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International audience; Urban parks and gardens green waste constitute a low-cost and highly available lignocellulosic-rich resource, that is currently treated in composting or anaerobic digestion processes. The present work investigated for the first time the potential of using urban green waste as raw resource for the production of lignocellulosic fillers by dry fractionation (combination of sorting and grinding processes). Five fractions of lignocellulosic fillers with controlled composition were produced: a branches-rich fraction, a grasses-rich fraction, a leaves-rich fraction, and two fractions constituted of a mixture of constituents. All the fractions were ground to reach an average median diameter around 100 μm. The reinforcing effect of each fraction was investigated and compared to that of the sample as a whole. Biocomposites based on a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) as matrix were produced by melt extrusion, with filler contents up to 30 wt%. It was shown that the branches-rich fraction displayed the best reinforcing effect (e.g. stress at break of 37 ± 1 MPa for a filler content of 15 wt%, similar to that of the neat matrix) whereas the grasses-rich fraction slightly degraded the overall mechanical performance (e.g. stress at break of 33.5 ± 1.5 MPa for a filler content of 15 wt%). The dry fractionation and formulation steps could be thus adapted depending on the targeted application, e.g. by choosing to use the whole urban green waste resource, or to remove grasses, or to keep only branches.

Ground beetles (Carabidae, Coleoptera) are one of the most species-rich and well-studied insect families. However, the number of published datasets is disproportionately low against the biodiversity of this group. According to GBIF, only a fifth of the percentage of all published data covers ground beetles. This article describes a sampling-event dataset providing primary data on ground beetles collected in urban and suburban habitats in Kaluga, a typical central Russian city. We surveyed habitats of different land-use types and the extent and intensity of anthropogenic influence: yards, gardens, quarries, small urban woodlands, grasslands and riparian habitats. Carabids were collected by pitfall traps during most of the vegetative season (mostly from late April - early May to at least early October) for 13 seasons between 1994 and 2015. In total, the dataset contains 189 carabid species and 79,091 specimens. The dataset provides information about species composition and abundance, habitat distribution, seasonal and long-term dynamics of carabid beetles in environments of different degrees of urbanisation. This dataset is the first sampling-event dataset about carabids in various urban habitats published through GBIF.

The development of methods for dealing with continuous data with a spike at zero has lagged behind those for overdispersed or zero‐inflated count data. We consider longitudinal ecological data corresponding to an annual average of 26 weekly maximum counts of birds, and are hence effectively continuous, bounded below by zero but also with a discrete mass at zero. We develop a Bayesian hierarchical Tweedie regression model that can directly accommodate the excess number of zeros common to this type of data, whilst accounting for both spatial and temporal correlation. Implementation of the model is conducted in a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) framework, using reversible jump MCMC to explore uncertainty across both parameter and model spaces. This regression modelling framework is very flexible and removes the need to make strong assumptions about mean‐variance relationships a priori. It can also directly account for the spike at zero, whilst being easily applicable to other types of data and other model formulations. Whilst a correlative study such as this cannot prove causation, our results suggest that an increase in an avian predator may have led to an overall decrease in the number of one of its prey species visiting garden feeding stations in the United Kingdom. This may reflect a change in behaviour of house sparrows to avoid feeding stations frequented by sparrowhawks, or a reduction in house sparrow population size as a result of sparrowhawk increase. Publisher PDF

Summary Local adaptation in tree species has been documented through a long history of common garden experiments where functional traits (height, bud phenology) are used as proxies for fitness. However, the ability to identify genes or genomic regions related to adaptation to climate requires the evaluation of traits that precisely reflect how and when climate exerts selective constraints.We combine dendroecology with association genetics to establish a link between genotypes, phenotypes and interannual climatic fluctuations. We illustrate this approach by examining individual tree responses embedded in the annual rings of 233 Pinus strobus trees growing in a common garden experiment representing 38 populations from the majority of its range.We found that interannual variability in growth was affected by low temperatures during spring and autumn, and by summer heat and drought. Among‐population variation in climatic sensitivity was significantly correlated with the mean annual temperature of the provenance, suggesting local adaptation. Genotype–phenotype associations using these new tree‐ring phenotypes validated nine candidate genes identified in a previous genetic–environment association study.Combining dendroecology with association genetics allowed us to assess tree vulnerability to past climate at fine temporal scales and provides avenues for future genomic studies on functional adaptation in forest trees., See also the Commentary on this article by https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15094.

This paper studies the general architecture and key technologies of the Agricultural Internet of Things and summarizes the latest progress of the Internet of Things system model. On this basis, a general system architecture model suitable for the Agricultural Internet of Things is initially established, and the key technologies of the Agricultural Internet of Things are expounded to provide a reference for the in-depth application and development of the Agricultural Internet of Things. Aiming at the problem that the energy consumption of each node in the network is uneven in the process of monitoring agricultural production environment by wireless sensor network, which leads to the failure of some nodes in the network too fast, an event-driven wireless routing algorithm for agricultural production environment monitoring is proposed. By reducing the number of pieces of control information sent in the cluster, the algorithm selects the next hop forwarding node from candidate nodes according to the forwarding cost function to shorten the data transmission distance, reduce energy consumption, and improve the life cycle of the entire network. The experimental results show that the algorithm in this paper effectively avoids the waste of node energy consumption caused by the active transmission mode and at the same time better balances the overall energy consumption of the network and prolongs the life cycle of the network. The platform satisfies the needs of a local garden bureau to integrate comprehensive landscaping business information and display comprehensive landscaping information in a comprehensive, timely, and dynamic manner. At the same time, it has made useful explorations in the development and integration of landscaping business data interfaces and GIS data interfaces. All system functions of the smart garden information management platform project are reasonably designed and completely correct and basically meet the software function requirements specified in the requirements specification. Some functions were found not realized during the test. After rectification, various systems have been improved. All system interfaces of the smart garden information management platform project have reasonable layout, simple operation, and good ease of use. The smart garden information management platform project meets the business logic requirements and fulfills the requirements of the information construction of the Garden and Greening Administration. All systems of the smart garden information management platform project are simple to install and easy to operate and meet the user’s requirements after installation. The system has a strict permission setting function. People with different permissions can only see the content of the fields that they have permission to access, which effectively ensures the security of the data.

