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The ever-increasing worldwide demand for automation has augmented the adoption of technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning for industrial developments. Among the recent technological advancements, intelligent robots are increasingly becoming an integral part of several firms. The study focuses on the impact of intelligent robots on productivity, competitiveness and how firms are leveraging automation. This study uses centering resonance analysis (CRA) to develop an empirically grounded understanding of the rationale for robotization, through secondary archived data. Through the content analysis of over 261 online published articles, we decipher the derived themes through the following theoretical frameworks: behavioral, economic, and operations management perspectives. The findings suggest that firms are leveraging the concept of robotization to increase performance, efficiency, and profit. The deployment of robots in various firm domains focuses on public welfare, consumer orientation, and a sustainable environment and agriculture. JEL classification: M15, O31, Q55, Códigos JEL: M15, O31, Q55, Keywords: Automation, Robotization, Text-mining, Centering resonance analysis, Empirical study

In his groundbreaking work Sources of Innovation, Eric von Hippel discussed from where in (and out of) the value-chain innovations came in different industries: the customer, the manufacturer, the supplier, or third-party innovator (universities, research laboratories, etc.).The world has changed, and new phenomena have become apparent. This article is a conceptual paper that discusses these new phenomena and presents a tentative updated pheno-typology of the sources of innovation, adding six to von Hippel's original four. To build these phenotypes it draws heavily on Kaulio (1998), Borrus and Zysman (1997) and Hart & Kim (2002).As principal take-away, the consequences for knowledge production and transfer are discussed for each of the 10 phenotypes, in comparison to the in-house, non-open innovation, default phenotype. JEL classification: O31, 032, Códigos JEL: O31, 032, Keywords: Innovation, Tacit knowing, Differentiation, Monopoly rent, Sources of innovation

This paper analyses correlations between several organizational characteristics and product/process innovations in enterprises in Serbia. We used the World Bank Enterprise Survey data on 339 small, medium, and large companies from various industries. Many of the factors analysed in this study are consistent with theoretical conclusions in the literature on this topic and relate to organizational maturity. Also, factors such as the size of the company and the industry to which it belongs were analysed. For correlations testing, the Chi-square correlation coefficient and the Cramer’s V test were used. The analysis revealed correlations between innovativeness and many organizational characteristics. However, in some cases, contrary to theoretical claims, correlations were not confirmed. We found that the introduction of new products and/or processes in the company is influenced by business strategy, production targets, number of performance indicators monitored, establishment of quality management system, formal training programs for company’s full-time employees, ease of achieving the company’s production targets, level of awareness of management and employees about the company’s production targets, spending on research and development activities within the company, and acquisition of external knowledge, way of promoting non-managers in a company, time frame of the company’s production targets, company’s size and main market.

Background: Firms increasingly depend on external actors for the process of generating innovation. Interaction with these actors might occur through an official collaboration agreement or via external actors as the source of information. Objectives: Although open innovation has received more attention, still less is known about its effect on organizational innovation. To fill this gap, this study investigates the impact of various external knowledge sources on the willingness of small and mediumsized enterprises to introduce organizational innovation. Methods/Approach: To achieve the proposed objective, the German Community Innovation Survey conducted in 2017 is used for the econometric analysis. Results: Different external sources of knowledge are relevant for the introduction of organizational innovation in small firms (customers in the private sector, competitors, conferences, and crowdsourcing) compared to medium-sized firms (customers in the private sector and industry associations). Conclusions: External knowledge sources are more important for small firms compared to medium firms, and those small firms are more likely to use various sets of external knowledge.

The authors of this article established the goal to investigate parameters related to the staff motivation for engineering change in the industrial company as case study and to predict the ways of improving the performance of the company. Employees of the company can be more motivated to generate innovative ideas and to implement them. That can be related to the better engineering change situation. For this reason, in this work, we have explored the environment and opportunities to improve the engineering performance of the company in the context of engineering change. The authors of the paper have conducted several studies, collected and analysed important information. Methods used – review of scientific literature and other sources of information, case study, structural systematic analysis, and sociological survey of industrial company personnel based on hypothesis. The object of the research was motives for engineering change in the industrial company. Motivated organizational behaviour actions, that focus on creation and realization of innovative ideas for engineering change, can be based on creation of an innovation-friendly environment. As our research has shown, it is important to consider parameters related to the staff motivation, such as, satisfaction with the company’s declared policy, satisfaction with the management’s behaviour in encouraging employees, freedom of employees to communicate and take creative initiative.

This research covered the palliative material distribution project in Lagos State, Nigeria, during the lockdown and restriction on movement because of COVID-19 pandemic. The study engaged reports from extant literature and tertiary data sources such as the newspapers, the Internet, and website source. Relevant data gathered from these sources were conceptually analysed and discussed along with extant literature. The research also adopted the use of rich pictures for further presentation of the research. A key finding from the research is the need to redesign the distribution process and consider proper structuring of the project. And further engagement with the affected stakeholders to address crucial issues such as marginalisation that can defeat the purpose, which is to emancipate the affected indigents of the State from the harrowing effects of COVID-19 lockdown and other emergencies-related critical incidences such as starvation and criminalities. The study proposed a model for a resilience approach to effectively address the current palliative distribution process challenges in Lagos State, the epicentre of COVID-19 in Nigeria.

