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Multi-sensor object detection and tracking on a highway scene with radar measurements is presented. The estimation algorithm is the random finite set based Bernoulli filter, working in the Bayesian framework. The recursion for calculating the Bayes estimation is implemented as a particle filter. A method is presented for calculating the likelihoods, suitable for particle filtering performed with moving sensors, assuming additive Gaussian measurement noise. In our approach, for calculating the posterior estimate of the object state, the measurement likelihoods are computed in the state space, instead of the measurement space, by mapping each measurement to the global coordinate system. The map consists of a nonlinear and an affine part. While the affine transformation trivially preserves the Gaussian nature, the nonlinear is well-proven to be approximated as affine too. This approach allows the particles to be drawn directly from the state space, hence the evaluation of the measurement model is not needed, which saves computational power.

Dirty paper codes are a powerful tool for combating known interference. However, there is a significant difference between knowing the transmitted interference sequence and knowing the received interference sequence, especially when the channel modifying the interference is uncertain. We present an upper bound on the capacity of a compound vector dirty paper channel where although an additive Gaussian sequence is known to the transmitter, the channel matrix between the interferer and receiver is uncertain but known to lie within a bounded set. Our bound is tighter than previous bounds in the low-SIR regime for the scalar version of the compound dirty paper channel and employs a construction that focuses on the relationship between the dimension of the message-bearing signal and the dimension of the additive state sequence. Additionally, a bound on the high-SNR behavior of the system is established., Comment: to be presented at ISIT 2013

The authors of [1] have become aware that several equations in [1] were presented with errors. As confirmed in this brief note, neither do the errors invalidate the game theoretic approach proposed in [1] , nor violate the equilibrium of the approach. However, the parameter selection, which is required to preserve the validity and unique equilibrium of the approach, is affected by the errors. We correct the equations with detailed mathematical derivations in the note.

The "Carbon Copy onto Dirty Paper" (CCDP) channel is the compound "writing on dirty paper" channel in which the channel output is obtained as the sum of the channel input, white Gaussian noise and a Gaussian state sequence randomly selected among a set possible realizations. The transmitter has non-causal knowledge of the set of possible state sequences but does not know which sequence is selected to produce the channel output. We study the capacity of the CCDP channel for two scenarios: (i) the state sequences are independent and identically distributed, and (ii) the state sequences are scaled versions of the same sequence. In the first scenario, we show that a combination of superposition coding, time-sharing and Gel'fand-Pinsker binning is sufficient to approach the capacity to within three bits per channel use for any number of possible state realizations. In the second scenario, we derive capacity to within four bits-per-channel-use for the case of two possible state sequences. This result is extended to the CCDP channel with any number of possible state sequences under certain conditions on the scaling parameters which we denote as "strong fading" regime. We conclude by providing some remarks on the capacity of the CCDP channel in which the state sequences have any jointly Gaussian distribution.

A dirty paper channel is considered, where the transmitter knows the interference sequence up to a constant multiplicative factor, known only to the receiver. We derive lower bounds on the achievable rate of communication by proposing a coding scheme that partially compensates for the imprecise channel knowledge.We focus on a communication scenario where the Gaussian noise is small while the interference is strong. Our approach is based on analyzing the performance achievable using extended Tomlinson-Harashima like coding schemes. When the power of the interference is finite, we show that this may be achieved by a judicious choice of the scaling parameter at the receiver. We further show that the communication rate may be improved, for finite as well as infinite interference power, by allowing randomized scaling at the transmitter.

Two players of Rock-Paper-Scissors are modeled as adaptive agents which use a reinforcement learning algorithm and exhibit chaotic behavior in terms of trajectories of probability in mixed strategies space. This paper demonstrates that an external super-agent can exploit the behavior of the other players to predict favorable moments to play against one of the other players the symbol suggested by a sub-optimal strategy. This third agent does not affect the learning process of the other two players, whose only goal is to beat each other. The choice of the best moment to play is based on a threshold associated with the Local Lyapunov Exponent or the Entropy, each computed by using the time series of symbols played by one of the other players. A method for automatically adapting such a threshold is presented and evaluated. The results show that these techniques can be used effectively by a super-agent in a game involving adaptive agents that exhibit collective chaotic behavior.

This paper presents an empirical study to investigate the use of photometric stereo (PS) for micro-scale 3D measurement of paper samples. PS estimates per-pixel surface orientation from images of a surface captured from the same viewpoint but under different illumination directions. Specifically, we investigate the surface properties of paper to test whether they are sufficiently well approximated by a Lambertian reflectance model to allow veridical surface reconstruction under PS and explore the range of conditions for which this model is valid. We present an empirical setup that is used to conduct a series of experiments in order to analyse the applicability of PS at the micro-scale. In addition, we determine the best 4, 6, and 8 light source tilt (illumination) angles with respect to multi-source micro-scale PS. Furthermore, an intensity based image registration method is used to test the accuracy of the recovery of surface normals. The results demonstrate that at the micro-scale: (a) Lambert model represents well the data sets with low root mean square (RMS) error between the original and reconstructed image, (b) increasing the light sources from 4 to 8 reduces RMS error, and (c) PS can be used to extract veridical surface normals.

