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Subgraphs are very important for understanding structure and function of complex networks. Dyad and triad are the elementary subgraphs. We focus on the distribution of their act degree defined as the number of activities, events or organizations they join, which indicates the importance of the subgraphs. The empirical studies show that, in a lot of real world systems, the dyad or triad act degree distributions follow "shifted power law" (SPL), where {\alpha} and {\gamma} are constants. We defined a "heterogeneity index", H, to describe how it is uneven and analytically deduced the correlation between H and {\alpha} and {\gamma}. This manuscript, which shows the details of the empirical studies, serves as an online supplement of a paper submitted to a journal., Comment: 14 pages and 14 figures

We show that the longitudinal current-voltage characteristics of superconductors in mixed state have the general form of extended power law. Isotherms simulated from this nonlinear equation fit the experimental I-V data of Strachan et al. [ Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 87}, 067007 (2001)]. We determine the average pinning force in the flux creep and strong pinning regime and discuss both the puzzling scaling behavior $\rho_{xy}\propto\rho_{xx}^\beta$ and a recently found new scaling relationship of nonlinear Hall resistivity $\rho_{xy}(T)$., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures

In view of the question about the vortex glass theory of the freezing of disordered vortex matter raised by recent experimental observations we reinvestigate the critical scaling of high $T_c$ superconductors. We find that dc current-voltage characteristic of mixed state superconductors has the general form of extended power law which is based on the Ginzburg-Landau (GL) functional in the similar way as the vortex glass theory. Isotherms simulated from this nonlinear equation fit the experimental I-V data of Strachan et al.[Phys.Rev.Lett. 87, 067007 (2001)]. The puzzling question of the derivative plot for the I-V curves and the controversy surrounding the values of critical exponents are also discussed., Comment: 4 pages, 7 figures; title changed, abstract rewritten, two main equations changed, one figure replaced, one figure slightly modified, some sentences changed, submitted to Phys.Rev.Lett

Rhytidhysteron subrufulum X.L. Xu & C.L. Yang, in Xu et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 43(3): 72 (2022) FIGURE 4 Saprobic on dead twig of Prunus sp. Sexual morph: Ascomata 850–1360 µm long, 200–630 µm wide, 335–515 µm high (x = 1086 × 445 × 465 µm, n = 7), hysterothecial when young, slightly opened when mature, superficial, coriaceous, scattered, elongate, elliptic, to Y-shaped, or irregular in shape, opening by a longitudinal slit, closed at first and opening at maturity, with perpendicularly striate along the axis, dark brown to black with dark brown at the center. Exciple (25–)30–91(–127) µm wide, composed of cells of textura globulosa to textura angularis, an outer layer dark brown to black, thick-walled, an inner layer hyaline to pale brown, thin-walled, small cell of textura angularis to textura prismatica, continuous to the base (hypothecium). Hamathecium comprising 1.5–3.5 µm wide, numerous, cylindrical to filiform, septate, branching pseudoparaphyses, fused and slightly swollen at the apex, enclosed in a gelatinous matrix, forming brown to dark brown epithecium above the asci. Asci 161–197 × 14–17(–20.5) µm (x = 180.7 × 16 µm, n = 15), 4–8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, with a short pedicel, rounded at the apex, with an ocular chamber. Ascospores 24–32 × 9.5–14 µm (x = 28 × 11.7 µm, n = 50), uniseriate, slightly overlapping, hyaline to pale brown when immature, becoming reddish-brown to dark brown when mature, ellipsoidal to broadly fusiform, rounded to slightly pointed at both ends, 1–3-septate, thick septate, constricted at the septum, rough-walled, with small guttules. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characteristics:— Ascospores germinating on PDA within 24 hours at room temperature and produced germ tubes from the end of ascospores. Colonies on PDA circular, medium dense, slightly raised, edge entire, velvety to fluffy, white at the margin, greyish green at the surface; not producing pigment on agar. Material examined:— THAILAND, Chiang Mai Province, Chai Prakan District, Nong Bua Subdistrict, Sinchai Village, on a dead twig of Prunus sp. (Rosaceae), 3 March 2023, S. Hongsanan, CR03.3 (CMUB 4003), living culture SDBR-CMU475. Host and distribution:— Broussonetia papyrifera (Moraceae, China; Xu et al. 2022), Carya illinoinensis (Juglandaceae, China; Xu et al. 2022), Chimonanthus praecox (Calycanthaceae, China; Xu et al. 2022), Citrus reticulata (Rutaceae, China; Xu et al. 2022), Osmanthus fragrans (Oleaceae, China; Xu et al. 2022), Prunus sp. (Rosaceae, Thailand; this study), Robinia pseudoacacia (Fabaceae, China; Xu et al. 2022). Notes:— In a BLASTn search, the ITS sequence showed 100% similarity to Rhytidhysteron subrufulum (SICAUCC 22-0001; OM333896). Phylogenetic analyses indicated that our strain SDBR-CMU475 grouped with R. subrufulum in a well-supported clade (FIGURE 1). A comparison of LSU, ITS and TEF1 nucleotide base pairs showed that SDBR-CMU475 is identical (0/833 bp in LSU, 0/585 bp in ITS and 2/937 bp in TEF1) to the type strain of R. subrufulum. Xu et al. (2022) introduced R. subrufulum based on morphology and molecular data. The morphology of our collection (CMUB4003) is similar to R. subrufulum described by Xu et al. (2022) in having hysterothecia with perpendicular striated, and ellipsoidal to broadly fusiform ascospores with 1–3-septate. The size and shape of asci and ascospores of CMUB4003 (asci 161–197 × 14–17(–20.5) μm, ascospores 24–32 × 9.5–14) are partially overlapping in the range of SICAU 19-0010 (holotype) (asci 183–214 × 13–20 μm, ascospores 29–41 × 10–15 μm). Therefore, we identify our collection as R. subrufulum and this is a new host record for R. subrufulum on Prunus sp. in Thailand. Similarly, this is the first graphical record of R. subrufulum from Thailand., Published as part of Senwanna, Chanokned, Suwannarach, Nakarin, Phookamsak, Rungtiwa, Kumla, Jaturong & Hongsanan, Sinang, 2023, New host and geographical records of Rhytidhysteron in northern Thailand, and species synonymization, pp. 157-173 in Phytotaxa 601 (2) on pages 165-168, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.601.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/8129588, {"references":["Xu, X. - L., Xiao, Q. - G., Yang, C. - L., Jeewon, R. & Liu, Y. - G. (2022) Multigene phylogenetic support for novel Rhytidhysteron Speg. species (Hysteriaceae) from Sichuan Province, China. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 43: 63 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / cryptogamie-mycologie 2022 v 43 a 3"]}

Rhytidhysteron bruguierae Dayar., in Dayarathne et al., Mycosphere 11(1): 20 (2020) FIGURE 2 Synonym:— Rhytidhysteron erioi Ekanayaka & K.D. Hyde, in Hyde et al., Fungal Diversity 100: 21 (2020) Saprobic on dead twig of Murraya paniculate (L.) Jack. Sexual morph: Ascomata 520–1180 µm long, 310–690 µm wide, 225–600 µm high (x = 869 × 497 × 401 µm, n = 10), hysterothecial when young, slightly opened becoming irregularly apothecioid when mature, superficial or slightly erumpent from the substrate, coriaceous, scattered, elongate, elliptic, opening by a longitudinal slit, closed at first and opening at maturity, with perpendicularly striate along the axis, dark brown to black with dark orange at the center. Exciple 60–125(–170) µm wide, composed of cells of textura globulosa to textura angularis, an outer layer pale brown to brown, thick-walled, an inner layer hyaline, thin-walled, continuous to the base (hypothecium). Hamathecium comprising 2–3 µm wide, numerous, cylindrical to filiform, septate, branched, cellular pseudoparaphyses, fused and slightly swollen at the apex, enclosed in a gelatinous matrix, forming pale red to reddish brown epithecium above the asci when mounted in water, becoming margenta epithecium when mounted in KOH. Asci 135–166 × 9–13 µm (x = 152 × 11 µm, n = 16), 6–8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, with a short pedicel, rounded at the apex, with an ocular chamber. Ascospores 20–25 × 7–9.5 µm (x = 22.5 × 8.5 µm, n = 30), uniseriate, slightly overlapping, hyaline to yellowish brown when immature, becoming brown to dark brown when mature, broadly fusiform, rounded to slightly pointed at both ends, 1-septate when immature, becoming 3-euseptate when mature, slightly constricted at the central septum, straight or slightly curved, smooth-walled, with small guttules. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characteristics:— Ascospores germinating on PDA within 24 hours at room temperature and produced germ tubes from the one or end of ascospores. Colonies on PDA circular, medium dense, slightly raised, smooth surface, edge entire, velvety to woolly, whitish grey at the surface; producing reddish-brown pigment on agar. Material examined:— THAILAND, Chiang Mai Province, Muang District, on dead twig of Murraya paniculata (Rutaceae), 4 January 2023, S. Hongsanan, KW01 (CMUB 4004), living culture SDBR-CMU473. Host and distribution:— Alnus nepalensis (Betulaceae, China; Du et al. 2023), Bruguiera sp. (Rhizophoraceae, Thailand; Dayarathne et al. 2020, Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae, Thailand; Mapook et al. 2020), Murraya paniculata (Rutaceae, Thailand; this study). Notes:— In a BLASTn search, the LSU and TEF1 sequences showed 99.89%, and 99.36% similarities to Rhytidhysteron bruguierae strain MFLUCC 18-0398 (MN017833 and MN077056) and the ITS sequences showed 100% similarity to R. bruguierae strain MFLUCC 17-1502 (MN632458), MFLUCC 17-1509 (MN632460), MFLUCC 17-1515 (MN632457) and KUMCC 21-0484 (OP494090). Phylogenetic analyses of a combined LSU, ITS, SSU and TEF1 revealed that our strain (SDBR-CMU473) grouped with R. bruguierae with 100% ML and 1.00 PP statistical support (FIGURE 1), closely related with MFLUCC 17-1509 and MFLUCC 17-1511 strains. The comparison of the LSU region showed that R. bruguierae (MFLUCC 18-0398; type strain) is not significantly different from our strain (SDBR-CMU473) and the comparison of the TEF1 region of these two strains revealed less than 1.5% nucleotide differences [6/921 bp (0.65%)]. In addition, the comparison of LSU and ITS regions showed that our strain is not significantly different from strains MFLUCC 17-1509 and MFLUCC 17-1511. Unfortunately, ITS sequences of strain MFLUCC 18-0398 and TEF1 sequences of strains MFLUCC 17-1509 and MFLUCC 17-1511 were not available for comparison. Rhytidhysteron bruguierae was introduced by Dayarathne et al. (2020) as saprobic on decaying wood of Bruguiera sp. (Rhizophoraceae) in Thailand. The morphology of our strain is similar to R. bruguierae described by Dayarathne et al. (2020). Although our strain has longer asci than those described in the original description (135–166 × 9–13 µm vs. 128–148 × 10–14 µm), this variation can occur among species (Senanayake et al. 2020). Therefore, we identify our collection as R. bruguierae and this is the first report of this species on Murraya paniculata. In our phylogenetic analysis (FIGURE 1), Rhytidhysteron erioi (MFLU 16-0584) clusters with R. bruguierae with 100% ML and 1.00 PP statistical support, which is consistent with the results of previous studies (Ren et al. 2022, Xu et al. 2022, Du et al. 2023). Rhytidhysteron erioi (Hyde et al. 2020) has comparatively larger asci (140–200 × 9–16 µm vs. 128–148 × 10–14 µm) and larger ascospores (22–28 × 9–11 µm vs. 18–22 × 7–9 µm) compared to the type strain of R. bruguierae (Dayarathne et al. 2020). The differences in asci and ascospore sizes may be due to variations among the species as well as variations in environment, host and, distribution (Lücking 2019, Senanayake et al. 2020). The comparison of the ITS region showed that R. erioi differs from the other strains of R. bruguierae by 1/513 bp (0.1%), while the comparison of the TEF1 regions showed that R. erioi (MFLU 16-0584) differs from R. bruguierae (MFLUCC 18-0398) by 3/733 bp (0.4%). Considering the morpho-molecular data analysis, we treat R. erioi as a synonym of R. bruguierae., Published as part of Senwanna, Chanokned, Suwannarach, Nakarin, Phookamsak, Rungtiwa, Kumla, Jaturong & Hongsanan, Sinang, 2023, New host and geographical records of Rhytidhysteron in northern Thailand, and species synonymization, pp. 157-173 in Phytotaxa 601 (2) on page 163, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.601.