Nature, gardens and greenery are necessary to the healing of the mind. This paper discusses the integration and use of open spaces and ‘gardens’ in mental health units. There is ample evidence that gardens and gardening can relieve stress but how are gardens designed into mental health units to facilitate this known fact? (Cooper Marcus and Barnes, 1995; Pretty, 2004; Simpson, 1998). The results of an ethnographic observational study in a purpose built mental health unit in Australia form the basis for the discussion but this study is also situated within global debates on design for improving mental health. One of the key issues emerging from the literature is the importance of natural settings in the reduction of stress for mental health clients and clinicians (Daykin, et al., 2008; Sitchler, 2008; Day, 2004; Ulrich, 2008; Andes and Shatell, 2006). We situate the discussion within the context of contemporary debates, we also bear historical examples in mind, especially in relation to power relations that are designed into the spaces. However our focus is the contemporary purpose built mental health unit. The paper questions relationships between the outside garden and the inside ward in terms of power and healing. Specifically it looks at how gardens operate as sites for healing in a harsh built environment. Additionally we ask how open spaces are used by mental health clients and how the ‘gardens’ integrate with the overall architectural design of mental health units.

Due to the mountainous terrain in the urban areas of southwest China, there are a large number of barren slopes in the community unsuitable for construction. These areas, alongside other unusable space which is often cultivated by residents to create informal community vegetable gardens and fruit growing areas, have become a “gray area” for urban management. This paper attempts to study the characteristics of informal community growing, the composition of growers, the motivation for growing, and the satisfaction of residents in urban areas in mountainous southwest China to explore its relative value. The sample area for the study was Yongchuan, Chongqing, Southwest China. Through a field survey, a semantic differential questionnaire, and data analysis, we found that: (1) growers use traditional cultivation methods to grow diverse fruits and vegetables according to the size of the slope, and the scale is so large that it serves as a local food supply; (2) growers are mainly vulnerable groups who use the land for economic gain and green food acquisition; and (3) growers and non-growers are more satisfied with the food supply and economic benefits generated by cultivation, while they are dissatisfied with the environmental and social benefits and the planting process. Satisfaction also varies with age, occupation, income, education, household registration, and farming experience. Based on the findings, this paper presents recommendations for the future transformation and development of informal community cultivation in mountainous areas. The study has implications for the construction of community gardens and urban agriculture in the mountains.

Our understanding of well-being, and related concepts such as health and flourishing, is shaped by the metaphors through which we think about such ideas. Current dominant metaphors—including a pyramid, ladder, and continuum—all have various issues. As such, this paper offers two other metaphors which can better do justice to the nuanced complexities of these notions, namely, a garden and an orchestra. Through these metaphors, this paper articulates a comprehensive framework for conceptualizing and appreciating the nature of well-being (and associated concepts), which it is hoped will generate further insights and research into these valued and sought-after phenomena.

In this paper, we propose a stochastic delay mutualistic model of leaf-cutter ants with stage structure and their fungus garden, in which we explore how the discrete delay and white noise affect the dynamic of the population system. The existence and uniqueness of global positive solution are proved, and the asymptotic behaviours of the stochastic model around the positive equilibrium point of the deterministic model are also investigated. Furthermore, the sufficient conditions for the persistence of the population are established. Finally, some numerical simulations are performed to show the effect of random environmental fluctuation on the model.

The problem of module discrimination and identification in the field of landscape design is the focus of researchers. Based on multimodal intelligent computing, this paper constructs a landscape design system based on deep neural network. The article first uses a deep neural network to train multimodal garden landscape images, and then performs pooling and convolution operations on garden landscape images on the multimodal training model of convergence speed on the edge and solve the problem of low model accuracy. In the simulation process, the neural network module of MATLAB software is used to extract the spatiotemporal features of the dynamic garden landscape image from the three directions of the bottom block of the garden to achieve feature complementarity. This method only uses 15% of the features of the original feature set. The complexity of the recognition system also reduces the recognition error rate. The experimental results show that by adopting the design of feature series fusion, maximum value fusion, and multiplicative fusion in the score layer, the feature series fusion achieves a high accuracy rate under the multiplicative fusion of the three modalities, reaching 77.1%, and the test error is within 0.118, which effectively improves the multimodal characteristics of the integrated landscape and makes the modeling results more accurate.

BACKGROUND: The right to fully enjoy the highest possible state of health is certainly nothing new in the agenda of the world’s governments, and yet today it becomes a top priority not just in the restructuring of the health care system, but also in the promotion of multi-sector policies aimed at fostering and safeguarding the potential of every individual to achieve what could be defined, in general terms, as “common good”. OBJECTIVE: The current paper aimed at singling out the most useful strategies to promoting and achieving a healthy, more resilient and fairer society. METHODS : Starting from principles 1 and 14 of the Declaration of Rome, the aim was to analyse and develop the concepts of resilience and health, questioning their possible future variations against the background of the current health emergency and the increasingly radical widespread use of new technologies as universally-applied and cross-sectional tools for human progress. RESULTS: The “health for all” objective can only be achieved if we act on three key aspects: 1. Adding life to years; 2. Adding life to life; 3. Adding years to life. CONCLUSIONS: Each individual should raise their health awareness as a key resource to leading a fulfilling existence and to developing the required qualities to fully tap into health possibilities – whether integral or residual – to tackle life.

