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Tiesību zinātne Tiesību zinātne Law Science Law Science Bakalaura darba tēma ir “Kompensācijas mehānisma par īpašuma tiesību aprobežošanu mikroliegumos tiesiskais regulējums un piemērošanas problēmas”. Par temata aktualitāti liecina tiesu prakse, jo meža un lauksaimniecības zemju īpašnieki pauž negatīvu nostāju par to, ka pašreizējais kompensācijas mehānisms, kurš Latvijas Republikā izveidots, lai atlīdzinātu zaudējumus īpašniekam par īpašuma tiesību aprobežošanu mikroliegumos un atsevišķos gadījumos arī to buferzonās, nav samērīgs. Darbā tiks pētītas problēmas, kas saistās ar kompensācijas izmaksas nosacījumiem, kārtību un tās apmēra samērīgumu. Bakalaura darba mērķis ir izpētīt normatīvo regulējumu, kas paredz kompensācijas par saimnieciskās darbības ierobežojumiem mikroliegumos izmaksas nosacījumus, kārtību un apmēru, analizēt tiesu praksi, konstatēt problēmjautājumus un piedāvāt risinājumus. Darbs sastāv no trim nodaļām. Pirmajā nodaļā “Mikrolieguma izveides nepieciešamība kā pamats īpašuma tiesību aprobežošanai” tiek pētīti iemesli mikrolieguma izveides nepieciešamībai, kā arī normatīvais regulējums, uz kā pamata šīs īpašuma tiesības tiek aprobežotas. Darba otrajā nodaļā “Kompensācijas izmaksas nosacījumi, kārtība un apmērs”, kas iedalās divās apakšnodaļās – “Kompensācijas mehānisms par saimnieciskās darbības ierobežošanu mikroliegumos ārpus Natura 2000 teritorijām” un “Kompensācijas mehānisms par saimnieciskās darbības ierobežošanu mikroliegumos Natura 2000 teritorijā” – tiek skaidrot, kas ir kompensācija un kāpēc tāda ir nepieciešama, kā arī notiek normatīvā regulējuma saistībā ar kompensācijas izmaksas nosacījumu, kārtības un apmēra analīze. Darba trešajā nodaļā “Pašreizējā kompensācijas mehānisma tiesiskā regulējuma un tā piemērošanas problēmas” tiek pētīta tiesu prakse saistībā ar mikroliegumu izveidi un kompensācijas mehānismu, meklēti un izcelti galvenie problēmjautājumi, apkopoti īpašnieku, kuru īpašumā ierobežota saimnieciskā darbība, kā arī vides organizāciju, viedokļi un ieteikumi par pašreizējo kompensācijas mehānismu. Bakalaura darbā secināts, ka nepieciešams papildināt normatīvo regulējumu, lai privātpersonām, kuru īpašumā izveidots mikroliegums, mazāk aprobežotu īpašuma tiesības, kā arī lai piedāvātu alternatīvu kompensācijas veidu. Bakalaura darba kopējais apjoms ir 56 lpp. The theme of the Bachelor's Paper is “Legal framework and application problems of the compensation mechanism for the restriction of property rights in micro-reserves”. The topicality of the Bachelor's Paper is evidenced by case-law, because forest and agricultural land owners express a negative position that the current compensation mechanism, which has been established in the Republic of Latvia in order to compensate losses to the owner for restriction of ownership rights in micro-reserves and in some cases also in their buffer zones, is not proportionate. The Bachelor's Paper will examine problems related to the conditions, modalities and proportionality of the payment of compensation. The aim of the Bachelor's Paper is to study the regulatory framework, which provides for the conditions, procedures and amount of disbursement of compensation for restrictions on economic activity in micro-reserves, to analyze case-law, to identify problematic issues and to offer solutions. The paper consists of three chapters. The first chapter “Necessity of establishing a micro-reserve as a basis for the restriction of property rights” explores the reasons for the necessity to establish a micro-reserve, as well as the regulatory framework on the basis of which these property rights are limited. The second chapter of the paper “Conditions, Procedures and Amount of Compensation Payment”, which is divided into two sub-chapters – “Compensation mechanism for restriction of economic activity in micro-reserves outside Natura 2000 territories” and “Compensation mechanism for restriction of economic activity in micro reserves in Natura 2000 territory” – explains what compensation is and why it is necessary, as well as an analysis of the regulatory framework in relation to the conditions, procedures and amount of compensation payments takes place. The third chapter of the paper “Problems of the current legal framework of the compensation mechanism and its application” examines case law related to the establishment of micro-reserves and the compensation mechanism, searches for and highlights the main issues, summarizes the opinions and recommendations of owners who own property with limited economic activity, as well as environmental organizations on the current compensation mechanism. The Bachelor's Paper concludes that it is necessary to supplement the regulatory framework in order to limit the ownership rights less to private persons in whose ownership of the micro-reserve has been established, as well as to offer an alternative form of compensation. The total volume of the Bachelor's Paper is 56 pages.

В данной статье на основе полевого материала автора, архивных документов и материалов, опубликованных рядом исследователей, проведен анализ состояния, перспектив и проблемных аспектов существования народных художественных промыслов и ремесел на территории Республики Мордовия на примере наиболее значимых традиционных мест их бытования. Проведен анализ трансформации понимания сути и структуры промысловой деятельности в рамках различных исторических этапов. Определены место, роль, особенности развития народных художественных промыслов и ремесел в условиях функционирования инновационной рыночной экономики. Рассмотрены основные формы художественно-ремесленной деятельности для получения дохода, в которых продолжают существовать промыслы. На современном этапе такие формы развиваются в семейных подрядах, династиях мастеров, среди индивидуальных предпринимателей, мастеров, занимающиеся каким-либо видом прикладного искусства помимо своей профессиональной деятельности. Обращено внимание на производство сувениров с национальной символикой, как особого вида изделий, в структуре народных промыслов. Кроме того, в статье отражены главные факторы, влияющие на состояние различных видов народных художественных промыслов и ремесел. Сформулированы основные положения, позволяющие повысить эффективность мер, направленных на возрождение, сохранение и развитие разнообразных видов традиционных народных художественных промыслов и ремесел на территории Мордовии., In the following paper the author analyzes the state, prospects and problematic aspects of folk arts and crafts existence in the Republic of Mordovia on the examples of the most significant traditional places of their existence. The author uses her own field data analysis as well as archival documents and researchers’ materials. The author analyzes transformation of the understanding of the essence and structure of fishing activity in the framework of various historical stages. The place, role, features of folk arts and crafts development in the conditions of an innovative market economy are determined. The main forms of arts and crafts activities for income generation, in which crafts continue to exist are considered. At the present stage, such forms are developed in family contracts, dynasties of craftsmen, among self-employed persons, craftsmen engaged in some kind of applied arts and crafts besides their professional activities. Attention is paid to the production of souvenirs with national symbols as a special type of products in the structure of folk crafts. The paper reflects the main factors which have an effect on the state of various kinds of folk arts and crafts. The fundamental principles that allow to increase the effectiveness of measures aimed at reviving, preserving and developing various types of traditional folk arts and crafts on the territory of Mordovia are formulated.

This paper is an attempt to broaden economic discourse by importing insights into human behavior not just from psychology, but also from sociology and anthropology. Whereas the concept of the decision-maker in standard economics is the rational actor and, in early work in behavioral economics, the quasi-rational actor influenced by the context of the moment of decision-making, in some recent work in behavioral economics the decision-maker could be called the enculturated actor. This actor's preferences, perception, and cognition are subject to two deep social influences: (a) the social contexts to which he has become exposed and, especially, accustomed; and (b) the cultural mental models—including categories, identities, narratives, and worldviews—that he uses to process information. The paper traces how these factors shape individual behavior through the endogenous determination of preferences and the lenses through which individuals see the world—their perception and interpretation of situations. The paper offers a tentative taxonomy of the social determinants of behavior and describes the results of controlled and natural experiments that only a broader view of these determinants can plausibly explain. The perspective suggests more realistic models of human behavior for explaining outcomes and designing policies.