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/8129588, {"references":["Du, T. - Y., Dai, D. - Q., Mapook, A., Lu, L., Stephenson, S. L., Suwannarach, N., Elgorban, A. M., Al-Rejaie, S., Karunarathna, S. C. & Tibpromma, S. (2023) Additions to Rhytidhysteron (Hysteriales, Dothideomycetes) in China. Journal of Fungi 9: 148. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / jof 9020148","Dayarathne, M. C., Jones, E. B. G., Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Devadatha, B., Sarma, V. V., Khongphinitbunjong, K., Chomnunti, P. & Hyde, K. D. (2020) Morpho-molecular characterization of microfungi associated with marine based habitats. Mycosphere 11: 1 - 188. https: // doi. org / 10.5943 / mycosphere / 11 / 1 / 1","Mapook, A., Hyde, K. D., McKenzie, E. H., Jones, E. G., Bhat, D. J., Jeewon, R., Stadler, M., Samarakoon, M. C., Malaithong, M., Tanunchai, B. & Buscot, F. (2020) Taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungi associated with the invasive weed Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed). Fungal Diversity 101: 1 - 175. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 020 - 00444 - 8","Senanayake, I. C., Rathnayaka, A. R., Marasinghe, D. S., Calabon, M. S., Gentekaki, E., Lee, H. B., Hurdeal, V. G., Pem, D., Dissanayake, L. S., Wijesinghe, S. N., Bundhun, D., Nguyen, T. T., Goonasekara, I. D., Abeywickrama, P. D., Bhunjun, C. S., Jayawardena, R. S., Wanasinghe, D. N., Jeewon, R., Bhat, D. J., Xiang, M. M. (2020) Morphological approaches in studying fungi: collection, examination, isolation, sporulation and preservation. Mycosphere 11: 2678 - 2754. https: // doi. org / 10.5943 / mycosphere / 11 / 1 / 20","Ren, G. C., Wanasinghe, D. N., Jeewon, R., Monkai, J., Mortimer, P. E., Hyde, K. D., Xu, J. C. & Gui, H. (2022) Taxonomy and phylogeny of the novel rhytidhysteron-like collections in the Greater Mekong Subregion. MycoKeys 86: 65 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / mycokeys. 86.70668","Xu, X. - L., Xiao, Q. - G., Yang, C. - L., Jeewon, R. & Liu, Y. - G. (2022) Multigene phylogenetic support for novel Rhytidhysteron Speg. species (Hysteriaceae) from Sichuan Province, China. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 43: 63 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / cryptogamie-mycologie 2022 v 43 a 3","Hyde, K. D., Dong, Y., Phookamsak, R., Jeewon, R., Bhat, D. J., Jones, E. B. G., Liu, N. G., Abeywickrama, P. D., Mapook, A., Wei, D., Perera, R. H., Manawasinghe, I. S., Pem, D., Bundhun, D., Karunarathna, A., Ekanayaka, A. H., Bao, D. F., Li, J., Samarakoon, M. C., Chaiwan, N., Lin, C. G., Phutthacharoen, K., Zhang, S. N., Senanayake, I. C., Goonasekara, I. D., Tambugala, K. M., Phukhamsakda, C., Tennakoon, D. S., Jiang, H. B., Yang, J., Zeng, M., Huanraluek, N., Liu, J. K., Wijesinghe, S. N., Tian, Q., Tibpromma, S., Brahmanage, R. S., Boonmee, S., Huang, S. K., Tiyagaraja, V., Lu, Y. Z., Jayawardena, R. S., Dong, W., Yang, E. F., Singh, S. K., Singh, S. M., Rana, S., Lad, S. S., Anand, G., Devadatha, B., Niranjan, M., Sarma, V. V., Liimatainen, K., Aguirre-Hudson, B., Niskanen, T., Overall, A., Alvarenga, R. L. M., Gibertoni, T. B., Pfliegler, W. P., Horvath, E., Imre, A., Alves, A. L., da Silva Santos, A. C., Tiago, P. V., Bulgakov, T. S., Wanasinghe, D. N., Bahkali, A. H., Doilom, M., Elgorban, A. M., Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Rajeshkumar, K. C., Haelewaters, D., Mortimer, P. E., Zhao, Q., Lumyong, S., Xu, J. & Sheng, J. (2020) Fungal diversity notes 1151 - 1276: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa. Fungal Diversity 100: 5 - 277. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 020 - 00439 - 5","Lucking, R. (2019) Stop the Abuse of Time! Strict Temporal Banding is not the Future of Rank-Based Classifications in Fungi (Including Lichens) and Other Organisms, Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 38: 199 - 253. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 07352689.2019.1650517"]}

