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In recent years, it has been proposed that unrealistic requirements for academics and medical doctors to publish in scientific journals, combined with monetary publication rewards, have led to forms of contract cheating offered by organizations known as paper mills. Paper mills are alleged to offer products ranging from research data through to ghostwritten fraudulent or fabricated manuscripts and submission services. While paper mill operations remain poorly understood, it seems likely that paper mills need to balance product quantity and quality, such that they produce or contribute to large numbers of manuscripts that will be accepted for publication. Producing manuscripts at scale may be facilitated by the use of manuscript templates, which could give rise to shared features such as textual and organizational similarities, the description of highly generic study hypotheses and experimental approaches, digital images that show evidence of manipulation and/or reuse, and/or errors affecting verifiable experimental reagents. Based on these features, we propose practical steps that editors, journal staff, and peer reviewers can take to recognize and respond to research manuscripts and publications that may have been produced with undeclared assistance from paper mills.

The breakdown and streamer behavior in double-layer oil-paper insulation under impulses of varying front time were investigated in this study to determine the prebreakdown process in oil-paper insulation. The relationships between front times and breakdown characteristics were investigated and impulse-polarity-dependent variations were observed. The complete impulse breakdown process and precise role of front time were assessed as per streamer initiation and streamer propagation based on emitted light signals and shadow images. The re-initiation of streamers in non-first oil gaps was determined to be the key factor in breakdown as-dominated by applied voltage and space charge accumulation. The initiation and propagation times of streamers were observed to find that the streamers tend to propagate at phases with higher voltage amplitude as front time increases, which facilitates streamer re-initiation and thus decreases the breakdown voltage. Equivalent applied voltages during streamer propagation were further calculated to quantitatively investigate the effect of front time on streamer propagation.

A concern that has been raised with the transition from pen and paper examinations to electronic examinations is whether this will make cheating easier. This article investigates how teachers and students perceive the differences in ease of cheating during three types of written examination: paper exams, bring your own device e-exams and e-exams using university-owned devices. It also investigates perceptions about the effectiveness of some typical countermeasures towards cheating across these examination types. A mixed-method approach was used, combining questionnaires and interviews with students and teachers in the authors’ own university. A total of 212 students and 162 teachers participated in the questionnaire survey, and then, a more limited number were interviewed to get a deeper understanding of the results. Six-different cheating practices were considered – impersonation, forbidden aids, peeking, peer collaboration, outside assistance and student–staff collusion and seven different countermeasures were considered – proctors, biometry, mingling, shuffling, random drawing, sequencing and broadcasting. Both students and teachers perceived cheating as easier with e-exams, and especially with bring your own device. They also thought some countermeasures would be easier to implement with e-exams.

Bibliometric information retrieval in databases can employ different strategies. Com-monly, queries are performed by searching in title, abstract and/or author keywords (author vocabulary). More advanced queries employ database keywords to search in a controlled vo-cabulary. Queries based on search terms can be augmented with their citing papers if a re-search field cannot be curtailed by the search query alone. Here, we present another strategy to discover the most important papers of a research field. A marker paper is used to reveal the most important works for the relevant community. All papers co-cited with the marker paper are analyzed using reference publication year spectroscopy (RPYS). For demonstration of the marker paper approach, density functional theory (DFT) is used as a research field. Compari-sons between a prior RPYS on a publication set compiled using a keyword-based search in a controlled vocabulary and three different co-citation RPYS (RPYS-CO) analyses show very similar results. Similarities and differences are discussed., Comment: 26 pages, 7 figures, 4 tables, Keywords: Bibliometrics, RPYS, RPYS-CO, marker paper, seminal papers, historical roots, DFT, Web of Science, Microsoft Academic, CAplus; earlier version was presented at 8th International Workshop on Bibliometric-Enhanced Information Retrieval, BIR 2019; Cologne; Germany; 14 April 2019; current version has been accepted for publication in Scientometrics

The paper highlights the context and the main points of the speech given by Max Weber at the International Congress of Arts and Science in St. Louis in September, 1904. It analyzes Weber’s views on the dynamics of social change as presented by the German classic in the shape of the comparative historical sociology of the European and American versions of modernity. The first part of the article covers the background and the most significant episodes of the trip to the United States undertaken by Max Weber and his wife Marianne. The second part of the article elucidates the main points of Weber’s speech in St. Louis. The third part examines the observations and conclusions of the specifics of American modernity made by Weber through his direct acquaintance with life in the United States. In conclusion, the paper proposes a brief analysis of Weber’s contribution to the development of historical sociology’s ideas about the nature and pathways of Western modernity.

Thе article is dedicated to description of two late sixteenth-century manuscripts containing the Russian Chronograph in the 1512 recension. Held today in two separate Moscow manuscript collections, they were identified as parts of a single whole in the work of M. V. Shchepkina and T. N. Protasieva, yet they have not previously been comprehensively described. The article offers a detailed analysis of the watermarks, hands, orthography, and language (in particular regarding accentuation) of this bifurcated chronograph. The first manuscript is kept as no. 202 in the collection of E. E. Yegorov in the Russian State Library. The second is no. 1695 in the collection of E. V. Barsov in the State Historical Museum. The Yegorov manuscript was written on the same type of paper by three distinct scribes, whereas the Barsov manuscript was written on seven different types of paper yet in a single hand that may be identified as that of one of the scribes of the Yegorov manuscript. Furthermore, it has been possible to identify one of the watermarks in the Barsov manuscript precisely: it is watermark no. 1700 in the E. Laucevicius’ catalogue — the Polish Topor coat of arms beneath a crescent moon on a cartouche, which is represented in Lithuanian manuscripts of 1593 and 1594. The pages of the Yegorov manuscript are two-thirds given to illumination, whereas the Barsov manuscript provides space only for miniatures and initials. It has been proposed by A. A. Turilov that this bifurcated chronograph was intended for Тsar Fedor Ioannovich, but was not completed due to his death in 1598. For citationPolivanova A. K. Scribes and paper of the late 16th century Yegorov-Barsov Chronograph // Slavic Almanac. 2020. Issues 3–4. P. 150–174. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2020.3-4.2.01

