave water, tap water, lake water and milk samples were tested with ER-TR chip with and without bacterial strains at varying concentration range 101-105 cells/mL. The sensor was integrated with in-house built printed circuit board (PCB) to transmit/receive electrical signals. The interaction of E. coli, S. mutans and B. subtilis cells with fibers of PNIPAm-GR resulted in a change of electrical resistance and the readout was monitored wirelessly in real-time using MATLAB algorithm. Finally, prepared ER-TR chip exhibited the reproducibility of 85-97% with shelf-life of up to four weeks after testing with lake water sample.

The Swedish pulp and paper industry (PPI) must increase energy efficiency to remain competitive on the global market, which has experienced entries from countries with cheaper energy and raw material supplies. Interactions among variables for energy use, production, energy management, electricity price and firm characteristics (FC), in different types of mills, i.e., pulp, paper and integrated mills, in Sweden from 2006 to 2015 indicate that correlations among the studied variables were different in different types of mills. This difference between types of mills seemed to originate partly from varying accessibility to production residue that could be used for energy. For all types of mills, variation of electricity prices did not correlate significantly with energy efficiency during the study period. The studied FC were firm's age, number of employees, number of companies in company group, net sales and profit for the year. Energy efficiency was more affected by the variables characterizing energy and production compared to the variables representing FC. This study also suggested presence of possible discrepancies between FC that were perceived as barriers to energy management towards energy efficiency, according to previous studies, and what was shown by the data combining variables representing energy use, production and FC.

Along with the unceasing growth of worldwide economic and the associated issues on resources, energy and environment, clean energy generating technologies that are based on recyclable materials, if possible, may become the future trend of development. Here, we report the design of a cheap, lightweight, and recyclable single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) that utilizes waste paper as the triboelectric material. Under the current strategy, we successfully developed green energy machines without vastly increasing the mining of various critical minerals around the world. The as-designed TENG could not only collect and convert mechanical energy into electricity with sound efficiency, but also has the merit for continuous reuse and quick construction. The maximum output power density is as high as 171 mW·m−2 at a resistance of 130 MΩ and could be integrated into a book for monitoring reading actions, thus providing a new approach to the low-cost, green and sustainable self-powered electronic systems.

HVPE is an excellent and often overlooked method for obtaining objective and meaningful information about cell-wall "building blocks" and their metabolic precursors. It provides not only a means of analysis of known compounds but also an insight into the charge and/or mass of any unfamiliar compounds that may be encountered. It can be used preparatively or analytically. It can achieve either "class separations" (e.g., delivering all hexose monophosphates into a single pool) or the resolution of different compounds within a given class (e.g., ADP-Glc from UDP-Glc; or GlcA from GalA).All information from HVPE about charge and mass can be obtained on minute traces of analytes, especially those that have been radiolabeled, for example by in-vivo feeding of a

The charge transport and accumulation in oil–paper can cause the insulation degradation. So far, the most widely used model to simulate space charge transport and accumulation is the bipolar charge transport (BCT) model, which can well simulate the space charge dynamics. However, there are two shortcomings in the algorithms for solving the BCT model. One is that there is almost no use of vectorisation technology, which may increase the complexity of the algorithm, the other is the usage of fixed step size which might bring extra computation cost. In view of this, an adaptive time‐stepping transient upstream finite element method (FEM) is developed to solve the BCT model considering trapping/detrapping, as well as the recombination phenomenon under DC condition in this article. Then, a vectorisation technology is used in the method to optimise the algorithm. Moreover, the adaptive time‐stepping method is introduced in simulation to reduce computation time and calculation amount. Simulation results are obtained by programing and later presented, which are basically consistent with the corresponding experimental results. Therefore, the proposed method is expected to promote the optimization design of the oil–paper insulation system.

Obtaining cellulose from recyclable waste paper contributes to the sustainability of forest resources, water and energy savings, and the reduction of environmental pollution. However, waste paper collected under inappropriate conditions for recycling can be degraded in a short time, thus becoming economically useless. This study examined the factors affecting source-separated collection processes of waste paper in Istanbul hotels, as well as the correlation among these factors. The economic value of the assumed benefits of source-separated waste paper was also calculated. To achieve these objectives, various inputs and methods were used, including the percent tabulation technique and the chi-square independence test. As a result, it was determined that 70% of managers and employees of Istanbul hotels were sensitive to recycling waste paper, but they were not aware of the entire benefits of waste paper recycling. It was also determined that because of waste paper recycling, 18 thousand trees, 5 million kWh of electricity, 3 thousand tons of water, and 1.3 thousand tons of fuel oil were saved, and the generation of 27 thousand tons of CO2 was prevented annually. Hotels in Istanbul provide the economy with an annual average of 752 tons of waste paper, which corresponds to 78% of the foreign trade deficit of Turkey’s paper and paper products sector in the last five years.