International audience; The huge potential of ultra wide band impulse radio (UWB IR) with multiple access was initially evaluated using the standard Gaussian approximation which assumed that multi user interference could be approximated as classical Gaussian noise. Later the standard Gaussian approximation has been proved to be invalid in several cases. Thus the performance of the classical UWB IR correlation receiver dramatically reduces. We show in this paper how the non Gaussianity of the multi user interference can be exploited, turning the non Gaussianity into an advantage, increasing the performance with respect to the Gaussian interference case which was supposed to be too optimistic until now.

Costa's “writing on dirty paper” result establishes that full state pre-cancellation can be attained in the Gel'fand-Pinsker problem with additive state and additive white Gaussian noise. This result holds under the assumptions that full channel knowledge is available at both the transmitter and the receiver. In this work we consider the scenario in which the state is multiplied by an ergodic fading process which is not known at the encoder. We study both the case in which the receiver has knowledge of the fading and the case in which it does not: for both models we derive inner and outer bounds to capacity and determine the distance between the two bounds when possible. For the channel without fading knowledge at either the transmitter or the receiver, the gap between inner and outer bounds is finite for a class of fading distributions which includes a number of canonical fading models. In the capacity approaching strategy for this class, the transmitter performs Costa's pre-coding against the mean value of the fading times the state while the receiver treats the remaining signal as noise. For the case in which only the receiver has knowledge of the fading, we determine a finite gap between inner and outer bounds for two classes of discrete fading distribution. The first class of distributions is the one in which there exists a probability mass larger than one half while the second class is the one in which the fading is uniformly distributed over values that are exponentially spaced apart. Unfortunately, the capacity in the case of a continuous fading distribution remains very hard to characterize.

A l-Bayesian erasure test (BET) based on order statistics with diversity reception for noncoherent M-ary frequency shift keying (FSK) signaling is examined. In the l-BET, the M-ary FSK symbol is erased whenever the a posteriori probability of correct decision, which is a function of the l-largest sums of energy detector outputs, is less than a threshold. For binary FSK signaling in Rayleigh flat fading channels, the 2-BET is found to be the same as the difference threshold test (DTT), which declares an erasure whenever the difference between the largest and the second largest sums of energy detector outputs is less than a threshold. The output threshold test (OTT), which declares an erasure whenever the largest sum of energy detector outputs is less than a threshold, is proved equivalent to the 1-BET for the Rayleigh flat fading channel. Closed-form expressions for the probabilities of correct decision and symbol error for the DTT, Viterbi's ratio threshold test (RTT), and the OTT are derived when square-law combining (SLC) diversity is used. Several erasure tests including the Z-BET, the RTT, the OTT, and the DTT are compared in terms of probability of codeword error. The 2-BET provides almost the same performance as the BET that requires all the sums of energy detector outputs. The 2-BET provides power gains of 0.9 dB and 0.7 dB over the RTT for (7, 3) and (15, 7) Reed-Solomon (RS) codes, respectively, when the probability of codeword error is 10-3 and the diversity order is one.

A novel evaluation method for the paper formation is developed. The commercial wood free paper specimens, which were ranked previously following a modified Scheffe method by a group of panelists who are familiar with paper products, were used. The light transmission distributions of the specimens were prepared using an image scanner. The dispersion and the power spectrum for the light transmission were used for the linear multiple regression analysis to the human visual ranking of the specimens. The spectrum was obtained by the two-dimensional Fourier transformation analysis of the 256 × 256 pixels image. For the regression analysis, power ratio for all the combinations of the 127 × 126/2 of wave bands were used with the dispersion. It was found that the analyzed result agrees well with the human visual ranking when the wave band between 5.7 and 6.2mm is selected. This means that the human eyes are sensitive to this wave band which corresponds to the size of flocs and/or streaks in the paper. It was also found that the Elrepho brightness affects the visual ranking of the paper formation while the Tappi opacity does not.

A paper by Kiya et al. (1992, Fluid Dyn. Res. 10 , 117–131) on the numerical simulation of pseudo-elliptical vortex ring using the viscous version of the 3-D vortex particle method (Winckelmans 1989 (Ph.D. Thesis); Winckelmans and Leonard 1989 ( Proc. Workshop SIAM , 1988), 1992a (to appear in J. Comput. Phys. )) was recently published in this journal. The blame for the poor quality of the numerical results was put on the “Winckelmans-Leonard viscous scheme” (actually, the credit for the viscous method by exchange of particle strengths should go to Degond and Mas-Gallic (1989, Math. Comput. 53, 485–526)). It is the author's hope that this short note will convince the reader that the method is perfectly sound as long as it is used with care.