International audience; Peer networks can positively affect individual careers and the scientific enterprise as a whole. People's willingness to contribute to such networks is poorly understood. In an email experiment, we investigated how framing the future research environment affects people's willingness to contribute to an emerging academic network. In spite of relatively large treatment effects, we do not find statistically significant effects of pessimistic or optimistic messaging on the willingness to contribute. We discuss limitations of the small sample size and the future research potential of network nudges.

This paper finds that the shift from buying music as a physical product towards subscribing to music services implies a decrease of 85 percent in the price paid per song. We estimate that in 2019 the global quality adjusted value from streamed music was $76 billion compared to current revenues of $11.4 billion. Thus, the shift from consuming music in physical form towards subscribing to music services creates an enormous consumer surplus that is not recorded in GDP.

The increasing complexity of products and services, rapidly changing market demands, or growing pressure from various societal groups are trends that require companies to enact new practices to remain competitive. The external search for information and its integration in the context of open innovation is one practice that can lead to increased success. However, the full range of potential open innovation partners has not yet been sufficiently explored, and their effects on innovation performance remain unclear. In this research, we investigated the roles different open innovation partners played in improving economic innovation performance and sustainability innovation performance. Furthermore, we asked whether striving to meet economic and sustainability innovation goals represents a conflict. Drawing on a cross-sectional sample of industrial firms and applying a benchmark approach to identify the relevant performance drivers, we found that, in addition to well-known partners such as universities and customers, increased collaboration with NGOs and intermediaries is beneficial for firms. Moreover, economic innovation performance positively correlates with sustainability innovation performance. This implies that economic and sustainability innovation goals can be reached simultaneously. Thereby, this paper contributes to the open innovation literature by revealing which collaboration partners fit best to strengthen innovation performance, and by clarifying the relationship between economic and sustainability innovation performance. JEL classification: O31, Keywords: Open innovation, Sustainability innovation performance, Economic innovation performance, Benchmark

The R&D processes generate knowledge and enhance innovation activity. Knowledge and ideas developed by one agent may spill over to and can be used for economic and acquired by other agents. The results of these processes are known as the R&D spillover effects. Factors, that have influence on innovation diffusion, and determine the place of the R&D spillovers in knowledge-based economy have been investigated in the article. The definition and types of knowledge have been examined. The relationship between the R&D cooperation, different types of knowledge, knowledge spillovers and innovation have been traced. The main objectives of the paper are to consider the concept of the R&D spillovers and connection between different types of knowledge and the R&D spillover effects. Systematic comparative analysis, synthesis and generalization of the scientific literature have been carried out in order to create the theoretical background of the research of the R&D spillovers and innovation. The qualitative research methods have been employed to investigate relationship between the R&D spillovers and different types of knowledge. The R&D positive effect of spillovers on innovation activity, promotion of cooperation between different agents (individuals, business entities, organizations, and countries), spreadability and access to knowledge on nonprofit basis and enhancement of innovation diffusion have been identified.

Research background: Innovation activities, especially the implementation of new products and processes are desirable phenomena in economic development. For this reason, phenomena that contribute to the implementation of new solutions in enterprises should be identified. These include sources of innovation activity. Purpose: The main purpose of the article is to identify those sources of innovation activity that significantly affect product and process innovation. Research methodology: The research of the impact of sources of ideas and information for innovation on the implementation of product and process innovations was conducted in 2018 for the period 2015–2017 in the West Pomerania Province. The study was representative. It was attended by 270 entrepreneurs whose business profile corresponds to section C PKD (Polish Business Classification) – manufacturing. Logit modeling was used in the study. Results: As a result of the analyses it was noticed that in the region the implementation of process innovations was significantly influenced by foreign R&D centres, suppliers (but only when entrepreneurs began to cooperate with them), as well as by conferences, fairs and exhibitions. In the case of product innovations, internal resources were included in this group. Novelty: In the analyzed region, no advanced econometric analysis of the impact of sources of innovative activity on product and process innovations that would be representative was carried out.

Background A significant share of business innovation arises from information and communication (ICT) sector. Business investment into research and development (R&D) activities can be seen as an important basis for innovation, which can further lead to better economic performance. This can be especially true for the ICT sector. Objectives The paper examines the share of the ICT sector on innovation and the total R&D expenditure in selected European countries. Furthermore, our aim is to test the potential positive correlation between R&D expenditure, productivity and the value added in the sector. Methods/Approach The goals of the paper has been tested by empirical data analysis using the pane regression analysis. We examined panel data for 24 European countries in the 2008-2016 period. Results The highest share of business R&D expenditure in ICT has been captured in Nordic countries. Firms in ICT appear to be innovative above the average and represent a significant share in the total business R&D expenditure. Conclusions We found a positive correlation between R&D expenditure and both value-added and apparent labour productivity in the ICT sector. We believe that this could be to some extent attributed to the innovation of products and processes. Hence, the government support in the form of R&D tax incentives can be also beneficial for the economic performance of ICT firms.