China's paper production accounted for nearly a quarter of the world's total paper production in 2010. In this study, 23 energy saving technologies applicable to the pulping and papermaking process in China are identified and analyzed. The conservation supply curve (CSC) method is employed to assess the technical and economic aspects of energy conservation. The fuel CSC for Chinese pulp and paper industry shows the cost-effective and technical fuel conservation potential is 180 PJ and 254 PJ, accounting for 27% and 38% of total fuel used in 2010, respectively. The CO 2 mitigation potential related to the cost-effective fuel efficiency is 17 Mt CO 2 and the technical potential is 24 Mt CO 2 . The electricity CSC shows the technical electricity conservation potential is 2316 GWh, representing 4% of total electricity consumption. All of the electricity efficiency measures are shown to be cost-effective in this study. The CO 2 mitigation resulted from electricity efficiency is around 2 Mt CO 2 . In addition, sensitivity analyses for the parameters of penetration rate, discount rate, and energy price are conducted to assess their influence on the final results.

Raman spectroscopy, with its specific ability to generate a unique fingerprint‐like spectrum of certain substances, has attracted much attention in diagnosing the ageing degree of oil–paper insulation. In this study, the feature extraction and ageing diagnosis methods of oil–paper insulation Raman spectroscopy data are further studied. Based on the non‐linear analysis of Raman spectra of different ageing samples, kernel principal component analysis was applied to extract the spectral features, and the back‐propagation neural network was used to build a diagnosis model with high diagnostic accuracy. The results show that Raman spectroscopy combined with kernel principal component analysis and the back‐propagation neural network can diagnose the ageing state of oil–paper insulation, with a diagnostic accuracy of 91.43% (64/70). The proposed method provides an effective and feasible method for the ageing assessment of oil‐immersed electrical equipment.

In recent years, there have been many cases of transformer failures caused by corrosive sulfides. At present, research mainly focuses on the single sulfide dibenzyl disulphide, but few research on multiple sulphur or the oil‐paper hybrid insulation. In this study, three typical sulfides dibenzyl disulfide, hexadecyl mercaptan and benzothiophene were selected to form seven sulfide‐oil‐paper models. Then relaxation calculations were carried out, and through molecular dynamics simulation, the synergistic effect of different sulfides on the properties of insulating paper and insulating oil was discussed. Results show that the coexistence of the three sulfides has the most severe weakening on the mechanical properties of cellulose, and it also causes great damage to hydrogen bonds. Hexadecyl mercaptan has a weaker effect on hydrogen bond destruction, but it will greatly aggravate the cellulose chain movement. The viscosity of insulating oil is generally increased by the influence of sulfide. Hexadecyl mercaptan is the main factor affecting the viscosity. Thiophene has little effect on the viscosity, ctive protection technology on sulphur corrosion.

The interaction of plasmonic nanoparticles with a dielectric platform gives rise to unique optical behaviors and this can be maneuvered to improve the plasmonic/SERS performances of a substrate. Herein, dielectric modified plasmonic-paper SERS substrate is developed by assembling Ag@SiO2 nanocubes on Fe-TiO2 nanosheets (NS) modified paper. The Fe-TiO2 NS being visible light responsive significantly alters the optical property of the paper and serves as a dielectric underlay for the Ag nanocubes. Hence, the incident light reflected back from the dielectric nanosheets couples with the scattered light from the Ag nanocubes leading to spatially enhanced electromagnetic field improving the SERS enhancement. The prepared dielectric modified plasmonic-paper has an average enhancement factor (EF) of 1.49 × 107 using R6G as a probe molecule. This value is superior to unmodified plasmonic-paper highlighting the coupling effect of the dielectric nanosheets. The substrate shows robust detection performance for thiabendazole and achieves a limit of detection (LOD) of 19 μg/L, which is 4-fold more sensitive than unmodified plasmonic paper. Direct swabbing test of thiabendazole sprayed apple fruit shows a discernible Raman signal down to 15 ppb indicating the utility of the substrate for point-of-need applications in food safety.