Rhytidhysteron ligustrum X.L. Xu & C.L. Yang, in Xu et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 43(3): 67 (2022) Synonym:— Rhytidhysteron mengziense T.Y. Du & Tibpromma, in Du et al., Journal of Fungi 9(2, no. 148): 13 (2023) Description:— See Xu et al. (2022). Notes:— Rhytidhysteron ligustrum and R. mengziense were recently reported from Ligustrum quihoui (Oleaceae) and Crataegus scabrifolia (Rosaceae), respectively (Xu et al. 2022, Du et al. 2023). Based on phylogenetic analyses of Xu et al. (2022) and Du et al. (2023), these two species are closely related to R. camporesii. However, they differ in nucleotide differences in the ITS and TEF1 regions as well as the size of ascomata, asci and ascospores, ascospore wall, number of septations of mature ascospores, and type of exciple wall in comparison to R. camporesii. In our multigene phylogenetic analyses, R. ligustrum is closely related to R. mengziense as they clustered together with 100% ML and 1.00 PP statistical support (FIGURE 1). Sequence comparisons of LSU, ITS, SSU, and TEF1 genes between R. ligustrum and R. mengziense showed they are 100% similar. However, they are different in size of asci and ascospores (Xu et al. 2022, Du et al. 2023). We could not find any significant morphological (except for asci and ascospore size) and phylogenetic differences between these two species. Therefore, we treat R. mengziense as a synonym of R. ligustrum, following the principle of priority for the earliest available name., Published as part of Senwanna, Chanokned, Suwannarach, Nakarin, Phookamsak, Rungtiwa, Kumla, Jaturong & Hongsanan, Sinang, 2023, New host and geographical records of Rhytidhysteron in northern Thailand, and species synonymization, pp. 157-173 in Phytotaxa 601 (2) on page 168, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.601.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/8129588, {"references":["Xu, X. - L., Xiao, Q. - G., Yang, C. - L., Jeewon, R. & Liu, Y. - G. (2022) Multigene phylogenetic support for novel Rhytidhysteron Speg. species (Hysteriaceae) from Sichuan Province, China. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 43: 63 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / cryptogamie-mycologie 2022 v 43 a 3","Du, T. - Y., Dai, D. - Q., Mapook, A., Lu, L., Stephenson, S. L., Suwannarach, N., Elgorban, A. M., Al-Rejaie, S., Karunarathna, S. C. & Tibpromma, S. (2023) Additions to Rhytidhysteron (Hysteriales, Dothideomycetes) in China. Journal of Fungi 9: 148. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / jof 9020148"]}

The coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), emerged and identified by the end of the year 2019, has been found responsible for a series of lockdowns and a global medical emergency. Since then, several epidemiological studies have been conducted to identify and resolve the mysteries associated with the life-threatening viral strain (SARSCOV-2). The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is widely known as COVID-19. Researchers have well-established both the direct and indirect relationships between various climatic patterns, environmental and meteorological factors (i.e. air quality index (AQI), humidity, temperature, wind speed, etc.), and a surge in emergence, stability, and transmission of the COVID-19. The current review aims to dispense the relative variation in COVID-19 emergence, survival, stability, and transmission ratios due to the variant environmental, meteorological, and/or climatic factors., {"references":["Shakil, M. H., Munim, Z. H., Tasnia, M., & Sarowar, S. (2020). COVID-19 and the environment: A critical review and research agenda. Science of the Total Environment, 141022.","WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Accessed Feb 5, 2021. https://covid19.who.int/","Rabi, F. A., Al Zoubi, M. S., Kasasbeh, G. A., Salameh, D. M., & Al-Nasser, A. D. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 and coronavirus disease 2019: what we know so far. Pathogens, 9(3), 231.","Azuma, K., Yanagi, U., Kagi, N., Kim, H., Ogata, M., & Hayashi, M. (2020). Environmental factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 transmission: effect and role of indoor environmental quality in the strategy for COVID-19 infection control. Environmental health and preventive medicine, 25(1), 1-16.","Poirier, C., Luo, W., Majumder, M. S., Liu, D., Mandl, K. D., Mooring, T. A., & Santillana, M. (2020). The role of environmental factors on transmission rates of the COVID-19 outbreak: an initial assessment in two spatial scales. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-11.","Pica, N., & Bouvier, N. M. (2012). Environmental factors affecting the transmission of respiratory viruses. Current opinion in virology, 2(1), 90-95.","Li, H., Xu, X. L., Dai, D. W., Huang, Z. Y., Ma, Z., & Guan, Y. J. (2020). Air pollution and temperature are associated with increased COVID-19 incidence: a time series study. International journal of infectious diseases, 97, 278-282.","Domingo, J. L., Marquès, M., & Rovira, J. (2020). Influence of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on COVID-19 pandemic. A review. Environmental research, 109861.","Lin, C., Lau, A. K., Fung, J. C., Guo, C., Chan, J. W., et al. (2020). A mechanism-based parameterisation scheme to investigate the association between transmission rate of COVID-19 and meteorological factors on plains in China. Science of The Total Environment, 737, 140348.","Bukhari, Q., Massaro, J. M., D'agostino, R. B., & Khan, S. (2020). Effects of weather on coronavirus pandemic. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(15), 5399.","Lin, J., Huang, W., Wen, M., Li, D., Ma, S., et al. (2020). Containing the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Meteorological factors and control strategies. Science of the Total Environment, 744, 140935","Suhaimi, N. F., Jalaludin, J., & Latif, M. T. (2020). Demystifying a possible relationship between COVID-19, air quality and meteorological factors: evidence from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 20(7), 1520-1529.","Doğan, B., Jebli, M. B., Shahzad, K., Farooq, T. H., & Shahzad, U. (2020). Investigating the effects of meteorological parameters on COVID-19: case study of New Jersey, United States. Environmental Research, 191, 110148.","Adekunle, I. A., Tella, S. A., Oyesiku, K. O., & Oseni, I. O. (2020). Spatio-temporal analysis of meteorological factors in abating the spread of COVID-19 in Africa. Heliyon, 6(8), e04749.","Haque, S. E., & Rahman, M. (2020). Association between temperature, humidity, and COVID-19 outbreaks in Bangladesh. Environmental science & policy, 114, 253-255.","Sarkodie, S. A., & Owusu, P. A. (2020). Impact of meteorological factors on COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from top 20 countries with confirmed cases. Environmental Research, 191, 110101.","Bolaño-Ortiz, T. R., Camargo-Caicedo, Y., Puliafito, S. E., Ruggeri, M. F., Bolaño-Diaz, S., et al. (2020). Spread of SARS-CoV-2 through Latin America and the Caribbean region: a look from its economic conditions, climate and air pollution indicators. Environmental research, 191, 109938.","Babu, S. R., Rao, N. N., Kumar, S. V., Paul, S., & Pani, S. K. (2020). Plausible role of environmental factors on COVID-19 transmission in the Megacity Delhi, India. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 20.","Eccles, R. (2002). An explanation for the seasonality of acute upper respiratory tract viral infections. Acta oto-laryngologica, 122(2), 183-191.","Paynter, S. (2015). Humidity and respiratory virus transmission in tropical and temperate settings. Epidemiology & Infection, 143(6), 1110-1118.","Araujo, M. B., & Naimi, B. (2020). Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus likely to be constrained by climate. MedRxiv.","Yao, Y., Pan, J., Liu, Z., Meng, X., Wang, W., Kan, H., & Wang, W. (2020). Temporal association between particulate matter pollution and case fatality rate of COVID-19 in Wuhan. Environmental research, 189, 109941.","Stieb, D. M., Evans, G. J., To, T. M., Brook, J. R., & Burnett, R. T. (2020). An ecological analysis of long-term exposure to PM2. 5 and incidence of COVID-19 in Canadian health regions. Environmental research, 191, 110052.","Xu, H., Yan, C., Fu, Q., Xiao, K., Yu, Y., et al. (2020). Possible environmental effects on the spread of COVID-19 in China. Science of the Total Environment, 731, 139211.","Manoj, M. G., Kumar, M. S., Valsaraj, K. T., Sivan, C., & Vijayan, S. K. (2020). Potential link between compromised air quality and transmission of the novel corona virus (SARS-CoV-2) in affected areas. Environmental research, 190, 110001.","Coccia, M. (2021). The effects of atmospheric stability with low wind speed and of air pollution on the accelerated transmission dynamics of COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 78(1), 1-27.","Zhu, Y., Xie, J., Huang, F., & Cao, L. (2020). The mediating effect of air quality on the association between human mobility and COVID-19 infection in China. Environmental research, 189, 109911.","Lin, S., Wei, D., Sun, Y., Chen, K., Yang, L., et al. (2020). Region-specific air pollutants and meteorological parameters influence COVID-19: A study from mainland China. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 204, 111035.","Zhan, J., Liu, Q. S., Sun, Z., Zhou, Q., Hu, L., et al. (2020). Environmental impacts on the transmission and evolution of COVID-19 combing the knowledge of pathogenic respiratory coronaviruses. Environmental Pollution, 115621.","Chin, A. W. H., Chu, J. T. S., Perera, M. R. A., Hui, K. P. Y., Yen, H. L., et al. (2020). Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions. The Lancet Microbe, 1(1), e10.","Qi, H., Xiao, S., Shi, R., Ward, M. P., Chen, Y., et al. (2020). COVID-19 transmission in Mainland China is associated with temperature and humidity: a time-series analysis. Science of the total environment, 728, 138778.","Ting, V. (2020). To Mask or Not to Mask: WHO Makes U-Turn while US, Singapore Abandon Pandemic Advice and Tell Citizens to Start Wearing Masks. Health and Environment, Retrieved from: https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health environment/ article/3078437/mask-or-not-mask-who-makes-u-turn-while-us","Servick, K. (2020). Would Everyone Wearing Face Masks Help Us Slow the Pandemic? Retrieved from:https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/would-everyone-wearing-face-masks-help-us-slow-pandemic","Kelly, F. J. & Fussell, J. C. (2011). 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Geometries associated relative stabilities, averaged binding energy, fragmentation energy, second-order energy difference and energy gaps of V-doped germanium cationic clusters GenV+ (n = 9-13) have been investigated by using density functional theory with the BP86 exchange-correlation potential and effective core potential (ECP) LanL2DZ basis sets. Natural population analysis charge is also examined to understand the associated charge transfer in structures of clusters. When an electron is removed from neutral cluster GenV to form the cation cluster GenV+, geometric structure of the lowest energy isomers change. The endohedral cage structure of the cation clusters appears at n = 10 in the cluster Ge10V+. The lowest energy isomers of cation cluster are in triplet state or singlet state. The cluster Ge10V+ is found to be the most stable in terms of stability parameters in the all system GenV+ (n = 9 - 13). Keywords: BP86/LANL2DZ, binding energy, V-Ge clusters, structure of clusters. 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Heterophyidae Leiper, 1909 Centrocestus caninus (Leiper, 1913) Pleurolophocercous; mammals; Taiwan (Waikagul et al. 1990). * (Waikagul et al. 1997). Centrocestus formosanus (Nishigori, 1924) Pleurolophocercous; birds and mammals; China (Chen 1948; Chao et al. 1993), Japan (Yanohara 1985; Yanohara et al. 1987), Mexico (Arizmendi-Espinosa 1992; Amaya-Huerta & Almeyda-Artigas 1994; Salgado-Maldonado et al. 1995; Scholz & Salgado-Maldonado 2000; Scholz et al. 2000; Ortega et al. 2009), Malaysia (Bayssade-Dufour et al. 1982), Taiwan (Lo & Lee 1996 a, b), India (Nath, 1972; Madhavi et al. 1997), United States (Mitchell et al. 2002; Mitchell et al. 2005; Tolley-Jordan & Owen 2008), Venezuela (Hern��ndez et al. 2003), Iran (Farahnak et al. 2005), Colombia (Velasquez et al. 2006; Vergara & Vel��squez 2009), Brazil (Pinto & Melo 2010 a). * (Nishigori 1924, Kurokawa 1935, Chen 1942, Chen et al. 1991, Yu et al. 1994). Centrocestus unequiorchalis Saad, 1994 Parapleurolophocercous; birds and mammals; Egypt (Saad 1994). Haplorchis pleurolophocerca (Sonsino, 1896) Parapleurolophocercous; birds and mammals; Egypt (Faust & Nishigori 1926, Khalil 1932). Haplorchis pumilio (Looss, 1896) Parapleurolophocercous; birds and mammals; China (Shen 1959; Chao et al. 1993; Wang et al. 2002), Malaysia (Ow-Yang & Yen 1975), Egypt (Khalil 1932; Khalifa et al. 1977; Saad & Abed 1995), Kenya (Sommerville 1982), India (Dhanumkumari et al. 1991 c; Madhavi