The developing world is experiencing substantial environmental change, and climate change is likely to accelerate these processes in the coming decades. Due to their initial poverty, and their relatively high dependence on environmental capital for their livelihoods, the poor are likely to suffer most due to their low resources for mitigation and investment in adaptation. Economic growth is essential for any large-scale poverty reduction. Green growth, a growth process that is sensitive to environmental and climate change concerns, is often seen to be particularly helpful in this respect, leading to a win-win in growth and poverty reduction terms, with additional gains for the cause of greening the planet and avoiding further disastrous environmental change. This paper argues that such a view ignores important trade-offs in the nature of"green growth"strategies, stemming from a poor understanding of the sector and spatial processes behind effective poverty reduction. High labor intensity, declining shares of agriculture in gross domestic product and employment, migration, and urbanization are essential features of poverty-reducing growth. The paper contrasts some common and stylized green-sensitive growth ideas related to agriculture, trade, technology, infrastructure, and urban development with the requirements of poverty-sensitive growth. It finds that they may well cause a slow-down in the effectiveness of growth in reducing poverty. The main lesson therefore is that trade-offs are bound to exist; they increase the social costs of green growth and should be explicitly addressed. If not, green growth may not be good for the poor and the poor should not be asked to pay the price for sustaining growth while greening the planet.

This paper aims to investigate the link between business regulations, pillars of competitiveness, and new firms at country level using a structural equation model. The research developed to support this paper is based on the idea that entrepreneurship, measured as the process of new firm formation, is a vital link to the economic growth of countries. The data used belongs to a sample of 41 countries with emerging and advanced economies that appear simultaneously in three databases: The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), the Global Competitiveness Report (GCR), and the Doing Business Report (DBR). At country level, the process is hindered by the competitiveness conditions of the country's phase of economic development, and by the regulation and institutional arrangements that shape economic activity. Este artículo tiene como objetivo investigar la relación entre las regulaciones de los negocios, pilares de competitividad, y la creación de nuevas empresas a un nivel nacional utilizando un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. La investigación desarrollada para apoyar este trabajo se basa en la idea de que el espíritu empresarial medido como el proceso de formación de nuevas empresas es un enlace vital para el crecimiento económico de los países. Los datos utilizados corresponden a una muestra de 41 países pertenecientes a las economías emergentes y avanzadas que aparecen de manera simultánea en tres bases de datos: el Global Entrepre-neurship Monitor (GEIVI), el Informe Global de Competitividad (IGC) y el Informe Doing Business (DBR). A nivel nacional, el proceso se ve obstaculizado por las condiciones de competitividad de la fase de desarrollo económico que atraviesa el país, así como por las regulaciones y los acuerdos institucionales que dan forma la actividad económica. O objetivo deste artigo é pesquisar a relação entre as regulações dos negócios, pilares de competitividade, e a criação de novas empresas em nível nacional utilizando um modelo de equações estruturais. A pesquisa realizada para apoiar este trabalho se baseia na ideia que o espírito empresarial, medido como o processo de formação de novas empresas, é uma ligação vital para o crescimento económico dos países. Os dados utilizados correspondem a uma amostra de 41 países pertencentes às economias emergentes e avançadas que aparecem, simultaneamente, em três bases de dados: Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), o relatório Global de Competitividade (IGC) e o relatório Doing Business (DBR). O processo no país está sob a influência decorrente das condições de competitividade da fase de desenvolvimento económico e da regulação e os arranjos institucionais que dão forma à atividade económica.

Plot systems (also referred to as &ldquo, property&rdquo, &ldquo, parcel&rdquo, or &ldquo, lot&rdquo, ) are generally recognised as the organisational framework of urban form that contributes to the economic performance of cities. However, studies that link the spatial form of plots to economic data are limited. The paper builds on the theory of Webster and Lai, which argues that the process of urbanisation is aligned with increased subdivision of property rights (increased division of land into plots, for example) due to the process of economic specialisation that is typical of cities. The aim of the paper is to test this theory by analysing whether there is a correlation between: (a) the shape and structure of plot systems, which are classified as types based on three plot metrics (size, compactness, and frontage index) and b) economic activity, measured as the concentration of retail and food activities per plot. The paper will use statistical analysis to relate plot types to economic activity in three European cities (London, Amsterdam, and Stockholm). The results provide empirical support for our initial hypothesis and Webster and Lai&rsquo, s theory, which states that plots of smaller size, more regular shape, and smaller frontage generally correspond to a higher concentration of economic activity in cities.

Introduction. The explosive growth of tertiary education around the world calls attention to how this affects the employment of young graduates. Aim. The current research paper is aimed to analyse how the growth of young people’s participation in tertiary education is reflected in the change of their employment and economic activity. Methodology and research methods. The comparative and correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between changes in the education attainment of young people and the dynamics of employment and economic activity indicators by levels of education. The article deals with educational statistics data from OECD countries, Russia and some other countries participating in OECD educational research. Results. The results of the analysis presented in the article show that the growth of tertiary education leads to an increase in the unemployment rate among the young population; however, this is true only for the least advanced programmes, while there is an increase in the employment rate for master’s degree graduates. Economic activity among young graduates with a master’s degree grew faster after the 2009 crisis than among graduates of other tertiary education programmes. Master’s degree graduates were in a better position during the crisis of 2020 caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Scientific novelty. The authors presented a detailed analysis of the growth in the scale of tertiary education and the changes of status in the labour market indicators of graduates of different tertiary education programmes. Practical significance of the study lies in the development of the information and analytical basis for adjusting further policy in the field of development of tertiary education based on the goal of increasing youth employment. Введение. Взрывной рост масштабов третичного образования в мире заставляет обратить внимание на то, как это влияет на трудоустройство молодых выпускников. Целью статьи является анализ того, как рост участия молодых людей в третичном образовании отражается на динамике показателей их занятости и экономической активности. Методология, методы и методики. В статье с помощью сравнительного и корреляционного анализа рассматриваются связи изменения уровня образования молодых людей и динамики показателей занятости и экономической активности по уровням образования. В статье рассматриваются данные образовательной статистики стран ОЭСР, России и некоторых других стран, участвующих в образовательных исследованиях ОЭСР. Результаты анализа, представленные в статье, показывают, что рост масштабов третичного образования приводит к повышению уровня безработицы среди молодого населения, однако это справедливо только для наименее продвинутых программ, в то время как для выпускников магистратуры наблюдается рост уровня занятости. Экономическая активность среди молодых магистров после кризиса 2009 года также росла быстрее, чем среди выпускников других программ третичного образования. Выпускники магистратуры оказались в лучшем положении и в период кризиса 2020 года, вызванного пандемией COVID-19. Научная новизна исследования заключается в детальном анализе роста масштабов третичного образования и динамики показателей статуса на рынке труда выпускников различных программ третичного образования. Практическая значимость исследования заключается в формировании информационно-аналитической основы для корректировки дальнейшей политики в сфере развития третичного образования исходя с целью повышения занятости молодежи.

This paper develops a novel procedure for proxying economic activity with daytime satellite imagery across time periods and spatial units, for which reliable data on economic activity are otherwise not available. In developing this unique proxy, we apply machine-learning techniques to a historical time series of daytime satellite imagery dating back to 1984. Compared to satellite data on night light intensity, another common economic proxy, our proxy more precisely predicts economic activity at smaller regional levels and over longer time horizons. We demonstrate our measure’s usefulness for the example of Germany, where East German data on economic activity are unavailable for detailed regional levels and historical time series. Our procedure is generalizable to any region in the world, and it has great potential for analyzing historical economic developments, evaluating local policy reforms, and controlling for economic activity at highly disaggregated regional levels in econometric applications.

In this paper I present a model of economic growth that combines insights from endogenous growth theory, the field of entrepreneurship research and the philosophy and economics of science. The model is built on three relatively standard assumptions and a Kuhnian approach to scientific knowledge accumulation. I assume that innovation generates economic growth, that opportunity driven entrepreneurship is an important source of innovation, that entrepreneurial opportunities increasingly arise out of scientific knowledge creation and that science follows Kuhnian paradigm shifting dynamics. The model then generates opportunity driven cycles in entrepreneurial activity that in turn cause waves of innovation and cycles in economic growth. This result is highly relevant and fills a gap in all three literatures as ‚traditional’ endogenous growth models typically generate constant growth rates in the steady state, entrepreneurship research keeps the origin of entrepreneurial opportunity exogenous and the literatures on the philosophy and economics of science ignore the important downstream economic implications of the non-profit driven institutional framework that governs scientific knowledge accumulation. This paper contributes by identifying scientific institutions and entrepreneurial activity as prerequisites for economic growth and it offers a tentative explanation for the rise and fall in the levels of scientific, entrepreneurial and economic activity over the Kondratieff-cycle.