Urbanized ecosystems and urban human populations are expanding around the world causing many negative environmental effects. A challenge for achieving sustainable urban social-ecological systems is understanding how urbanized landscapes can be designed and managed to minimize negative outcomes. To this end, an interdisciplinary Ecological Landscaping conference was organized to examine the interacting sociocultural and ecological causes and consequences of landscaping practices and products. This special issue of Cities and the Environment contains a diverse set of articles arising from that conference. In this introductory paper, we describe the meaning of ecological landscaping and a new conceptual framework that helps organize the topic’s complex issues. The essence of ecological landscaping is a holistic systems-thinking perspective for understanding the interrelationships among physical-ecological and sociocultural variables that give rise to the patterns and processes of biodiversity, abiotic conditions, and ecosystem processes within and among individually-managed urban landscape parcels. This perspective suggests that 1) variables not considered part of traditional landscaping and 2) the effects of landscaping within an individual parcel on variables outside of it must both be considered when making design and management decisions about a parcel. To illustrate how these points help create a more holistic, ecological approach to landscaping, a traditional ecosystem model is used to create a framework for discussing how sociocultural and physical-ecological inputs to a landscape parcel affect its characteristics and outputs. As exemplified by papers in this issue, an integrated sociocultural-ecological approach to the study of urban landscaping practices and products is needed to 1) understand why and how humans design and mange urban landscape parcels, 2) describe how the combined characteristics and outputs of many parcels give rise to the emergent ecosystem properties of urbanized areas, and 3) develop effective educational programs that catalyze adoption of sustainable landscaping choices and practices. The paper concludes with a discussion of challenges for the future of ecological landscaping research and practice, and a list of preliminary guidelines for ecological landscaping. We hope that this special issue will increase understanding, visibility, and research about the value of an ecological approach to urban landscaping.

Urban green ecological space is an important manifestation of the environmental characteristics of a green city. The research results show that the urban green ecological space has obvious cooling and humidity effects, which are very important for reducing the urban heat island effect. Remote sensing technology describes the slow-release effects of urban green parks in different seasons from the two perspectives of thermal slow-release intensity and thermal slow-release distance. In this paper, UAV remote sensing is used to extract the internal and external factors of the urban green environment characteristics and to identify the main factors that affect the slow-release heat effect and seasonal changes of the urban green environment. In addition, it analyzes the factors that affect the urban environmental temperature within the environmental temperature slow-release range of urban green space, establishes a model to predict the environmental temperature within the thermal slow-release range outside the park, and realizes the largest thermal slow release in the urban greening ecological space. These are new technologies created in the context of digitization, which include image understanding and synthesis, which involve the use of computer graphics and image processing technology to convert data into graphics or images displayed on the screen to achieve an interactive process.

At present, China is at an essential stage in the progress of social civilisation. At the same time, China's current economic level is developing rapidly and the level of urbanisation is also increasing. However, the uncontrolled development of urban space and excessive consumption of land resources have led to many urban ecological and environmental problems. As a result, there is an urgent need to improve the urban habitat. Plant landscaping is an important part of the urban environment. In addition, plant landscaping is also a crucial part of the visual arts and plays a key role in the shaping of urban spaces. In the context of the urban construction boom, people are increasingly demanding quality in the urban environment. Spatial scale, as a vital factor influencing the visual effect of planting, is gradually becoming a focus of landscape design. Urban greening based on plant landscape can not only improve the urban ecological environment and enhance people’s quality of life but also resolve the contradiction between the demand for urban green space and the continuous reduction of urban greening land. Therefore, plant landscaping is recognised as a key step towards global sustainable development. However, according to current research and application practice, the development of urban greenery is limited and hindered by the value of plant landscaping and its applications. In addition, no comprehensive theoretical system has yet been established at the plant scale. In other words, there are still problems of scale in plant landscaping, such as unreasonable density, disproportion, and unclear hierarchy. Therefore, this paper begins with the definition of plant spatial scale in the city and analyses plant spatial types and scale characteristics from multiple perspectives, so as to establish an overall knowledge of plant landscaping. After that, through a study of the current situation of plant landscaping in cities, a quantitative analysis of the visual scale of plant space in urban squares is carried out to address the issues of plant scale design in this research. The focus of the analysis is on the scale of plants in relation to related elements. Furthermore, this study explores the influence of visual aesthetic scale and psychological scale on planting based on the functional scale of plant elements. Finally, the above quantitative analyses are applied to derive some relative data criteria and to summarise the design strategies for the spatial scale of planting in the city. The findings of this study can provide some guiding suggestions and references for the future construction of urban greenery, thus promoting the orderly development of plant landscaping in cities.

As a kind of informal green space more closely related to the built environment, public rooftop gardens (PRGs) are novel green open space and important salutogenic resource for urban residents. It is one of the most easily accessible method for urban residents to be in contact with outdoor or natural elements from the context of high-altitude living. Given its potential health benefits to city dwellers, existing empirical studies are heavily focused on immediate recovery through visually accessing PRGs (through windows), neglecting the possibility of using PRGs physically as a place of interaction. This paper hypothesizes usage patterns will mediate the associations between the environmental characteristics of PRG and users' restoration. This is done through inputting data from 12 typical samples of PRG in Chengdu, China into structural equation model (SEM). Combining the concept of Perceived Sensory Dimensions (PSD) and Perceived Restorativeness Scales (PRS) with the usage patterns of the above samples, this study aims to examine the correlation of environmental characteristics, usage pattern and restoration, in which identify their relative importance in the context of PRGs. Through serials of numerical tests on the model, the study shows that out of the 20 theoretical pathways constructed by the environmental characteristics (x)–usage patterns (m)–restorative effect (y), only 14 forms a significant correlation. In addition, out of all PSDs, social, serene, refuge, space and nature dimensions are induced into restorative effects through four patterns of use: retreat, nature touch, interpersonal interaction and family-bonding activities. The findings also show that social and family-bonding are the most influential independent and mediating variables respectively in achieving restorative effects in the PRG. This study reveals important findings about how usage patterns mediate the association between the PSD and PRS of users. And it also has generated practical implications on how we can design public rooftop gardens from the perspective of restoration, which could potentially be the key to the future survival and development of PRGs in urban environments.