Progress in optics led to the point when scientists and engineers operate the pulses of the electromagnetic energy containing only a few (in fact, sometime less than one, see examples in [1]) oscillations of the field instead of monochrome or quasimonochrome waves. Even omitting physical problems of interaction between field and matter, including those associated with essential nonlinearity due to extremely high amplitudes of the field, one encounters a lot of problems caused by extraordinary large homogeneous spectral bandwidth of ultrashort pulses. Linear optics of ultrashort pulses essentially differs from that of monochrome waves; hence, the development of appropriate methods for description of such pulses propagation through an optical system is necessary. It is common to our perception to deal with monochrome wave transformation, not wide-spectrum signal one, because in the traditional optics there is the set of solutions for the typical problems. The purpose of this presentation is to show that the equivalent set may be developed also for the optics of ultrashort pulses. As a result, the qualitative study of the diffraction and interference ofultrashort pulses becomes as simple as the ray optics. There are different methods of the analysis of diffraction and interference phenomena. The first possible approach is based on Huygens representation of the diffraction phenomena. Traditional procedure involves Fourier transform of the initial pulse process to get a set of monochrome waves. Then one analyzes the diffraction of each of those waves and finally the resulting monochrome diffraction fields sum back to form a scattered pulse. Rather widely used [2, 3, 4], this method implies reconsideration of developed solutions of classical diffraction problems to take into account some second-order components. Thrown away in the conventional theory as contributing only small phase correction for rather law frequencies, they become significant for high frequency components of the field. Another method suggests decomposition of the initial pulse into a set of wavelets [5]. Being convenient to those researchers who operate with an equal ease with this class of functions and with monochrome waves, this method does not possess the clearness of first one. Moreover, some of them does not meet the causality principle. At the same time, there is another group of methods based on one of principal results of general theory of diffraction [6]. Their formulation is closer to Young interpretation of diffraction and considers the interaction of waves scattered by the edge of aperture and through-passing one [7]. In acoustics and electro-engineering, the method based on the formalism of Green function for the wave equation [8, 9] is used. The fact that this method performs well for linear system analysis in electronics supported us in our attempt. In optics, it was successfully used by J. Connes [10] and L. Mertz [1 1], for example. Both of them studied the propagation of pulses through some most simple devices. Moreover, their analysis was based only on intuitive concepts that led to some mistakes, as it becomes clear today. Nevertheless, the general conclusion on the possibility of using the Dirac transform for the description of the waveform conversion in the process of propagation through the linear optical system became obvious. The technique based on 8-wave ideas proposed in our previous publications [12, 13, 14]. Those papers demonstrated the simplicity of interpretation of spatial and temporal form of the diffracted wave transformation using the pulse approach. The present paper extends this concept and demonstrates complete agreement of its results with classical theory for monochrome waves; the method opens a way to the development of specific software for the analysis of propagation of ultrashort pulses. All methods mentioned above give identical results. To our knowledge, the S -wave approach was not used directly for the solution of diffraction problems in the Kirchhoff approximation. However, it seems to be handy for the description of short pulses propagation. Moreover, it was shown in [12, 14] that the method can clarify some features of diffracted wave that can give a key to a fine experiment realization

The paper formation is one of the most important properties of the paper but remains a difficult property to determine. A method for determining this property has been developed. This method based on light transmission image analysis uses the power spectra of the Fourier transform to analyze the floc distribution. The method has been tested for various furnishes and allows a well discrimination between different qualities of formation that does the standard formation number.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

We investigate the creation of squeezing via operations subject to noise and losses and ask for the optimal use of such devices when supplemented by noiseless passive operations. Both, single and repeated uses of the device are optimized and it is proven that in the latter case the squeezing converges exponentially fast to its asymptotic optimum, which we determine explicitly. For the case of multiple iterations we show that the optimum can be achieved with fixed intermediate passive operations. Finally, we relate the results to the generation of entanglement and derive the maximal two-mode entanglement achievable within the considered scenario.

The development of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be traced back as far as the early 1900’s. The pioneering efforts by Richardson [1], Courant, Friedrichs, and Lewy [2], Southwell [3], Von Neumann [4], Lax [5], as well as Godunov [6] address the fundamental issues in numerical analyses for CFD. It is immediately clear that a major portion of these efforts was focused on one of the most difficult problems in resolving the discontinuous fluid phenomena in a discretized space — the Riemann problem [7]. As it will be seen later, it remains the most studied problem in CFD. However, if one is interested in the viscous flow simulation, Thom [8] probably obtained the first-ever numerical solution by solving the partial differential equation for a low speed flow past a circular cylinder. For a scholarly description of the CFD historical perspective, the books by Roach [9] and Tannehill, Anderson, and Pletcher [10] are highly recommended.Copyright © 2003 by ASME

We review the nonlinearjoint transform correlator (JTC) including the kth law nonlinear JTC, andthe binary nonlinear JTC. The implementation of the nonlinear JTC using an optically addressedSLM in the Fourier plane is described. I. Introduction The nonlinear JTC uses nonlinearity in the Fourier plane to nonlinearly transform the jointpower spectrum. It has been shown that compared with the classic JTC 1 1 12, the nonlinearjoint transform correlator provides higher peak intensity, larger peak to sidelobe ratio, narrower correlation width, and better discrimination for similar ta1 10, 13 16 We review the nonlinear JTC1, the kth law nonlinear JTC , and the binary nonlinear JTC'3 ,9. We provide an analytical expression for a threshold function in the Fourier plane that provides the highest correlation peak intensity for the first order correlation term of the binaryJTC. 2 It turns out that this threshold function also eliminates the even order correlation terms atthe output plane. Thus, a higher correlation peak to sidelobe ratio is achieved in the output plane.The implementation of the nonlinear JTC using an optically addressed SLM in the Fourier plane isdescribed.

A non-destructive method for discriminating between different types of paper has been proposed, using image analysis, Fourier transformation, and cross-correlation matching. A fast Fourier transform (FFT) is used to extract the periodicity in the structure of paper that results from the manufacturing processes. The light-transmission images of the paper to be Fourier transformed are obtained from a flatbed image scanner. The similarity between the power spectrum of the FFT of the sample and that of a reference is quantified using a cross-correlation matching method. An advantage of using frequency analysis is that periodicity can be detected even if the sample is damaged or is printed on. The technique works on samples as small as 2 cm 2 .