espanolEste ensayo se centra en el concepto de distanciamiento en la fenomenologia hermeneutica y su relevancia para la comprension de las dimensiones utopicas y distopicas en So Far From God (1993) de Ana Castillo y The People of Paper de Salvador Plascencia (2005), dos novelas postmodernas que perciben la historia Chicana oblicuamente. Analizo como los distanciamientos en estas novelas abren posibles mundos culturales que ayudan a los lectores a interpretar tradiciones historicas nuevas y/o extranas. Los distanciamientos en So Far From God de Ana Castillo modelan la esperanza de una identidad Chicana espiritual, activista, queer y emergente, mientras que los distanciamientos en The People of Paper de Salvador Plascencia modelan una cosmovision neoliberal distopica escondida detras de representaciones kitsch que descontextualizan la identidad Chicana. Aunque aparentemente opuestas, ambas visiones del mundo cultural emergen a traves de rupturas que ocurren entre mundos reales y posibles que ofrecen los distanciamientos de las identidades e historias Chicanas en las novelas. EnglishThis essay focuses on the concept of distanciation in hermeneutic phenomenology and its relevance to an understanding of the utopian and dystopian dimensions in Ana Castillo’s So Far From God (1993) and Salvador Plascencia’s The People of Paper (2005), two postmodern novels that perceive Chicanx history aslant. I analyze how distanciations in these novels open possible cultural worlds that aid readers in interpreting new and/or estranging historical traditions. Ultimately, the distanciations in Ana Castillo’s So Far From God pattern the hope for an emergent queer Chicanx spiritual-activist identity, while the distanciations in Salvador Plascencia’s The People of Paper pattern a dystopic neoliberal worldview hidden behind decontextualzed kitchy representations of Chicanx identity. Although seemingly opposed, both cultural worldviews emerge through ruptures that occur between actual and possible worlds afforded by the novels’ distanciations of Chicanx identities and histories. Keywords: Postmodern Chicanx Literature, Distanciation, Estrangement, Hermeneutic Phenomenology, Utopia

Introduction. In this article we presented conclusions on the detection of counterfeit paper money in the territory of Ukraine, which was part of Russian Empire. Almost all of the most common paper money were forged by counterfeiters. The purpose of the research . The peculiarities of counterfeiting of paper banknotes, localization of places of splashes of mass detection of the counterfeits, establishment of peculiarities of manufacturing and detection and neutralization by the population during the investigated time of money counterfeiting, as well as determination of the scale of threat to the population of the problem of counterfeit coins – determination of proportion of counterfeits in the amount of money were determined. The methodology of the paper is a complex of the general scientific empirical-theoretical methods, the citation of the materials of contemporary sources is made by transcription. The scientific novelty . The need of studying the aspect of counterfeiting has long time gone beyond the views of the numismatists. The study of this topic was also not included in the prospects for the development of national numismatics. At present, historiography has no comprehensive work on the problems of studying the processes of counterfeiting money in Ukraine in the imperial era. The practical significance of the achieved results lies in the possibility of the use of the obtained conclusions in the following areas: the criminal history, the history of the monetary circulation, educational and methodical literature. The main results of the research. Thus, we have found that almost all the most common banknotes have been counterfeited by counterfeiters. In the 1880’s, the police in the Podillya recorded an outburst of detection of large-scale counterfeit credit bills – the 100 rubles, as well as counterfeit credit bills denominations of 25 and 3 rubles, made by the method of bonding banknotes from the different parts. Often, the counterfeit money were reflected in the amount of the collected taxes. One of the methods of neutralization of the counterfeit paper money was the putting on stamps and perforations.

The Introduction to the paper raises a research question, why a classical text needs another commentary if the addressee of the commentary is a school-age reader. The question becomes a starting point in the discourse on how text commenting is used in school practice today and what new types of commentaries appear in the school lesson. Materials and methods. Search for an answer to the question raised employs methods of comparison and collation of sources to clarify the dissimilarity between the technique of commented reading and that of reading with commentaries, and establish a conceptual difference. The main body of the paper contains a description of the research results. An analysis of the experience of E.S. Abelyuk (a teacher and methodologist from Moscow) presented in methodological publications allowed the conclusion that the possibilities of using the technique of readers’ commenting in today’s school have significantly grown: it can be a research project, either a group project or an individual one; while the methodology developed by E.S. Abelyuk that, essentially, appears to be both research work and project-oriented work, could be used by teachers to support learners’ research and projects. The hypothesis put forward is tested by the analysis of practices pursued by M.A. Pavlova (a teacher from Moscow). She proposes readers’ commentary as a form of final work. According to her task, learners have to write a commentary on the poetic essay ‘L.N.Tolstoy’ (little known to contemporary readers) by V.V. Nabokov. It is noteworthy that while writing their commentaries, learners should demonstrate their abilities to use the Internet resources. Teacher’s assistance to learners in mastering the practices is also a contemporary tutorial objective. The final part of the paper presents a commentary on ‘One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich’’ written by A.I. Knyazhitsky, a methodologist from Moscow. He commented on the story by addressing the literary investigation of ‘The Gulag Archipelago’ and some other documents. In his commentary, the methodologist assumed that considering other texts via commentary creates a context where the studied fiction is read to the maximum effect, and it is up to the learner who reads it to choose the depth of ‘plunging’ into the text. Having created the commentary on the story, A.I. Knyazhitsky splendidly accomplished the most challenging tutorial objective: to describe the technique that combines the commentary of a text and its close reading and fills it with substance. The paper demonstrates this on a specific fragment of the story. The conclusion states that commentary is one of the best known and most effective instructional techniques to teach reading and understanding of a literary text, but the content of the commentary on texts and the commented texts themselves can and should vary. Commentary as an instructional technique should be considerably enriched, in particular, based on an analysis of teachers’ best practices and their further testing and technification. Keywords: instructional technique, commented reading, close reading, reading with a commentary, types of commentaries.