Physical activity and nutrition preschool programming must involve parents in positive long-term healthy habits. This paper describes parent outreach in the Sustainability via Active Garden Education (SAGE) study. Newsletters were sent home with children to promote family opportunities to increase physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake. The content was generated via a community advisory board participatory process. Messages linked SAGE curriculum topics with home and community activities. Parents rated frequency of receipt, helpfulness, satisfaction, and use of content. Most participants were Hispanic (>78%) and women (>95%). Most reported receiving newsletters; nearly all reported that they were helpful. Favorite newsletter components included recipes, pictures of their children and seasonal produce spotlights. Most reported doing physical activities from the newsletters (51.9%). Few reported doing featured physical activity (8.9%) and fruit and vegetable (12.7%) community activities. Newsletter outreach methods are a simple strategy to add value to preschool-based interventions promoting healthy families.

AIM In recent years in Japan, forest therapies have been implemented in various places. While the effects of such therapies have been reported in previous research papers, those of artificial gardens have not been clarified. At the 2018 Yamaguchi Yume Flower Expo, the Yamaguchi University Faculty of Medicine had the opportunity to provide a "Well-being Garden" in collaboration with the Japan Landscape Contractors Association Yamaguchi Prefecture Branch. We examined the physical and mental responses of older people who strolled in the Well-being Garden. METHODS Participants were 158 people ≥ 65 years old. Pre-and post-stroll interviews were conducted, and the heart rate, blood pressure, and autonomic nervous activities were measured. RESULTS After strolling in the garden, the heart rate significantly decreased from 76.1±12.9 to 73.9±11.8/min (p

Progress is required in response to how cities can support greater biodiversity. This calls for more research on how landscape designers can actively shape urban ecologies to deliver context-specific empirical bases for green space intervention decisions. Design experiments offer opportunities for implemented projects within real-world settings to serve as learning sites. This paper explores preliminary ecological outcomes from a multidisciplinary team on whether purposefully engineered native grassland gardens provide more habitat functions for insects than mainstream gardens in the City of Tshwane, South Africa. Six different sites were sampled: two recently installed native grassland garden interventions (young native), two contemporary non-native control gardens (young non-native) on the same premises and of the same ages as the interventions, one remnant of a more pristine native grassland reference area (old native), and one long-established, non-native reference garden (old non-native). Plant and insect diversity were sampled over one year. The short-term findings suggest that higher plant beta diversity (species turnover indicating heterogeneity in a site) supports greater insect richness and evenness in richness. Garden size, age, and connectivity were not clear factors mediating urban habitat enhancement. Based on the preliminary results, the researchers recommend high native grassland species composition and diversity, avoiding individual species dominance, but increasing beta diversity and functional types when selecting garden plants for urban insect biodiversity conservation in grassland biomes.

Purpose The first half of this paper documents the role of nature in healthcare environments and its impact on wellness, with a particular focus on gardens. The second half presents a scientific evaluation of the role of gardens as a therapeutic intervention to optimise the clinical outcomes in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia, including a review of the innovative application of technologies alongside nature to promote cognitive rehabilitation in this particular patient population. Methods Using search engines such as the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Science, PubMed, ProQuest Central, MEDLINE, Scopus and Google Scholar, a relevant literature search on the positive health implications of therapeutic gardens (TG) on AD and dementia patients in the healthcare milieu was conducted. Results The health implications of TG for AD and dementia patients span physical, social, psychological and cognitive effects. Virtual reality (VR) technologies that display natural environments also offer positive cognitive outcomes for AD and dementia patients. Conclusion TG should be used to improve the health and wellbeing of AD and dementia patients, and its application should be extended to other patient populations to promote quicker recovery. Future directions in the design of TG, with a focus on patients with AD and other dementias, is also discussed.

Purpose In the context of current prison safety and reform, the purpose of this paper is to discuss findings of an impact evaluation of a horticultural programme delivered in 12 prisons in North West England. Design/methodology/approach The programme was evaluated using quantitative and qualitative methods, including Green Gym© questionnaires, the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) and Biographic-Narrative Interpretive Method interviews. Findings Against a backdrop of high rates of suicide, self-harm and poor mental health, the horticultural programme studied proved beneficial to prisoner participants, the most marked effect was on mental health and wellbeing. In addition to data related to the original mental health outcome indicators, the study revealed multiple layers of “added value” related to mental health arising from horticultural work in a prison setting. Research limitations/implications The main research limitations were the limited completion of follow-on questionnaires due to prisoners being released and the inability to conduct longitudinal data collection post-release. There was also concern about response bias and lack of resource to compare with the experience of prisoners not participating in the programme. Social implications Positive impacts on prisoners’ mental health and wellbeing included increased confidence, social interactions with staff and other prisoners and gaining skills and qualifications and work experience, increasing potential for post-release employment. Originality/value Benefits of horticulture work on health are well established. However, to date, there is little research concerning the effects this work may have on mental wellbeing of prisoners both within prisons and more so upon their release back into the community.

Sustainability of intervention programming is challenging to achieve under real world conditions, since few models exist and many studies do not plan far beyond the funding period. Programming content in early care and education centers (ECECs) is often driven by guidelines. However, implementation is very sensitive to contextual factors, such as the setting and implementer (teacher) characteristics. This paper presents the model, definitions, and methodology used for the sustainability action plan capitalizing on a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach, developed for a multi-site, multi-level garden-based childhood obesity prevention study, Sustainability via Active Garden Education (SAGE). The Ecologic Model of Obesity is applied to develop a sustainability action plan (SAP) and accompanying measures to link early care and education (ECE) environment, the community, policies, and classroom practices to an early childhood obesity prevention program. The SAGE SAP provides an example of how to iteratively evaluate and refine sustainability processes for an obesity prevention intervention utilizing CBPR approaches and will be applied to assess the sustainability of SAGE in a cluster randomized controlled trial. This SAP model can also help inform intervention delivery and scalability within ECECs.