The main goal of our study is to theoretically and empirically contribute to the analysis of relation between institutional features and R&D in business enterprise sector and consequently on sustainable economic growth. We exploited the available measures of institutional quality from World Government Indicators of World Bank and data on R&D in business enterprise sector. We employed First-Differencing GMM method to estimate the model on the balanced panel data including the following European countries: Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia and the Slovak Republic, for the time span of 2007-2017. The institutional features are statistically significant factor of R&D in business enterprise sector. We found that Government effectiveness and Control of corruption in particular are very important in supporting the R&D. These measures of institutional quality are key institutional determinants of R&D in business enterprise sector. R&D in business enterprise sector is one of the crucial parts of the overall R&D, and therefore policymakers have to develop favourable conditions for those activities in private firms. Institutional features should be an important variable in explanation of R&D intensity. The presented analysis empirically contributes to the body of knowledge on determinants of R&D for European countries that have to develop their institutions further in order to grow sustainably. This study is using contemporary methods for testing the underlying problem.

This paper addresses (I) the transition dynamics incompatibility between the BPCM and the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis (PSH) (II) the causes of cyclical volatility in developing countries. In order to discuss these issues, we expand the Dutt (2002) model adding: (a) a productivity gap dynamics in which the south has a catching-up element; (b) a labor market dynamics, by including a wage curve in the relationship between employment rate and economic activity; and (c) a labor supply dynamics that considers the labor transfer issue between traditional and modern sectors. The result is a four dimensional dynamic model that represents a lagged developing economy constrained by its balance of payments. We find that our model converges and generates damped cycles. Fragile economies show an oscillatory decline in terms of trade, reinforcing an uneven development pattern between north and south. Industrialization and higher learning capabilities, however, can change the adjustment to a catching-up scenario.

This paper investigates the impact of technical progress on the relationship between competition and investment. Using a model of oligopolistic competition with differentiated products in which firms invest to reduce their marginal cost of production (or to improve quality), I find that technical progress, by increasing the size of innovation, defined as the drop in marginal costs (or the increase in quality) obtained for a given investment amount, increases total investment and decreases the level of competition that maximizes investment in the industry. This feature also holds for consumer surplus and welfare. This means that innovative industries maximize consumer surplus and welfare at a lower level of competitive pressure than do less innovative industries. In the model, competition is measured either by the number of competitors or by the degree of horizontal substitutability between offers. The results hold for both measures, subject to a relatively steady industry specific rate of technological change.

Research background: There seem to be a research gap concerning the relation between management control and innovation. Previous research in the field has generated inconclusive findings. Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to create a conceptual model representing the relation between management control and innovation. Research methodology: The study relied on a systematic literature review. The initial search yielded 269 papers, which were later analysed and reduced to select those with a substantial contribution to the purpose of the study. Next, the meta-synthesis method was employed to create a thematic map and extract information from the papers. Results: The formulated conceptual model indirectly links management control systems to innovation process efficiency through decision-making quality. Furthermore, it connects management control systems indirectly to decision-making quality, through the transactive memory system (specialisation, building credibility and coordination) and shared interpretation schemes. The link between decision-making quality and innovation process efficiency is introduced and based on the concept of an innovation process. Novelty: The paper fills in the missing link between management control and innovation by introducing decision-making quality into this context.

International audience; Intellectual property is a central issue in climate negotiations. On the one hand, it shapes and encourages innovation in low-carbon technologies. On the other hand, it can reduce access to these technologies by giving patent holders market power. We analyse the interactions between climate negotiations and the acquisition of renewable energy technology patents. First, we present the history of climate negotiations, emphasizing the role of technologies. Second, we conduct an empirical analysis aimed at determining which countries could be considered leaders in renewable energy technologies (RETs). Major changes were observed in the geographical distribution of low-carbon innovation during the 2000s, foreshadowing a reorganization of the geopolitical balances of innovation in renewable energies.

This paper critically analyses the implications the digitalisation process has on individuals and organization ‘s behaviour. The digital era has positive aspects such as the access to information on real time from almost any geographical place combined with the shorten the length of time of processes. In addition, new economic trends and paradigms emerge in the digital era. However, we cannot deny the existence of negative or at least unexpected aspects of the digitalization. This work highlights some of the most alarming aspects of digitization that require the attention and implementation of measures by public authorities to prevent from the collateral damages the digitalisation can produce on citizenship well-being.

This study uses an abduction-based approach to identify the capabilities harnessed by nonprofit organizations (NPOs) as they develop social innovations. The context of this study is the Australian disability sector currently undergoing a once-in-a-generation social policy reform with the implementation of the National Disability Insurance Scheme. Data from extensive field observation and 52 interviews were collected during “researcher-in-residences” at two disability NPOs and analyzed using thematic coding and practice–theory iteration to arrive at a “working” hypothesis. The findings reveal many capabilities used by disability NPOs on the path to social innovation development. The complex interplay of these capabilities forms five pivotal capabilities (i.e., transformational empathy, place-based relationing, diversity learning, paradoxical change making, and complexity leadership) for eliciting nonprofit social innovation (NSI) with community and system-level impacts.