Environmental concerns and soaring energy prices have brought huge pressure of energy saving and emission reduction to tissue paper mills. Electricity is one of the main energy sources of tissue paper mills. The production characteristics of tissue paper mills make it easy to decrease energy cost by using time-of-use (TOU) electricity tariffs. This study investigates the bi-objective energy-efficiency scheduling of tissue paper mills under time-of-use electricity tariffs, the objectives of which are makespan and energy cost. First, considering the processing energy cost, setup energy cost, and transportation energy cost, an energy cost model of a tissue paper mill under TOU electricity tariffs is established. Second, the energy-efficiency scheduling model under TOU electricity tariffs is built based on the energy cost model. Finally, on the basis of decomposition and teaching&ndash, learning optimization, this study proposes a novel multi-objective evolutionary algorithm and further combined with the variable neighborhood search to solve the problem. The case study results demonstrate that our study of tissue paper mill energy saving is feasible, and the proposed method has better performance than the existing methods.

Pulp and paper is considered to be the fourth most energy-intensive industry (EII) worldwide. However, as most of the CO2 emissions are of biomass origin, this sector has the potential to become a carbon-negative industry. This study proposes a new concept for conversion of the pulp and paper industry to carbon negative that relies on the inherent CO2 capture capability of the Kraft process. The techno-economic performance of the proposed carbon-negative system, based on calcium looping (CaL) retrofitted to a pulp and paper plant, was evaluated. The effect of CaL design specifications and cost assumptions on the thermodynamic and economic performance were evaluated. Under the initial design assumptions, the reference pulp and paper plant was shown to turn from electricity importer to electricity exporter with the cost of CO2 avoided equal to 39.0 €/tCO2. The parametric study showed that an increase in the fresh limestone make-up rate resulted in a linear increase of the specific primary energy consumption for CO2 avoided (SPECCA) and a reduction in the amount of electricity exported to the electric grid. This translates into an increase in the price of pulp and newsprint, and the cost of CO2 avoided. This study has also demonstrated that the pulp and paper industry has high potential to become carbon negative. It has been shown that carbon capture and storage would become economically viable in this industry if the negative CO2 emissions are recognised and a negative CO2 emissions credit of at least 41.8 €/tCO2 is implemented.

A circular economy is expected to achieve sustainability goals through efficient and circular use of materials. Waste recycling is an important part of a circular economy. However, for some materials, the potential environmental benefits of recycling are unclear or contested. Here, we focus on the global paper life cycle, which generates 1.3% of global greenhouse gas emissions, and estimate the climate change mitigation potential of circularity. We model material use, energy use and emissions up to 2050 for various levels of waste recycling and recovery. We show that emission pathways consistent with a 2 °C global warming target require strong reductions in the carbon intensity of electricity and heat generation. We also show that additional recycling yields small or negative climate change mitigation benefits when it requires high-carbon grid electricity and displaces virgin pulping that is powered by low-carbon pulping by-products. The results indicate that circular economy efforts should carefully consider the energy implications of recycling. Waste recycling is part of a circular economy, but for some materials its environmental benefits are unclear. Looking at the circularity of the global paper life cycle, under various levels of waste recycling, this study shows that any climate benefits hinge on reducing the carbon intensity of the energy used.

With the global trend to establish smart distributed-generation grids, the level of AC-voltage harmonics is significantly increasing due to power electronic converters interfacing renewable energy sources with the grid. Such harmonics will not only degrade the power quality and increase the losses in the electricity grids but will also have a severe impact on oil impregnated paper (OIP) in power transformer bushings. While much attention has been given to investigate the deterioration of OIP under thermal and electrical stresses, the impact of voltage harmonics on the OIP structure is still uncertain and calls for more investigations. Therefore, this paper is aimed at investigating the variations of the multilevel structure of an OIP aged under high levels of AC-voltage harmonics. In this context, degree of polymerization of the aged OIP is measured to reveal the changes of OIP secondary structure. Also, X-ray diffraction, deuteration treatment and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy are conducted to analyze the changes of the OIP aggregate structure during the aging process. Further experiments are performed to investigate the variation of the microscopic appearance, thermal behavior and dielectric properties, including scanning electronic microscopy, thermal gravity analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and frequency domain spectroscopy. This investigation on the variation of the multilevel structure of aged OIP not only promotes further understanding to the aging behavior and mechanism of OIP under AC-voltage harmonics, but also proposes crystallinity and accessibility as two new effective aging indicators for the OIP structure.