A graph paper on which a Gaussian function of unit amplitude appears as a straight line was produced in an attempt to devise a method which would combine the obvious advantages of a linear presentation with the improved definition and convenience of a differential plot. A semilogarithmic plot of the linear differential pulseheight spectrum of 622 kev gamma ray from a Cs137 source is given as an example of the technique. The method requires only the data points from the multichannel analyzer and an estimate of the maximum height of the photopeak above background. Gaussian plots proved convenient checks on instrumental reliability; amplifier nonlinearity or drift cause noticeable deviations from linearity. (P.C.H.)

The effects are considered of base circle eccentricity, pitch error, dropped tooth, tooth bending under load, and of involute error on the transmission errors of gears. Measurements accurate to ± 1/4 μm show that adjacent pitch errors are frequently randomly distributed. When subject to Fourier analysis, they can give rise to unexpected harmonics both in the errors of a gear and the noise produced by it. A cause of ‘phantom’ gear noise is suggested.

Computed results on the characteristic impedance of wide slots etched on an electrically thin substrate of low dielectric constant epsilon/sub r/ are presented. These results combined with those in [1] provide design data for these slotlines. Curves are presented for epsilon/sub r/= 2.22, 3.0, 3.8, and 9.8. Comparison is shown for the characteristic impedance between the present calculations and those available in the literature for high-epsilon/sub r/ substrates. Empirical formulas, based on least-square curve fitting, are presented for the normalized slot wavelength lambda'/lambda/sub 0/ and the characteristic impedance Z/sub 0/ over the range 0.0015

Significance Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men. An accurate diagnosis of its severity at detection plays a major role in improving their survival. Recently, machine learning models using biomarkers identified from Raman micro-spectroscopy discriminated intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) from cancer tissue with a ≥85 % detection accuracy and differentiated high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) from IDC-P with a ≥97.8 % accuracy. Aim To improve the classification performance of machine learning models identifying different types of prostate cancer tissue using a new dimensional reduction technique. Approach A radial basis function (RBF) kernel support vector machine (SVM) model was trained on Raman spectra of prostate tissue from a 272-patient cohort (Centre hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal, CHUM) and tested on two independent cohorts of 76 patients [University Health Network (UHN)] and 135 patients (Centre hospitalier universitaire de Quebec-Universite Laval, CHUQc-UL). Two types of engineered features were used. Individual intensity features, i.e., Raman signal intensity measured at particular wavelengths and novel Raman spectra fitted peak features consisting of peak heights and widths. Results Combining engineered features improved classification performance for the three aforementioned classification tasks. The improvements for IDC-P/cancer classification for the UHN and CHUQc-UL testing sets in accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) are (numbers in parenthesis are associated with the CHUQc-UL testing set): +4 % (+8 % ), +7 % (+9 % ), +2 % (6%), +9 (+9) with respect to the current best models. Discrimination between HGPIN and IDC-P was also improved in both testing cohorts: +2.2 % (+1.7 % ), +4.5 % (+3.6 % ), +0 % (+0 % ), +2.3 (+0). While no global improvements were obtained for the normal versus cancer classification task [+0 % (-2 % ), +0 % (-3 % ), +2 % (-2 % ), +4 (+3)], the AUC was improved in both testing sets. Conclusions Combining individual intensity features and novel Raman fitted peak features, improved the classification performance on two independent and multicenter testing sets in comparison to using only individual intensity features.

We present a new method of measure of the roughness based on the analysis of the texture of speckle pattern on the surface. Images of speckle pattern over the surface are captured by means of a simple configuration using a laser, beam expander, and a camera charge coupled device (CCD). Using the properties of the normalized covariance function that we obtained from the image of the speckle through the inverse Fourier transform, we relate the values of the normalized covariance function. We compare the results obtained with a confocal microscope and co-occurrence matrices method. This method can be considered as a noncontact surface profiling method that is easy to implement and can be used during the manufacturing process.

In this paper, channel coding strategies for the problem of communication over a two-user Z-interference channel (ZIC) in the presence of non-causal side information (NSI) at transmitters are presented. First, an achievable rate region for the general discrete memoryless ZIC-NSI is derived using rate splitting technique, superposition coding, Gel’fand–Pinsker-type binning scheme and joint typicality decoding. Next, the capacity region of a special case of the orthogonal ZIC-NSI is characterized. Then, the Gaussian version of the channel called the Gaussian Doubly Dirty ZIC (GDD-ZIC) is defined and a general outer bound to the capacity region of the GDD-ZIC is presented. After that, an inner bound for the sum-capacity of the channel using Costa's dirty paper coding is derived and thereby it is shown that Costa's strategy cannot achieve any positive rates over the GDD-ZIC for the case of strong state-interference. Finally, lattice-based achievable rates for the GDD-ZIC are obtained. These lattice-based rates are independent of the state-interference powers and thus, lattice-strategies are able to achieve positive rates for the case of strong state-interference. Moreover, it is shown that lattice-strategies are optimal for a class of the GDD-ZIC.