1. Some introductory remarks First, I must express my heart-felt gratitude to Maarten Lemmens for writing a collegial, thought-provoking, and informative reply to my position paper. I learned a great deal from it and can honestly say that if I pursue the issues that I brought up in my piece I will have much recourse to Lemmens’s reply. That said, I found this an extremely difficult rejoinder to write. The reason for my difficulty derives from the great disconnect between the content and claim...

Built Heritage is a significant division of cultural heritage. Thanks to their economic, symbolic, social, and cultural values, Built Heritage performs an essential task in achieving cultural distinction and promoting local identity. The paper focuses on the growing role of HBIM in the field of the Built Heritage due to the benefits of BIM systems, which are characterized by the creation of digital information models with multi-dimensions. These dimensions give HBIM an essential task in the representation of Built Heritage that defined by multi-criteria. The study seeks to determine the approaches of utilizing BIM techniques in the Built Heritage area to classify the current trends of the studies that dealt with the research problem. Also, it aims to analyse HBIM techniques that employed in the discipline of Built Heritage, highlighting the procedures and methods used in these studies and researches, underlining the integration of HBIM with other technologies (e.g. Virtual Reality-VR, Augmented Reality-AR, Artificial Intelligence techniques -AI), and determining the potential of the HBIM system in these fields. The research is established on academic studies and researches analyses that have adopted the HBIM system in the sector of the Built Heritage to present a set of conclusions for current and future use of this technology.

The pulp and paper industry is a large producer of wastewater and sludge, putting high pressure on waste treatment. In addition, more rigorous environmental legislation for pollution control and de ...

This research aims to know the impact of macro fundamental factors such as interest rate (SBI), kurs and gross domestic product; and micro fundamental factors such as return on asset (ROA), debt to equity ratio (DER) and price earning ratio (PER) on firm value in pulp and paper industry that listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange. This research used multiple regression analysis and processed with Eviews version 8. The results of study is: 1) By partial, just interest rate have negative and no significant effect on firm value, other factors such as kurs and gross domestic products, return on asset, debt to equity ratio and price earning ratio have positive and no significant effect on firm value; 2) By Simultaneous macro fundamental factor have positive and significant effect on firm value, also micro fundamental factors have positive and significant effect on firm value; 3) By Simultaneous macro and micro fundamental factors have positive and significant effect on firm value. Keywords: macro fundamental factor, micro fundamental factor, firm value

The modern HPC scientific software ecosystem is instrumental to the practice of science. However, software can only fulfill that role if it is readily usable. In this position paper, we discuss usability in the context of scientific software development, how usability engineering can be incorporated into current practice, and how software engineering research can help satisfy that objective.

Introduction: There are few dedicated health professions education research centres in Australia and New Zealand. As a result, researchers, especially novices, can often feel isolated. In this discussion paper, we introduce The Canberra Meeting—an initiative for building research capacity in health professions education by developing a community of practice through an annual meeting. In this meeting, novice researchers present on significant problems or questions arising from their research, known as a dilemma presentation, and facilitate discussion with an audience of peer PhD students, earlycareer researchers and senior researchers. The meeting aims to provide an opportunity to expand professional networks, exchange ideas and build knowledge.Innovation: A half-day pilot meeting was held in Canberra prior to the 2019 ANZAHPE conference. The meeting was designed for, and planned by, novice researchers. There were 37 attendees, including 13 who self-identified as novice researchers. Three half-hour dilemma sessions were held, comprised of 10 minutes of presentation time followed by 20 minutes of discussion.Evaluation and outcomes: Feedback on the pilot was sought through prompted group discussions. The following guiding principles were developed, including that the initiative should be 1) inclusive to all health professions and seek to reach isolated researchers; 2) accessible, by providing equal opportunity of access; 3) constructive, such that participants feel safe to present and engage in discussions; and 4) sustainable, such that the community of practice continues despite changes in individual membership.What’s next: Planning is currently underway for a meeting prior to the next ANZAHPE conference. The event will be publicly advertised.

Artificial intelligence (AI) software that analyzes medical images is becoming increasingly prevalent. Unlike earlier generations of AI software, which relied on expert knowledge to identify imaging features, machine learning approaches automatically learn to recognize these features. However, the promise of accurate personalized medicine can only be fulfilled with access to large quantities of medical data from patients. This data could be used for purposes such as predicting disease, diagnosis, treatment optimization, and prognostication. Radiology is positioned to lead development and implementation of AI algorithms and to manage the associated ethical and legal challenges. This white paper from the Canadian Association of Radiologists provides a framework for study of the legal and ethical issues related to AI in medical imaging, related to patient data (privacy, confidentiality, ownership, and sharing); algorithms (levels of autonomy, liability, and jurisprudence); practice (best practices and current legal framework); and finally, opportunities in AI from the perspective of a universal health care system.