New electricity demand from e-mobility can incentivize investment in new clean generation and grid infrastructure, thus improving power system services. As electric vehicle charging is flexible, this demand can be shifted to follow supply from low-cost variable renewables, like wind and solar. In this working paper, we identify nine key barriers to effective e-mobility/ renewable energy integration, which revolve around upfront cost, locked-in governance and technology uptake. We present a framework of enablers for effective e-mobility and renewable energy integration. The framework divides enablers into four categories and subdivides them into ten subcategories. We identify enablers according to this framework, which will be used as a base from which to develop practical solutions in the Asia-Pacific context. 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The paper industry is heavily using energy during all the phases of the manufacturing process. This is especially the case in Nordic mills where pressure ground wood is the source of fiber. The purpose of this case study is to show how energy consumption behaves on a monthly basis in a Finnish paper mill that has several paper machine lines. The research examines different categories of energy usage, as well as the overall costs. The results show that the monthly energy usage varies significantly. The electricity consumption of the case mill is rather steady, but there is significant monthly variation in steam and natural gas consumption. Moreover, steam and electricity unit costs increased significantly when coming to the end of the research period. The longitudinal case data shows that it is difficult to enhance energy consumption per produced unit at the paper mill. One reason for this is the bleak demand outlook for the end products, which often result in downsizing and closing operations inside the integrated unit.

The industry of disposables has undergone an astronomically immense revolution in this century owing to the diligent lifestyles and technological advancements in its engenderment and manufacturing process. Paper cups are one of the widely used products in disposable industry. It has multi utility options that is it can be acclimated to imbibe water as well as beverages, soups, liquids etc. This paper entirely fixates on incrementing the quality factor of engenderment and manufacturing process of these paper cups by integrating adscititious circuitry to the subsisting machinery to truncate waste of raw materials as well as the per unit cost involved in wastage of electricity. There is a necessity to improvise the quality of overall production parameters using automation techniques. Replacing the whole machinery is a very high costing implementation hence economic feasibility of automation can be achieved by adding an additional circuitry and improving the overall perfoemance. This research work is predicated on utilizing proximity sensors to sense the materials and molded paper cups in front of machinery and minimize the electric wastage through a relay Mechanism assembly. This is a PLC predicated live project example of efficaciously incrementing the overall efficiency of the manufacturing plant

In pulp and paper production black liquor is burnt to recover base chemicals and to generate electricity and steam which is e.g. used in papermaking machines. In the event of paper tearing excess steam has to be condensed usually. We propose a latent thermal energy system to recover that energy and re-use it in the papermaking machines. A storage model was developed and experimentally verified by a lab-scale prototype. For the specific process, we designed a tube-bundle storage using thermally conductive HDPE as PCM and show that up to 30 MWh can be recovered per day. Finally, we describe the potential of storages to improve energy generation and efficiency in plants.

The subsector of pulp and paper presented in 2013 an electric power consumption of 9.3% of electricity consumption in the industrial sector in Brazil. It experienced a significant growth of production in the last 20 years, exceeding 160%, and their consumption of electricity increased by 130%, reaching the level of 19,594GWh. Due to its characteristics, with a known structure and production processes, and its importance in the country's industrial sector, this subsector was selected for study in this paper, to evaluate the behavior of its long-term annual electricity demand, at the horizon of 20 years ahead, in energy efficiency scenarios through bottom-up approach. This approach is data intensive and requires data with good quality; it consists of a hierarchical structure that enables to check how specific actions can affect the results at each level and its effect on higher levels.

Nonvolatile memory thin-film transistors (TFTs) fabricated on paper substrates were proposed as one of the eco-friendly electronic devices. The gate stack was composed of chicken albumen gate insulator and In-Ga-Zn-O semiconducting channel layers. All the fabrication processes were performed below 120 °C. To improve the process compatibility of the synthethic paper substrate, an Al2O3 thin film was introduced as adhesion and barrier layers by atomic layer deposition. The dielectric properties of biomaterial albumen gate insulator were also enhanced by the preparation of Al2O3 capping layer. The nonvolatile bistabilities were realized by the switching phenomena of residual polarization within the albumen thin film. The fabricated device exhibited a counterclockwise hysteresis with a memory window of 11.8 V, high on/off ratio of approximately 1.1 × 10(6), and high saturation mobility (μsat) of 11.5 cm(2)/(V s). Furthermore, these device characteristics were not markedly degraded even after the delamination and under the bending situration. When the curvature radius was set as 5.3 cm, the ION/IOFF ratio and μsat were obtained to be 5.9 × 10(6) and 7.9 cm(2)/(V s), respectively.