Performance analysis in soccer has attained greater importance for coaching staff in order to gather and manage useful information (i.e., physical, technical, and tactical) of their teams during consecutive seasons. Accordingly, we examined the evolution of physical and technical performance parameters in the Chinese Soccer Super League (CSL). Data were collected from 1,429 CSL matches from the 2012 season to the 2017 season using the Amisco Pro (Amisco, Nice, France) system. Fourteen technical performance-related indicators and 11 physical performance-related indicators were analysed using a mixed linear model for repeated measures. Significant main effects of season were followed up using the Bonferroni correction (multiple comparisons). Although there were some irregularities, performance variables generally showed significant upward trends across the six seasons (p

Background Wearable devices have been widely used in clinical studies to study daily activity patterns, but the analysis remains a major obstacle for researchers. Objective This study proposes a novel method to characterize sleep-activity rhythms using actigraphy and further use it to describe early childhood daily rhythm formation and examine its association with physical development. Methods We developed a machine learning–based Penalized Multiband Learning (PML) algorithm to sequentially infer dominant periodicities based on the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm and further characterize daily rhythms. We implemented and applied the algorithm to Actiwatch data collected from a cohort of 262 healthy infants at ages 6, 12, 18, and 24 months, with 159, 101, 111, and 141 participants at each time point, respectively. Autocorrelation analysis and Fisher test in harmonic analysis with Bonferroni correction were applied for comparison with the PML. The association between activity rhythm features and early childhood motor development, assessed using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-Second Edition (PDMS-2), was studied through linear regression analysis. Results The PML results showed that 1-day periodicity was most dominant at 6 and 12 months, whereas one-day, one-third–day, and half-day periodicities were most dominant at 18 and 24 months. These periodicities were all significant in the Fisher test, with one-fourth–day periodicity also significant at 12 months. Autocorrelation effectively detected 1-day periodicity but not the other periodicities. At 6 months, PDMS-2 was associated with the assessment seasons. At 12 months, PDMS-2 was associated with the assessment seasons and FFT signals at one-third–day periodicity (P Conclusions The proposed PML algorithm can effectively conduct circadian rhythm analysis using time-series wearable device data. The application of the method effectively characterized sleep-wake rhythm development and identified the association between daily rhythm formation and motor development during early childhood.

A brief summary is given of the paper by Stiles. The line-element suggested by Stiles is shown to be the sum of the squares of total differentials of three magnitudes. Therefore, the corresponding color threefold is Euclidean. For the same reason, the line-element originally proposed by Helmholtz also defined a Euclidean color space. The customary parameters of colorimetry correspond to curvilinear coordinates in the color space of both Helmholtz and Stiles. In both of those spaces, constant luminosity is represented by curved surfaces. The forms of the line-elements of both Helmholtz and Stiles imply that geodesics, representing series of colors which exhibit the least number of just-perceptible differences between any two colors, are straight lines in the Euclidean spaces defined by those line-elements. They also imply that ordinary length measured along these lines is proportional to the number of just-perceptible differences between the colors represented by the terminal points. No direct tests of these implications are known. MacAdam’s data on the discrimination of equiluminous colors determine a surface of constant luminosity in the color discrimination space for at least one observer (PGN). This surface exhibits such severe (and irreducible) curvature that the straight lines drawn between most pairs of considerably different equiluminous colors are, at their midpoints, far from the surface of constant luminosity. The line-elements of both Stiles and Helmholtz, therefore, imply that the series of colors exhibiting the least number of just-perceptible differences between two equiluminous colors includes many colors of very different luminosity. Although no observational tests are known, it seems unreasonable to expect that considerable departures from the common luminosity of the terminal colors will reduce the number of differences perceptible in any series between them. Attention is called to the criterion of probability of errors in color matching as an alternative to just-perceptible differences for investigations of visual sensitivities to color differences. This concept leads to a definition of the line-element independently of any assumption of the applicability to color discrimination of Fechner’s law or its modifications.

The I-type mechanical element is abstracted from the I-shaped substructures commonly existing in grouted masonry. According to the experimental results and comparison with literature, the rationality of the basic mechanical element is proved in this study. A constitutive law is proposed in this paper based on the concrete softened theory and the I-type mechanical element in order to predict the compressive stress-strain curve of grouted masonry. The prediction results of compressive strength, compressive stress-strain curve, and modulus of elasticity well match the test results available in the literature and the experimental results obtained from this study. It is asserted that the proposed constitutive law is able to provide reliable and accurate predictions. In the function of the proposed method, the deformation ratio of grouted masonry is used to describe the interaction process on blocks. Moreover, mathematical analysis shows that the value of this parameter has a significant impact on the prediction curve, which deserves further study.

State-dependent parallel networks with a common state-cognitive helper is studied, in which $K$ transmitters wish to send $K$ messages to their corresponding receivers over $K$ state-corrupted parallel channels, and a helper who knows the state information noncausally wishes to assist these receivers to cancel state interference. Furthermore, the helper also has its own message to be sent simultaneously to its corresponding receiver. Since the state information is known only to the helper, but not to other transmitters, transmitter-side state cognition and receiver-side state interference are mismatched. Our focus is on the high state power regime, i.e., the state power goes to infinity. Three (sub)models are studied. Model I serves as a basic model, which consists of only one transmitter–receiver (with state corruption) pair in addition to a helper that assists the receiver to cancel state in addition to transmitting its own message. Model II consists of two transmitter–receiver pairs in addition to a helper, and only one receiver is interfered by a state sequence. Model III generalizes model I to include multiple transmitter–receiver pairs with each receiver corrupted by independent state. For all models, the inner and outer bounds on the capacity region are derived, and comparison of the two bounds yields characterization of either full or partial boundary of the capacity region under various channel parameters.