This paper studies the interaction between epidemiological dynamics and the dynamics of economic activity in a simple model in the structuralist/post-Keynesian tradition. On the one hand, rising economic activity increases the contact rate and therefore the probability of exposure to a virus. On the other hand, rising infection lowers economic activity through both supply and demand channels. The resulting framework is well-suited for policy analysis through numerical exercises. We show that, first, laissez-faire gives rise to sharp fluctuations in activity and infections before herd immunity is achieved. Second, absent any restrictions on economic activity, physical distancing measures have rather limited mitigating effects. Third, lockdowns are effective, especially at reducing death rates while buying time before a vaccine is widely rolled out, at the cost of a slightly more pronounced downturn in economic activity compared with alternative policies. This casts some doubt on the so-called "lives versus livelihood" policy trade-off. However, we also highlight the importance of policies aimed at mitigating the effects of the epidemic on workers' income.

The paper aims to evaluate, using different methods, the ecological capacity of the territory and maximum anthropogenic impact that it can withstand as the result of economic activity. Timeliness of the study is determined by the need of Russia transition to the model of sustainable development. In this context, the paper examines the approaches to the estimation of the territory's maximum capacity in relation to anthropogenic impact, methods of quantitative assessments of the environmental capacity of the territory in units and in fuel equivalents (energy approach), and its correlation with the actual anthropogenic impact and energy consumption. © 2014 WIT Press.

In the 21st century, economics and ecology have become even more closely interconnected and have a direct impact by each other than before. Ecologization of the economy is a focused process aimed at transforming economic activity by reducing the negative human impact on the environment. The article considers the causes, essence, main goals and principles of this process. As a result of the conducted research it was found out that the beginning of the concept of ecologization of economy is considered to be the second half of the XX century, when the world community began to pay special attention to the problems of negative impact of man on nature. In addition, the paper highlights the main characteristic features of this phenomenon, which include the orientation of economic activities towards rational use of natural resources and the transition to resource-saving sectors of the economy.

We are proposing the results of economic development factors analysis, and there influence in forming and display of the economic cycles. The purpose of this article is to identify significant indicators of the cyclical development Azerbaijan economy for the capable of predicting and regulating phases of the onset of business cycle. Were checking 20 different indicators based by the annual data of the State Statistical Committee from 1998 to 2018. The relationship and influence of interest rates and the cyclical Azerbaijan economy development were examined. The methodological basis of this work became an analysis of such fundamental research data as papers IMF and the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBEI) of the United States. Scientific methods of our research were an indicator approach, complemented by a qualitative analysis and a correlation-regression analysis. The calculations were performed by the freely distributed modern software - the statistical environment R, the most dynamically developing program in its class. So acyclic, countercyclical, and pro-cyclic indicators were identified by us. The features of the influence of these indicators on cyclic development in modern conditions were identified, their significance was determined. It was concluded that the possibility of economic cycles forecasting by the various phases indicators contributes to the modeling of economic activity. The results of the research can be applied both to monitor the development of the Azerbaijan economy and to predict the onset of the corresponding economic phases with the aim of adapting and reducing crises’ negative impact at the micro and macro levels.

This paper explores the decoupling trend between GDP and freight volumes in the ECOWAS states to develop short sea shipping model for the ECOWAS sub-region aimed at reducing the cost per transported unit within the sub-region. The research is based on cross-sectional data from ECOWAS countries spanning from 2000 to 2013 and sourced from the ECOWAS Commission and National Bureaus of Statistics of some member countries. The data were analysed using arc elasticity which is a transport demand modelling tool, to determine the level of variations among trade volumes in the ECOWAS sub-region. It was discovered that total freight volume improved proportionally with growth in GDP for most of the periods in the ECOWAS member countries. This is confirmed by the coefficients of elasticity close 1 or higher than 1. In certain periods, however, the coefficient of elasticity of total freight volumes was found to be approximately zero, thus, indicating that considerable potential freights were lost. More stable values have the coefficients of general elasticity below 1. In most of the ECOWAS countries, the coefficients of general elasticity are unstable, both negative and positive values have a range of values (from -43.709 to 52.364). Hence, freight traffic volume and GDP in the ECOWAS region is highly decoupled. This has raised a serious question as to the prudence of continued dominance of road transport mode for intra-regional freight movement in the ECOWAS sub-region. The result of the study revealed a strong correlation between GDP, the population of member states and the volume of freight in the ECOWAS member countries. The research also showed that the development of short sea shipping model in the sub-region would depend considerably on growth in GDP, improvement in the productivity of the population and increase in seaport corridors of the ECOWAS sub-region.

This paper re-examines the causal relationship between stock prices and the variables representing the real sector of the Pakistani economy.Using annual data from 1959/60 to 2004/05, examining the stochastic properties of the variables used in the analysis, and taking care of the shifts in the series due to the start of the economic liberalization program in the early 1990s, the paper investigates the causal relations between stock prices and variables like real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), real consumption expenditure, and real investment spending. The analysis indicates the presence of a long run relationship between stock prices and the real sector variables. Regarding the cause and effect relationship, the analysis indicates a one-way causation from the real sector to stock prices implying that the stock market in Pakistan is still not that developed to influence the real sector of the economy. Hence the market cannot be characterized as the leading indicator of the economic activity in Pakistan

The Colombian economy has a strong dependence on the export of commodities. Different studies show that the prices of these products are exogenous, which have originated direct effects on the national economic activity. Therefore, this paper studies the shock effects produced by mining and energy commodity price variations like oil, coal and nickel on Colombian economy. We used 129 variables for 2001-2016 period and estimated a FAVAR model (Factor Augmented VAR) to observe commodity price effects on different economic aggregates, the results show that price fluctuations have significant effects on variables such as economic activity, investment, the trade balance, the real exchange rate and external debt. Resumen La economía colombiana se caracteriza por tener una fuerte dependencia en la exportación de materias primas. Diferentes estudios muestran que los precios de estos productos están dados de manera exógena, lo que origina efectos directos sobre la actividad económica de los países. Por lo tanto, este trabajo evalúa la incidencia de los choques producidos por las variaciones de los precios de los bienes minero-energéticos con mayor peso en las exportaciones colombianas, es decir, el petróleo, el carbón y el níquel. Para observar los efectos que tienen sobre los diferentes agregados económicos, se empleó una base de datos compuesta por 129 variables para el periodo 2001-2016 y se estimó un modelo FAVAR (Factor Augmented VAR, por sus siglas en inglés). Los resultados hallados permiten inferir que las fluctuaciones de los precios tienen incidencias significativas sobre variables como la actividad económica, la inversión, la balanza comercial, el tipo de cambio real y la deuda externa.

In the course of the research, the scientific literature was analyzed in terms of historical aspects of audit development. The analysis of scientific papers shows that there is no unified approach to audit periodization; this situation has developed due to a combination of objective reasons: the theory underlying the research, the object of research, methods and objectives of the research. Our research was based on the study of historical aspects of business audit in the following order: the origins of audit as an institution of financial control; the formation and evolution of audit in Ukraine (as part of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union); the emergence of audit and the development of audit in its modern sense; modern trends in audit in the world. During the study it was found that the modern state of audit as an independent financial control and as commercial activity is determined by the external environment of the following aspects: the specific socio-economic relations from the position of the subject of the audit as a tool for independent financial control, specific development management science from the position of introduction of auditing as a tool of the relationship between the management units, development of audit as consulting from a position of auditing as a business. The article investigates institutional support (a set of state, professional and public institutions whose main functions are the regulation of audit and auditing activities) of audit framework of Western European countries.