Power generation from renewable sources is important for sustainable development due to the depletion of traditional fossil fuels and related environmental pollution. In this work, paper is used to generate electricity under moisture ingress. As a result, a piece of untreated print paper (1.5 cm2 in area) can induce a voltage of 0.25 V and a current of 15 nA. The power output can be conveniently tuned by changing the humidity, temperature and number of devices by simple series/parallel connections. Such paper-based moist-electric generators (PMEGs) are expected to find their applications in the daily ambient environment owing to the wide availability and low cost of paper materials. A ‘power’ book is then fabricated to prove the concept, providing new insights into moist-electric power generation and a viable approach for designing extremely simple power generators for various applications.

Strongly electric fish use gradients of ions within their bodies to generate stunning external electrical discharges; the most powerful of these organisms, the Atlantic torpedo ray, can produce pulses of over 1 kW from its electric organs. Despite extensive study of this phenomenon in nature, the development of artificial power generation schemes based on ion gradients for portable, wearable, or implantable human use has remained out of reach. Previously, an artificial electric organ inspired by the electric eel demonstrated that electricity generated from ion gradients within stacked hydrogels can exceed 100 V. The current of this power source, however, was too low to power standard electronics. Here, an artificial electric organ inspired by the unique morphologies of torpedo rays for maximal current output is introduced. This power source uses a hybrid material of hydrogel-infused paper to create, organize, and reconfigure stacks of thin, arbitrarily large gel films in series and in parallel. The resulting increase in electrical power by almost two orders of magnitude compared to the original eel-inspired design makes it possible to power electronic devices and establishes that biology's mechanism of generating significant electrical power can now be realized from benign and soft materials in a portable size.

This paper focuses on the comparison of various methods and quantity of electrical power generation in the countries as Turkey, United Arab Emirates and Germany including sources of electricity and comparison with India is highlighted. In this paper, there is an outlook of various power generation techniques adopted, and the amount of the power with the help of various means are highlighted and put for the immediate comparison. It is also discussed that a brief outlook of power generation and their comparison show the significance of the geographical, climatic and political situations emphasis on the methods of their power generations, respectively. In different countries, the nature of electrical power generation has shown with graphical form on the account of percentage utilization of energies in recent year. Various power generation methods like thermal, wind, solar, gas, nuclear, hydro electricity, other renewable energy sources, etc., are discussed in details. A detailed comparison of cost of generated power and cost of a single unit per person according to the respective country has been discussed. By knowing this, it may be analyzed that different sources of power generation can be compared with the power generated in India. With the help of this, analysis and comparing to the utilization of different types of sources for the purpose of generation of electricity by different countries can be understood including source for production of electricity as compared to renewable source of energy.

The data set includes hourly time series for a period of one year of electricity demand of three different types of industries. The industries include a small food processing company, one small paper industry and one medium-large paper producing company. The data have been synthetized from two years of measured data from industries in Chile using a comprehensive clustering analysis. The synthetic data possess the same statistical characteristics as the measured data but are provided normalized to one kWh and anonymized in order to be used without confidentiality issues. The data were originally used in the associated paper [1] to assess the demand side management potential of the industries but these can be used for further energy system modelling exercises including these types of industries.

Since the Second World War, the pulp and paper industry has become one of the most important industries in the world based on its economic benefits. Unfortunately, it is usually associated with high water usage and high electricity expenditure. Currently, pulp and paper mills are faced with various challenges forcing them to follow stringent environmental regulations and adopt sustainable waste management strategies as well as utilizing best available technologies to treat the effluent. While the discharge of hazardous effluent is certainly a growing concern, the pulp and paper industry is making great progress in reducing the quantity of wastewater it expends along with the amount of hazardous materials found in the effluent. This chapter provides a brief overview of waste generation and management in pulp and paper mills, and it also discusses the combined novel and conventional aerobic effluent treatment methods.