The purpose of the considerations is to present and systematise barriers to creating innovation in the Polish economy in 2012–2016. The desk research was based on the results of Community Innovation Surveys (CIS 2012 and CIS 2014), thematic studies of the Central Statistical Office and a report from the Infuture hatalska foresight institute. The use of statistical and comparative analysis in conjunction with the review of the literature on innovation barriers leads to the conclusion that Polish enterprises recognise the lack of financial resources as a major barrier to creating innovation, while non-financial barriers are much less important. The marginal treatment of non-financial barriers is a reversal of attitudes and directions of activities that are undertaken in the field of creating innovation in highly developed countries.

Budget transparency innovations bring new extent and forms of transparency. The aim of the article is to explore the diffusion of budget explorers, that is, a budget transparency innovation extremely popular in the Czech Republic, and to evaluate their impact on voluntary budget information disclosed. Careful mapping of the diffusion using a survey of budget explores in 72 former Czech district towns and media analysis shows that the key success factor was its convenience for politicians, as it is attractive, easy to implement and up-to-date demonstration of their transparency. Budget explorers are nowadays a standard extension to accounting software, and their usage is evaluated in several government transparency competitions. The major benefit of the budget explorers is that they made for the first time publicly available detailed public financial information, changed the standard of best practice and drew some public attention. At the same time, they, unfortunately, narrowed the scope of the budget transparency debate by omitting the importance of the draft budget and introduction of performance measurement.

WOS: 000463765500005, A synthesis of existing Industry 4.0 literature depicts that knowledge management and decision making strategies are crucial factors for organizations. This article highlights the need and develops a framework for knowledge management and decision-making style by reviewing existing management literature. This research proposes a framework that supports the relationship between knowledge management enabling factors (i.e., organizational member's collaboration, T-shaped skills, learning and IT-support) and organizational performance, and the mediating effect of knowledge creation process. The article also propose that decision-making style (i.e., intuitive and/or rational) will moderate the relationship between knowledge creation process and organizational performance. A set of propositions that represent anempirically driven research agenda, and also describe the relationships between the focal variables are presented to enhance audience's understanding within a business context.

There is sufficient evidence, drawn from surveys of innovation in the public sector and cognitive testing interviews with public sector managers, to develop a framework for measuring public sector innovation. Although many questions that are covered in the Oslo Manual guidelines for measuring innovation in the private sector can be applied with some modifications to the public sector, public sector innovation surveys need to meet policy needs that require collecting additional types of data. Policy to support public sector innovation requires data on how public sector organizations innovate and how a strategic management approach to innovation can influence the types of innovations that are developed. Both issues require innovations surveys to delve deeply into theinnovation processes and strategies that are used by public sector managers. Implementation of the measurement framework proposed in this paper would open up opportunities for a new, policy-relevant research program on public sector innovation.

This article presents empirical evidence on the impacts of product innovation, export, and other important factors on employment growth in Chinese manufacturing industries over the period 2000-2006. The results of our analysis show that the overall demand effect of firms' output growth on their average yearly employment growth amounts to 7.0%, of which 3.5%, 1.2%, 1.6%, and 0.7% correspond to the output growth of, respectively, domestic-old, export-old, domestic-new and export-new products. The displacement effect from process and organizational innovations, as measured by firms' productivity efforts to catch up with industry regional productivity frontiers, accounts for a 5.4% average reduction of yearly employment growth. We also observe a trade-off between growth of productivity and growth of employment, which could have been on average higher by 2% for productivity (16.8% instead of 14.8%) and lower by 2% for employment (1.4% instead of 3.4%).

This paper analyzes the use and effectiveness of patents and trade secrets designed to protect innovation. While previous studies have usually considered patents and trade secrets as substitutes for one another, we investigate to what extent and in what situations the two protection methods are used jointly. We identify protection strategies for single innovation firms and hence overcome the assignment problem of existing empirical studies, that is, whether firms using both protection methods do so for the same innovation or for different innovations. Employing firm panel data from Germany, we find fairly few differences between the determinants for choosing secrecy and patenting. Single innovators that combine both strategies, 39% of the group, tend to aim at a higher level of innovation and act in a more uncertain technological environment. Firms combining both protection methods yield significantly higher sales with new-to-market innovations, providing some evidence for a complementarity of the two protection methods.

We study the gains from trade in a new model with oligopolistic competition, firm heterogeneity, and innovation. Lowering trade costs reduces markups on domestic sales but increases markups on export sales, as firms do not pass the entire reduction in trade costs onto foreign consumers. Trade liberalisation can also reduce the number of firms competing in each market, thereby increasing markups on both domestic and export sales. For the majority of exporters, however, the pro- competitive effect prevails and their average markups decline. The incomplete pass-though and the reduction in the number of competitors instead dominate for top-exporters – the top 0.1% of firms – which end up increasing their markup. In a quantitative exercise we find that the aggregate effect of trade-induced markup changes is pro-competitive and accounts for the majority of the welfare gains from trade. Trade-induced changes in competition affect survival on domestic and export markets and firms’ decision to innovate. All exporters, and especially the top exporters, increase their market size after liberalisation which, in turn, encourages them to innovate more. Hence, top exporters contribute negatively to welfare gains by increasing their markups but positively by increasing innovation and productivity. Firms’ innovation response accounts for a small but non-negligible share of the welfare gains while the contribution of selection is U-shaped, being negative for small liberalisations and positive otherwise. A more globalised economy is therefore populated by larger, fewer and more innovative firms, each feature representing an important source of the gains from trade.

