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This paper was delivered as part of the 'ReciprociUdad' symposium in Seville 2020, which is part of the international seminars series 'Design Diplomacy'. The crisis of housing affordability in the UK is at its most severe in the capital, London, but its effects are the result of global forces whose financial roots reach deep into the world economy. These include the marketisation, privatisation and financialisation of housing provision; the neo-liberalisation of the processes of property development; and the writing of legislation and policy designed to accommodate and promote the financial interests of investors and developers above the housing needs of resident populations. We have all experienced something of the effects of this crisis, which has resulted in the systemic destruction of urban and largely working-class communities and cultures for short-term financial gain and at the cost of increasing social and economic inequality and environmental degradation. It is within this global context that the challenge of sustainable cities — or, more accurately, the question of how we can develop sustainably — has become one of the most urgent issues of our time, in which architects and built-environment professionals have the opportunity and duty to take a decisive role. The relatively recent rise in public awareness about the need for environmental sustainability is overdue and welcome; however, sustainable development that meets social need must go beyond the simplistic notions of the environment that characterise so-called ’green architecture’. If it is to be truly sustainable, architecture must not only contribute to countering the negative effects of development on the environment, but it must, in addition, be socially beneficial and economically viable for its users and inhabitants, and therefore, also, politically progressive. To be sustainable, in other words, architecture must be socialist. This paper outlines the opposing cycles of capitalist and socialist economy within housing development in the UK, illustrates the intersections of the social, economic, environmental and political contexts operating within the current housing situation, and demonstrates the ways in which the work of Architects for Social Housing has addressed these issues in a range of design alternatives to demolition of council housing in the UK, concluding that the only way to achieve genuinely sustainable development is through process of sustainable socialist architecture.

Apart from the well-known Russian-born architects, dozens of lesser-known Russian émigrés lived and worked in construction in Belgrade. The paper provides additional biographical data based on the archival material contained in the fonds and collections of the Histor­ical Archives of Belgrade. The addenda concern both those who were registered architects and those whose names are signed on the surviving blueprints and who were not only architects but also engineers, construction workers, building contractors. The paper brings basic biographical data followed by the locations of the structures for which the blueprints survive.

New technological and societal developments have entailed changes within the building sector; including building trades becomingacademically based, and the introduction of new building materials, new concepts and ICT-based designsand communication, traditional methods and organizations are being put under pressure. Thus, the two central actors involved inarchitectural competitions, architects and building clients, are continually influenced by such developments, interpreting and adaptingto changes according to their interests and horizons. During a project reviewing Nordic research literature on architecturalcompetitions, a series of interviews was conducted with building clients as well as architects, focusing on the impact of the above-mentioned changes within the building sector on architectural competitions as an institution. In the interviews, ICT and notleast BIM was a recurring theme that both parties saw as having a positive impact on competitions. But when looking closely into the answers, these revealed diverse understandings of how and why the impact of BIM on competitions could be said to be positive. The paper sheds light on the interaction between the actors (building clients, architects and client consultants) and the applied technologies (competition forms, ICT tools, directives) in architectural competitions in a theoretical actor-network perspective. The diverging understandings of the role of BIM are demonstrating one of many negotiations in progress in the network of architectural competitions. BIM is transformed from an inscription device visually representing the competition proposals to form an actant that challenges the very concept of architectural competition. The objective of the paper is to contribute to theunderstanding of BIM used in the kind of network that an architectural competition constitutes, and thereby give professionalactors a possibility to act on the basis of a wider understanding of interrelations mediated by BIM.

Log as building material is undergoing rapid technological changes due to the introduction of industrially developed lamella log. This new material expands the technological repertoire that is available to architects when designing with log. Furthermore, various societal trends relating to ecology, occupant health, and contemporary architectural expression are potentially altering the status and desirability of log as a building material. Thus, from the point of view of architectural research, the log as a building material should be re-investigated. In this paper, our aim is to scrutinise log and log construction through exploring how log is currently perceived as a material among Finnish building professionals. For this purpose, we analyse interviews conducted with 15 professionals in Finland. To gain these research materials, we utilised a method where a traditional semi-structured interview is combined with an in-situ interview in a pavilion construct built by our research team. We complement these materials with brief reviews into wood research and the history of log construction in Finland.