Part of the dewatering in a paper machine takes place via vacuum suction boxes situated below the moving web. In addition to the removal of liquid water, considerable amounts of air are sucked through the paper. The air flow that accompanies dewatering is a crucial parameter for the electricity consumption of a vacuum system. The present study models this air flow, combining differential conservation equations with fiber characterization. Measured air flow rates for different vacuum levels, basis weights, and pulp types are compared to model predictions. More than 70% of the data agree within the range of experimental error.

The present scenario in the world largely demands affordable, fast, recyclable, and flexible electronic devices for bio sensing. Varieties of paper-based devices such as microfluidics paper electrodes, paper diodes, and paper-based transistors etc. have been developed and validated. Most of the fabrication techniques published so far have focused on economic, environment-friendly straightforward methods to develop paper-based field-effect transistors (PFET) sensors, additionally, explored their applications. The synthetic-free, mechanically flexible, biocompatible, and signal amplification capability render PFET based sensors for wearable device makers. Modified organic/inorganic PFETs identify target analytes based on the electrical signal and endow them as perfect transducers. In the field of PFET bio sensing technology, numerous challenges are needed to be discussed to proceed forward in biomedical and other analytical applications. Realizing biologically or chemically modified PFET having an exceptional signal to noise ratio, specificity, with rapid detection ability is challenging. This review recapitulates the fabrication techniques, performances of various PFET sensors, and summarizes the report by concluding remarks including the limitations of the existing PFET based sensors and the future holds in regards to the sustainable nature of PFET.

Dewatering on the paper machine takes place by gravity, suction, pressing, and evaporation. Optimizing the operation of the vacuum system is important, since the electricity consumption of the vacuum pumps might be one-fifth of the total electricity consumption of the paper machine. Vacuum dewatering involves large volumes of air penetrating the web. The present study presents four sets of measured air flow rates useful for designing industrial equipment. The mass flux of air increases with increasing applied vacuum and decreases with increasing basis weight. Paper technological parameters, such as fiber size and fiber flexibility, also influence the mass flux.

We present a microfabricated paper-based microbial fuel cell (MFC) generating a maximum power of 5.5 μW/cm(2). The MFC features (1) a paper-based proton exchange membrane by infiltrating sulfonated sodium polystyrene sulfonate and (2) micro-fabricated paper chambers by patterning hydrophobic barriers of photoresist. Once inoculum and catholyte were added to the MFC, a current of 74 μA was generated immediately. This paper-based MFC has the advantages of ease of use, low production cost, and high portability. The voltage produced was increased by 1.9 × when two MFC devices were stacked in series, while operating lifetime was significantly enhanced in parallel.

In this paper, a comparison of the various methods and quantity of electrical power generation of countries like Australia, Argentina, New Zealand, Mexico, and India is highlighted. It is required to get the outlook of the various power generation techniques, and the amount of the power the other countries are generating. It has been also shown the power generation methods of different countries in graphical form and on the account of percentage utilization of energies in recent year. Various power generation methods like thermal, wind, solar, gas, nuclear, and hydro are been taken into consideration. With the help of this, we may analyze different sources of power generation and compare of the above four countries power generated and compared with the power generated in India. With the help of this study and comparison, it can be observed also that the utilization of different types of sources for the purpose of generation of electricity by different countries and how such countries are major dependent on thermal power source for the production of electricity as compared to renewable source of energy.

The Swedish pulp and paper industry accounts for half of industrial final energy use in Sweden and 2.3 % in EU-27. On the basis of a disaggregated set of physical production data, a Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index decomposition method is applied to disentangle the influence from activity, structure and energy efficiency improvement (EEI) on its fuel, electricity and primary energy use. An extended analysis tracks the fossil energy use and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to discern past and present developments of industrial decarbonisation. In 1984–2011, the total production output increased by 49 %, whereas growth in primary energy use was limited to 26 %. Compared with an activity-based scenario, 50 PJ of primary energy use has been avoided through EEI and 6 PJ through structural change. The production has become oriented towards more electricity-intensive but less fuel-intensive segments. The electricity use EEI was negligible until year 2000 but sizeable thereafter as it started to outpace the counteracting impact from structural change. Results are consistent with previous bottom-up evaluations, and the policy context is further elaborated in a discussion about the role of relevant energy and climate policies in facilitating the enhanced EEI observed over the last decade.