In this white paper, experts from the Digital Pathology Association (DPA) define terminology and concepts in the emerging field of computational pathology, with a focus on its application to histology images analyzed together with their associated patient data to extract information. This review offers a historical perspective and describes the potential clinical benefits from research and applications in this field, as well as significant obstacles to adoption. Best practices for implementing computational pathology workflows are presented. These include infrastructure considerations, acquisition of training data, quality assessments, as well as regulatory, ethical, and cyber‐security concerns. Recommendations are provided for regulators, vendors, and computational pathology practitioners in order to facilitate progress in the field. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

The currency note is a piece of paper uses for officially maintain a flow of funds according to the financial principles of a country. Every state in the world prints currency notes and they include artistic designs as symbols of richness and power of the country. This article focuses on the currency notes in Sri Lanka while assessing archaeological heritage and traditional decorations depicted on them. This paper further aims to highlight the Sri Lankan archaeological heritage and traditional decorations depicted in connection with the categories of currency notes established by the Central Bank of Sri Lanka, and to describe reasons for depicting them on currency notes. The Central Bank of Sri Lanka issued eleven series of currency notes as of 2018 under different themes to illustrate Sri Lankan archaeological heritage. This study is based on a field survey that facilitated to obtain data and information. The currency notes available at the museum in the Central Bank of Sri Lanka were inspected, and each kind of currency notes printed from 1948 to the end of 2018 were studied. Published literature were critically reviewed. In addition, discussions with experts from the Central Bank and Bank Museum in Sri Lanka were undertaken. The use of features related to archaeological heritage and the use of traditional decorations on the notes can be considered as a prominent theme of Sri Lankan paper-currency-notes. Main reasons behind this choice coincide with the idea of representing the native heritage-identity, but not just as a medium of value exchange.

Purpose This paper aims to outline the context for social tourism as an approach that can help deliver societal goals, such as reducing inequalities, as well as benefits for deserving beneficiaries and the tourism industry. The paper highlights how social tourism can develop in the future. Design/methodology/approach The paper takes a conceptual approach to discuss these issues. Findings This paper finds that there is a great deal of potential for social tourism to contribute to the future sustainability in the tourism industry. Originality/value This paper provides a concise overview of the topic of social tourism and a model that can help researchers and other readers to understand the ways that social tourism can contribute towards a more sustainable and equitable tourism future.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a novel approach for mining scientific trends using topics from Call for Papers (CFP). The work contributes a valuable input for researchers, academics, funding institutes and research administration departments by sharing the trends to set directions of research path.Design/methodology/approachThe authors procure an innovative CFP data set to analyse scientific evolution and prestige of conferences that set scientific trends using scientific publications indexed in DBLP. Using the Field of Research code 804 from Australian Research Council, the authors identify 146 conferences (from 2006 to 2015) into different thematic areas by matching the terms extracted from publication titles with the Association for Computing Machinery Computing Classification System. Furthermore, the authors enrich the vocabulary of terms from the WordNet dictionary and Growbag data set. To measure the significance of terms, the authors adopt the following weighting schemas: probabilistic, gram, relative, accumulative and hierarchal.FindingsThe results indicate the rise of “big data analytics” from CFP topics in the last few years. Whereas the topics related to “privacy and security” show an exponential increase, the topics related to “semantic web” show a downfall in recent years. While analysing publication output in DBLP that matches CFP indexed in ERA Core A* to C rank conference, the authors identified that A* and A tier conferences not merely set publication trends, since B or C tier conferences target similar CFP.Originality/valueOverall, the analyses presented in this research are prolific for the scientific community and research administrators to study research trends and better data management of digital libraries pertaining to the scientific literature.

What if opaque colours can be used to create a play of transparency and translucency in the painting? Since the 14th century, artists have been playing around with various color pigments, binders and solvents to achieve transparency in opaque mineral pigments. These pigments when powdered and pulverized with drying oils such as linseed oil, provides an amazing platform for the artists to work on canvas or pre-treated paper, with an advantage of mixing of colours on the drawing surface and glaze after drying. The paper, briefly introduces artworks of artists made on non-treated and pre-treated paper using oil colours with respect to oil-paper compatibility and preservation of art work. On the similar ground, an opaque blend of oil colours mixed with enamel or polyurethane with other solvents such as turpentine, kerosene and linseed oil, has been explored on art card paper to create some beautiful art works. Thus, demonstrating opacity, transparency and translucency within a single layer of applied paint which has been further explained by application of thin paint on black and white surfaces. In order to bring out such a play of light, various innovative techniques such as, scraping of color by a cloth, a palette knife or a wedge; creation of cells or bubbles and the sponge and rubber roller were used to get the desired effects. The unique effects, achieved through these techniques, have been displayed in various art works by the author, throughout the paper. These techniques when clubbed together with the unconventional enamel mixed oil paints has been named by the author as OOPS (Oil on Paper School). OOPS results in the creation of some extraordinary pieces of art. They bring about the procedure of water colours for getting transparency and opaqueness and at the same time, they impart the property of oil colours (high hue of the pigments and an attractive glossy finish) onto the paper. The paper concludes with a description and the author’s perspective of one of his painting from the series ‘Kargil White Again’-1999 (figure 1) with respect to the contextual and formal analysis. This painting is one of his finest pieces of work, where he explored the applications and future of OOPS in creation of some non-conventional art work.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factor affecting loyalty through online shopping for uppermiddle class customer in Jakarta towards customer satisfaction to increase customer loyalty. Design/Methodology/Approach – Data were collected through online questionnaire, journal and research studies. Statistical analysis such as descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the significance of the data. Furthermore the result will be elaborated as the main discussion and conclusion of this paper. Findings – The findings of the multiple linear regression showed that, among the user interface, product information, service information, and security perception factors that have been researched, this study fetched a conclusion that security perception were the significant factors that affected information satisfaction, thus increasing customer loyalty. A major contribution of this study will be its implications for marketers and business owner as this research can be used to assist creation of website or online channel. Furthermore marketer could focus on developing a customized marketing strategy and so able use their resources more efficiently.