Changes in demographics and patterns of investment in human capital are creating increased scope for international trade in professional services. The scope for mutually beneficial trade is, however, inhibited not only by quotas and discriminatory taxation, but also by domestic regulation -- including a range of qualification and licensing requirements and procedures. To illustrate the nature and implications of these regulatory impediments, this paper presents a detailed description of the regulatory requirements faced in the United States market by four types of Indian professionals: doctors, engineers, architects, and accountants. India is one of the largest exporters of skilled services, and the United States is one of the largest importers of skilled services, so these two countries reflect broader global trends. The paper argues that regulatory discrimination, for example through preferential recognition agreements, has implications both for the pattern of trade and for welfare. It presents some illustrative estimates that suggest the economic cost of regulations may be substantial. The paper concludes by examining how the trade-inhibiting impact of regulatory requirements could be addressed through bilateral and multilateral negotiations.

[Esp]En este trabajo, se realiza un análisis de los espacios intermedios y su relación con el espacio interior y exterior con el que conviven en un entorno especialmente condicionado para su aparición: el clima mediterráneo y un terreno singular situado entre dos mares. Para su desarrollo, se toman como ejemplo diez de las primeras edificaciones realizadas en La Manga del Mar Menor, entre principios de los años 60 y finales de los 70, de los arquitectos Antonio Bonet Castellana, José Antonio Corrales y Ramón Vázquez Molezún. Las obras estudiadas responden a diferentes escalas de tipos edificatorios, entre los que se encuentran viviendas unifamiliares, agrupaciones de viviendas o edificios en altura y equipamientos. Se realiza una investigación general de cada uno de los conjuntos edificatorios, entendiendo la relación entre ellos y con su entorno próximo, cómo eran y cómo son. De cada uno de estos proyectos se extraen los espacios intermedios más representativos, clasifi cándolos en seis tipos y analizando cada uno de ellos en cuanto a sus características espaciales, la función que realizan en este contexto y la materialidad con la que se construyen. Se realizan visitas al lugar en distintas épocas del año con la intención de ampliar la información teórica y comprender el funcionamiento de estos espacios a través de la forma de habitarlo y la relación que establecen los usuarios con él. A partir de planos y fotografías originales y recientes, se crea documentación gráfica nueva para la mejor comprensión de este texto. Como conclusión, se realiza un cuadro comparativo con los espacios analizados, divididos en función de su escala, y se establecen relaciones entre ellos mediante la búsqueda de similitudes y diferencias entre las características estudiadas. De esta forma, se muestra cómo proyectar espacios intermedios a partir de la construcción turística mediterránea. [Eng]In this paper, an analysis is made about the intermediate spaces and their connection with the indoor and outdoor areas with which they interact in an environment that is especially conditioned for their emergence: the Mediterranean climate and a singu-lar terrain located between two seas. For its development, ten of the fi rst buildings built in La Manga del Mar Menor, between the early sixties and the late seventies, by the architects Antonio Bonet Castellana, José Antonio Corrales and Ramón Vázquez Molezún, are taken as examples.The studied projects respond to different scales of building types, such us single-family houses, groups of houses or high-rise buil-dings and equipment. A general investigation of each of the building complexes is carried out, understanding the connections between them and their immediate environment, how they were and how they are. From each one of these projects, the most representative intermediate spaces are extracted, classifying them into six types and analysing each one of them according to their spatial characteristics, the role they carry out in this context and the materiality with which they are built.We visit the area at different seasons with the intention of increasing the theoretical information and understanding the role of these spaces through the way they are inhabited and the connection that the users establish with them. Based on original and recent plans and photographs, new graphic documentation is created for a better understanding of this text.As a conclusion, a comparison chart of the analysed spaces is made, divided according to their scale, and connections are established between them by searching for similarities and differences between the studied characteristics. In this way, it is shown how to design intermediate spaces based on the Mediterranean tourism construction. Escuela de Arquitectura e Ingeniería de Edificación Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena

The rise of wooden multistory construction (WMC) in the Nordic countries has turned out to be the most evident construction-related new business opportunity in the emerging bioeconomy. Based on earlier literature, the future growth prospects for the rise of WMC are rooted in the concerns regarding environmental issues, as witnessed in a plethora of studies focusing on carbon footprinting. But do new (performance-based) regulations ‘favor’ WMC or do they give a more ‘just’ comparison of alternative building concepts? Therefore, more information is needed on the role of growing environmental awareness and preferences for wood as a renewable and recyclable material in the markets. Our paper presents results from a two-round Delphi study focusing on the relative strength and perceived interplay between likelihood and the desirability of environmental concerns in driving WMC in Finland and Sweden. Using qualitative analysis of expert interviews in the first Delphi round, the issues related to sustainable development appear to have growing importance in the marketplace. However, the panelists perceive that the emphasis on sustainability is mainly driven by the changing regulation reflecting societal needs, and only few experts saw it as echoing directly from changing individual consumer needs. In the second Delphi round, implemented with an online survey, the likelihood and desirability of sustainability as a megatrend in housing was perceived to gain further impetus toward 2030, both in the form of consumer demand for sustainable living and wood construction as a modern way of living. However, future research is needed to get a better understanding on the strength and scope of these drivers.

En su ancestral disposición de servicio a la habitación humana, la arquitectura actual compite con una suerte de habitaciones virtuales, ajenas a lo inmediato y tangible que ha sido su propio territorio a lo largo de milenios y a lo ancho de este planeta. Persuadir al internauta para que vuelva a encontrarse consigo mismo y con su entorno, reconocerse en su yo y en su circunstancia, inseparables uno de la otra, es el reto al que se enfrenta el arquitecto, con todas las de perder, pero empeñado en ganar. Este escrito se propone, mediante el diagnóstico provisional acerca de la situación “descolocada” de la arquitectura del tercer milenio, compartir la esperanza de un nuevo “encuentro en la primera fase” de la habitación humana. Para ello, recorre los libros de referencia en los que se definió la posmodernidad y los relaciona con los rasgos que, todavía hoy, la caracterizan. In its ancestral service provision to human habitation, current architecture competes with other types of virtual habitation, alien to the immediacy and tangibility of its own territory over thousands of years around the world. Against overwhelming odds, but committed to win, architects confront with the challenge of persuading internet users to find themselves and their environment again by recognizing themselves in their self and circumstance, which are inseparable from each other. Through a provisional diagnosis of the “misplaced” situation of the third-millennium architecture, this paper aims to share the hope of a new “encounter of the first kind” of human habitation. To this effect, it explores reference books defining postmodernity and connects them to the features that, still nowadays, characterize it.

Now a days, with obscene workload and a busy life, many experts face problems which more or less result in loss of their customers or to certain overheads that immobilize the customer's satisfaction process. The software being proposed will facilitates professional from various field like in mechanical designing, interior designing and that of architects. This research proposal most likely acts as an effective tool that can reduce the gap between industrial enterprises and customers in addition to other relevant business groups. It helps to visualize architectural designs and interior designs. Before the physical implementation, a virtual model of a real environment can be designed, enabling designers to virtually implement their idea in the given workspace and then view it in a real environment, enabling designers to view their 3D visualizations on their 2D drawings this help them to initially visualize and reconstruct the design without wasting a large amount of money making it a cost-effective solution. Application is based on my observations of the user's aspirations of an augmented reality in design service, a service that combines different social media functionality, augmented reality (AR) and 3-D modeling that embraces the concept of home design, architecture and mechanical designing process. This study connects all users of relevant concerns to an augmented reality's user-intensive design. The paper provides you with the existential complexity of how the AR can be implemented to enhance the work of architects and designers. The proposed application shows two types of reality, marker-less and more marker-based. The new feature of the project is that no expensive devices are required. It can be used easily through smartphones and tablets. This is a cost-effective solution that mainly reduces the overhead accosted daily by, mechanical designers, interior designers and architects. The software displays all the features that mechanical designers, interior designers and architects may need.