Paper devices have attracted great attention for their rapid development in multiple fields, such as life sciences, biochemistry, and materials science. When manufacturing paper chips, flexible materials, such as cellulose paper or other porous flexible membranes, can offer several advantages in terms of their flexibility, lightweight, low cost, safety and wearability. However, traditional cellulose paper sheets with chaotic cellulose fiber constitutions do not have special structures and optical characteristics, leading to poor repeatability and low sensitivity during biochemical sensing, limiting their wide application. Recent evidence showed that the addition of ordered structure provides a promising method for manufacturing intelligent flexible devices, making traditional flexible devices with multiple functions (microfluidics, motion detection and optical display). There is an urgent need for an overall summary of the evolution of paper devices so that readers can fully understand the field. Hence, in this review, we summarized the latest developments in intelligent paper devices, starting with the fabrication of paper and smart flexible paper devices, in the fields of biology, chemistry, electronics, etc. First, we outlined the manufacturing methods and applications of both traditional cellulose paper devices and modern smart devices based on pseudopaper (order paper). Then, considering different materials, such as cellulose, nitrocellulose, nature sourced photonic crystals (photonic crystals sourced from nature directly) and artificial photonic crystals, we summarized a new type of smart flexible device containing an ordered structure. Next, the applications of paper devices in biochemical sensing, wearable sensing, and cross-scale sensing were discussed. Finally, we summarized the development direction of this field. The aim of this review is to take an integral cognition approach to the development of smart flexible paper devices in multiple fields and promote communications between materials science, biology, chemistry and electrical science.

Nanowires synthesized from metal oxides exhibit better conductivity than nanoparticles due to their greater aspect ratio which means that they can transmit electrons over longer distances; in addition, they are also more widely available than pili because their synthesis is not affected by the bacteria themselves. However, there is still little research on the application of metal oxides nanowires to enhance power generation of microbial fuel cells (MFC). In this study, a simple hydrothermal synthesis method was adopted to synthesize α-FeOOH nanowires on carbon paper (α-FeOOH-NWs), which serve as an anode to explore the mechanism of power generation enhancement of MFC. Characterization results reveal α-FeOOH-NWs on carbon paper are approximately 30–50 nm in diameter, with goethite structure. Electrochemical test results indicate that α-FeOOH nanowires could enhance the electrochemical activity of carbon paper and reduce the electron transfer resistance (Rct). Furthermore, α-FeOOH-NWs made the power density of MFC 3.2 times of the control device. SEM result demonstrates that nanowires are beneficial to the formation of biofilms and increase biomass on the electrode surface. Our results demonstrate that nanowires not only improve the electrochemical activity and conductivity of carbon paper but also facilitate the formation of biofilms and increase the biomass of the anode surface. These two mechanisms work together to boost extracellular electron transfer and power generation efficiency of MFC with α-FeOOH-NWs. Our study provides further evidence for the electrical conductivity of metal nanowires, promoting their potential applications in electricity generation such as MFC or other energy development fields.

This article carries in essence, the experience lived by the author over 15 years as the head of an association that decided aware lay people and electricity professionals about the risks that electricity offers, in order to reduce the number of accidents of this nature. Using the accident data collected by ABRACOPEL - Brazilian Association for Awareness of the Electricity Danger, and compiled in a document entitled Statistical Yearbook of Electrical Origin Accidents, it was possible to carry out specific actions, using languages aimed to each type of public, accidents target. The conclusion that many accidents can be avoided with low information is part of this work. Also, will be presented some actions that are being or have been carried out over these 15 years, and the results obtained.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, since the introduction of the Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System 2.01 in 2011, half of all private industry workplace electrical fatalities occurred within the construction industry. Between 2011 and 2019, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recorded that 378 cases of electrical fatalities occurred during construction projects. OSHA reports show that the greatest number of electrically related fatalities occurred in alterations or rehabilitations and in new projects or addition builds. Many of these construction projects were for single-family, duplex, or commercial building projects. In examining incidents where contacted voltage was recorded, 57% of fatalities occurred when a worker contacted an energy source of over 1,000 volts. Contact with energy sources of 480 volts and 7,200 volts accounted for the greatest number of fatalities. Gaining a better understanding of the jobs being completed and the source of energy contacted can help identify the behaviors and actions that need to be addressed to lower the number of electrical fatalities in the workplace.