The use of reliable, valid measures in implementation practice will remain limited without pragmatic measures. Previous research identified the need for pragmatic measures, though the characteristic identification used only expert opinion and literature review. Our team completed four studies to develop a stakeholder-driven pragmatic rating criteria for implementation measures. We published Studies 1 (identifying dimensions of the pragmatic construct) and 2 (clarifying the internal structure) that engaged stakeholders—participants in mental health provider and implementation settings—to identify 17 terms/phrases across four categories: Useful, Compatible, Acceptable, and Easy. This paper presents Studies 3 and 4: a Delphi to ascertain stakeholder-prioritized dimensions within a mental health context, and a pilot study applying the rating criteria. Stakeholders (N = 26) participated in a Delphi and rated the relevance of 17 terms/phrases to the pragmatic construct. The investigator team further defined and shortened the list, which were piloted with 60 implementation measures. The Delphi confirmed the importance of all pragmatic criteria, but provided little guidance on relative importance. The investigators removed or combined terms/phrases to obtain 11 criteria. The 6-point rating system assigned to each criterion demonstrated sufficient variability across items. The grey literature did not add critical information. This work produced the first stakeholder-driven rating criteria to assess whether measures are pragmatic. The Psychometric and Pragmatic Evidence Rating Scale (PAPERS) combines the pragmatic criteria with psychometric rating criteria, from previous work. Use of PAPERS can inform development of implementation measures and to assess the quality of existing measures.

Introduction: Assessment is a very important component of medical education and written examination is widely used tool of assessment. The instrument used in the written examination is the “Question Paper” (QP). The QP often lacks the validity, reliability, relevance and objectivity. 1,2 The present study is undertaken to assess the characteristics in construction of University question papers. Aim and Objectives: To analyze the theory question papers of Microbiology subject of Saurashtra University, with respect to; question form, learning objectives, relevance to core syllabus, relevance to teaching hours, and language and grammatical errors. Materials and Methods: Total 28 question papers of Saurashtra University of Microbiology subject (Mar-05 to Mar-15) were analyzed. The questions were analyzed with respect to types of question form and categorized in long answer type, short note type and short answer type. All questions were analyzed with respect to learning objectives and were classified in to three cognitive domains of learning knowledge, understanding and synthesis. All questions were analyzed to determine the focus of questions with respect to the syllabus and classified into must know, desirable to know and nice to know areas. Questions were analyzed to determine the weather questions cover the area of syllabus with regards to teaching hours dedicated. Questions were analyzed to identify the clarity and ambiguity in language, spelling and grammatical errors and scientific and taxonomic errors. Results: There were two paper styles noted. Question papers have long answer; short note and short answer questions. 95% questions were framed to test basic knowledge level of cognitive domain, and 5% question were framed to test the understanding level, while none of the questions were framed to test the synthesis level of cognitive domain. The majority of question were framed from must know area (97%) of syllabus, while less number of questions were from desirable to know (2%) and nice to know (1%) area. 30% of teaching hours were dedicated to bacteriology section and carried 22% weightage in examination. 6% of teaching hours were dedicated to mycology section which carried 11% weightage in examination. A balance was observed for General microbiology, Immunology and Virology sections with regards to teaching hours and weightage in examination. On an average of 11.1 errors per paper was noted. Spelling errors were common (8.8) followed by taxonomic errors (2.2) and grammatical errors (0.1). Conclusions: Major numbers of questions were subjective type than objective type. Majority of questions were framed to test basic knowledge level of cognitive domain. The majority of question were framed from must know area of syllabus which may have poor discriminatory ability between low and high achievers. A balance was observed for General microbiology, Immunology and Virology sections for dedicated teaching hours and its weightage in examination while Bacteriology has less and Parasitology and Mycology has more weightage in comparison to teaching hours. Many different types of errors were noted in question papers which include spelling errors, taxonomic errors and grammatical errors. A standard “Blue Print” is essential to bring the uniform standard in theory examination. Keywords: Question paper analysis, Blue-printing.

The study consists of two parts. The first is to describe the moves, the language function, the most dominant language function, and verbs of process function in the abstracts. The second is to explain how the linguistic elements (grammatical categories), three modalities (certain, probable, and possible), and the non-linguistic elements support the rhetorical and logical moves and the language functions operating in the abstracts. As it is a genre analysis of international conference paper abstracts, the data were taken from the specific discourse community of international conference paper abstracts of SEAAIR conference. Theoretically, this study contributes to a fuller understanding of research on genre of international conference paper abstracts, particularly written by the discourse community of SEAAIR.

Our society is facing serious environmental challenges related to climate change, pollution, diminishing resources, and biodiversity loss. Such problems are often ill-defined and are characterized by high uncertainty. Environmental decisions have strong impacts on society and demand clear and transparent trade-offs across values and priorities of stakeholder groups. This Feature Issue on Environmental Decisions includes papers focused on important environmental applications approached through various disciplinary backgrounds. The papers highlight advanced–often interdisciplinary–methodological approaches and include the perspectives of different stakeholders in the process of environmental decision-making. A wide range of methods are explored, ranging from a comprehensive review (for sustainable transport by Marleau Donais et al.) to an opinion paper proposing the use of Records of Engagement and Decision-making (RoED; by Cockerill et al.). Stakeholder engagement and preference elicitation required the development of new aggregation models for Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA; by Reichert et al.). The integration of Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) with MCDA was found to be necessary in practice (by Liu et al.; Marleau Donais et al.). MCDA was extended to include the spatial dimension by integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS; by Guay et al.; Schito et al.). The importance of considering the resilience of systems to better respond to and recover from unpredictable risks was emphasized (by Leyerer et al.; Mustajoki and Marttunen). These papers demonstrate the richness of approaches to environmental decision-making. Environmental issues offer ample exciting research opportunities to a broader scientific community. We encourage the readers of this Feature Issue—and of EJDP—to engage in environmental decision-making projects to support emerging societal needs.

Convective heat- and mass-transfer processes are considered that occur on free surfaces of a wet paper web in an air medium with a single-row arrangement of drying cylinders. Calculated dependences are determined making it possible to predict the duration of the process of drying the paper web in multicylinder contact-convective units.