Functional agrobiodiversity (FAB) has severely declined during the last decades. Current efforts to reinforce FAB are mainly focused on single-actor, parcel-based measures, whereas multi-actor landscape approaches are supposed to be more effective. In this paper, we propose a social–ecological framework that structures how different land users at both the parcel and landscape level interact with FAB as a natural resource. Furthermore, we introduce 1 m(2) FAB gardens as an interactive multipurpose measurement tool to gather data on ecosystem services in collaboration with land users. The presented action research approach provides new insights on motivations and interests of different land users in FAB and how knowledge exchange can result in a higher motivation to invest in FAB. Using a case study in Flanders, we illustrate the FAB-garden concept and highlight its strengths and necessary considerations to properly complement other research approaches in this social–ecological system. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01382-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

espanolLa expulsion de los moriscos del reino de Granada y su dispersion por toda Castilla, fue uno de los de los grandes movimientos masivos de poblacion durante la Edad Moderna castellana. Se trato de una migracion ordenada por Felipe II tras la guerra de las Alpujarras que desplazo a mas de 80.000 moriscos tras el conflicto armado. En este articulo se analiza el caso concreto de la villa ducal de Pastrana que en 1570 es lugar de destino de una de las partidas mas importantes, y los vestigios de arraigo/desarraigo que su presencia deja sobre la estructura urbana de esta poblacion. Se estudia su brusca llegada y la construccion de un nuevo barrio donde acogerlos, patrocinado por el I duque de Pastrana, Ruy Gomez de Silva y financiado por ricos mercaderes moriscos. Y la huella de integracion que, silenciosamente, genero su presencia con la reproduccion de jardines populares de tradicion andalusi. EnglishThe moorish expulsion from the Kingdom of Granada and their dispersion throughout Castile, was one of the great mass population movements during the early modern age. It was a migration ordered by Felipe II after the Alpujarras war that displaced some 80,000 moorish after the armed conflict. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the case study of the Pastrana Ducal town, which in 1570 is the place of arrive one of the most important items, and the support/uprooting that its presence leaves on the urban structure of this population. Their abrupt arrival and the construction of a new neighborhood to host them, sponsored by the I Duke of Pastrana, Ruy Gomez de Silva and financed by rich moorish merchants, are studied. And the footprint of integration that silently generated its presence and the reproduction of popular gardens of andalusi tradition.

The moorish expulsion from the Kingdom of Granada and their dispersion throughout Castile, was one of the great mass population movements during the early modern age. It was a migration ordered by Felipe II after the Alpujarras war that displaced some 80,000 moorish after the armed conflict. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the case study of the Pastrana Ducal town, which in 1570 is the place of arrive one of the most important items, and the support/uprooting that its presence leaves on the urban structure of this population. Their abrupt arrival and the construction of a new neighborhood to host them, sponsored by the I Duke of Pastrana, Ruy Gómez de Silva and financed by rich moorish merchants, are studied. And the footprint of integration that silently generated its presence and the reproduction of popular gardens of andalusí tradition. La expulsión de los moriscos del reino de Granada y su dispersión por toda Castilla, fue uno de los de los grandes movimientos masivos de población durante la Edad Moderna castellana. Se trató de una migración ordenada por Felipe II tras la guerra de las Alpujarras que desplazó a más de 80.000 moriscos tras el conflicto armado. En este artículo se analiza el caso concreto de la villa ducal de Pastrana que en 1570 es lugar de destino de una de las partidas más importantes, y los vestigios de arraigo/desarraigo que su presencia deja sobre la estructura urbana de esta población. Se estudia su brusca llegada y la construcción de un nuevo barrio donde acogerlos, patrocinado por el I duque de Pastrana, Ruy Gómez de Silva y financiado por ricos mercaderes moriscos. Y la huella de integración que, silenciosamente, generó su presencia con la reproducción de jardines populares de tradición andalusí.

This paper presents the perspectives of participants from three Community Gardens in Edinburgh, Scotland and investigates the role that food growing plays in their recreation and leisure activities, personal development, the development of their children and the impact on their communities. Thirty-eight participants were interviewed using qualitative, semi-structured questions to explore their motivations and experiences from their involvement with community gardens. Participant observation was used to better understand the importance of the gardens in their lives. The participants felt the gardens were places that fostered neighbourly engagement, increased leisure opportunities, social support, community health, connectedness, and community diversity. They were also places that promoted knowledge exchange inside the garden and in to the homes of the people and the community itself. Anxieties over land use and land reform highlighted how community gardens symbolised empowerment but also showed resistance to the hegemonic structure of local council and government. In effect, the research suggests that community gardens grow much more than just food, they grow community.

This paper is a systematic review of quantitative studies conducted on the benefits of visiting gardens and gardening therapy for people with dementia (PWD) in an effort to assess the effectiveness of such treatments and obtain information on the most appropriate garden design for this population. This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA) guidelines. Four databases were searched (PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Scopus), with no time limits. Out of a total of 480 articles considered, 16 studies were selected for review. In all but two of the studies examined, gardening therapy and the use of therapeutic gardens induced psychophysiological improvements in PWD. The areas showing the greatest effects were Engagement, Agitation, Depression/Mood, Stress, and Medication. It also emerged that interest in this sphere has been growing in the last decade, but there is still a shortage of empirical evidence of the beneficial effects of therapeutic gardens in relation to the type and severity of dementia, and of garden design guidelines. Despite the limited number of studies investigated, the review confirmed the benefits of gardening and therapeutic gardens in PWD. There is nonetheless a need to conduct more quantitative research to support currently-available evidence and generate more information, focusing on garden design criteria, in-garden activities, the type and severity of dementia examined, and effects on caregivers as well as on PWD.

