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Colorimetric gas detectors have been widely applied in many fields such as environmental sciences, industrial hygiene, process control, forensic science and indoor air quality monitoring. They have a history of about 100 years and include devices such as gas detector tubes and paper-based gas detectors. The sensitivity and selectivity of the colorimetric gas detector are relatively high compared to other types of gas detectors such as semiconductor, catalytic combustion and electrochemical gas detectors. Detection of gas concentration can be performed by the naked eye in some colorimetric gas detectors. These methods do not require an electrical power source and are simple, so they are suitable for field operations. This review introduces the history and provides a general overview of the development in the research of colorimetric gas detectors. Recently, the sensitivity and selectivity of colorimetric gas detectors have improved. New materials such as enzymes or particles with a large surface area have been utilized to improve selectivity and sensitivity. Moreover, new gas detectors without toxic materials have been developed to reduce the environmental load. At present, there is a rapid development of IoT sensors in many industrial fields, which might extend the applications of colorimetric gas detectors in the near future.

The power transformer is one of the most important equipments that has a critical role in good electrical power delivery. Ageing of paper insulation inside the transformer is irreversible and hugely related to the operation of power transformer. This study involved inspection data from in-service and out-of-service 150 kV power transformers provided by the Indonesian electric company. The degree of polymerization (DP) of the cellulose paper insulation and furanic compound in the insulating oil can be used to estimate the transformer's lifetime. In this study, the correlation between HI decreasing rate (HI dec_rate ) and the loading factor of 115 transformers historical data was observed. The DP of the transformer paper was predicted (DP pred ) using the ANFIS model using the dielectric characteristics and dissolved gases as input. The results show that the correlation between the DP pred decreasing rate (DP dec_rate ) and the loading factor is more significant than that between the HI dec_rate and the loading factor

In remote areas, such as India, Africa and Southeast Asia, typically not connected to the natural gas distribution network, tissue paper production is currently carried out using a Yankee cylinder and two hot air hoods heated with saturated steam produced in conventional boilers. In this way the drying air is heated at medium temperature, around 160-180 °C, with consequent low levels of dried paper production. In this context, the present study intends to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of using a wood biomass fixed bed downdraft gasification plant for the production of syngas to be used as fuel in gas hoods, in order to reach high drying temperatures (around 500 °C), comparable with those of the current modern hoods powered with natural gas. Using previously developed calculation codes, an evaluation of energy performance of the paper drying system and of the gasification plant has been performed. The present study also evaluates the possibility of applying a CHP plant, powered by biomass, for the production of steam and electric, this last obtained adopting a steam turbine, thus covering all the electrical and thermal needs of the paper mill. Results show that, for a paper mill with a production of about 80 t/day of paper, two gasification reactors with a thermal output of about 1.95 MWt, and a consumption of dry biomass of 0.86 t/h, are required. For the steam system, the net electric power needed to meet the needs of the paper mill is about 3100 kW with a consumption of 4.72 t/h of moist biomass and a net efficiency of 23.9 %.

The use of vegetable oil (natural ester) in electrical devices like power transformers is increasing due to their high biodegradability and better safety. The lifespan of power trans- formers is mainly defined by cellulose insulation condition, which usually works together with dielectric oil as electrical insulation and also as mechanical winding protector and compactor. That is why the aim and results of this research shows us not only the dielectric parameters evolution, but also the relationship between the mechanical factors and the moisture content of thermal accelerated ageing processes, with commercial vegetable oil, of Kraft paper and Diamond Dotted Paper (DDP). These are two of the most common insulating materials in electric power transformers. In addition, the new tests have been done by a different method of paper ageing analysis. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement Nº 823969 - BIOTRAFO.

The subsector of pulp and paper presented in 2013 an electric power consumption of 9.3% of electricity consumption in the industrial sector in Brazil. It experienced a significant growth of production in the last 20 years, exceeding 160%, and their consumption of electricity increased by 130%, reaching the level of 19,594GWh. Due to its characteristics, with a known structure and production processes, and its importance in the country's industrial sector, this subsector was selected for study in this paper, to evaluate the behavior of its long-term annual electricity demand, at the horizon of 20 years ahead, in energy efficiency scenarios through bottom-up approach. This approach is data intensive and requires data with good quality; it consists of a hierarchical structure that enables to check how specific actions can affect the results at each level and its effect on higher levels.