The book consists of six chapters, which present achievements by European women – pioneers in the fields of architecture, civil engineering, interior and industrial design and arts and crafts, who were active in the period between 1918 and 1945. The chapter Crossing Geographies deals with the importance of migrants and migrations for the global expansion of modernism and for development of avant-garde artistic currents; Pioneers and Organisations presents cases of selected women pioneers and their involvement with peer organisations; The Home contributes studies of women creators’ position in the inter-war period and the different ways in which they attempted to overcome societal barriers through interior design; Representation deals with representation of women creators' achievements in publications; Cases from Ireland to Finland brings case studies of women designers active in typically male professions; Examining Drawings as Practices of Architectural Design contributes insight into women architects' projects through new methodological approaches. The book is based on papers, presented at the first international MoMoWO conference in September 2015 at Leiden University. It aims to present an important part of the 'anonymous' and overlooked European cultural heritage.

In 2006, the Delhi Urban Arts Commission (DUAC) along with the Lt. Governor of Delhi and the Government of Delhi instituted a “task-force” comprising “experts” (architects, urban designers, and municipal bodies) and “lay-folk” (local resident welfare associations and residents) to present a proposal for redeveloping Khirki “Urban Village.” For all actors involved, the stakes in this project were rather high - the State, the Residents of Khirki and the experts. Using ethnographic vignettes this paper unpacks this politics of the designs, to elaborate a “praxical present” within which expertise, experts, the State and the citizens all get (dis)entangled with each other through idioms that far exceed those of the Modern State, citizenship, individual and communitarian rights.

Straipsnyje analizuojamas architektūros lauko kuriamas diskursas apie architekto profesijos statusą ir vaidmenį posocialistinėje visuomenėje. Tiriama architekto profesijai iškelta dilemų serija pakitus materialiosioms ir simbolinėms profesinės veiklos sąlygoms. Architektūra tampa enterpreneriška profesija neoliberalioje visuomenėje. Išryškėja įtampa tarp diskursyviai puoselėjamo architektūros kaip meno srities įvaizdžio (šiuo atveju autonomiškos politinių, ekonominių ir socialinių interesų atžvilgiu) ir architektūros kaip komercinės veiklos, priklausomos nuo užsakovų, padėties. Ši skirtis tampa pagrindine lauką apibrėžiančia tema. Ji susieta su architekto, kaip miesto raidos sprendimus lemiančio profesionalo, statuso įtvirtinimo taktikomis. Siekiama kultūrinį kapitalą įtvirtinti kaip išskirtinį, atsiribojama nuo statymo proceso konkurentų, siaurinama architektūros apibrėžtis. Tokiai architektūrai siekiama valstybinės legitimacijos. Viešai formuojamame posocialistinės Lietuvos architektūros lauko diskurse architektūros, kaip meno ar komercijos dilemos, kontekste architektų, kaip turinčiųjų teisę diktuoti sprendimus viešosios erdvės atžvilgiu, statusas susiejamas su estetinių sprendimų diktavimu, o komercionalizacija – su estetinių sprendimų apribojimu. Pastatų naudotojai beveik nefigūruoja šiame diskurse, o apibendrinta visuomenės vizija tampa vienu iš statymo proceso konkurentų. Analizuojamame diskurse architektai vertinami kaip opozicija, tačiau jų kritika nukreipiama į architektų galios sumenkimą, o ne į socialinio architektūros vaidmens persvarstymą. This paper sets out to describe and conceptualize the social status and role of the architectural profession in post-socialist society. The turn towards market democracy from state socialism changes the material and symbolic conditions of the architectural profession. Privatization of the building and housing sectors transforms the architectural profession from previously a profession that had a say (even if it was limited) in city development processes into an entrepreneurial profession, depending on commissions from the private sector. In the article, I argue that architects claim a certain status as public intellectuals, but fluctuate towards an autonomisation of aesthetics in architecture, claiming architecture as art and trying to establish cultural capital as a legitimating strategy of certain decisions. The central theme in public discourse on architecture – generated by architects – is a dichotomy between architecture as art versus commercialized architecture. In this discourse, the role of "architects’ people" remains preempted. I argue that while claiming a status of "opposition", architects ultimately add to the establishment and solidification of the current neoliberal order.