As the dominant form of urban agriculture (UA) in Australia, existing home food gardens potentially represent a significant resource in the context of future urban food security and sustainability. However, a severe lack of in-field data has hindered our understanding of the form and function of home food gardens which in turn may hinder innovation and improvement. We investigated the productivity, resource efficiency and potential financial savings of home food gardens in South Australia. A group of 34 citizen science participants measured and recorded inputs and outputs from their gardens. Inputs included time spent on various gardening activities, financial costs, and water use. Outputs included crop yields, from which retail value and nutritional content were then derived. The paper outlines a field-demonstrated, comprehensive methodology for continued and consistent data collection for all forms of UA. We found smaller gardens to be more intensive than larger gardens, requiring higher inputs, but also returning higher outputs per unit area. Both productivity and resource efficiency varied among the gardens, and labour requirements were significantly lower than previously estimated. Water use efficiency of the gardens were calculated and found to have comparable water use efficiency to commercial horticulture. Of the gardens involved, we calculated that 65% should break even in five or less years and save money. After applying a minimum wage almost one in five gardens were financially viable. The results represent the most comprehensive measurements on home food gardens to date, and allow practical, evidence-based recommendations for diversification, time saving and smart irrigation practices to improve garden productivity and enhance the viability of UA. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Les jardins ont joué un rôle important dans le développement urbain de Damas et dans l’émergence d’une culture de loisir unique à la fin de la période mamelouke et au cours de la période ottomane. À cette époque, la vie sociale damascène se déroulait dans les espaces récréatifs : cantines (maqāṣif mameloukes), cafés (maqāhī ottoman), bain publics, théâtres d’ombre et fêtes de pèlerins. Cet article examine le rôle des jardins et de la campagne dans le développement urbain de Damas en s’appuyant essentiellement sur deux sources principales écrites par ʿAbd Allāh al-Badrī (894/1498) et Ibn Kannān al-Ṣāliḥī (1135/1740), choisies pour la pertinence avec laquelle elles évoquent l’histoire urbaine et culturelle de la ville. Gardens played an important role in the urban development of Damascus as well as in the appearance of a unique culture of recreation in the late Mamlūk period continuing into the Ottoman one. At this time, Damascene urban life often took place in recreational spaces: canteens (Mamlūk maqāṣif), coffeehouses (Ottoman maqāhī), public baths, shadow theatres and pilgrim feasts. This paper examines the role of gardens and the surrounding landscape in the urban development of Damascus, based primarily on two main sources written by ʿAbd Allāh al-Badrī (d. 894h/1498ce) and Ibn Kannān al-Ṣāliḥī, (d. 1135h/1740ce), chosen for their insights into urban and intellectual history of Damascus. لعبت الحدائق والبساتين دوراً هاماً في التطور العمراني لدمشق وفي بروز ثقافة فريدة لأوقات الفراغ في نهاية الحقبة المملوكية وخلال الحقبة العثمانية. في ذلك العصر، كانت الحياة الاجتماعية الدمشقية تحلّ في فضاءات النزهة: كالمطاعم أو المقاصف المملوكية والمقاهي العثمانية والحمّامات ومسارح خيال الظل والاحتفالات بالحجّاج. تدرس هذه المقالة بإمعان دور الحدائق والريف في التطور العمراني لدمشق، اعتماداً على مصدرين أساسيين، كتبهما عبد الله البدري وابن كنعان الصالحي، وقد تمّ اختيارهما بسبب ملاءمة ما يثيره هذان المصدران من التاريخ العمراني والثقافي لمدينة دمشق.

Environment-health research has shown significant relationships between the quantity of green space in deprived urban neighbourhoods and people’s stress levels. The focus of this paper is the nature of access to green space (i.e., its quantity or use) necessary before any health benefit is found. It draws on a cross-sectional survey of 406 adults in four communities of high urban deprivation in Scotland, United Kingdom. Self-reported measures of stress and general health were primary outcomes; physical activity and social wellbeing were also measured. A comprehensive, objective measure of green space quantity around each participant’s home was also used, alongside self-report measures of use of local green space. Correlated Component Regression identified the optimal predictors for primary outcome variables in the different communities surveyed. Social isolation and place belonging were the strongest predictors of stress in three out of four communities sampled, and of poor general health in the fourth, least healthy, community. The amount of green space in the neighbourhood, and in particular access to a garden or allotment, were significant predictors of stress. Physical activity, frequency of visits to green space in winter months, and views from the home were predictors of general health. The findings have implications for public health and for planning of green infrastructure, gardens and public open space in urban environments.

Gardeners have always used plants of different origins, moving them around to new environments, working hard to make the plants survive and thrive under new conditions. Certain plant varieties have proved to be particularly vital, have a long history as cultivars, and are today understood as heritage plants. Many have spread over centuries and are today regarded as ‘belonging’ and as more or less ‘natural’ . In some cases plants have spread too much, and have become acknowledged as a risk, labeled ‘invasive’ – potentially threatening local biodiversity. Lists have been created, defining degrees of invasiveness; ”war’ has been declared towards the most persistent invaders, and gardeners and the circulation of garden plants on the market have been blamed for not taking adequate responsibility for the effects of unintentional spreading. This paper is based on an ongoing research project focusing on the intersection between gardens, markets and heritage in Sweden. We have interviewed gardeners and professionals, and conducted field observations and document studies. When examining how heritage values are identified within gardening and on related markets, we have found that the debates on invasiveness are increasingly significant on the agenda. Here, boundaries are constantly crossed and some garden plants are in fact regarded simultaneously as heritage plants and as invasive plants. In this paper we want to discuss how such plants balance between heritageness and invasiveness. In-between plant vitality as a positive value and as a problem, these plants demonstrate the difficulties to cultivate and at the same time protect ‘nature’.