This work presents the development and optimization of a very low cost, miniaturized and lightweight aluminum/silver oxide (Al/AgO) primary battery. The system is implemented on painted paper supported electrodes and it is activated using a small amount of water. The anode contains an improved composite based on aluminum powder. The cathode is made using an electrical conductive silver epoxy ink. The device displays a paper-based core comprising the electrodes and the paper matrix separator, modified with a highly concentrated dry potassium hydroxide salt, inside a flexible laminated plastic structure that provides sturdiness to the system making it safe and portable for the user. The battery turns on by applying 80 μl of water and as a result the system produces a maximum capacity of 0.5 mAh when 1.6 mA cm−2 are applied. The generated electrical power of two batteries in series is then used to power a LED during approximately one hour. Although there is room for improvement, these results allow envisaging the battery as a real commercial portable power source and allow planning potential uses of this energy to power microelectronics demanding low power consumption, such as sensors or wearable electronics.

An original partial discharge generated in oil insulation identification methodology based on simultaneously conducted measurements using electrical method, ultra high frequency method and acoustic emission method is presented in the paper. Three different partial discharge model sources as well as measuring instruments commonly applied for partial discharge detection in electrical power transformers are yielded within a laboratory research. Total of 45 scenarios, including proposed spark gap configurations, selected supply voltage levels and UHF frequencies are analyzed during measurements series. Furthermore, form among total of 93 descriptors assigned for every applied partial discharge model source configuration there are 24 proposed as potentially useful for partial discharge identification applications with their 95% confidence bounds. Attempt of discriminative descriptors selection for partial discharge source analysis in on-site transformer applications as well as a proposal of unique descriptors according to every selected spark gap configuration that could be potentially useful for partial discharge identification purposes are the main purpose of the presented paper. The proposed methodology verification on a real life transformer with particular consideration of the selected descriptors potential utility in the fields of partial discharge detection and identification in electrical power industry applications confirmed a proposed methodology usefulness.

Strongly electric fish use gradients of ions within their bodies to generate stunning external electrical discharges; the most powerful of these organisms, the Atlantic torpedo ray, can produce pulses of over 1 kW from its electric organs. Despite extensive study of this phenomenon in nature, the development of artificial power generation schemes based on ion gradients for portable, wearable, or implantable human use has remained out of reach. Previously, an artificial electric organ inspired by the electric eel demonstrated that electricity generated from ion gradients within stacked hydrogels can exceed 100 V. The current of this power source, however, was too low to power standard electronics. Here, an artificial electric organ inspired by the unique morphologies of torpedo rays for maximal current output is introduced. This power source uses a hybrid material of hydrogel-infused paper to create, organize, and reconfigure stacks of thin, arbitrarily large gel films in series and in parallel. The resulting increase in electrical power by almost two orders of magnitude compared to the original eel-inspired design makes it possible to power electronic devices and establishes that biology's mechanism of generating significant electrical power can now be realized from benign and soft materials in a portable size.

A manufacturing approach for paper-based fluidic batteries was developed based on the origami principle (three-dimension paper folding). Microfluidic channels were first created on a filter paper by a wax-printing method. Copper and aluminium sheets were then glued onto the paper as electrodes for the redox reaction. After the addition of copper sulphate and aluminium chloride, commonly available cellophane paper was attached as a membrane to separate the two electrodes. The resulting planar paper sheets were then folded into three-dimensional structures and compiled as a single battery with glue. The two half reactions (Al/Al(3+) and Cu/Cu(2+)) in the folded batteries provided an open-circuit potential from 0.82 V (one cell) to 5.0 V (eight cells in series) depending on the origami design. The prepared battery can provide a stable current of 500 μA and can light a regular LED for more than 65 min. These paper-based fluidic batteries in a set can also be compiled into a portable power bank to provide electric power for many electric or biomedical applications, such as LED lights and electrophoretic devices, as we report here.

Electric power equipment has complex construction. Therefore, it is very important to have enough information about the state of equipment. High voltage transformers play a very important role in the electric power system. One of the most important parts of electric power equipment is the insulation system. Insulation system must be in a good condition for reliable and safe operation of electrical devices. Insulation system of electrical equipment is exposed to various factors which could have negative influence on its condition. Oil impregnated insulation paper is one of the oldest insulation systems used in electrical power equipment. Mineral oils have been used for decades as transformer fluids because of their excellent dielectric properties and availability. However, performance of mineral oil starts to be limited due to environmental consideration. The aim of this paper is to simulate a real insulation system of transformer and to show the influence of accelerated thermal ageing on the insulation system. Properties such as relative permittivity, dissipation factor and the breakdown voltage will be described and analysed.