This paper aims to investigate the use of building performance simulation tools as a method of informing the design decision of NZEBs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of a simulation-based decision aid, ZEBO, on informed decision-making using sensitivity analysis. The objective is to assess the effect of ZEBO and other BPS tools on three specific outcomes: (i) knowledge and satisfaction when using simulation for NZEB design; (ii) users’ decision-making attitudes and patterns, and (iii) performance robustness based on an energy analysis. The paper utilizes three design case studies comprising a framework to test the use of BPS tools. Two types of data were collected, mainly preference and performance data. The preference data were used to collect information from participants using self-reported metrics. The performance data were used to collect information on the energy performance of the final design. The energy evaluations were compared with the results of a quantitative assessment of the overall design performance. Finally the results were compared and presented. The paper provides results that shed light on the effectiveness of sensitivity analysis as an approach for informing the design decisions of NZEBs.

Building performance simulation (BPS) is the basis for informed decision-making of Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) design. This paper aims to investigate the use of building performance simulation tools as a method of informing the design decision of NZEBs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of a simulationbased decision aid, ZEBO, on informed decision-making using sensitivity analysis. The objective is to assess the effect of ZEBO and other building performance simulation (BPS) tools on three specific outcomes: (i) knowledge and satisfaction when using simulation for NZEB design; (ii) users’ decision-making attitudes and patterns, and (iii) performance robustness based on an energy analysis. The paper utilizes three design case studies comprising a framework to test the use of BPS tools. The paper provides results that shed light on the effectiveness of sensitivity analysis as an approach for informing the design decisions of NZEBs.