This article investigates the creation and integration of artificial intelligence (AI) patents in Europe. We create a panel of AI patents over time, mapping them into regions at the NUTS2 level. We then proceed by examining how AI is integrated into the knowledge space of each region. In particular, we find that those regions where AI is most embedded into the innovation landscape are also those where the number of AI patents is largest. This suggests that, to increase AI innovation, it may be necessary to integrate it with industrial development, a feature central to many recent AI-promoting policies.

The purpose of this study is to explore the role of social capital and collaborative knowledge creation in achieving e-business proactiveness in responding to the COVID-19 crisis An online survey was used to collect data from industries that had to continue working during the crisis, such as the pharmaceutical and cleaning materials sectors The sample consisted of 198 managers The findings show that social capital and collaborative knowledge creation have a significant role in achieving e-business proactiveness in responding to the pandemic The results also show the positive impact of collaborative knowledge creation and e-business proactiveness on organizational agility during the crisis The present study opens broad horizons for the exploration of emerging themes in information technology studies, including the role of collaborative knowledge creation and e-business proactiveness and their impact on organizational agility in responding to global pandemics An understanding of the pivotal impact of social capital and collaborative knowledge creation on e-business proactiveness provides managers with valuable insights into managing the pressures of pandemics © 2020 Journal of Innovation & Knowledge

The topics addressed in this paper concern the (much-needed) transition to sustainability and what role (innovation) policy can play in speeding up such changes. In their Discussion Paper Schot and Steinmueller (2018) argue that the existing theorizing and knowledge bases within the field of innovation studies are “unfit” for this task and that a totally new approach is required. This paper takes issue with this claim. Policy advice, it is argued, needs to be anchored in the accumulated research on the issue at hand, in this case, innovation. The paper therefore starts by distilling some important insights on innovation from the accumulated research on this topic and, with this in mind, considers various policy approaches that have been suggested for influencing innovation and sustainability transitions. Finally, the lessons for the development and implementation of transformative innovation policy are considered. It is concluded that the existing theorizing and knowledge base in innovation studies may be of great relevance when designing policies for dealing with climate change and sustainability transitions.

We explore optimal and politically feasible growth policies in the form of basic research investments and taxation. Basic research is a public good that benefits innovating entrepreneurs, but its provision and financing also affect the entire economy – in particular, occupational choices of potential entrepreneurs, wages, dividends, and aggregate output. We show that the impact of basic research on the general economy rationalizes a taxation pecking order to finance basic research. More specifically, in a society with desirably dense entrepreneurial activity, a large share of funds for basic research should be financed by labor taxation, while a minor share should be left to profit taxation. Such tax schemes will induce a significant proportion of agents to become entrepreneurs, thereby rationalizing substantial investments in basic research that fosters their innovation prospects. These entrepreneurial economies, however, may make a majority of workers worse off, giving rise to a conflict between efficiency and equality. We discuss ways of mitigating this conflict and thus strengthening the political support for growth policies., Economics Working Paper Series, 14/206

There are few publications on the subject of business models open to innovations in Poland, especially relating to cases of their practical application. The article analyses various types of open innovations and the possibility of using them in the conditions of the Polish agricultural market. After reviewing the literature, analysing cases of chemical companies, conducting interviews with members of the Grupa Azoty Pulawy consortium, the author proposes a model of cooperation platform for entities from various sectors that systemically combines open inbound and outbound innovations with the requirements of the business model.

Innovations significantly affect a country's economic development, at the same time contributing to raising its position. A very important role in improving the innovativeness of enterprises, regions or the national economy is played by the state, creating a strategy, programmes or regulations supporting development and pro-innovation policy. This article attempts to systematise knowledge in the field of innovation and to determine directions for increasing the innovativeness of the economy in Poland. This study analyses strategies supporting innovation in Poland in the years 2014-2020.

In order to better understand the complex and dialectical relationships between digital technologies, innovation, and skills, it is necessary to improve our understanding of the coevolution between the trajectories of connected digital technologies, firm innovation routines, and skills formation. This is critical as organizations recombine and adapt digital technologies; they require new skills to innovate, learn, and adapt to evolving digital technologies, while digital technologies change the codification of knowledge for productive and innovative activities. The coevolution between digital technologies, innovation, and skills also requires, and is driven by, a reorganization of productive and innovation processes, both within and between firms. We observe this in all economic sectors, from agriculture to services. Based on evidence on past technologies and the innovation literature, we suggest that we might require a new set of stylized facts to better map the main future trajectories of digital technologies, their adoption, use, and recombination in organizations, to improve our understanding of their impact on productivity, employment and inequality.