Numerous recent studies, starting with Bloom (2009), highlight the impact of varying uncertainty levels on economic activity. These studies mostly focus on individual countries, and cross-country evidence is scarce. In this paper, we use a set of (panel) BVAR models to study the effect of uncertainty shocks on economic developments in EU Member States. We explicitly distinguish between domestic, common and global uncertainty shocks and employ new proxies of uncertainty. The domestic uncertainty indicators are derived from the Business and Consumer Surveys administered by the European Commission. The common EU-wide uncertainty is subsequently derived by means of a factor model. Finally, the global uncertainty indicator – inspired by Jurado et al. (2015) – is extracted as a common factor from a broad set of forecast indicators that are not driven by the business cycle. The results suggest that real output in EU countries drops after spikes in uncertainty, mainly as a result of lower investment. Unlike for the U.S., there is little evidence of activity overshooting following this initial fall. The responses to uncertainty shocks vary across Member States. These differences can be attributed not mainly to different shock sizes, but rather to cross-country structural characteristics. Member States with more flexible labour markets and product markets seem to weather uncertainty shocks better. Likewise, a higher manufacturing share and higher economic diversification help dampen the impact of uncertainty shocks. The role of economic openness is more ambiguous.

Carbon neutrality lays out a grand blueprint for carbon emission reduction and climate governance in China. How to reduce energy consumption is the key to achieving this goal. The economic development and energy consumption show a very large gap at the provincial level, and this paper divides China into six regions (North, Northeast, East, Mid-South, Southwest, and Northwest) and analyzes the dynamic changes and reveals the driving factors that have affected CO2 emission changes from 1997 to 2017. Then, the driving forces including energy intensity, energy structure, energy efficiency, economic activity, and population scale were discussed employing the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) based on provincial panel data. The results show that CO2 emissions from energy consumption show an upward trend, from 4145 Mt in 1997 to 13,250 Mt in 2017, with an annual average growth rate of 1.06%; coal consumption is the main source of CO2 emission. The regions with the highest proportion of CO2 emissions are the East and North, which account for 50% of total emissions. China’s CO2 emissions from energy consumption, coal consumption, and output have shown significant spatial autocorrelation at the provincial scale. According to coal consumption, energy consumption CO2 emissions are divided into three stages: phase I (1997–2002), the increase in CO2 emissions in six regions was attributed to significant and positive impacts of energy intensity, economic activity, and population scale, the effects of which exceeded those of the energy structure and energy efficiency; phase II (2003–2012), the economic activity effect on CO2 emissions was highest in the East region, followed by the North and Mid-South regions; phase III (2013–2017), the East, Mid-South, and Southwest regions of China were dominated by the positive effects of energy intensity, economic activity, and population scale. The major driver of CO2 emissions is economic activity; the energy efficiency effect is an important inhibitory factor. Regional economic development and energy consumption in China are unbalanced; we conclude that differentiated emission reduction measures should be of particular concern for policymakers.

Contains fulltext : 187913.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) 22 p.

Fil: Álvarez, Nicolás. National University of Misiones. Faculty of Economics; Argentina. Fil: Heredia, Juan Luis. National University of Misiones. Faculty of Economics; Argentina. Fil: León, María Natalia. National University of Misiones. Faculty of Economics; Argentina. This paper presents the construction of a composite indicator of economic activity for the province of Misiones for the period 2005 – 2018, in order to measure fluctuations of economic and growth cycles. The methodologies proposed by The Conference Board (2001) and Jorrat (2003), that are referents at international and national levels respectively, are used. This methodology gives less weight to time series which variations have more volatility. After selecting eleven component series from public sources of information and representatives from different sectors of the provincial economic activity, seasonally adjusted using X-13 ARIMA and aggregating them, it is obtained a composite indicator representative for the economic activity, named Misiones Economic Sensor (MisES). This indicator is a first approximation of provincial economic activity’s fluctuations, and given that cross correlation with EMAE (Mensual Estimator of Economic Activity) is 0.93 when t=0, it is presumed that it is represents fluctuations observed in the provincial economy.

The purpose of the paper is to identify and analyze the basic principles of the economy of religion. Consideration of the methodological features of the study of economics and religion should ensure the definition of the conditions for the application of an interdisciplinary approach, in the relationship between the economy and religion. This involves solving the following tasks: first, to reveal the content of the modern approaches, to understanding the relationship between religion and the economy, as a special area of public life, and secondly, to analyze the main features of the influence of religion on the economy, and the influence of the economy on religion. The theoretical basis of the study is based on several groups of sources, which highlight the problem of the relationship between religion and the economy. First, it is the legal documents in which the object of the legal regulation is religion and its institutional foundations. Secondly, these are theoretical works that cover the issues of the interdependence of economic and religious spheres. Thirdly, there are religious studies, which argue for the need to establish the discipline of religious studies, and separate from it the economy of religion as an independent branch of knowledge. Originality: The author proves that in analyzing the relationship between religion (as an institution) and economics, it is necessary to take into account their common social nature. This circumstance leads to the conclusion that the activities of religious organizations are observed and controlled by the humanitarian policy of the State. In order to ensure the rights and freedoms of its citizens, the State resorts to legislative activity, which determines the content and features of ‘State vs Religion’ relations, including also the economic sphere. The results of this legislative activity are expressed in the relevant regulatory acts and laws. Conclusions: The relationship between the economy and religion is found in the praxiological and institutional levels. The religious traditions of the world, in their doctrines, contain elements of Canon Law that regulate economic activity in the private and public areas. These elements determine the content and features of economic practices and form a special perception of the nature and function of the economy. The attention of the State to these factors, contribute to the expansion of the rights and freedoms of its citizens, which affects the results of sustainable economic development.

У статті досліджено концепцію управління маркетинговими ризиками через призму трактувань понять "ризик", "маркетинговий ризик", "управління". Авторами зазначено, що будь-яке підприємство, яке вступає у товарно-грошові відносини або починає власну господарську діяльність, постає перед такими завданнями як: мінімізація ризику, страхування ризику та уникнення ризикових подій. При цьому ризики можуть бути пов’язані не лише безпосередньо з діяльністю підприємства, а й з його оточуючим середовищем (політична та економічна ситуація в країні, макроекономічні коливання, соціокультура населення, нормативно-правова та законодавча база, глобалізація економіки в цілому). Авторами запропоновано механізми мінімізації (оптимізації), хеджування та уникнення можливих ризиків з метою забезпечення безперервної, стабільної, ефективної і прибуткової діяльності підприємства. На основі результатів систематизації наукових підходів до визначення сутності поняття "ризик", у статті запропоновано визначати ризи як соціальноекономічну категорію, що віддзеркалює особливі аспекти сприйняття стейкхолдерами об’єктивно існуючого стану невизначеності та конфліктності, якому притаманний процес цілеспрямування, управління, прийняття рішень, контролю, оцінки, мотивації, що підпадає під можливі загрози та характеризуються невикористаними ресурсами і можливостями. У процесі дослідження понятійного апарату авторами з’ясовано, що динамічний розвиток ринкових відносин обумовлює виникнення проблеми управління маркетинговими ризиками. Авторами наголошено, що управління маркетинговими ризиками підприємств – це не тільки теоретико-методичне обгрунтування підходів до управління ними, але й розробка, впровадження, супровід, моніторинг та оцінка результату запропонованих заходів на практиці. Оскільки ризики є невід’ємною складовою процесу ведення будь-якої господарської діяльності і впливають на кінцеві її результати, актуальним є подальше дослідження концепції управління маркетинговими ризиками з метою виокремлення інструментів запобігання небажаних результатів та отримання максимального ефекту їх застосування. In the paper, the concept of marketing risks management is examined through the prism of the interpretations of the concept of risk, marketing risk, management, in order to optimize it and efficiently operate the enterprise. Any enterprise entering into commodity-money relations, or starts its own economic activity, appears to debate such issues as risk, risk minimization, risk insurance and risk avoidance. Moreover, the risks may be related not only to the enterprise activity but also to its environment (political and economic situation in the country, macroeconomic fluctuations of the economy, sociocultural population, legal and legislative framework, globalization of the economy in general). However, along with this, there is also a research possibility, analysis, estimation, miscalculation, minimization (optimization), hedging, risk avoidance in order to ensure continuous, stable, efficient and profitable activity of the enterprise. Achievement of this result is possible only under the condition of effective risk management or the use of risk management at the enterprise. This will enable the enterprise to provide the necessary resources to ensure the continuity of the production or financial-economic process at the time of an uncertain situation or risk. Any economic, financial, marketing, production, innovation or management activities are always risky. Even if the enterprise is in a state of rest and does not show any business activity, it is burdened with the risk of a lack of profit and unused capacities. Therefore, the risk is a socioeconomic category that reflects the particular aspects of stakeholders' perception of objectively existing uncertainty and conflict state, which is characterized by the process of targeting, management, decision-making, control, evaluation, the motivation that is subject to possible threats and characterized by unused resources and opportunities. In the research process of the conceptual apparatus, it was found that the dynamic development of market relations makes the problemof marketing risks management especially relevant today for top-managers of the higher level of any enterprise, because the business entities face many negative factors, affecting the desired result of their activity, etc. marketing risks management of business entities is not only a theoretical and methodological substantiation of approaches to managing them, but also the development, implementation, maintenance, monitoring and evaluation of the results of the proposed actions in practice. Since risks are an integral part of any economic activity process and conduct its final outcomes, therefore, the issue of researching the concept of marketing risks management is raised to prevent undesirable results and obtain the maximum efficiency.