et al. 1997; Umadevi & Madhavi 2006; Dechruksa et al. 2007), Taiwan (Lo & Lee 1996 a, b), Mexico (Scholz et al. 2000; Scholz et al. 2001), Iran (Farahnak et al. 2005), Thailand (Dechruksa et al. 2007), United States (Tolley-Jordan & Owen 2008), Venezuela (D��az et al. 2008), Vietnam (Skov et al. 2009; Van et al. 2009). * (Radomyos et al. 1983). Haplorchis taichui (Nishigori, 1924) Parapleurolophocercous; birds and mammals; India (Dhanumkumari et al. 1991 c; Madhavi et al. 1997), Iran (Farahnak et al. 2005), Thail��ndia (Chuboon & Wongsawad 2009; Chontananarth & Wongsawad 2010 b). * (Manning et al. 1971; Beliz��rio et al. 2004; Sukontason et al. 2005; Sayasone et al. 2009; Chai et al. 2009; Chai et al. 2010; Watthanakulpanich et al. 2010). Haplorchis yokogawai (Katsuta, 1932) Parapleurolophocercous; mammals; Thailand (Manning et al. 1971), (Chai et al. 2005). * (Sayasone et al. 2009; Chai et al. 2009; Chai et al. 2010). Haplorchoides cahirinus (Looss, 1896) Pleurolophocercous; fishes; Egypt (El-Naffar 1980). Haplorchoides mehrai Pande & Shunkla, 1977 Pleurolophocercous; fishes; India (Shameem & Madhavi 1988; Madhavi et al. 1997). Heterophyes heterophyes (Siebold, 1852) Parapleurolophocercous; mammals; (Malek 1980; Plotnikov 2003) * (Chai et al. 1986; Pica et al. 2003). Procerovum cheni Hsu, 1950 Parapleurolophocercous; birds; China (Hsu 1951). Procerovum varium Onji & Nishio, 1916 Parapleurolophocercous; birds; China (Hsu 1951), India (Madhavi et al., 1997; Umadevi & Madhavi, 2000). Pygidiopsis genata Looss, 1907 Pleurolophocercous; mammals; Egypt (Youssef et al. 1987). Stellantchasmus falcatus Onji & Nishio, 1915 Pleurolophocercous; birds and mammals; Iran (Farahnak et al. 2005). * (Hong 2000)., Published as part of Pinto, Hudson Alves & Melo, Alan Lane De, 2011, A checklist of trematodes (Platyhelminthes) transmitted by Melanoides tuberculata (Mollusca: Thiaridae), pp. 15-28 in Zootaxa 2799 on pages 17-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200619, {"references":["Waikagul, J., Visiassuk, K. & Sanguankait, S. (1990) Study on the life-cycle of Centrocestus caninus Leiper, 1913 (Digenea: Heterophyidae) in Thailand. 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d-3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli contains two Gly-Gly sequences that occur at junctions between domains. A previous study (Grant, G. A., Xu, X. L., and Hu, Z. (2000)Biochemistry 39, 7316–7319) determined that the Gly-Gly sequence at the junction between the regulatory and substrate binding domain functions as a hinge between the domains. Mutations in this area significantly decrease the ability of serine to inhibit activity but have little effect on the K m andk cat. Conversely, the present study shows that mutations to the Gly-Gly sequence at the junction of the substrate and nucleotide binding domains, which form the active site cleft, have a significant effect on the k cat of the enzyme without substantially altering the enzyme's sensitivity to serine. In addition, mutation of Gly-294, but not Gly-295, has a profound effect on the cooperativity of serine inhibition. Interestingly, even though cooperativity of inhibition can be reduced significantly, there is little apparent effect on the cooperativity of serine binding itself. An additional mutant, G336V,G337V, also reduces the cooperativity of inhibition, but in this case serine binding also is reduced to the point at which it cannot be measured by equilibrium dialysis. The double mutant G294V,G336V demonstrates that strain imposed by mutation at one hinge can be relieved partially by mutation at the other hinge, demonstrating linkage between the two hinge regions. These data show that the two cooperative processes, serine binding and catalytic inhibition, can be uncoupled. Consideration of the allowable torsional angles for the side chains introduced by the mutations yields a range of values for these angles that the glycine residues likely occupy in the native enzyme. A comparison of these values with the torsional angles found for the inhibited enzyme from crystal coordinates provides potential beginning and ending orientations for the transition from active to inhibited enzyme, which will allow modeling of the dynamics of domain movement.