Letters and diplomatic reports have always been at the heart of diplomacy. However, in terms of travel literature, ministerial papers are not necessarily related to the genre. Diplomats normally made themselves the focus of attention in their reports, describing their interactions at court and rarely providing detailed narratives on the cities and palaces that they visited. In official correspondence, they might not comment at length on architecture and the manners of the people whose country they were visiting but in letters to friends and family they may reveal more. English diplomats could remark on festivities, construction and other visiting embassies. This paper traces the presence of Versailles, its court and visitors within the correspondence of ministers representing the kings of England, afterwards Great Britain. It aims to account for and describe the presence of the palace within diplomatic correspondence and hopes to trace both similarities and differences in ministerial perspectives. Les dépêches et les rapports ont toujours été au cœur des pratiques diplomatiques. Cependant, les papiers ministériels sont rarement intégrés au genre de la littérature de voyage. Les diplomates se placent généralement eux-mêmes au centre de l’attention dans leurs relations, en décrivant leurs interactions à la cour plus que les villes et les palais qu’ils ont l’occasion de visiter. Dans leurs correspondances officielles, ils commentent souvent brièvement l’architecture et les comportements des habitants des pays qu’ils visitent ; ils peuvent néanmoins en dire davantage dans les lettres adressées à leurs amis et à leur famille. Les diplomates anglais peuvent ainsi donner parfois leurs impressions sur les fêtes, les bâtiments et les lieux qu’ils découvrent dans le cadre d’une ambassade. Cet article retrace la présence de Versailles, de sa cour et de ses visiteurs dans les correspondances de ces ministres envoyés par le roi d’Angleterre (plus tard de Grande-Bretagne). L’objectif est de rendre compte et d’examiner la place tenue par le palais dans les sources diplomatiques, tout en soulignant à la fois les similitudes et les différences d’un ministre à l’autre.

Atlantic gardens and swimming pools constitute one of the most relevant features of a new phase in the history of the urbanization process in the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona, coinciding with the real state “madness”, by which the traditionally compact urban form typical of Mediterranean cultures lose ground to more disperse patterns of settlement characteristic of Anglo-Saxon countries. The change in the urban form also bears a noticeable relationship with changing lifestyles more and more akin to the suburban landscapes of many areas of Atlantic Europe and above all North America. Low density housing with gardens and swimming pools are associated with a better quality of life and considered as positional goods, giving the owners the status and prestige that is absent from other urban forms. In this paper I will therefore illustrate how new “suburbia lifestyles” linked to water use are gaining terrain in a geographical, social and cultural context that traditionally has been quite conservative in the use of this resource. I will show also how new, water-related lifestyles are endowed also with a strong income component. Thus high income households prefer and can afford more water-consuming Atlantic gardens with swimming pools whereas lower income households have to resort to more climate-adapted species in what constitutes a growing socio-spatial differentiation. Los jardines atlánticos y las piscinas constituyen una de las características más relevantes de esta nueva fase en la historia del proceso de urbanización en la Región Metropolitana de Barcelona, coincidiendo con la “locura” constructora por la cual la tipología de urbanización tradicionalmente compacta típica de las culturas mediterráneas pierde terreno frente a los tipos de urbanización más dispersos, típicamente característicos de los países anglosajones. El cambio en el modelo urbano también conlleva una constatable relación con los cambios en los estilos de vida cada vez más típicos de los paisajes suburbanos de muchas áreas de la Europa atlántica y sobre todo de Norte América. Casas en urbanizaciones de baja densidad, con jardines y piscinas están directamente asociadas con una mejor calidad de vida y considerados como bienes posicionales, dando a sus propietarios un estatus y prestigio que no se encuentra en otras formas urbanas. En este documento, por tanto, ilustraré como estos nuevos “estilos de vida suburbanos” que están relacionados con un intenso consumo de agua están ganando terreno en un contexto geográfico, social y cultural que tradicionalmente ha sido bastante conservador en el uso de este recurso. También mostraré como estos nuevos estilos de vida están asimismo interrelacionados con un fuerte componente de nivel de renta. De tal forma, hogares de alta renta prefieren y se pueden permitir jardines atlánticos más consumidores de agua, y con piscina, mientras que los hogares de baja renta tienen que recurrir a especies más adaptadas climáticamente, en lo que constituye una creciente diferenciación socioespacial.

Un ensemble de documents conservés aux Archives nationales, dans les papiers des Bâtiments du roi, concerne les replantations d’entretien des jardins de Versailles et de Trianon, appelées « regarnis ». Il s’agit de vingt commandes de plantes adressées aux Pépinières du roi entre 1753 et 1772, rédigées sur le même modèle et contenant les mêmes renseignements : quantité, nom et lieu de destination de chaque plante. L’étude de cette série ininterrompue permet de dégager des liens entre les espèces végétales et leur rôle paysager, ainsi qu’une hiérarchie parmi les plantes et les composantes paysagères. Ces commandes de regarnis témoignent en outre de la volonté – mais aussi de la difficulté – de maintenir les jardins dans leur état d’origine et apportent un éclairage nouveau sur les choix de gestion des différents jardins sous le règne de Louis XV. A collection of documents held in the National Archives in France, in the papers of the Bâtiments du Roi, concern the replanting schedule of the gardens of Versailles and of Trianon, called “regarnis” or replenishment. It comprises twenty orders for plants addressed to the Nurseries of the king between 1753 and 1772, drafted on the same model and containing the same information: quantity, name and destination of each plant. Study of this unbroken series allows connections between plant species and their part in landscaping, thus creating a hierarchy among plants and landscape components. These replanting orders further demonstrate the desire to maintain – as well as the difficulty of doing so – the gardens in their original state and cast new light on the management decisions of various gardens during the reign of Louis XV.

The project discussed in this paper was designed to expand research and instigate revitalization of Indigenous food networks in Saskatchewan, Canada, by exploring the current state of local Indigenous food networks, creating a Facebook page, organizing volunteer opportunities and surveying workshop participants regarding their knowledge and interest in Indigenous foods. The survey included Likert scale questions and qualitative questions. Project activities and survey results are discussed using statistical and qualitative analysis of the themes. Results indicate that participants are very interested in learning more about, and having greater access to, traditional foods and suggest that supporting Indigenous food networks may be an appropriate response to food insecurity in communities. Elders and community members are vital players in Indigenous foods exploration and revitalization in Saskatchewan by passing on traditional education.