In this research paper, attempts are made to explain the origin of the names of the main professional secrecies. Traditionally, their content is associated with the names of professions of obliged persons or with the implementation of their professional activities, as well as in connection with the performance of their professional duties. Meanwhile, professional activities are conditioned by the fulfillment of their professional duties to protect professional secrecies by individuals who are able to act as individual entrepreneurs, as well as employees who have labor relations with them or with legal entities. Since the implementation of professional activity is limited to a narrow subject structure - individuals, it is necessary to legislatively clarify a single socially useful activity, covering all categories of obligated subjects - both individuals and legal entities. There is a need to reflect the connection of titles with the types of economic activity carried out by obligated persons in the prescribed manner. At the same time, certain provisions of the All-Russian Classification of Types of Economic Activity OK 029-2014 need to be improved, since in it the types of economic activity are combined into unequal groups of classified objects.

Kopczewska (2017) proposed a new empirical measure of spatial agglomeration (SPAG) of economic activity based on geolocations of firms. The aim of the paper is to introduce theoretical backgrounds of SPAG. The measure is a product of two random variables with beta and gamma distributions. The moments of the product are described and estimated for Poland with spatial centroids of LAU2 treated as geolocations of firms for empirical distribution as well as for the set of firms located in a regular region. Another approach to SPAG properties has its origin in a geometric probability concept. We present the research results on geometric probability, applied to SPAG, as distance probability distributions for a regular region.

Despite informality being the norm in conflict-affected countries, most estimates of the impact of conflict on economic activity rely on formal sector data. Using high-frequency data from Afghanistan, this paper assesses how surges in conflict intensity affect not only the formal sector, but also informal and illicit activities. Nighttime light provides a proxy for aggregate economic activity, mobile phone traffic by registered firms captures fluctuations in formal sector output, and the land surface devoted to poppy cultivation gives a measure of illicit production. The unit of observation is the district and the period of reference is 2012–2016. The results show that an increase in conflict-related casualties has a strong negative impact on formal economic activity in the following quarter and a positive effect on illicit activity after two quarters. The impact on aggregate economic activity is negative, but more muted.

L'article deriva d'una ponència presentada al IV Congrés sobre Immigració a Espanya: Ciutadania i Participació. Taula 3: "Economies de l'emigració i mercat de treball". Girona, 10-13 de novembre de 2004. El notable crecimiento de la población de nacionalidad extranjera durante los primeros años del siglo XXI y el que se prevé para los próximos años en España, se ha reflejado en un importante incremento en la participación laboral, en un mercado de trabajo caracterizado por la segmentación. En este contexto, la actividad laboral de los extranjeros aparece como complementaria a la promoción social de los españoles, en especial de jóvenes y mujeres. Sin embargo, en contraste con la importancia creciente de las migraciones internacionales en la evolución demográfica, pero también económica y cultural del país, y con el papel fundamental basado en la citada complementariedad, que presupone un espacio social reservado a los inmigrantes, de carácter central, el riesgo de exclusión sobre buena parte de la población inmigrada es inquietante, habiéndose acrecentado en paralelo al aumento de su volumen en el transcurso de los últimos años. Los datos del censo de 2001 nos brindan la oportunidad de analizar la situación laboral de las principales agrupaciones continentales y nacionalidades en España en comparación a la situación de la población española, teniendo en cuenta las características sociodemográficas básicas. El notable increment de la població de nacionalitat estrangera a Espanya durant els primers anys del segle XXI (junt al creixement que es preveu per als pròxims anys), es reflecteix en un important augment de la seva participació laboral, en un mercat de treball caracteritzat per la segmentació. En aquest context, l'activitat laboral dels estrangers apareix com a complementària a la promoció social dels espanyols, en especial de joves i dones. Malgrat la creixent importància de les migracions internacionals en la evolució demogràfica, però també econòmica i cultural del país, amb el paper fonamental basat en aquesta complementarietat que pressuposa un espai social reservat als immigrants, el risc d'exclusió sobre bona part de la població immigrada és inquietant, risc que ha augmentat en els darrers anys en paral·lel a l'increment del seu volum. Les dades del cens de 2001 ens ofereixen la oportunitat d'analitzar la situació laboral de les principals agrupacions continentals i nacionalitats d'Espanya i comparar-les a la situació de la població espanyola tenint en compte les característiques sociodemogràfiques bàsiques. The growth of the foreign population in Spain during the first years of the 21st century and the expected growth for the years to come are reflected in the significant increase of foreign participation in the labour market, which is characterised by some features of segmentation. Within this context, labour participation of foreigners appears to be associated with the upward social mobility of Spaniards, especially among younger workers and women. However, in contrast with the growing weight of international migration in the demographic, social and cultural trends of the country and its fundamental role in the social upward mobility for some social groups that should give the immigrants a special place in the labour market, there remains a risk of social exclusion for certain immigrant populations. The 2001 census data provides the opportunity to analyse the economic activity of foreign populations in Spain compared to that of Spanish nationals, taking into account some basic sociodemographic characteristics. La croissance significative de la population étrangère depuis 2000 se traduit par une augmentation de la participation à l'activité, dans un marché du travail fortement segmenté. L'activité des étrangers apparaît comme complémentaire à la promotion sociale des Espagnols, et plus particulièrement des jeunes et des femmes. Cependant, et malgré l'importance des migrations dans la croissance démographique, économique et culturelle du pays, ainsi que le rôle économique de la population étrangère basé sur cette complémentarité, il y a un risque d'exclusion sociale qui est inquiétant. Les données du recensement de 2001 nous permettent d'analyser la situation sur le marché du travail des principaux groupes de nationaux résidents en Espagne, et de la comparer à celle des Espagnols, en tenant compte des caractéristiques socio démographiques de base