This paper examines the role of learning avenues for capability development in the IT-enabled services in developing countries. It sheds light on the unexplored relationship between global value chain (GVC) learning and national innovation systems (NIS) in capability development. It explores learning avenues beyond GVCs, namely in local and regional value chains. Based on data collected from 47 interviews of IT-enabled service providers in South Africa, we find that NIS influences firms' capacity to access and adapt learning from GVCs, whereas the latter has the potential to strengthen NIS. Secondly, the majority of South African service providers in this sample do not participate in GVCs but participate in local and regional value chains instead, which are distinct yet important learning avenues and potential pathways for entering GVCs of IT-enabled services.

© 2017 Journal of Innovation & Knowledge The number of innovation studies with a management perspective has grown considerably over the last 25 years. This study identified the universities that are most productive and influential in innovation research. The leading innovation research journals were also studied individually to identify the most productive universities for each journal. Data from the Web of Science were analyzed. Studies that were published between 1989 and 2013 were filtered first by the keyword “innovation” and second by 18 management-related research areas. The results indicate that US universities are the most productive and influential because they account for the most publications with a high number of citations and high h-index. Following advances in the productivity of numerous European journals, however, universities from the UK and the Netherlands are the most involved in publishing in journals that specialize in innovation research.

Explanatory models of e-Government adoption are based on the premise that user behavior results from users’ intentions, which derive from users’ beliefs and attitudes. According to such models, citizens’ high intentions to use e-Government tools should have led to the widespread adoption of these tools. Yet this has not occurred. Therefore, existing models fail to explain the adoption of e-Government. These models must be complemented to explain the cause of citizens’ failure to adopt e-Government. Attempts to build a satisfactory model include the design of dual models (jointly analyzing facilitators and inhibitors) and integrating models (jointly analyzing the interaction between intention and habit in prompting behavior). This study identified several inhibitors of e-Government adoption. Organizational support, self-efficacy, benefits, loss aversion, regret aversion, control, transition costs, sunk costs/switching costs, uncertainty, habit, resistance, and inertia were found to inhibit citizens’ adoption of e-Government. Los modelos explicativos de la adopción del e-Gobierno se sustentan en que el comportamiento del usuario es fruto de las intenciones generadas por sus creencias y actitudes. De acuerdo con dicho modelo, la elevada intención de uso que muestran los ciudadanos debería haber provocado una adopción masiva del mismo, que lo consagrase como el canal más empleado para acceder a los servicios públicos. Sin embargo, dicha situación no se produce. Ya que tales modelos no consiguen explicar de forma completa la adopción de los servicios digitales en general y del e-Gobierno en particular, en los últimos años se reclama la necesidad de complementarlos para explicar la causa de la no adopción del e-Gobierno por la ciudadanía. Entre los intentos realizados para completar esta explicación se establecen tanto el desarrollo de modelos duales (analizan conjuntamente los favorecedores e inhibidores), como el de modelos integradores que analizan de forma conjunta la interacción entre intención y hábito en la generación de comportamiento. Es por lo expuesto que el presente trabajo se dirige a delimitar los inhibidores que frenan el proceso de adopción del e-Gobierno. De entre ellos existe una batería (apoyo organizacional, autoeficacia, beneficios, aversión a la pérdida, aversión al lamento, control, costes de transición, costes hundidos/costes cambio, incertidumbre, hábito, resistencia e inercia.), que se encuentran presentes en el proceso de adopción del e-Gobierno como frenos del mismo por parte de los ciudadanos

Aesthetic medicine is, next to the wellness and spa, one of the most rapidly growing segments of health tourism. Its dynamic growth is closely linked to innovative offers (perhaps better described as “product innovation”). To date, however, there have been no scientific studies focusing on this market. Services in the field of aesthetic medicine are usually discussed descriptively as a subcategory of medical tourism, and innovation in this sector remains unexplored. In this article we focus on innovation in aesthetic medicine as it pertains to health tourism, using the Delphi method to analyze innovation flow. Twelve experts from the fields of economics and management sciences with backgrounds in innovation and the economics of tourism (including health tourism) were invited to participate in the study. This group included also practitioners. The research was conducted in June and July 2015. Our research addresses the current dearth of academic works on aesthetic medicine tourism, and lack of any relevant models of its flow and spread.

This study builds on the economics and organization literatures to explore whether and how institutions and organizational structure complement or substitute each other to create specific spaces of alignment where specific individual actors’ motivations co-exist. Focusing on university-industry collaborations, the study examines whether and how different axes of alignment of university and industry motivations are integrated in projects with specific technological objectives and organizational structures, benefitting from the presence of specific institutions designed to facilitate collaboration. Empirically, the study relies on in-depth data on 30 university-industry collaborations in the Netherlands, and provides preliminary evidence that the technological objective and organizational structure of collaboration are malleable variables allowing the integration of both partners’ objectives and expectations. Different institutional incentives for university-industry collaboration favor specific axes of alignment of motivations and certain types of collaborative projects’ design. Hence, our exploratory results suggest that specific organizational and technological structures tend to prevail in the presence of specific institutions.