During World War II, publishing was an important element of the war effort for both the Allies and the Axis powers. Wartime propaganda and cultural diplomacy relied primarily on books, magazines and the daily press. The exiled governments in London, including the Polish government, undertook a major effort to translate, publish and promote numerous books and pamphlets that would appeal to British readers and thereby help to sway public opinion. This paper focuses on translation as an important aspect of wartime publishing that has not yet received much scholarly attention. It offers a contribution to research into the role and place of translations in wartime publishing by discussing the Polish government-in-exile's translation and publishing campaign. Drawing on various archival sources, it demonstrates that publishing translations was an important part of wartime cultural diplomacy and led to the development of extensive state-private networks that brought together exiled governments and British publishers. By analysing this material in a broad cultural context, the paper highlights the historical, ideological and political relevance of translation studies research to wartime publishing and censorship.

The Essential Science Indicators (ESI) database is widely used to assess scientific outputs. The ESI database contains papers that entered the top 1% of sum citations in one discipline in the past ten years. Therefore, highly cited papers included in ESI database are of high quality in each field. This paper provides a bibliometric overview on the papers included in the ESI database in the field of operations research & management science. During the years of 2008–2017, there are 646 ESI highly cited papers in this area. Based on these 646 papers, we identify the most influential actors including journals, counties/regions, and institutes. The co-authorship relations among countries, institutes and authors characterize the collaboration status in the field of operations research and management science. The most cited papers are then presented. Finally, author keywords, keywords plus and words in title are analyzed, with hot research topics and future directions being provided.

This article closely investigates the unique visual representations of the buildings plans of late-nineteenth-century and early-twentieth-century Berlin and emphasizes the agency of the paper plan in the profession and discipline ofStadtebau. Following positions in German media theory, the paper plan is understood and theorized as medium of bureaucracy and the plan drawing as its cultural techniques. In doing so the article traces the refinement of the instruments for the regulation of the building of the city in Germany; from the building plan, to the building zones plan, to the town development plan. The understanding of the building plans and the approach to their interpretation in this article is based on two main principles. First, the article is primarily concerned with the general methods of the building plans as instruments and products of regulation and only secondarily with their individual content as specific layouts of urban form. Second, the article sees the building plans as material objects, as paper plans that had to be produced by drawing, engraving, and printing, handled by different actors, carried and distributed by various systems, as well as stored and archived in plan chambers. The article argues that the paper plans have an agency in seeing the city and hence thinking about the city, through their methods of visual representation, and an agency in the formation of graphic terms and concepts, derived from the making of the building plans. They mediated visual and verbal knowledge of the city that would have been inconceivable without them.

The article is based on the current interest in John Green’s novels as they are little observed from the stylistic point of view. This work clarifies the main stylistic peculiarities of the writer, presents a profound analysis of John Green’s novel "Paper towns" on different levels of the language. It describes the functions performed by all the stylistic devices used in the text. It can be stated that "Paper towns" is very rich in various striking, original stylistic means, each of which has an essential role to the entire “tissue” of the text. At the end of the research it can be concluded that the most powerful emotional expression, logical and psychological effects are comprised in those parts of the text in which there is a synthesis of stylistic techniques of different levels of language. And the more such techniques the story has, the more it impresses the reader. These parts of the text make the reading process much more interesting and incredibly exciting. Stylistically marked syntactical units in the text of the investigated English-language novel aim to create expressiveness, to act as a means of representing the emotional state of characters, to create a logical and emotional enhancement, to increase the dynamism of the narrative, while not complicating the perception of information. That allows the writer to establish emotional contact with the reader, to increase an expressive sound of the text. Attracting the attention of the reader, increasing the logical and emotional influence on him or her, providing the text with dynamism, authenticity, allocating certain moments in the narrative − all this is achieved with the help of linguistic devices of expressive syntax.

The use of highly cited papers (HCPs) to assess research excellence (RE) is widespread but the emergence of alternative metrics for assessing research impact has ignited debates on their role in measuring RE. This paper undertakes an altmetrics analysis of South Africa’s highly cited papers with a view to assessing the extent of online attention to these papers; the correlation between citation and altmetrics data and nuances in research fields, using conventional and altmetrics data. The Web of Science’s (WoS) Incites Essential Science Indicator (ESI) database was used to extract the metrics of HCPs while the online portal altmetric.com was used to obtain the altmetrics data for each HCP. The Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between citation data and altmetrics of the HCPs. The results indicate that clinical medicine posted the highest number of HCPs but was behind Space Science and Molecular Biology & Genetics in terms of citations per paper. Only six fields recorded more than 100 HCPs. Overall, South Africa’s HCPs have the highest altmetrics presence in Dimensions followed by Mendeley, Twitter, Facebook, News Outlets and Blogs. However, each research field exhibited different patterns as far as online attention of their papers is concerned. The implications of the plausibility of using altmetrics in assessing RE in South Africa are offered.

The South African Department of Health (DoH) released its White Paper for National Health Insurance (NHI) in December 2015 for public comment. The South African Society of Psychiatrists (SASOP) submitted a detailed response following discussion amongst both public and private sector members. This has been published as a pdf in the August 2016 edition of South African Psychiatry, available at www.southafricanpsychiatry.co.za. For the most part, our response was concerned with the proposed organisation of health services as they relate to mental health care. However, we also made comment on good governance within the health service and on human rights issues. In this respect, we responded as advocates for our patients, for the public good and for our profession. Essentially, we submitted a response as participants in the proposed transformation of the health system appropriate to our social contract with society.

To promote sustainability, the effective reutilization of electronic waste and profitable recovery of valuable materials from e-scrap are essential. A recent report showed that 500 million printer cartridges enter landfill annually, creating immense interest in establishing a facile recovery method for transforming waste toner into a ferrous resource. Furthermore, the European Union and US Food and Drug Administration have published guidelines concerning bisphenol A (BPA) use in the manufacture of thermal paper receipts. Accordingly, in this study, BPA levels in thermal receipts collected from various stores in Taiwan were detected by glassy carbon electrodes fabricated using graphene oxide-recovered Fe3O4 nanocomposites.