Based on the activity-holistic analysis of the problem, the paper shows that finance is a component of the life activity of economic entities of all levels (individual, family, firm, community, state), within which they perform high-performance economic activity, while carrying out processes of targeted movement of the exchange value of their monetary capital to achieve the planned levels of its capitalization. The concepts of a financial flow, financial resource, financial activity, financial institution and financial system have been redefined., На пострадянському просторі фахівці додержуються думки про те, що «фінанси» є економічною категорією, що виражає грошові відносини при перерозподілі вартості між економічними суб'єктами в процесі накопичення необхідних цільових фондів та цільовому їхньому використанні при відтворенні виробництва. В англомовній літературі словом «фінанси», доповнюючи прикметником типу «громадські», «корпоративні» та ін., визначають як науку, так і практику управління капіталом (або грошима). Існуюча багатозмістовність наповнення дефініції «фінанси» може несприятливо позначатися на взаємодіях між суб'єктами господарсько-економічного діяльності. Тому її усунення є завданням актуальним.Для вирішення цього завдання використано підхід, детермінантами в якому виступають, по-перше, діяльність людини і, по-друге, холізм або цілісність аналізу діяльності та її результатів.На прикладі окремої людини, як суб’єкту господарювання, розглянуто її діяльність в межах власного господарства – з метою забезпечення власної родини продуктами харчування із певним набором споживних цінностей, господарсько-економічну діяльність – для успішного виробництва таких продуктів з метою їхнього еквівалентного обміну або продажу за гроші та фінансово-економічну – з метою нарощення капіталу у грошовій формі. Діяльнісний підхід, підтримуючи процесну або операційну модель, дозволяє, наприклад, достатньо строго описати мовою математики «народження» нових споживних цінностей у вироблених продуктах. Системний розгляд перелічених результатів не заперечує їхнє розповсюдження і на інших суб’єктів господарювання, а саме: сім’ю, фірму, місцеву або регіональну громаду, галузь, населення окремо узятої держави. В межах запропонованої системи виявляється просторово-часова цілісність усіх сфер життєдіяльності господарюючих суб’єктів будь-якого рівня. В цілому, діяльнісно-системний підхід забезпечує досягнення наступного висновку: фінанси є сферою життєдіяльності господарюючих суб'єктів всіх рівнів (особистість, сім'я, фірма, громада, держава), в рамках якої вони забезпечують процеси цілеспрямованого руху мінової вартості своїх капіталів в грошовому вимірі для досягнення запланованих рівнів їх капіталізації. Згадані процеси потребують їхнього супроводження у вигляді набору правил, інструкцій, рекомендацій тощо, що можна позначити словом «відносини», чим керуються всі суб'єкти господарської діяльності і що отримало назву інститутів. Інституційний атрибут «відносини», на якому утримуються визнані до сьогодні дефініції фінансів, спровокував підміну сутнісного змісту останніх. Здобута в даній праці дефініція фінансів є підставою для визначення змістовної сутності фінансового потоку (як потоку капіталу у грошовому вимірі, що формується і активізується господарюючим суб'єктом з метою його запланованої капіталізації), фінансового ресурсу (як закумульовану господарюючим суб'єктом будь-якої кількості капіталу будь-якої природи (і ліквідності) в грошовому вимірі з відкладеною капіталізацією), фінансового капіталу (як фінансового ресурсу, що не має споживної цінності, а уявляє із себе у чистому вигляді гроші та грошові агрегати), фінансової діяльності (яка об’єднує усі види дій із фінансовим капіталом), фінансового менеджменту (як теорію та практику управління фінансовими об’єктами, дефініції котрих надані вище)., В статье на основе деятельностно-холистического анализа проблемы показано, что финансы – это составляющая сферы жизнедеятельности хозяйствующих субъектов всех уровней (личность, семья, фирма, община, государство), в рамках которой они обеспечивают высокоэффективную экономическую деятельность, осуществляя при этом процессы целенаправленного движения меновой стоимости своих капиталов в денежном измерении для достижения запланированных уровней их капитализации. Переопределены понятия финансового потока, финансового ресурса, финансовой деятельности, финансового института и финансовой системы.

Slight demographic dynamism is a phenomenon present in many European Union countries, and in particular, in Spain. Demographic projections by the National Institute of Statistics show an uninterrupted decline of the Spanish population, where the most affected regions would be some NUTS2 located in the north area. This paper explores the case of the Basque Country. After calculating a Demography Vulnerability Index and a Globalisation Vulnerability Index we try to identify the municipalities according to its level of vulnerability to demographic and economic changes. The study reveals a link between the demographic and economic behavior of the Basque municipalities: those that show the greatest resistance in demographic terms are those that present the greatest strength in economic terms., El escaso dinamismo demográfico es un fenómeno presente en muchos países de la Unión Europea y, en particular, en España. Proyecciones demográficas del Instituto Nacional de Estadística plantean un descenso ininterrumpido de la población española y, algunas regiones NUTS2 situadas en el norte serían las más perjudicadas. Este artículo estudia el caso del País Vasco, situado en el noreste de España. Calculando un índice sintético basado en diversos indicadores se pretende identificar los municipios de esta región según su grado de vulnerabilidad ante los cambios demográficos. Se contrasta además la hipótesis de que, a pesar de la desigual vulnerabilidad demográfica en estas unidades territoriales locales vascas, existen importantes regularidades espaciales. El estudio revela una vinculación entre el comportamiento demográfico y económico de los municipios vascos: los que muestran mayor resistencia en términos demográficos son los que presentan mayor fortaleza en términos económicos.

В статье рассматриваются особенности хозяйственной деятельности китайских мигрантов на приграничных территориях Дальнего Востока России в 1990‑е гг. При этом пребывание китайских предпринимателей освещается как продолжение более чем 150‑летней истории тесного взаимодействия представителей русской и китайской цивилизаций в порубежной полосе. Отмечается, что геополитическое положение приграничных дальневосточных территорий определило специфику международных связей с КНР, а социальнополитическая обстановка на Дальнем Востоке России в 1990‑х гг. обусловливала взаимную заинтересованность двух стран друг в друге, однако Китай и Россия осуществляли социальноэкономическую политику по‑разному. Прослеживается взаимосвязь между масштабами китайской миграции в Россию и динамикой приграничной торговли, даётся общая характеристика хозяйственноэкономической деятельности китайских предпринимателей, их активной интеграции в российскую действительность. Особое внимание уделяется представителям малого и среднего бизнеса. Характеризуются основные виды деятельности коммерческих мигрантов на Дальнем Востоке России: торговля, оказание услуг, создание предприятий общественного питания, производство и переработка сельскохозяйственной продукции, строительство, индивидуальная мелкооптовая торговля, транспортировка и реализация товара в России. Используя различные методы сбора информации (в том числе интервью), автор на конкретных примерах рассматривает особенности становления и развития бизнеса предпринимателей в контексте миграции китайцев на Дальний Восток в 1990‑е гг., а также общей экономической и политической ситуации в России в целом и в регионе в частности. Автор приходит к выводу о том, что хозяйственная деятельность китайских предпринимателей на Дальнем Востоке России была обусловлена накопленным историческим опытом межцивилизационного взаимодействия и сложившимися социально-экономическими условиями., The paper deals with the peculiarities of the economic activity of Chinese migrants in the border areas of the Russian Far East in the 1990s. The presence of Chinese entrepreneurs is highlighted as a continuation of more than 150‑year history of close interaction between the representatives of Russian and Chinese civilizations on the frontier. It is noted that the geopolitical position of the border areas of the Far East determined the specificity of the international relations with China. The socio-political situation in the Russian Far East in the 1990s caused the mutual interest of two countries, but China and Russia implemented socioeconomic policy in different ways. The connection between Chinese migration to Russia and the dynamics of cross-border trade is considered. The general characteristics of the economic activity of Chinese entrepreneurs and their vigorous integration into the Russian reality are described. Particular attention is paid to the representatives of small and medium-sized businesses. The main activities of commercial migrants in the Russian Far East are characterized: trade, provision of services, establishment of public catering enterprises, production and processing of agricultural products, construction, individual wholesale trade, transportation and sale of goods in Russia. By means of various methods of collecting information (including interviews), the author examines the peculiarities of the formation and development of the business of Chinese entrepreneurs in the Russian Far East in the 1990s as well as overall economic and political situation in Russia and in the Russian Far East in particular. The author concludes that the economic activity of Chinese entrepreneurs in the Russian Far East was determined by the accumulated historical experience of intercivilizational interaction and the prevailing socio-economic conditions in the Russian Far East in the 1990s.

The collapse of economic activity in 2020 from COVID-19 has been immense. An important question is how much of that collapse resulted from government-imposed restrictions versus people voluntarily choosing to stay home to avoid infection. This paper examines the drivers of the economic slowdown using cellular phone records data on customer visits to more than 2.25 million individual businesses across 110 different industries. Comparing consumer behavior over the crisis within the same commuting zones but across state and county boundaries with different policy regimes suggests that legal shutdown orders account for only a modest share of the massive changes to consumer behavior (and that tracking county-level policy conditions is significantly more accurate than using state-level policies alone). While overall consumer traffic fell by 60 percentage points, legal restrictions explain only 7 percentage points of this. Individual choices were far more important and seem tied to fears of infection. Traffic started dropping before the legal orders were in place; was highly influenced by the number of COVID deaths reported in the county; and showed a clear shift by consumers away from busier, more crowded stores toward smaller, less busy stores in the same industry. States that repealed their shutdown orders saw symmetric, modest recoveries in consumer visits, further supporting the small estimated effect of policy. Although the shutdown orders had little aggregate impact, they did have a significant effect in reallocating consumer visits away from “nonessential” to “essential” businesses and from restaurants and bars toward groceries and other food sellers.

The paper focuses on key success factors of startups in the European Union. Startup companies have a massive potential to boost the level of innovation and competitiveness of national economies. They are also uniquely equipped to provide extremely effective and flexible ways of meeting both existing and emerging market needs. However, the development of these microventures differs from country to country. Hence, we put forth a hypothesis that strategic success factors in the development of startups vary in highly developed and catching-up countries. Our main goal was to determine the key success factors of startups in the EU, and to classify the gap between developed and lagging Member States. For this purpose, we applied the method of component analysis on startup data available for selected the EU states. We managed to isolate 5 components explaining 72% of data variability, all of which can be linked to human capital as well as to formal and informal economic institutions. The results confirmed the validity of our hypothesis. We established that more developed countries offer an institutional competitive advantage to startups, while the gap in success factors between highly developed and catching-up countries can be attributed to human capital and to institutions. Based on our findings, we offer suggestions how to reduce this gap by improving formal and informal institutions via innovative public policy and by supporting education.