We propose a nonscanning three-dimensional (3-D) fluorescence imaging technique using the transport of intensity equation (TIE) and free-space Fresnel propagation. In this imaging technique, a phase distribution corresponding to defocused fluorescence images with a point-light-source-like shape is retrieved by a TIE-based phase retrieval algorithm. From the obtained phase distribution, and its corresponding amplitude distribution, of the defocused fluorescence image, various images at different distances can be reconstructed at the desired plane after Fresnel propagation of the complex wave function. Through the proposed imaging approach, the 3-D fluorescence imaging can be performed in multiple planes. The fluorescence intensity images are captured with the help of an electrically tunable lens; hence, the imaging technique is free from motion artifacts. We present experimental results corresponding to microbeads and a biological sample to demonstrate the proposed 3-D fluorescence imaging technique.

In this paper, we introduce the Cognitive Multiple Access Z Interference Channel (CMAZIC) where there are two secondary user (SU) transmitters and one SU receiver and one primary user (PU) transceiver pair. Both the SUs are aware of the PU message non causally. There is interference only from the PU transmitter to the SU receiver but not vice versa. We study the Discrete Memoryless CMAZIC (DM-CMAZIC) and provide achievable rate regions with and without superposition coding at the PU transmitter and with Gelfand Pinsker coding against the interference of the PU at both the SU transmitters. For the Gaussian case we show that the inner bound without superposition coding is capacity achieving when appropriate Dirty paper coding is performed at the SU transmitters.

In this paper, we study the state-dependent symmetric Gaussian interference channel, where the additive Gaussian state is non-causally known at both transmitters but unknown to either of the receivers. We apply the coding scheme in [5] with different dirty paper coding parameters. We study both strong and weak interference scenarios and characterize the theoretical gap between the achievable symmetric rate and the upper bound, which is shown to be less than 1/4 bit for the strong interference case and less than 3/4 bit for the weak interference case. Finally, we provide numerical evaluations of the achievable rates against the upper bound, which validates the theoretical analysis for both cases.

Motivation Codon models are widely used to identify the signature of selection at the molecular level and to test for changes in selective pressure during the evolution of genes encoding proteins. The large size of the state space of the Markov processes used to model codon evolution makes it difficult to use these models with large biological datasets. We propose here to use state aggregation to reduce the state space of codon models and, thus, improve the computational performance of likelihood estimation on these models. Results We show that this heuristic speeds up the computations of the M0 and branch-site models up to 6.8 times. We also show through simulations that state aggregation does not introduce a detectable bias. We analyzed a real dataset and show that aggregation provides highly correlated predictions compared to the full likelihood computations. Finally, state aggregation is a very general approach and can be applied to any continuous-time Markov process-based model with large state space, such as amino acid and coevolution models. We therefore discuss different ways to apply state aggregation to Markov models used in phylogenetics. Availability and Implementation The heuristic is implemented in the godon package (https://bitbucket.org/Davydov/godon) and in a version of FastCodeML (https://gitlab.isb-sib.ch/phylo/fastcodeml). Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

In this paper, the multiple access channel (MAC) with channel state is analyzed in a scenario where a) the channel state is known non-causally to the transmitters and b) there is perfect causal feedback from the receiver to the transmitters. An achievable region and an outer bound are found for a discrete memoryless MAC that extend existing results, bringing together ideas from the two separate domains of MAC with state and MAC with feedback. Although this achievable region does not match the outer bound in general, non-trivial conditions are found where they meet. In the case of Gaussian MAC, a specialized achievable region is found by using a combination of dirty paper coding and a generalization of the Schalkwijk-Kailath (1966), Ozarow (1984) and Merhav-Weissman (2005) schemes, and this region is found to be capacity achieving. Specifically, it is shown that additive Gaussian interference that is known non-causally to the transmitter causes no loss in capacity for the Gaussian MAC with feedback

RST invarian watermarking scheme is proposed in this paper based on the SIFT feature points and improved pseudo-Zernike moment. Firstly, feature points are detected using SIFT, and some suitable points are selected to form localized feature regions which are scaled to a standard sized. After computing these regions by the improved pseudo-Zernike moments of these regions , the digital watermark are embedded into the host image by quantizing some low-lever moments. Experimental results show this scheme is robust against the rotation, shearing, JPEG compression, noise and filtering attack.

A generalization of the Gaussian dirty-paper problem to a multiple access setup is considered. There are two additive interference signals, one known to each transmitter but none to the receiver. The rates achievable using Costa's strategies (i.e. by a random binning scheme induced by Costa's auxiliary random variables) vanish in the limit when the interference signals are strong. In contrast, it is shown that lattice strategies ("lattice precoding") can achieve positive rates independent of the interferences, and in fact in some cases - which depend on the noise variance and power constraints - they are optimal. In particular, lattice strategies are optimal in the limit of high SNR. It is also shown that the gap between the achievable rate region and the capacity region is at most 0.167 bit. Thus, the dirty MAC is another instance of a network setup, like the Korner-Marton modulo-two sum problem, where linear coding is potentially better than random binning. Lattice transmission schemes and conditions for optimality for the asymmetric case, where there is only one interference which is known to one of the users (who serves as a "helper" to the other user), and for the "common interference" case are also derived. In the former case the gap between the helper achievable rate and its capacity is at most 0.085 bit., 42 pages, 14 figures

Motivation: Solenoid proteins are emerging as a protein class with properties intermediate between structured and intrinsically unstructured proteins. Containing repeating structural units, solenoid proteins are expected to share sequence similarities. However, in many cases, the sequence similarities are weak and non-detectable. Moreover, solenoids can be degenerated and widely vary in the number of units. So that it is difficult to detect them. Recently, several solenoid repeats detection methods have been proposed, such as self-alignment of the sequence, spectral analysis and discrete Fourier transform of sequence. Although these methods have shown good performance on certain data sets, they often fail to detect repeats with weak similarities. In this article, we propose a new approach to recognize solenoid repeats and non-solenoid proteins using stationary wavelet packet transform (SWPT). Our method associates with three advantages: (i) naturally representing five main factors of protein structure and properties by wavelet analysis technique; (ii) extracting novel wavelet features that can capture hidden components from solenoid sequence similarities and distinguish them from global proteins; (iii) obtaining statistics features that capture repeating motifs of solenoid proteins. Results: Our method analyzes the characteristics of amino acid sequence in both spectral and temporal domains using SWPT. Both global and local information of proteins are captured by SWPT coefficients. We obtain and integrate wavelet-based features and statistics-based features of amino acid sequence to improve the classification task. Our proposed method is evaluated by comparing to state-of-the-art methods such as HHrepID and REPETITA. The experimental results show that our algorithm consistently outperforms them in areas under ROC curve. At the same false positive rate, the sensitivity of our WAVELET method is higher than other methods. Availability: http://www.naaan.org/anvo/Software/Software.htm Contact: anphuocnhu.vo@mavs.uta.edu

Motivation: Proteins exhibit complex subcellular distributions, which may include localizing in more than one organelle and varying in location depending on the cell physiology. Estimating the amount of protein distributed in each subcellular location is essential for quantitative understanding and modeling of protein dynamics and how they affect cell behaviors. We have previously described automated methods using fluorescent microscope images to determine the fractions of protein fluorescence in various subcellular locations when the basic locations in which a protein can be present are known. As this set of basic locations may be unknown (especially for studies on a proteome-wide scale), we here describe unsupervised methods to identify the fundamental patterns from images of mixed patterns and estimate the fractional composition of them. Methods: We developed two approaches to the problem, both based on identifying types of objects present in images and representing patterns by frequencies of those object types. One is a basis pursuit method (which is based on a linear mixture model), and the other is based on latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA). For testing both approaches, we used images previously acquired for testing supervised unmixing methods. These images were of cells labeled with various combinations of two organelle-specific probes that had the same fluorescent properties to simulate mixed patterns of subcellular location. Results: We achieved 0.80 and 0.91 correlation between estimated and underlying fractions of the two probes (fundamental patterns) with basis pursuit and LDA approaches, respectively, indicating that our methods can unmix the complex subcellular distribution with reasonably high accuracy. Availability: http://murphylab.web.cmu.edu/software Contact: murphy@cmu.edu

A composite set of ovarian tissue features extracted from photoacoustic spectral data, beam envelope, and co-registered ultrasound and photoacoustic images are used to characterize malignant and normal ovaries using logistic and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers. Normalized power spectra were calculated from the Fourier transform of the photoacoustic beamformed data, from which the spectral slopes and 0-MHz intercepts were extracted. Five features were extracted from the beam envelope and another 10 features were extracted from the photoacoustic images. These 17 features were ranked by their p-values from t -tests on which a filter type of feature selection method was used to determine the optimal feature number for final classification. A total of 169 samples from 19 ex vivo ovaries were randomly distributed into training and testing groups. Both classifiers achieved a minimum value of the mean misclassification error when the seven features with lowest p-values were selected. Using these seven features, the logistic and SVM classifiers obtained sensitivities of 96.39 ± 3.35% and 97.82 ± 2.26%, and specificities of 98.92 ± 1.39% and 100%, respectively, for the training group. For the testing group, logistic and SVM classifiers achieved sensitivities of 92.71 ± 3.55% and 92.64 ± 3.27%, and specificities of 87.52 ± 8.78% and 98.49 ± 2.05%, respectively.

Paperboard is widely used in different applications, such as packaging and graphic printing, among others. Consumption of recycled paper is growing, which has led the paper-mill packaging industry to apply strict quality controls. This means that it is very important to develop methods to test the quality of recycled products. In this article, we focus on determining the recovered-fiber content of paperboard samples by applying Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy in combination with multivariate statistical methods. To this end, two very fast, nondestructive approaches were applied: classification and quantification. The first approach is based on classifying unknown paperboard samples into two groups: high and low recovered-fiber content. Conversely, under the quantification approach, the content of recovered fiber in the incoming paperboard samples is determined. The experimental results presented in this article show that the classification approach, which classifies unknown incoming paperboard samples, is highly accurate and that the quantification approach has a root mean square error of prediction of about 4.1.

Determining the origin of cosmetic traces is an important aspect of forensic investigations, that helps linking a suspect to a crime. Such type of evidence can help further narrow down the undergoing investigations. This paper reports the first use of Raman Spectroscopy (RS) coupled with the exploratory principal component analysis (PCA) and supervised partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) in facial creams. 40 facial cream samples of 8 different brands were studied in this work. Preliminary assessments through visual inspection of their Raman spectra revealed the presence of oxides, titanium dioxide, castor seed oil, and beeswax. Also, the peaks of alkyne groups were indicative of the presence of talc or mica compounds. The exploratory PCA correctly segregated the samples into 8 clusters and the supervised PLS-DA model correctly classified them into 8 classes. Further evaluation of the performance of the trained PLS-DA model resulted in perfect classification shown by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The PLS-DA model also resulted in 100% accuracy of correctly assigning the brand on the face wipes on each of the five substrates viz. cotton, dry and wet tissue paper, nylon substrate, and polyester. This validation was done treating these samples as unknowns. The study has a potential for use under actual forensic casework conditions.