Moisture has a significant effect on the dielectric strength of paper insulation used in the transformer. Variation of moisture in paper insulation accelerates the ageing process of cellulose, degrading the insulating properties of the paper. As a result, the failure of the transformer occurs to leading catastrophic losses in the whole electrical power system. This paper describes a method to determine the moisture content of insulation paper at laboratory environment based on the change of the refractive index of insulation paper due to the variation of moisture in it. Influence of temperature on the cellulose paper material has been considered in the experiment for the proper estimation of moisture in the paper insulation.

Transformer is a vital equipment in electrical power system that can degrade faster or slower than its designated life. In order to recognize the vulnerability of a transformer in a fleet, Health Index is commonly used. Conventional Health Index approach require all the data to be available in order to obtain accurate condition of a transformer. However, frequently incomplete data such as furfural is often faced by asset manager. This paper demonstrated the use of seven models to substitute unavailable furfural. Health Indices of 200 transformers with complete data were calculated, and compared to the alternative models. Multiple imputation approaches to predict paper condition of transformer using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System) had better agreement than other approaches shown by higher coefficient correlation with complete Health Index, as much as 0.959 and 0.960 respectively.

Harvesting energy from environmental moisture is a promising technique for sustainable electric power resource. Herein, a new scalable fabrication method for flexible moisture-electric energy transformation device by dispersing or direct printing carbon dots (CDs) on paper is reported. A facile strategy for self-establishing ionic gradient on both sides of the device by constructing an asymmetric structure (the side of device is encapsulated) is proposed, which avoids prior processing of the materials for building asymmetric functional groups. The carboxyl groups on CDs near the open side of the device ionize more protons than that near the closed side, resulting in a potential drop across the device due to the concentration difference of the released protons on the two sides. The device can produce a sustainable voltage of −40 mV for over 100 min at a fixed humidity value. In addition, the device responds to direct touching of a finger or human exhalation, thus indicating its great potential for applications in electronic skins and humidity sensors.

Nowadays, multi-functional systems driven by solar energy have been explored to alleviate the crisis of energy and freshwater scarcity. However, it remains a great challenge to integrate multi-functions into one hybrid system with a monolithic material, which can harvest, convert and store solar energy synergistically. Here, we firstly propose a multi-functional carbon nanotube paper, which starts from a material level to solve these problems. The carbon nanotube paper is fabricated by vacuum filtration. It exhibits high efficiency of solar-thermal conversion. Secondly, three types of energy conversion/storage systems (e.g., solar-thermal evaporation system, solar-thermoelectric generation system, and supercapacitor) are constructed based on the carbon nanotube paper, which extend the research to a device level. The solar-thermal evaporation system shows an evaporation rate of 1.28 kg m-2h−1 under simulated sunlight irradiation of 1 kW m−2. The solar-thermoelectric generation system demonstrates a stable electric power generation with an output voltage of 100 mV under light irradiation of 1 kW m−2. The supercapacitors perform the energy storage function with an areal specific capacitance of 19.6 mF cm−2. These devices and systems can be used in freshwater generation (0.84 kg m-2h−1, sunlight irradiation of 1 kW m−2), water purification/desalination (inorganic ions rejection larger than 99.9%) and portable solar charging system (maximum output voltage of 5 V). Finally, a hybrid energy system is innovatively proposed from the system level to simultaneously produce freshwater, generate and store electric power. Through the synergetic coupling of solar conversion and storage technologies, the hybrid energy system can supply sustainable freshwater and electricity for remote areas in daily life, highlighting the superiority of multi-energy (thermal energy, electrical energy, and electrochemical energy) complementary.

Electronic Paper has been developed as a display by using funcitonalized polymer materials, but unlike the monitors for TVs and personal computers. It was mainly developed as a medium for illustrating static images (still pictures) for reading. Electronic Paper requires no electrical power to maintain the image, except when writing in new materials.It is anticipated to become a medium that can be used in place of paper. This leads to energy-saving and reduces the strain on the environment.

Variable-speed operation of wind turbines (WTs) achieved through electronic converters can decouple wind generator dynamics from power systems. Besides, the wide rotor operation range makes it possible for the WT to tap the potential of kinetic energy (KE) in the rotating mass. This study provides an overview of utilising KE from WTs for grid connections. The availability of KE in WTs is acquired by the rotor speed alternation, both in static and dynamic processes. For the static state, the rotors of WTs operate at a pre-defined power curve which leaves the generation margin for KE release; while for the dynamic process, the KE is passively changed by the imbalance between mechanical and electrical power. Some emerging technologies in frequency regulation and low-voltage ride through capability with the participation of KE stored in WTs are investigated. The applications of KE in terms of wind smoothing are summarised as well. Finally, this literature review also discusses some potential future applications of KE management.

This paper discusses the progress made on Côte d'Ivoire’s National Development Plan (PND) 2012–15. In the area of planning, the 2012–13 PND served to move planning to the forefront of public action. In addition, the National Bureau of Population has been set up to better address the problems of population and development. In the area of justice and human rights, the policy guidance paper has been prepared and is now being implemented. In the area of civil protection, the actions carried out have centered on strengthening the institutional and legal framework for preventing and managing risks and disasters and building up the operational capabilities of bodies in charge of civil protection.

Power transformers play vital role in electrical power system, that makes it crucial to monitor its current condition. Measurements of oil-paper insulation health index through parameters like Furfural (2FAL) and Degree of Polymerization are keys to assess life of power transformer, despite the fact that those measurements are not included in routine test. This paper presents the use of Artificial Intelligence to do condition assessment of oil-paper insulation of power transformer through its dissolved gases and dielectric characteristics. As much as 182 in-service transformers are observed and were used as training set of the ANFIS and FIS-ID3 model, while 69 other transformers were used as testing dataset. Acidity, Interfacial tension, CO, and CO 2 are potential to become input parameters of the health index. The result shows that FIS-ID3 have some advantages over ANFIS that is worthily noted for the next development.

Black liquor gasification–combined cycle (BLGCC) is a new technology that has the potential to increase electricity production of a chemical pulping mill. Increased electricity generation in combination with the potential to use biomass (e.g. bark, hog fuel) more efficiently can result in increased power output compared to the conventional Tomlinson-boiler. Because the BLGCC enables an integrated pulp and paper mill to produce excess power, it can offset electricity produced by power plants. This may lead to reduction of the net-CO2 emissions. The impact of BLGCC to offset CO2 emissions from the pulp and paper industry is studied. We focus on two different plant designs and compare the situation in Sweden and the US. The CO2 emissions are studied as function of the share of recycled fibre used to make the paper. The study shows that under specific conditions the production of “CO2-free paper” is possible. First, energy efficiency in pulp and paper mills needs to be improved to allow the export of sufficient power to offset emissions from fossil fuels used in boilers and other equipment. Secondly, the net-CO2 emission per ton of paper depends strongly on the emission reduction credits for electricity export, and hence on the country or grid to which the paper mill is connected. Thirdly, supplemental use of biomass to replace fossil fuel inputs is important to reduce the overall emissions of the pulp and paper industry.

As society depends more and more on electrical power, the demands for highly reliable power supplies are increasing. This paper examines the compatibility of oil mixtures with cellulose and aramid papers that are used in transformer insulation.

In this work, a detailed technical-economic analysis of a fluidized bed based waste-to-energy system for disposal of paper manufacturing sludges has been carried out. Specific reference is made to a case study represented by the largest plant in Italy producing recycled paper, with a daily sludge output of about 52 t. The adopted plant has been sized for a nominal capacity of 140 t per day also allowing the progressive elimination of sludges accumulated in a previously utilized landfill, giving a nominal electrical power output of 3.5 MW. The main plant sections have been described and the adopted technical solutions have been outlined. A detailed process and equipment characterization has been carried out leading to a thorough evaluation of capital investment, operating costs and revenues. A differential analysis has been performed with respect to the alternative solution represented by the disposal of untreated sludges in an external landfill in order to highlight the savings obtainable. The economic profitability of the investment has been evaluated regarding several performance indices. The economic evaluation has been completed by a sensitivity and risk analysis in order to assess the effects of uncertainties in the economically significant parameters. Adopting most probable values, the savings obtained with the considered waste-to-energy system are evaluated in the 15–20 million Euro range during the estimated plant life of 15 years with a foreseen pay back time of 4 years. Moreover, many environmental benefits result such as the remediation of existing landfill, the avoidance of new landfills opening and very low air pollutants emissions.

The paper presents new diagnostic method applied to assess aging degree for paper-oil insulation used in professional electrical power device, primarily including medium and high power transformers. The described method is based on modified diagnostics using the recovery voltage effect occurring in dielectrics (RVM – Recovery Voltage Methods). Modification of the RVM method applied so far, which is now used only to assess moistening degree for paper-oil insulation in power transformers, consists in a new parametric analysis of recovery voltage time characteristics. Simulation and experimental tests carried out in laboratory conditions for adequately prepared insulation samples have proven that the time-constant of recovery voltage decay (τR_MIN) is the most susceptible parameter as regards quantitative change in the function of aging of the examined insulation. This conclusion is also confirmed by statistical studies, in which a multi-parameter variance analysis method has been applied. An original equivalent circuit diagram of the insulation has been used to simulate aging degree of paper-oil insulation samples in numerical tests. The diagram is based on the Cole-Cole type dielectric response model.

This Joint Staff Advisory Note focuses on the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) for Kenya. Kenya’s second Medium Term Plan (MTP-2) that covers 2013–2017 seeks to build on the successes of the MTP1. It aims to accelerate growth to reach double-digit levels, to create jobs for the Kenyan youth, and to further reduce the still high poverty levels. It highlights that to reduce maternal mortality, the MTP-2 outlines measures such as free maternal healthcare at the point of delivery and incentives for school enrolment.

At the present time, reliability and stability of electric power have been very important when it comes to electrical systems in any plants, especially in terms of distribution. Phoenix Pulp & Paper PCL (PPPC) in Khon Kaen, Thailand, is currently generating electric power about 90% of its current needed by themselves and buys the rest from Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA). Nonetheless, the protection system should be installed to protect the electrical bus when electrical generating process trips or breakdown. Otherwise, it would cause the shutdown of electrical system and lose all manufacturing. To protect electrical system, PPPC therefore has to use load shedding system for cutting the connection of the machines from the system within few minutes. Power flow of electric power from 115 kV PEA to 11 kV via 2 transformers of 115 kV/11 kV and PPPC's 3 generators are studied in this research by setting the real electric power (P), reactive electric power (Q), current (I) and voltage (V) in the protection relay of load shedding system of 11 kV switchboards. In addition, motor control panel, simulated by SKM Power Tools program, is investigated in this research work. The simulation results: P, Q, I and V will be divided into 4 cases: the trips from TG-PUC, TG2, TG3 (in-house generation) and the one from PEA. In the case that there is a trip from PEA electrical distribution, P, only generated from the first three generators in house, will be insufficient to cover the plant's electric need and require around 6,512 kW more. As a result, the machines would have to be stopped running. However, if there is a trip from its in-house generation (TG-PUC, TG2 and TG3) instead, some P can be directly received from PEA. Thus, the load shedding scheme is important to protect the blackout system from electrical system's trip in distribution.

The attached Joint Staff Advisory Note (JSAN) on the Implementation of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper for Guinea, prepared jointly by the staffs of the World Bank and the IMF, was distributed with the member country’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) to the Executive Boards of the two institutions. The objective of the JSAN is to provide focused, frank, and constructive feedback to the country on progress in implementing its Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS).

Second only to safety, the most critical aspect related to electrical power on an offshore platform is reliability. Reliability can be broken down into three subcategories; availability, stability, and quality. Availability mainly pertains to the status of the primary equipment. Stability is achieved by having an effective Power Management System (PMS) to regulate voltage and frequency even during abnormal conditions (e.g. the sudden trip of a generator). Quality is a diverse topic, but the fundamental point is that the power delivered must be suitable for the loads and continuously monitored. By optimizing each of these subcategories, the reliability of the electrical power is maximized. This paper will cover technical details related to design and testing of an offshore platform PMS which uses many of the benefits of the IEC 61850 Standard, including Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) messaging between Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) and controllers to achieve fast power-based load shedding and load inhibition in a real application.

Transformer is a crucial component of the electrical power system. Usually, using differential protection Transformers are being protected. But whenever a transformer is energized, sometime malfunctioning may take place in the differential protection due to inrush current. Some methods are used to minimize the fault. Those methods are like per-phase method, cross-blocking method, Percent average blocking method and harmonic sharing method. Then fuzzy logic scheme has been used to separate the internal fault from magnetizing inrush current. After that, a differential protection has been used which was based on wavelet packet transform. Then Mathematical morphology based inrush blocking scheme has been used. In this paper comparison are made between per-phase method, cross-blocking method, percentage average blocking method, harmonic sharing method, fuzzy logic, wavelet packet transform based technique and Then Mathematical morphology based inrush blocking scheme.

The article concerns the presence of water in insulating systems consisting of cellulose materials impregnated with different electro-insulting liquids. This is a particularly important issue regarding power transformers with their strategic importance for an electrical power system. Water is a serious threat and can be the reason of a dangerous breakdown. Thus there is a need to have insulating system diagnostics in terms of water content. The article discusses the issue of water solubility in different electro-insulating liquids. The author determined the water saturation limits for these liquids. Moreover, the author determined water sorption isotherms for cellulose materials of different aging degree. On the basis of the obtained results, equilibrium curves were constructed for some selected kinds of insulation. The research results presented here allow to improve the reliability of determining moisture in cellulose insulation of various polymerization degree on the basis of water content measurement in an electro-insulating liquid.

Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) are prepared by member countries in broad consultation with stakeholders and development partners, including the staffs of the World Bank and the IMF. Updated every three years with annual progress reports, they describe the country’s macroeconomic, structural, and social policies in support of growth and poverty reduction, as well as associated external financing needs and major sources of financing. This country document for Guinea, dated May 2012 is being made available on the IMF website by agreement with the member country as a service to users of the IMF website.

This report documents the efforts taken to develop a preliminary design for the first commercial-scale CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS) project associated with biomass power integrated into a pulp and paper operation. The Boise Wallula paper mill is located near the township of Wallula in Southeastern Washington State. Infrastructure at the paper mill will be upgraded such that current steam needs and a significant portion of the current mill electric power are supplied from a 100% biomass power source. A new biomass power system will be constructed with an integrated amine-based CO2 capture plant to capture approximately 550,000 tons of CO2 per year for geologic sequestration. A customized version of Fluor Corporation’s Econamine Plus™ carbon capture technology will be designed to accommodate the specific chemical composition of exhaust gases from the biomass boiler. Due to the use of biomass for fuel, employing CCS technology represents a unique opportunity to generate a net negative carbon emissions footprint, which on an equivalent emissions reduction basis is 1.8X greater than from equivalent fossil fuel sources (SPATH and MANN, 2004). Furthermore, the proposed project will offset a significant amount of current natural gas use at the mill, equating to an additional 200,000 tons of avoided CO2 emissions. Hence, the total net emissions avoided through this project equates to 1,100,000 tons of CO2 per year. Successful execution of this project will provide a clear path forward for similar kinds of emissions reduction that can be replicated at other energy-intensive industrial facilities where the geology is suitable for sequestration. This project also represents a first opportunity for commercial development of geologic storage of CO2 in deep flood basalt formations. The Boise paper mill site is host to a Phase II pilot study being carried out under DOE’s Regional Carbon Partnership Program. Lessons learned from this pilot study and other separately funded projects studying CO2 sequestration in basalts will be heavily leveraged in developing a suitable site characterization program and system design for permanent sequestration of captured CO2. The areal extent, very large thickness, high permeability in portions of the flows, and presence of multiple very low permeability flow interior seals combine to produce a robust sequestration target. Moreover, basalt formations are quite reactive with water-rich supercritical CO2 and formation water that contains dissolved CO2 to generate carbonate minerals, providing for long-term assurance of permanent sequestration. Sub-basalt sediments also exist at the site providing alternative or supplemental storage capacity.

Guinea’s 2007–10 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper is intended to reestablish strong, sustainable economic growth in a favorable political and institutional context. The percentage of underweight children under age five has increased from 25.8 percent in 2005 to 26.1 percent in 2008, indicating a slight increase in malnutrition. The coverage of vaccination against measles for children under age one declined from 85.3 percent in 2007 to 65.4 percent in 2008. The number of health centers nationwide remains unsatisfactory despite a modest increase from 399 in 2007 to 410 in 2009.

This Joint Staff Advisory Note focuses on the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) for Côte d’Ivoire, and discusses poverty trends, the PRSP’s strategic pillars, and key outcomes sought, including a sound macroeconomic framework, and monitoring and evaluation arrangements. IMF staff supports the authorities’ plans to link the strategic priorities of the PRSP with budgetary allocations and processes. The IMF staff also agrees with the assessment of poverty made in the PRSP, and urges an immediate and focused effort to reverse the rising trend in poverty.

Paper-drying and coating processes consume significant amounts of energy. A single coated paper line in a New Page Corporation paper-making plant consumes approximately 1.7 MW of electrical power. Because of the poor efficiency of the infrared (IR) dryers used in this application, only 6% to 10% of the input power is utilized for moisture removal; the remainder of the energy input is lost as waste heat. The poor efficiency also impacts the quality of the paper sheet, resulting in poor control of the moisture profile and increased scrap. To address these issues, we developed a Back Surface Reflector (BSR) that captures thermal energy transmitted through the paper sheet and re-radiates it at wavelengths the paper can readily absorb. For coated 70 lb. paper, we demonstrated a 90% increase in the overall efficiency of the moisture removal process and an improvement in the paper quality. In this case, the energy saved in one month is enough to power five households for one year. These benefits translate to reduced energy costs and decreased scrap. In this paper, we will discuss the development of a simplified thermal model of the process, the completed benchtop experiments, and the results of our in-plant testing on a New Page paper line.Copyright © 2009 by ASME

The NDP aims at transforming Côte d’Ivoire into an emerging market and halving the poverty rate. The framework for poverty reduction can be improved by developing a program of targeted interventions to support growth in key strategic sectors, public investment management, maintaining fiscal and debt sustainability and implementation of energy sector reforms. The fiscal strategy focuses on scaling up public investment and sustainability. The public sector investment program and the macroeconomic projections of the PND are a good strategy. Risks to successful implementation are exogenous shocks, resistance to structural reforms, and sociopolitical instability in the country.

The first Annual Progress Report (APR) of Togo highlights many of the reforms implemented during the first year of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) while recognizing some weaknesses and implementation constraints. It draws attention to important advances in macrocritical structural reforms, notably in the areas of public financial management; fiscal governance; domestic arrears clearance to private suppliers; and banking sector restructuring. It also presents a macroeconomic framework consistent with the one agreed under the fifth Extended Credit Facility (ECF) review mission. It is recommended that the next APR should elaborate more on the macroeconomic challenges and risks.

This paper on Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers on Guinea explains medium-term development framework to achieve Millennium Development Goals and fulfill the authorities’ vision of Guinea as an emerging economy in 15 to 25 years, respectful of human rights and gender equality and supportive of the rule of law. It sets out medium-term policies that Guinea should implement to place itself on a path to development that would allow it to fulfill its ambition to become an emerging economy by 2035. This scenario foresees strong and lasting average annual growth, supported by ambitious policies for modernization of agriculture.

As measured standardly by levelized cost of energy (LCOE), onshore wind and utility scale solar PV (photovoltaic) have been rapidly declining in cost and are now reported to be the cheapest ways of generating electric power. While this is indisputably a welcome development, the fact that renewables in general --- wind and solar in particular --- are variable and available only intermittently makes LCOE a quite incomplete, perhaps even misleading, measure of value because it neglects the system cost of accommodating renewables for the sake of meeting demand and keeping the grid in balance. The additional cost of building and employing peaker plants (mainly fueled by natural gas), which serve as backup and reserve and hence are often idle, has led many observers to pessimistic conclusions about the economic viability of very high levels of penetration by renewable sources of energy. This paper fully acknowledges the problem. We present an ensemble of several ideas that plausibly may be useful for mitigating the intermittency problem accompanying high levels of penetration of renewable power generation, particularly solar PV (photovoltaic). The ensemble, presented as a proposed setup or institution, includes provision for dispatchable solar PV (and by extension wind power) as well as provision for a market for what we call variable supply electric power. This is described in the paper and contrasted with existing services, which may be described as guaranteed supply. Further, we confront our proposed setup with three years of insolation data for Philadelphia, PA. This leads to a number of quantified measures of variability that should be useful for system design and management. This is an exploratory paper, aiming at an initial vetting of these ideas. Very much remains to be done to investigate them fully.

The status of insulation in electrical power equipment at any given point in time can be assessed by monitoring several properties which are sensitive to the amount of ageing. This procedure is commonly known as the diagnostic or non-destructive testing. For power transformers, the condition of the paper insulation can be assessed by an examination of the tracks provided by by-products of chemical dissociation of cellulose in solution with oil. This work addresses the need of paper insulation condition monitoring by determining the furfural contents in transformer oil using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technique. The degradation of electrical Kraft paper under laboratory ageing experiment was examined by means of assessing the increase of concentration of furan compounds as well as the increase of moisture content. Experimental results show that the thermal ageing process causes a proportional increase in 2-FAL furan compound as well as in moisture content. Both increases were shown to be related to the ageing or degradation of paper insulation.

The IEEE Industry Applications Society (IAS) reviews paper on following topics: industrial power systems; commercial power systems; power system engineering; power system protection; electric machines; rural electric power; industrial drives; industrial power converter; power electronics devices; power electronics components; sustainable energy conversion systems; transportation systems; industrial lighting; industrial display; electrical safety; pulp industry and paper industry.

The government of the Republic of Congo launched a program aimed at consolidating peace and promoting economic and social development. The objectives included improvement of governance and consolidation of peace and security, promotion of growth and macroeconomic stability, improvement of public access to basic social services, improvement of the social environment, integration of disadvantaged groups, and combating HIV/AIDS. The review shows that much remains to be accomplished, and building on the significant gains of recent years, the decision to expand and strengthen the strategic poverty reduction framework was made.