In this paper we argue that a better understanding of the relationship between inequality and growth can be obtained by shifting the analysis from the space of final achievements to the space of opportunities. To this end, we introduce the Opportunity Growth Incidence Curve (OGIC) that can be used to evaluate the income dynamics of specific groups of the population and to infer the role of growth in the evolution of inequality of opportunity over time. By employing a rank dependent social welfare function we provide a rigorous normative justification for the use of the OGIC: We obtain suitable dominance conditions and we show how they can be interpreted in terms of OGIC dominance. We also propose an index that can be used to measure the impact of growth in terms of opportunity redistribution. Finally, we provide two empirical illustrations, for Italy and for Brazil, which show the potentials of the tools we have introduced.

This paper examines the impacts of oil price shocks on macroeconomic aggregates of Turkey. We find evidence suggesting the influential role of oil price shocks on macroeconomic aggregates. In other words, we find that oil price shocks affect output growth negatively with a delay. However, higher oil prices are associated with higher inflation, and depreciating exchange rate. We also explore the role of asymmetric oil shocks on macroeconomic aggregates and find that both oil price increases and decreases are associated with a delayed lower output growth rate. Furthermore, we find oil price increases affect inflation positively a delay. The appreciation of exchange rate appears with a delay due to oil price decreases.

Рассмотрены аспекты нормативно-правового регулирования оценки налоговой нагрузки и налогового бремени. Охарактеризованы ключевые положения методических подходов к расчёту налоговых показателей, изложенных в нормативных актах. Описан алгоритм действий налоговых органов, связанных с оценкой уровня налоговой нагрузки. Дана характеристика тенденциям изменения безопасных значений налоговой нагрузки и рентабельности за 10-летний период. Обоснованы направления совершенствования нормативного регулирования элементов налоговой системы Российской Федерации.The aspects of legal regulation of the assessment of the tax burden are presented. The key provisions of the methodical approach to the calculation of the tax figures, set out in the regulations, are characterized. The algorithm of actions of the tax authorities to assess the level of tax burden is described. The characteristic trends of safe values of tax burden and profitability over a period of 10 years are disclosed. The directions of improvement of the tax regulations in the Russian Federation are set out in this paper.

In this paper we utilize Canadian and U.S. data to investigate the relationship between financial market variables (Canadian and U.S.) and Canadian output growth, using a non-parametric technique. The financial variables examined are those that are often associated with future output growth, namely, stock prices, interest rates, interest rate spreads and monetary aggregates. Our results show that as the number of autocovariances that are assigned a non-zero weight increases, the feedback from selected Canadian or U.S. financial variables to future Canadian output growth increases. In particular, we find that stock prices as well as yield spreads and monetary aggregates are useful predictors of output growth. This is in line with earlier parametric studies in the literature that find these variables to be good predictors of economic activity. Variables financieres et niveau d’activite reelle au Canada. Ce memoire utilise des donnees canadiennes et americaines pour analyser la relation entre les variables des marches financiers (au Canada et aux E.U.) et la croissance du produit canadien, a l’aide d’une technique non-parametrique. Les variables financieres analysees sont celles qui sont generalement associees a la croissance du produit national dans l’avenir, i.e., le prix des actions, les taux d’interet, les ecarts entre taux d’interets, et les agregats monetaires. Les resultats montrent que, a proportion que le nombre des auto covariances auquel on assigne une valence zero s’accroit, les effets d’echos variables financieres sur la croissance future du produit canadien s’accroissent. En particulier, il appert que les prix des actions, les ecarts entre taux d’interets, et les agregats monetaires sont des predicteurs utiles de la croissance du produit. Voila qui confirme les resultats d’etudes parametriques.

This paper documents a strong negative correlation between macroeconomic uncertainty and real GDP growth since the Great Recession. Prior to that event the correlation was weak, even when conditioning on recessions. At the same time, many central banks reduced their policy rate to its zero lower bound (ZLB), which we contend contributed to the strong correlation between macroeconomic uncertainty and real GDP growth. To test that theory, we use a model where the ZLB occasionally binds. The model roughly matches the correlation in the data—away from the ZLB the correlation is weak but strongly negative when the ZLB binds.

The paper analyzes the economic characteristics of the population of Serbia in the census of population 2011th. The main characteristic of the census 2011th , as economic structure is concerned, is the classification of economic activities, which includes just two modalities, economically active and economically inactive. The lowest rate of economic activity in the postwar period recorded in the census 2011th, in the amount of 41.3%. Rad se bavi analizom ekonomskih karakteristika populacije Srbije u vreme popisa 2011. godine. Osnovna karakteristika popisa 2011. godine, što se ekonomskih struktura tiče, jeste klasifikacija ekonomske aktivnosti koja obuhvata samo dva modaliteta, ekonomski aktivne i ekonomski neaktivne. Najniža stopa ekonomske aktivnosti u posleratnom periodu evidentirana je upravo poslednjim popisom, u iznosu od 41,3%.

The global financial crisis has hit emerging markets more deeply than advanced economies. This has directed the focus of post-crisis literature to the stress of the financial system. Therefore, exploring the methods to measure and monitor the instability of Turkey’s financial system will provide early warning signals of possible factors causing financial stress, thereby facilitating the implementation of appropriate policy measures. In this regard, we constructed a financial stress index in this paper. Our financial stress index composes of several sub-indexes for measuring the instabilities of different financial markets (such as stock market, foreign exchange market, banking sector, and public sector). The implications of financial stress on Turkish economic activity examined empirically. According to our study results, there is a one way direct causal relationship between financial stress and economic activity. The results of impulse response function reveal that random shocks in financial stress have a negative and diminishing impact on economic activity.Global finansal krizin gelişmekte olan ülkeler üzerindeki etkileri, gelişmiş ülkelere göre daha şiddetli olmuştur. Bu durum kriz sonrası literatürünün ağırlıklı olarak finansal sistem stresi üzerinde yoğunlaşmasına neden olmuştur. Dolayısıyla, Türk finansal sistemindeki istikrarsızlığın ölçülmesi ve izlenmesi, olası stres kaynaklarına yönelik erken bir uyarı sistemi sağlayarak, doğru politikaların yürütülmesini kolaylaştıracaktır. Bu çerçevede çalışmamızda öncelikle farklı piyasalardaki istikrarsızlıkları (hisse senedi ve döviz piyasası ile bankacılık ve kamu sektörü) kapsayacak şekilde bir finansal stres endeksi oluşturulmuştur. Çalışma sonuçlarımıza göre Türkiye’de ilgili dönemde finansal stresten ekonomik aktiviteye doğru tek yönlü bir nedensel ilişki bulunmaktadır. Hesaplanan etki tepki fonksiyonu ise finansal streste meydana gelen rassal şokun ekonomik aktiviteyi olumsuz etkilediğini ortaya koymuştur., Global finansal krizin gelişmekte olan ülkeler üzerindeki etkileri, gelişmiş ülkelere göre daha şiddetli olmuştur. Bu durum kriz sonrası literatürünün ağırlıklı olarak finansal sistem stresi üzerinde yoğunlaşmasına neden olmuştur. Dolayısıyla, Türk finansal sistemindeki istikrarsızlığın ölçülmesi ve izlenmesi, olası stres kaynaklarına yönelik erken bir uyarı sistemi sağlayarak, doğru politikaların yürütülmesini kolaylaştıracaktır. Bu çerçevede çalışmamızda öncelikle farklı piyasalardaki istikrarsızlıkları (hisse senedi ve döviz piyasası ile bankacılık ve kamu sektörü) kapsayacak şekilde bir finansal stres endeksi oluşturulmuştur. Çalışma sonuçlarımıza göre Türkiye’de ilgili dönemde finansal stresten ekonomik aktiviteye doğru tek yönlü bir nedensel ilişki bulunmaktadır. Hesaplanan etki tepki fonksiyonu ise finansal streste meydana gelen rassal şokun ekonomik aktiviteyi olumsuz etkilediğini ortaya koymuştur