La arquitectura civil desarrollada por los asentamientos europeos en Asia ha sido escasamente estudiada en el marco temporal del siglo XVIII. La escasez de documentación y de edificios conservados ha llevado al olvido este agente a la hora de escribir la historia de las élites culturales. Por ello, este trabajo intenta ofrecer una serie de fenómenos transnacionales así como particularidades locales. The civil architecture developed by European settlements in Asia during the eighteenth century has been scarcely studied. The lack of sources and preserved buildings has led to neglect this factor when writing the cultural history of elites in this area. Therefore this paper tries to show some transnational phenomena as well as local particularities.

This paper discusses the importance of restoring public arcas as a means for environmental education. Waste placed on gardens enabled the development of landscaping projects by undergraduate students of the Faculty of Education (FE). Continuity and sustainability of the projects were maintained by transferring the responsibility of the work to students of subsequent semesters., O artigo discute a importância da revitalização do espaço como proposta de educação ambiental. O lixo depositado nos jardins dá lugar a projetos paisagísticos de alunos da Faculdade de Educação (FE), que passam o termo de compromisso aos alunos dos outros semestres para que dêem continuidade e sustentabilidade ao projeto.

From the famous poem The Gardenby Andrew Marvell, to that of Seamus Heaney’s Digging, gardens have been depicted as idyllic places, as in classical pastoral poetry and Renaissance poetry and symbolic of ideas about identity, the past and memory. In what is now suggested by the scientists as the appropriate term for the controversial last geological period, some starting it with The Industrial Revolution and some dating it as early as the Agricultural Revolution and the Neolithic Age, “the anthropocene”, the human outlook on gardens and nature as a whole has to be reassessed. The globally catastrophic threat of the immanent extinction of humans as a species loudly drawn attention to by Slavoj Zizek in his 2012 text Welcome to the Anthropocene, calls for a further repositioning of the human than the ecocritical approaches up to now. In this light the whole world can be seen as Eden, the ‘Garden of Bliss’ about to be lost by humans who have inextricably doomed themselves in capitalism. This paper will look at the depiction of gardens in various examples of literature such as the Epic of Gılgamesh, religious poems, Romantic Poetry, Bacon’s Essay on Gardens , Shakespeare’s plays and Lewis Carrol’s Alice in Wonderland within an anthropocentric framework., Ünlü The Gardenby Andrew Marvell şiirinden Seamus Heaney'nin Digging'ine kadar bahçeler, klasik pastoral şiirde ve Rönesans şiirinde olduğu gibi pastoral yerler ve kimlik, geçmiş ve hafıza hakkındaki fikirlerin simgesi olarak tasvir edilmiştir. Şimdi bilim adamları tarafından tartışmalı son jeolojik dönem için uygun terim olarak öne sürülen, bazıları bunu Sanayi Devrimi ile başlatıyor ve bazıları Tarım Devrimi ve Neolitik Çağ kadar erken tarihlendiriyor, “antroposen”, insan bakış açısı bahçeler ve doğa bir bütün olarak yeniden değerlendirilmelidir. Slavoj Zizek'in 2012 tarihli Hoş Geldiniz metninde yüksek sesle dikkat çektiği bir tür olarak insanın içkin yok oluşunun küresel ölçekte felaket tehdidi, insanın şimdiye kadarki eko-eleştirel yaklaşımlardan daha fazla yeniden konumlandırılmasını gerektirir. Bu ışıkta, tüm dünya, kendilerini kaçınılmaz bir şekilde kapitalizme mahkum eden insanlar tarafından kaybedilmek üzere olan “Mutluluk Bahçesi” olan Cennet olarak görülebilir. Bu bildiri, Gılgamış Destanı, dini şiirler, Romantik Şiir, Bacon'un Bahçeler Üzerine Denemesi, Shakespeare'in oyunları ve Lewis Carrol'un Alice Harikalar Diyarında gibi çeşitli edebiyat örneklerinde bahçelerin tasvirini insan merkezli bir çerçevede inceleyecektir.

The history of Paronella Park is a tale of migration from Europe to far north Queensland; underscored by the music of a diversity of cultures that weaves a rich tapestry through this narrative; set to a backdrop of tropical wilderness in the rainforest of Mena Creek, via Innisfail. Jose Paronella arrived in north Queensland, Australia from Catalonia, Spain in 1911; where he spent many years working as a cane cutter. In 1929 he bought thirteen acres of land on Mena Creek to fulfil his dream of creating a Spanish castle and tourist resort. By 1935 Paronella’s dream had become a reality, with the completed construction of Paronella Park: a Spanish castle, picnic area, ballroom, movie theatre, hydro-electric power system, tennis courts and botanical gardens. Paronella Park became the cultural hub of the Mena Creek-Innisfail area, providing entertainment in movies, dances, balls and theatre. North Queensland was a base for Allied Service personnel during World War II, so musical activities increased greatly during this time with Australian and United States soldiers frequenting Paronella Park on rest and recreation. From this heyday, Paronella Park has survived destruction by cyclones and floods, fire, years of neglect, and finally restoration of much of the property. Over the past decade, Paronella Park has won extensive tourism awards. In 2010, to commemorate Paronella Park’s 75th anniversary, the musical The Impossible Dream was written and performed in Cairns. This paper traces the musical history of Paronella Park, investigates the cultural and musical activities performed there, identifies the bands and musicians who played at Paronella Park, their musical styles and repertoire, discusses the contribution of Paronella Park to tourism in north Queensland, and evaluates the influences of Spanish culture and music on the identity of the Mena Creek community. Music and lyrics from The Impossible Dream are transcribed and analysed to correlate their musical links to entertainment at Paronella Park during the 1930s and 1940s and identify Spanish influences in the musical score. The research also evaluates the impact of The Impossible Dream on recent tourism at Paronella Park, investigates current musical entertainment at Paronella Park and its potential for future development.