Searching for the most rewarding sources of innovative ideas remains a key challenge in management of technological innovation. Yet, little is known about which combinations of internal and external knowledge sources are triggers for innovation. Extending theories about searching for innovation, we examine the effectiveness of different combinations of knowledge sources for achieving innovative performance. We suggest that combinations involving integrative search strategies – combining internal and external knowledge – are the most likely to generate product and process innovation. In this context, we present the idea that cognitively distant knowledge sources are helpful for innovation only when used in conjunction with knowledge sources that are closer to the focal firm. We also find important differences between product and process innovation, with the former associated with broader searches than the latter. Using a large-scale pooled sample of UK firms, we find overall support for our conjectures, particularly in terms of product innovation.

We study the extent to which eminent scientists shape the vitality of their elds by examining entry rates into the elds of 452 academic life scientists who pass away while at the peak of their scientic abilities. Key to our analyses is a novel way to delineate boundaries around scientic elds by appealing solely to intellectual linkages between scientists and their publications, rather than collaboration or co-citation patterns. Consistent with previous research, the ow of articles by collaborators into aected elds decreases precipitously after the death of a star scientist (relative to control elds). In contrast, we nd that the ow of articles by non-collaborators increases by 8% on average. These additional contributions are disproportionately likely to be highly cited. They are also more likely to be authored by scientists who were not previously active in the deceased superstar’s eld. Overall, these results suggest that outsiders are reluctant to challenge leadership within a eld when the star is alive and that a number of barriers may constrain entry even after she is gone. Intellectual, social, and resource barriers all impede entry, with outsiders only entering subelds that oer a less hostile landscape for the support and acceptance of \foreign" ideas.

The notions of dynamic capabilities, intellectual capital, and innovation performance have been examined in many competitive advantage scholarly papers. However, there have been small numbers of management studies that consider the link of dynamic capabilities and intellectual capital in respect of innovation performance. Previous studies tend to argue that dynamic capabilities played a mediator or moderator role on intellectual capital and innovation performance linkage. Therefore, this study seeks to propose a new perspective that dynamic capabilities are the antecedents of intellectual capital leading to innovation performance. Thus, the rationale for this study is to propose a conceptual model and to provide empirical support on the mediator role of intellectual capital in dynamic capabilities and innovation performance linkage. By using accidental and snowballs sampling techniques, this study distributed questionnaires to 297 small and medium enterprises of the garment manufacturing in Indonesia. Partial least square offers the main statistics methodology for data analysis. Results show that dynamic capabilities had a significant influence on intellectual capital and innovation performance. Moreover, intellectual capital partially mediated dynamic capabilities’ influence on innovation performance. Therefore, it is expected that organisations should grow, implement and maintain their dynamic capabilities in order to improve their intellectual capital and innovation outcomes. Lastly, some future studies are suggested.

Manufacturing accounts for more than three-quarters of U.S. corporate patents. The competitive shock to this sector emanating from China's economic ascent could in theory either augment or stifle U.S. innovation. Using three decades of U.S. patents matched to corporate owners, we quantify how foreign competition affects domestic innovation. Rising import exposure intensifies competitive pressure, reducing sales, profitability, and R&D expenditure at U.S. firms. Accounting for confounding sectoral patenting trends, we find that U.S. patent production declines in sectors facing greater import competition. This adverse effect is larger among initially less profitable and less capital-intensive firms.

Cryptocurrencies refer to a type of digital cash that use distributed ledger - or blockchain technology - to provide secure transactions. These currencies are generally misunderstood. While initially dismissed as fads or bubbles, many large central banks are considering launching their own version of national cryptocurrencies. In contrast to most data in nancial economics, there is a plethora of detailed (free) data on the history of every transaction for the cryptocurrency complex. Further, there is little empirically-oriented research on this new asset class. This is an extraordinary research opportunity for academia. We provide a starting point by giving an insight into cryptocurrency mechanisms and detailing summary statistics and focusing on potential future research avenues in nancial economics.

Knowledge transfer in agriculture or what is conventionally known as agricultural extension is typically based on two activities: the delivery of education and the provision of advisory services. Formal agricultural education levels have steadily improved over time in Ireland and this growth in the human capital of the agricultural sector is a key aspect of the “smart” agenda set out in National Agricultural Development Strategies. In this paper we focus on the impact of one aspect of agricultural knowledge transfer process by considering the relationship between participation in formal agricultural education, farm level income outcomes and the pathways by which these outcomes are realised via innovation and management practice. In doing so, we contribute to the branch of the wider technology transfer literature concerned with identifying the impact of knowledge transfer activities and also understanding the role of competence building within knowledge transfer processes. Formal agricultural education can impact private returns in terms of improved technical and allocative efficiency. In most Irish agricultural sectors, we find a positive return to agricultural education and in particular a positive relationship in relation to technical efficiency in terms of improved yields. The result is, however, weak in the tillage sector. Evidence of improved allocative efficiency is in general weak, except for the commercial dairy sector. We do, however, find that earlier adopters of innovations or best management practice are more likely to have formal agricultural education. This may be due to reduced risk aversion, higher skills and better decision making. However, as mature technologies and management practices become mainstream across many farmer types, this relationship does not hold.