Consumer payments in the United States gradually have been shifting away from paper checks for the past several years. Cash use has declined as well, although at a much slower pace. As the number of check payments has decreased, those payments have been replaced with electronic and card payments. However, the transition from paper to electronic and card payments for bills has not proceeded in the same way as the transition for purchases. Using detailed consumer survey panel data collected over nine years, we track the same respondents over time and find that consumers who reduced their check or cash use for bill payments in a given year were more likely to reduce their check or cash use for purchases in the following year; but a reduction in check or cash use for purchases was not followed by the use of fewer checks or less cash for bill payments. The results suggest that a change in bill payment behavior may be a precursor to payment behavior changes in general. These results may help predict changes in payment instrument use for various transaction types as new payment methods, such as faster payments or central bank digital currency, become available to consumers in the future.

Purpose This paper aims to discuss issues relating to survey research in tourism. Design/methodology/approach This brief perspective paper discusses the routine approach of survey research that has developed over many years (as tourism researchers adopted the most promising approaches to survey research fields), discusses the dangers associated with following this (or any) routine approach, and offers a small set of questions for researchers to consider before embarking on their next survey study. Findings A default approach to survey research has developed. It can undermine the validity of conclusions. The key to high-quality survey research is to thoughtfully design the survey study considering the specific research question at hand, and to carefully pre-test the questionnaire. Originality/value This is a perspective paper offering a brief overview of the topic of survey research in tourism.

One paper fragment and three pigments were excavated from earthenware found in the Hoeamsa Temple site (Historic Site No. 128), which is presumed to have been constructed in the 12th century. This study identifies the types and characteristics of the paper and pigments through methods such as fiber identification, pigment component analysis, and crystal structure analysis. Using the Graff 'C' staining method, the paper fragment is identified as paper-mulberry bast fiber (B. kazinoki Siebold), and according to radiocarbon dating results, the paper is believed to be from the Joseon Dynasty, between 1460 and 1640, which is when the Hoeamsa temple was believed to have been rebuilt. The green pigment consists of cerussite, malachite, and ataccamite, while quartz, muscovite, and illite were detected in the white pigment, and quartz, hematite, illite, and kaolinite were detected in the red pigment. The L* value ranged from 41.59 to 79.05. The white pigment showed the highest brightness value at 79.05, while the green pigment was measured at 58.20 and the red pigment at 41.59. The a* value ranged from -2.25 to 22.75: the a* value of the red pigment was the highest at 22.75, the green pigment was the lowest at -2.25. The b* value ranged from 7.44 to 26.26: the b*value of the red pigment was the highest at 26.26 and the white pigment was the lowest at 7.44.These scientific data identified the raw materials of paper used during the Joseon Dynasty. In addition, the data can be used for repair and restoration of ancient dancheong (traditional Korean decorative coloring on wooden buildings and artifacts) by analyzing the composition of pigments and identifying the characteristics of crystal structure.

The People’s Republic of China which is currently a point of reference by many nations and scholarly discussions based on; efficient poverty reduction strategies, rapid economic boom, internationalization of education (massive influx of international students), Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the popularization of international large-scale attainment tests, in particular, Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), which has positioned China as a new world-class educational reference society, especially for some Anglo-American countries (You, 2020) and most recently serves as a global reference following effective Covid-19 control, etc. is arguably influenced by a cultural virtue cultivation traced from Confucian Teachings. The question of; “how did China manage to contain the COVID-19?” has become a scholarly puzzle globally. At the same time, an interpretation and understanding of the ancient Chinese philosophy of Confucianism can unveil how China manage to contain the COVID-19. Through personal experiences, my observation in China during COVID-19 outbreak and related literature review, this opinion paper discusses the Influence of Confucian teachings on COVID-19 Containment in China. The main question addressed here was; How did Confucian teachings influence COVID-19 containment in China? This opinion paper recognizes Confucianism as a key philosophy sustaining China during COVID-19 pandemic. In other words, this paper captured the author’s understandings, interpretation and opinions of some key Confucian teachings which practically influenced the Covid-19 containment in China. Finally this paper affirms that Confucian teachings of; Goodwill (ren), Protocol (li), Filial piety (hsiao), the doctrine of the mean (zhong yong) and gentleman (Shi) which has be learned in china for centuries influenced the containing COVID-19 in China.

Publishing takes a long time in economics. Consequently, many authors release “working” versions of their papers. Using data on the NBER working paper series, we show that the dissemination of economics research suffers from an overcrowding problem: An increase in the number of weekly released working papers on average reduces downloads, abstract views, and media attention for each paper. Subsequent publishing and citation outcomes are harmed as well. Furthermore, descriptive evidence on viewership and downloads suggests working papers significantly substitute for the dissemination function of publication. These results highlight inefficiencies in the dissemination of economic research even among the most exclusive working paper series and suggest large social losses due to the slow publication process.

Despite the narratives of authoritarian states, the concerns of journalists and public intellectuals in democracies, and the results of some early studies, this paper shows that democracies fare no worse than authoritarian regimes in combating the Covid-19 pandemic. Democracy is not associated with higher Covid-19 death rates, nor is it associated with lower vaccination rates. Moreover, among many democratic countries, high levels of key democratic components -such as fundamental rights and impartial administration—seem to help prevent deaths and boost vaccination rates. These conclusions are based on statistical analyses of democracy components, as measured by International IDEA’s Global State of Democracy (GSoD) Indices, and the reported Covid-19 death rates and Covid-19 vaccination rates in all countries of the world with a population of at least one million people.