[cat] Amb el present treball d'investigació hem analitzat l'evolució del corporacionisme dels arquitectes catalans, essencialment el radicat a la ciutat de Barcelona, durant el transcurs d'un segle, entre 1874 i 1975. Hem conegut, així, la trajectòria de les diferents corporacions (l'Associació d'Arquitectes de Catalunya, el Sindicat d'Arquitectes i el Col•legi Oficial), les natures que adoptà cada una d'elles i les causes últimes que les determinaren, gairebé sempre una combinació entre el context polític en què nasqueren i la concepció de la professió que predominava entre la classe o la que s'imposà. Així, n'hem historiat l'evolució i les vicissituds organitzatives experimentades i, alhora, la forma d'entendre l'ofici que les condicionà. D'una manera especial, emperò, hem volgut aprofundir en el vessant polític, social i cultural d'aquestes entitats. És a dir, en la manera en què es relacionaren amb el seu marc històric, en com aquest les influí i, sobretot, en l'aportació que en aquests tres àmbits hi va fer la classe d'arquitectes catalans organitzada. Amb això, observem que, més enllà de l'exercici professional de l'Arquitectura - que evidentment no és en absolut asèptic -, els homes que es situaren al capdavant de les diferents corporacions presentaven inquietuds respecte la vida pública que els envoltava i, mitjançant els canals que oferia l'entitat, sentiren la necessitat de prendre-hi part. En termes generals, quan entre les motivacions per posicionar-se hi detectem raons alienes a l'estricta defensa o reglamentació professional, això és una voluntat de bastir una societat més estructurada o de generar coneixements, espais de debat i processos de reflexió, de l'índole que siguin, afirmarem que els agents protagonistes esdevenen intel•lectuals. Aquesta condició l'adoptaren d'una manera marcada en dos períodes molt concrets i alhora diferenciats entre ells. El primer va ser el de la Catalunya republicana, quan tant el COACB com l'AAC s'oferiren sense reserves al servei de la Generalitat autònoma; el segon, a partir de finals de la dècada dels anys cinquanta i sobretot inicis dels seixanta, en què s'aconseguí connectar novament la realitat arquitectònica catalana amb la de la resta del món occidental i es començaren a qüestionar cada cop amb més vehemència els paràmetres del franquisme. Entre totes dues etapes, en la conjuntura de màxima excepcionalitat dels anys bèl•lics, l'organització que ostentà oficialment la representació dels arquitectes catalans ha de ser qualificada de revolucionària i combatent. Per tot plegat, pel valor de les fites culturals assolides i pel nivell de compromís politicosocial adquirit, l'anàlisi de l'evolució del corporacionisme arquitectònic català ens ha fet veure en aquest col•lectiu professional una peça de força rellevància per a la configuració de la Catalunya contemporània, en tant que creadora de coneixements i generadora i difusora d'opinió i debat. A més, els facultatius que més s'hi involucraren trobaren en aquestes entitats una plataforma des d'on sumar al seu rol de tècnics, en ocasions també d'artistes, un activisme en altres vessants, però que a la postre era indestriable de la seva professió, atès que des d'allà interactuaren amb els col•legues i amb el conjunt de la societat, l'inevitable receptor de les seves obres. En aquest sentit, doncs, considerarem el paper que hi exerciren com un element més que els investigadors hauríem de tenir en compte quan avaluéssim les seves trajectòries individuals, puix fou una forma més que tingueren d'entendre i de desenvolupar l'Arquitectura al nostre país, malgrat que menys vistosa i fins ara desconeguda que l'efectuada des de les taules de disseny, a peu d'obra o a les palestres docents., [cat] This research work analyzes the association movement of the Catalan architects, mainly located in Barcelona, during a century, from 1874 to 1975. We have studied the trajectory of the different corporations (the Associació d'Arquitectes de Catalunya, the Sindicat d'Arquitectes de Catalunya and the Col•legi Oficial), their main traits and how they were determined by the historical and political events. In that sense, we have assessed both the corporations' evolution and vicissitudes and the understanding of the profession. We especially have studied the political, social and cultural side of theses entities. Thus, we have observed how the Catalan architects were influenced by their historical context and what kind of contributions they made from their professional fields. In this way, we deduce that during the Second Spanish Republic (1931 – 1936) and in the last decade of Francisco Franco's dictatorship (1964 – 1975), the architects became intellectuals, prioritizing their social vocation to their professional or economic interests. They carried out committed political actions and developed one of the best cultural programmes of Barcelona at the time. We also infer that the collective of the Catalan architects played a major role in shaping contemporary Catalonia, because it was an outstanding creator of knowledge and generator of opinion and debate.

El siglo XIX fue propicio para la consolidación de la nueva arquitectura en la provincia Granada. Este artículo pretende ser una aproximación a uno de los arquitectos más relevantes de este período, el masón Juan Monserrat, a través de su importancia en los problemas institucionales mantenidos con la Universidad, el Arzobispado y la Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. La intrusión profesional de los maestros de obra en los trabajos arquitectónicos y los dictámenes y directrices estéticos de la Academia serán otros de los aspectos abordados.In the Nineteenth century, Granada was an appropriate place for the consolidation of the new architecture. The aim of this paper is to present one of the most relevant mason architects of this period: Juan Monserrat through his importance in the institutional problems which happened in Granada between the Archbishopric, the University and the Fine Arts’ Academy of San Fernando. The professional intrusion of mason masters in architectural works and the aesthetical resolutions of the Academy are some aspects analysed in the following text.