This study focuses on the role of human factors in the innovation processes of firms in four member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), i.e., Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam. Firms are required first to obtain new information related to innovation and then to integrate it with their indigenous resources. The innovation process thus consists of the absorptive process, through which outside information is employed to enhance innovation capability, and the transforming process, through which innovation capability creates innovation. This study identifies essential factors that promote these capabilities. In the absorptive process, two types of personnel are examined, i.e., employees who have experience working with multinational companies (MNCs) and those indigenous to the firm. As for the transforming capability, organizational learning processes, including quality control (QC) and cross-functional teams, are examined. Mail surveys were conducted from 2013 to 2014, and the total number of samples was 665. Based on the data, structural equation modeling (SEM) is employed. The analysis demonstrates that MNCs have the largest impact as external linkages. The most important mediators for locals to connect with MNCs are top management and factory managers who have experience working with MNCs, whereas indigenous employees, such as local engineers, managers, and line leaders, are identified for connectivity with locals. The direct and indirect effects of external linkages on innovation are also estimated. In the transforming process, cross-functional teams have a larger impact on innovation than QC.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of various proximity dimensions on the innovative capacity of 276 regions in Europe within a knowledge production function model, where R&D and human capital are included as the main internal inputs. We combine the standard geographical proximity with the institutional, technological, social and organizational ones to assess whether they are substitutes or complements in channelling knowledge spillovers. Results show that all proximities have a significant complementary role in generating an important flow of knowledge across regions, with the technological closeness playing the most relevant role. Keywords: knowledge production, spillovers, proximity, human capital, weight matrix JEL: C31, O31, O18, O52, R12

Dynamic capabilities remain one of the most popular, but also one of the most controversial topics in current knowledge and innovation research. This study exposes strengths and weaknesses of existing conceptualizations of dynamic capabilities by using a systems theoretic lens. Systems theory suggests that organizations operate in environments they cannot fully understand. Thus, organizational action patterns inevitably involve simplification, selectivity and uncertainty leading to inherent blind spots in every kind of strategic action. As the resulting insight, fully flexible organizational capabilities might not be achievable and continuous adaptation to every kind of environmental change cannot be possible from a systems theoretic perspective. Accordingly, this work discusses empirical difficulties that derive from the preceding argumentation and outlines a corresponding re-conceptualization of the dynamic capabilities concept.

ResumenA pesar de la importancia atribuida a la innovación y al emprendimiento como factores clave para promover el desarrollo socioeconómico de los países, existe un gran desconocimiento sobre qué instrumentos públicos de innovación son más efectivos para las empresas nuevas. Este estudio analiza las características de las empresas nuevas y cómo los principales instrumentos públicos de innovación responden a ellas. Dichas relaciones se analizan empíricamente en una muestra de 438 empresas nuevas europeas. Los resultados muestran que los préstamos para la financiación de proyectos de innovación, ayudas para la creación de redes, para la provisión de información y para la asistencia a ferias tienen un efecto positivo en la innovación de producto. Sin embargo, instrumentos públicos más tradicionales como son las subvenciones y las reducciones de impuestos no parecen ser efectivos. Este estudio tiene importantes implicaciones teóricas y prácticas para el diseño más eficaz y eficiente de políticas públicas de innovación para las empresas nuevas.AbstractDespite the recognition of innovation and entrepreneurship as key factors to promote the socio-economic development of countries, little is known regarding the effectiveness and implications of public innovation policies on new ventures’ innovations. This study examines the characteristics of new ventures and how the main public instruments for innovation respond to them. Such relationships are tested empirically in a sample of 438 European new ventures. The results show that favorable loans for financing innovation projects, aids for building innovation networks, the provision of information and attending trade fairs are positively related to the development of product innovations. However, more traditional public instruments such as subsidies and tax reductions do not seem to be effective. This study has important theoretical and practical implications to launch more effective and efficient public policies to foster product innovations in new ventures.

This paper investigates the effect of domestic market size on innovation activities across different durable good industries in the Chinese manufacturing sector. We address the endogeneity of market size by an IV strategy, based on a measure of potential market size, which is driven only by changes in the Chinese income distribution. This measure is exogenous to changes in prices and qualities of durable goods and is a valid instrument for expected future market size. Our results indicate that an increase in market size by one percent leads to an increase in firm-specific total factor productivity by 0.46 percent and an increase in labor productivity by 0:50 percent. These findings are robust to controlling for export behavior of firms and supply side drivers of R&D.

We examine how different renewable energy support policies affect innovation in solar and wind power technologies. The analysis uses policy and patent data for a large sample of 194 countries and territories. The policy data enables distinguishing between two dimensions of regulation, i.e. design and intensity, and their effects on innovation. The patent data is based on the new Y02E system and covers the period 1990 to 2016, with the more recent years revealing both strong increases and declines in patenting activity. The results show that, firstly, more comprehensive portfolios of renewable energy support policies increase patenting in solar- and wind-power-related technologies. Secondly, this inducement effect is strongest for public RD&D programs, targets, and fiscal incentives. In contrast to previous studies, this paper finds a consistently positive impact of feed-in tariffs and does not detect technology-specific differences in the effectiveness of this policy instrument. Thirdly, the positive effect on patenting activity increases significantly over time, with an increase in duration of the implemented RD&D programs and targets.