In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, governments have implemented a variety of extraordinary legal and policy measures to protect lives, mitigate the spread of the virus, and prevent health systems from breaking down. These measures have often included curbing some human rights, restricting travel, shuttering up classrooms, suspending government services, ordering the temporary closure of businesses, controlling or curtailing news reporting, and sometimes delaying elections. To do this, many governments have activated emergency legal frameworks that provide for the assumption of emergency powers by the executive and, in some cases the weakening or setting aside of ordinary democratic checks and balances. It is helpful to understand the different types of laws relied upon (or not) by governments to justify their assumption of emergency powers and their imposition of emergency measures. This paper examines and compares different types of legal bases for emergency powers, built-in safeguards and constraints specific to each type of emergency regime, the factors that may influence choices about which emergency legal response to apply, and the associated advantages and risks.

Despite Palestinian university students’ problems with the Test of English as a Foreign Language Internet-based Test, no researchers approached this research area in the Palestinian English as a Foreign Language context. The present study attempted to answer a question focusing on Palestinian university students’ problems with the reading sections of the Test of English as a Foreign Language Internet-based Test and the revised Test of English as a Foreign Language paper-delivered test. The participants were 65 fourth-year students studying English at Al-Aqsa University. The researcher employed four instruments: a test, a group semi-structured interview, and two individual semi-structured interviews. Results showed the students’ problems with the reading sections of the two types of tests, such as the irrelevance of the topics of the tests to the students’ content background knowledge, students’ lack of exposure to lengthy passages, students’ slow reading speed, and the students’ lack of linguistic proficiency. Additionally, the study offered many recommendations for Educational Testing Service experts and Al-Aqsa university students and instructors.

Our understanding of COVID-19 pandemic epidemiology has many gaps, with many challenges arising on a global scale. This paper looks at the problem at a smaller geographical scale, the extent of the campus of a large organization. Equipped with an asymptomatic testing program and rough location data from the campus wireless network, we make the case that epidemiological models may be informed from this new source of data, which offers fidelity at the temporal resolution of seconds and spatial resolution of a Wi-Fi cell size, in particular for the tasks of pinpointing clusters of cases and contexts of infection transmission. We sketch the design of a system that fuses the two foregoing information streams and explain how the result can be incorporated into standard epidemiological models of communicable disease, both for better parameter estimation in elementary models, as well as for providing spatial inputs into more sophisticated models. We conclude with logistical and privacy considerations we have encountered in an associated ongoing study, to inform similar efforts at other organizations.

Writing academic texts is one of the first tasks students face when entering university. Starting studies in Higher Education brings the need to learn the forms of oral and written interaction of this new discourse community and, consequently, an academic literacy acquisition process begins. Writing will also be the tool with which the students will show the knowledge learned and the means by which they will be evaluated. This work presents a didactic tool that has the purpose of helping students to carry out, with the help of teachers or autonomously, a first approach to the writing of academic texts in Basque, regardless of the area in which they are receiving their training. It is a didactic proposal that seeks to improve the formation in Higher Education and to respond to the educational demands through a genre-based approach. In this case, the selected genre is the scientific article. The application of this proposal contributes to identify the characteristics of the academic texts and to become familiar with the communicative demands of this type of productions. In parallel, it promotes autonomous learning and the development of useful discursive skills to function in the university community., Producir textos académicos escritos es una de las primeras tareas a las que se enfrenta el alumnado una vez ingresa en la universidad. Iniciar los estudios superiores trae consigo la necesidad de aprender las formas de interacción oral y escrita de esa nueva comunidad discursiva y, como consecuencia, entrar en un proceso de alfabetización académica. Escribir será, además, la herramienta con la que los estudiantes mostrarán los conocimientos aprendidos y el medio por el que serán evaluados. Este trabajo presenta una herramienta didáctica para que el alumnado se acerque, con la ayuda del profesorado o de manera autónoma, a la escritura de textos académicos en euskera, independientemente del área en el que estén recibiendo su formación. Se trata de una propuesta didáctica que busca mejorar la formación en Educación Superior y responder a las demandas educativas mediante el enfoque basado en los géneros discursivos. En este caso, el género seleccionado es el artículo científico. La aplicación de esta propuesta contribuye a identificar las características de estos textos académicos y a familiarizarse con las demandas comunicativas de estas producciones. De manera paralela, propicia el aprendizaje autónomo y el desarrollo de habilidades discursivas para desenvolverse en la comunidad universitaria. &nbsp, Produzir textos académicos escritos é uma das primeiras tarefas que os estudantes enfrentam quando entram na universidade. O início dos estudos no Ensino Superior traz consigo a necessidade de aprender as formas de interação oral e escrita dessa nova comunidade discursiva e, consequentemente, de iniciar um processo de alfabetização académica. A escrita também será a ferramenta com a qual os alunos mostrarão o conhecimento aprendido e o meio pelo qual serão avaliados. Este trabalho apresenta uma ferramenta didática que visa apoiar os alunos na apropriação, com a ajuda do profesor ou autonomamente, dos fundamentos da escrita académica em basco, independentemente do curso superior que frequentam. Trata-se de uma proposta de material didático que procura aprimorar a formação no Ensino Superior e responder às demandas educacionais por meio de uma abordagem baseada em géneros discursivos. Neste caso, o género selecionado é o artigo científico. A aplicação desta proposta ajuda a identificar as características desses textos académicos e a familiarizar-se com as demandas comunicativas desse tipo de produção. Paralelamente, promove a aprendizagem autónoma e o desenvolvimento de habilidades discursivas úteis para funcionar na comunidade universitária.

Starting from a historical reconstruction of the presence of minors within Italian and European psychiatric hospitals and on the evolution of the methods of treatment and re-education of children and young people with mental and intellectual disabilities between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, this article proposes an analysis of the documents kept at the archive of the Gian Franco Minguzzi Institution, with particular reference to those that certify the presence of children and adolescents, up to 15 years old, hospitalized in the Bologna’s asylum over a very long period of time, ranging from 1811 to 1950. Here the peculiar and innovative characteristics of the Bologna’s institution, the diagnoses made there and the trajectories of the minors involved are examined.