This paper analyzes the development prospects of zinc-nickel battery industry, further investigates the industry competition in existing markets by mathematical modeling, calculates the equilibrium price and profit of the oligarch competition by using the method of Stackelberg equilibrium and Nash equilibrium, and makes a comparison between them. Then, we study and model the case of renting and selling simultaneously. In addition, we also study the impact of futures prices on the zinc-nickel battery companies and carry out numerical simulation. At the end of this paper, we analyze the location of zinc-nickel battery enterprises and the industry development under the COVID-19 pandemic. The finding show that the reduction of raw material cost is of great help to the development of the zinc-nickel battery industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Discrete Dynamics in Nature & Society is the property of Hindawi Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tissue segregation plays a crucial role in the measurement of breast density in breast magnetic resonance (MR) images. This paper proposes a mathematical analysis of the new distribution mixture model for the intensity spectrum of breast MR images using Gamma and Gaussian distribution for fibro-glandular and adipose tissues, respectively. The thorough regression analysis and mapping presented in this paper clearly indicate that the distribution of Gamma is best suited to the spectrum of fibro-glandular tissue intensities relative to the standard Gaussian distribution. Moreover, Gamma distribution can represent both symmetric and non-symmetric (skewed) intensity distributions in a more efficient way, leading to a more accurate segmentation of fibro-glandular and adipose tissues. The efficiency of the segmentation is quantified by measuring the standard performance appraisal steps : Dice similarity coefficient, Jaccard index and dissimilarity index. The whole mathematical analysis is performed on a data set of 200 patients with 160 axial slices per subject with various breast sizes and densities. The Gamma Gaussian mixture model (GaGMM’s) assessment metrics indicate an improvement of 39.4 %, 46.8 % and 54.9 %, respectively, in relation to the Gaussian mixture model.

To overcome the invalid phase and phase jump phenomenon generated during the phase unwrapping, a phase error correction method based on the Gaussian filtering algorithm and intensity variance is proposed in this paper. First, a threshold of fringe intensity variance is set to identify and clear the phase in the invalid region. Then, the Gaussian filtering algorithm is employed to correct the phase order at the fringe junction, and then the absolute phase is corrected. Finally, the phase correction experiments of different geometric objects are carried out to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method. The method proposed in this paper can be extended to the correction of absolute phase error obtained by any coding method.

To improve vehicle side crashworthiness, this paper first introduces the negative Poisson’s ratio structure to the traditional B-pillar and proposes a negative Poisson’s ratio B-pillar. Then, the performance of the negative Poisson’s ratio B-pillar is studied in detail by comparison with a traditional B-pillar and honeycomb B-pillar. Aiming at the problem that the side crashworthiness is also significantly affected by the side structure parameters of vehicle body, the factorial analysis theory is adopted to screen out the side structure parameters with significant effect. Based on this, by combining the optimal Latin hypercube design and response surface model, a multi-objective optimization design is conducted for those structure parameters based on non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II. Finally, the normal boundary intersection method is adopted to seek the Pareto optimal solution, and the simulation results show that compared with the traditional B-pillar, the negative Poisson’s ratio B-pillar optimized by non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II has better comprehensive crashworthiness. The results of this paper can provide some basis for the design and optimization of vehicle side crashworthiness.

This paper analyzes the effect of error correlation on the SISRE bounding for GPS and Galileo satellites. For a given period of data collection, it computes the effective number of independent samples contained in a dataset applying an estimation variance analyses. Results show that the time between effective independent samples is highly dependent on the constellation and onboard clock type. On one hand, GPS satellites equipped with Rubidium clocks exhibit longer error correlation that those with onboard Cesium clocks (50-60 hours versus 5-6 hours). On the other hand, Galileo satellites show a significantly shorter correlation among samples with less variability on a monthly basis (2.5- 3.5 hours for PHM-equipped satellites versus 4-5 hours for RAFS clocks). This paper also introduces a methodology to compute SISRE bounding accounting for the limited number of independent samples. Using a Bayesian approach, it computes the so-called inflation factor that a Gaussian overbound needs to be expanded with in order to account for the uncertainty within the observation data.

Recently, Yang et al. (2019) proposed a fuzzy model-based Gaussian (F-MB-Gauss) clustering that combines a model-based Gaussian with fuzzy membership functions for clustering. In this paper, we further consider the F-MB-Gauss clustering with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) for feature (variable) selection, termed a fuzzy Gaussian Lasso (FG-Lasso) clustering algorithm. We demonstrate that the proposed FG-Lasso is a good clustering algorithm with better choice for feature subset selection. Experimental results and comparisons actually present these good aspects of the proposed FG-Lasso clustering algorithm. Cancer is a disease with growth of abnormal cells in a body. WHO reported that it is the first or second main leading cause of death. It spreads and affects the other parts of body if there is not properly diagnosed. In the paper, we apply the proposed FG-Lasso to cancer data with good feature selection and clustering results.