The problem of comparing steam turbine engines to electric drives in high-horsepower applications (greater than 200 hp) is addressed. Only the DC-motor drive is considered. The objective of this analysis is to identify, for four selected cases, the paper mill fuel chargeable to shaft power and the tie-line power associated with the paper machine drive application. Combined with local fuel and power costs, the energy-cost impacts of each drive alternative are calculated. >

The scope of this paper is to discuss some process integration options for enhancing the energy systems in pulp and paper industries. The focus is on the recovery of heat of the exhaust air streams from the paper machine dryer section and on the utilisation of eventual excess heat from thermo-mechanical pulping (TMP). With optimal heat recovery systems substantial savings can be obtained. New papermaking technologies like improvements in the press section and impingement drying have opened up new possibilities for utilisation of secondary heat energy. Production of electrical power with organic Rankine cycle (ORC) can be an option in that respect.

The #2 Paper Machine at Sappi's Skowhegan, Maine Plant (USA) started up in September of 1986. It is a 300 inch wide coated free sheet paper machine driven by a 450 foot long lineshaft. Powering the lineshaft is a 4500 horsepower steam turbine. Due to an electrical power failure in 1996, the machine's lineshaft oversped and substantial damage occurred to the turbine's rotor and stator. This paper describes how five weeks of paper machine downtime was avoided by replacing the turbine with a 4000 horsepower electric motor.

Following an evaluation of the first Poverty Reduction Strategy Framework (PRSF) of Mali, the government adopted the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy Framework (GPRSF) document, which aims at reducing poverty and achieving the MDGs. The Accelerated Growth Strategy, which maintains macroeconomic stability and pursues structural reforms, is based on improvement of governance and renewal of public action, development of productive and private sectors, and investment in human resources. The GPRSF groups provide details regarding implementation of sector policies and strategies, budget implementation status, and recommendations. It is recommended to ensure monitoring-evaluation of poverty reduction activities through the GPRSF action plan.

The pulp and paper industry is an energy-intensive sector which the need for heat and electricity throughout the year makes an ideal user of cogeneration. This paper presents a survey of cogeneration plants installed in the Italian pulp and paper industry from 1986 to 2010 including the technologies installed and the size and the timeline of installations. The work, carried out in cooperation with ASSOCARTA (the trade organization of Italian pulp, paper and board manufacturers), examines 61 cogeneration plants, 14 of them in detail. The analysis involves 673.5 MWe of installed electrical power, accounting for 75.7% of the sector (890 MWe); the average plant size in the sample is 11.1 MWe, the Italian sector average being 18.2 MWe. Gas turbines coupled with heat recovery steam generators are the commonest technology in the low power range, with 35 plants found between 1 and 8 MWe. If combined cycles (commonly installed above 8 MWe) are considered, the cogeneration plants using gas turbines are 55/61. Our data show that from 1986 to 2010 nearly all plants worked with a positive PES (primary energy saving) index, using less primary energy compared to separate production of electrical and thermal energy. Only two plants had a slightly negative PES index, but the price of electricity and natural gas was such that they made a profit anyway.

The power transformer is one of the most important equipment in the electrical power system due to its cost and potential failure????s consequences. To ensure a continuous energy supply, it is needed to assess abnormal condition such as thermal and electrical behavior. From this viewpoint, dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is very useful in detecting internal defects in oil-filled electrical equipment. A system has been developed that allows to simulate partial discharge and overheating in transformer????s insulation. By using this system, we have studied on DGA under low temperature overheating in mineral oil and vegetable oil.

Failure of high voltage bushing leading to partial or complete destruction of power transformer has been considered as severe event in the electrical power system. Apart from power distribution it has led to human tragedy in a number of sites. Transformer industry is concerned with such problems and hence several committees have discussed the phenomena. Amongst other reasons attributed to it, the failure of draw lead causing complete failure of bushing and insulation breakdown in paper insulation between aluminum foil and the core has been major cause at power plant. The present paper aims at formulating an electrical equivalent network comprising inductances, capacitances and resistances representing the bushing and draw lead. The voltage distribution in the annular region of draw lead and aluminum pipe supporting core of HV bushing is calculated using Electro Magnetic Transient Programme [EMTP] programmed for standard and fast impulse voltage surge. The analysis shows that higher stress leads to the failure of draw lead and paper insulation of the core. Photographs of failed bushing along with initiating spots are given in the paper.