Much research has suggested that night-time light (NTL) can be used as a proxy for a number of variables, including urbanization, density, and economic growth. As governments around the world either collect census data infrequently or are scaling back the amount of detail collected, alternate sources of population and economic information like NTL are being considered. But, just how close is the statistical relationship between NTL and economic activity at a fine-grained geographical level? This paper uses a combination of correlation analysis and geographically weighted regressions in order to examine if light can function as a proxy for economic activities at a finer level. We use a fine-grained geo-coded residential and industrial full sample micro-data set for Sweden, and match it with both radiance and saturated light emissions. We find that the correlation between NTL and economic activity is strong enough to make it a relatively good proxy for population and establishment density, but the correlation is weaker in relation to wages. In general, we find a stronger relation between light and density values, than with light and total values. We also find a closer connection between radiance light and economic activity, than with saturated light. Further, we find the link between light and economic activity, especially estimated by wages, to be slightly overestimated in large urban areas and underestimated in rural areas.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the processes of polarization and agglomeration, to explain the mechanisms and causes of these phenomena in order to identify similarities and differences. As the main implication of this study should be noted that both process pretend to explain the concentration of economic activity and population in certain places, through cumulative phenomena, but with different perspectives, in other words, the polarization with a view of economic development and agglomeration with a perspective of space.

In this paper, the authors provide evidence that the convexity of the flow-performance relationship in the mutual fund industry varies with economic activity. This effect is strongly economically significant: a +/-1% change in GDP growth doubles/eliminates the degree of convexity of the flow-performance relationship. The effect of economic activity dominates that of market conditions and can be rationalized by the behavior of investors who smooth consumption while displaying a disposition effect. Our finding has two major implications: first, it rationalizes the risk-shifting behavior of mutual fund managers and provides support for the seminal flow-based tournament hypothesis over the more recent "career concern" explanation. Second, it explains why mutual fund performance varies with the business cycle.

The measurement of economic activity is central for the analysis of material welfare and economic dynamics. Nonetheless, there is not a single criterion for this measurement, given the discrepancies on the definition of the concept of productive labour among and within the various economic paradigms. On the one hand, orthodox theory conceives production as a physical or material process, as production of goods and services. As a consequence of such an open definition, it incurs in a variety of inconsistencies in his practical treatment of the measurement of economic activity, therefore failing to be useful as a welfare indicator. Moreover, the aggregation of productive flows of a rather different nature thowarts its usefulness for analyzing economic dynamics. On the other hand, the labour theory of value provides a coherent concept of productive labour, despite the controversies raised along a century of debates, based on a historically specific conception of production; while this restraint prevents an analysis of welfare founded on this concept, it is useful for analyzing economic dynamics. The last part of the paper discusses the necessary transformations to convert orthodox accounting categories into categories coherent with the labour theory of value. The comparison of both categories for Spain between 1954 and 2006 reveals important divergences in the measurement of economic growth and income distribution. La medición de la actividad económica es fundamental para analizar el bienestar material de la sociedad y la dinámica económica. Sin embargo, no existe un criterio único para realizar esta medición, dadas las discrepancias en la definición del concepto de trabajo productivo entre y al interior de los distintos paradigmas económicos. Por un lado, la teoría ortodoxa concibe la producción como un proceso físico o material, como producción de bienes y servicios. Como consecuencia de la amplitud de esta definición, incurre en una serie de inconsistencias en sus planteamientos prácticos sobre la medición de la actividad económica, por lo que fracasa en su intento de servir como medida del bienestar. Además, al mezclar flujos productivos de muy distinta índole, frustra su utilidad para el análisis de la dinámica económica. Por otro lado, la teoría laboral del valor tiene un concepto de trabajo productivo coherente, a pesar de las controversias suscitadas en más de un siglo de debates, basado en una concepción de la producción históricamente específica; aunque esta limitación le impide fundamentar el análisis del bienestar, es útil para el análisis de la dinámica económica. La última parte del artículo discute las transformaciones necesarias para convertir las categorías contables ortodoxas en categorías acordes con la teoría laboral del valor. La comparación de ambas categorías para España entre 1954 y 2006 evidencia importantes diferencias en la medición del crecimiento económico y la distribución de la renta.

Este texto analiza el papel selectivo del territorio en el asentamiento de la población de nacionalidad extranjera y, en especial, de la función de la ciudad de Barcelona como lugar de atracción, filtro y selección de esta población en el contexto de Cataluña. Con este objetivo, en primer lugar se describen las pautas de distribución espacial de la población extranjera en Cataluña, para posteriormente comparar las características sociodemográficas de la población de nacionalidad extranjera censada en Barcelona y la censada en el resto de Cataluña en 2001, teniendo en cuenta como principales variables la estructura por sexo, edad y nacionalidad, el nivel de instrucción y la relación con la actividad económica, apuntando aquellos factores que puedan resultar significativos en la selección de la población extranjera que acabará residiendo en el municipio. This paper analyses the role of territory in the location of foreign nationals, and in particular the role of the city of Barcelona as a pole of attraction, filter and selection of this population in a Catalan context. With this objective, we first of all describe the main features of the spatial distribution of this population in Catalonia, so as to later compare the socio-demographic characteristics of those recorded by the census in Barcelona and the rest of the country in 2001. We treat as main variables gender, age, nationality, education level and economic activity, and point to those factors that are relevant to the selection of those foreign nationals who end up living in the municipality.

This paper examines productive specialization in the regions of the European Union over the period 1977 to 1999 using the information provided by various methodological instruments. The results obtained reveal a process of convergence in regional productive structures during the twenty-three years considered. This has been due to the behavior of regions with high levels of specialization at the start of the period, whose productive structures have tended to shift to wards the European average overtime. The analysis carried out also high lights the major role played by regional size, level of development and geographical location in explaining specialization in the European context. Finally, the empirical evidence provided suggests that changes in regional productive structures are closely linked to the evolution of the spatial distribution of per capita income in the European Union. Keywords: Specialization, economic activity, regions, European Union. JEL Code: F15, R11, R12.

This paper examines productive specialization in the regions of the European Union over the period 1977 to 1999 using the information provided by various methodological instruments. The results obtained reveal a process of convergence in regional productive structures during the twenty-three years considered. This has been due to the behavior of regions with high levels of specialization at the start of the period, whose productive structures have tended to shift towards the European average over time. The analysis carried out also highlights the major role played by regional size, level of development and geographical location in explaining specialization in the European context. Finally, the empirical evidence provided suggests that changes in regional productive structures are closely linked to the evolution of the spatial distribution of per capita income in the European Union. The authors wish to acknowledge financial support from MCYT (Project BEC2002-03941) and the Fundación BBVA.

Using a state space formulation developed by Stock and Watson and Garratt and Hall we construct an indicator, which then is interpreted as a measure of the underlying economic activity of the Greek economy. The chief novelty of the paper is that the underlying model is calibrated, rather than estimated, using sample information. Our approach is more flexible than the original one, in that it provides the possibility to cope with outlying observations and to evaluate particular shocks affecting the economy using judgmental interventions. The new indicator could be very helpful for short run policy analysis signalling emerging economic problems.

This paper uses data forma cross-section survey of recent school-leavers in Northern Ireland to examine the relationship between personal and social characteristics and first destinations approximately 6 to 9 months after leaving school. Six destinations are distinguished - employment, YTP, unemployment, higher education, further education and other activity. Particular attention is paid to the roles of religion, qualifications and subject choice. Nested logit models are estimated and subjected to a battery of mis-specification tests. The results suggest that, after controlling for a standard range of factors, religion and number of qualifications, but not subject choice, are significant in explaining post school destinations. In particular, Catholic males who leave from fifth and lower sixth form are significantly less likely to be employed and more likely to be on a YTP scheme.

The aim of the paper is to empirically examine if the causal relationship between economic activity and stock market development exists in the selected 11 EA countries. The existence of relationship is investigated with the use of cointegration, vector error correction model and Granger causality during three sub-periods between January 1993 and January 2017. The results show that the general conclusion on the relation between activity and stock market development cannot be stated and that country-specific development should be taken into account when making decisions either from the investors' or policy makers' perspective. It also seems that the level of integration plays important role when studying the nature of relationship between variables during different time periods. info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess