Search

Background Harmful Alcohol use is frequent among opioid dependents patients undergoing agonist maintenance treatment. The objective assessment of harmful alcohol use can be done using laboratory measures of serum biomarkers. For community-based patients, there is often a requirement of an alternative method due to lack of onsite laboratory services. The aim of the study was to examine filter paper as a matrix to measure serum biomarkers of harmful alcohol use. Methods The initial phase involved standardization of the filter-paper-based assay. Conditions were optimised for extraction and estimation of alcohol biomarkers (Aspartate Aminotransferase; AST, Alanine Aminotransferase; ALT, Gamma Glutamyl transferase; GGT and Carbohydrate Deficient Transferrin; CDT) from the filter paper. For clinical validation, serum samples were collected from community clinics. Biomarker levels obtained from both the methods were correlated using linear regression analysis. Limits of agreement between the two methods was estimated using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Results The extraction of enzymes (AST, ALT and GGT) from filter paper was carried out using the substrate buffer available with the reagent kit (Randox, UK). CDT was readily extracted from filter paper using deionised water. Serum biomarker levels measured from samples collected from community clinics correlated well with filter paper extracted levels (ICC 0.97-0.99). More than 90% of alcohol biomarker levels were recovered from the filter paper matrix using this method. Conclusion Filter paper has the potential to be used as a matrix to objectively measure alcohol biomarkers among opioid-dependent patients from community settings lacking onsite laboratory facilities.

Porous foams from cellulose nanofibres (CNF) and poly-vinyl alcohol CNF/PVA were prepared by uni-directional freezing to create a homogeneous pore structure. The CNF was derived from paper mills sludge (PMS), a by-product of paper manufacturing waste-water treatment. Sodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax) was used as a crosslinking agent. The density of the CNF/PVA foams were 0.03 g cm−3 with a compressive strength of 116 kPa at 20% strain. The foams were competitive to commercial expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam.

Paper-structured fibrous composites with micrometer-sized pores were prepared using a papermaking technique, followed by in situ synthesis of Pd nanoparticles in the paper matrix using a facile impregnation method. The Pd-containing paper-structured catalysts showed high catalytic activities in solvent-free benzyl alcohol oxidation in a flow reaction system. Highly selective oxidation was achieved using the porous paper-structured catalysts set inside a gas–liquid–solid multiphase reactor. Kinetic and mechanistic studies of various reactions showed that the catalytic activity and selectivity were associated with microfluidic behavior in the fiber-network pores. A uniform distribution of the liquid-phase substrate, i.e., benzyl alcohol, provided high catalytic activity. High selectivity for the oxidation pathways can be attributed to efficient gas–liquid–solid mass transfer toward the thin liquid layer formed at the interface between the alcohol and Pd catalyst inside the porous fiber networks.

Vodka is the most popular alcoholic beverage in Poland, Russia and other Eastern European countries, made from ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin that has been produced via fermentation of potatoes, grains or other agricultural products. Despite distillation and multiple filtering, it is not possible to produce 100 % ethanol. The solution with a minimum ethanol content of 96 %, which is used to produce vodkas, also contains trace amounts of other compounds such as, esters, aldehydes, higher alcohols, methanol, acetates, acetic acid and fusel oil. Regarding that fact, it is very important to carry on research on the analysis of the composition and verifying the authenticity of the produced vodkas. This paper summarizes the studies of vodka composition and verifying the authenticity and detection of falsified products. It also includes the methods for analysing vodkas, such as: using gas, ion and liquid chromatography coupled with different types of detectors, electronic nose, electronic tongue, conductivity measurements, isotope analysis, atomic absorption spectroscopy, near infrared spectroscopy, spectrofluorometry and mass spectrometry. In some cases, the use of chemometric methods and preparation techniques were also described.

ObjectivesThis article presents an overview of the current literature on biological markers for alcoholism, including markers associated with the pharmacological effects of alcohol and markers related to the clinical course and treatment of alcohol-related problems. Many of these studies are well known, while other studies cited are new and still being evaluated.MethodsIn this paper we first describe known biomarkers of alcohol-related disorders, review their features and the problems involved in their use. We then consider future developments on biomarkers and their possible impact on the field.ResultsMore recent findings cited include the work on type 7 adenylcyclase (AC) polymorphism and its lower expression levels in female alcoholics. Neuroimaging studies involving biomarkers have also reported brain volume reductions of gray and white matter, including amygdala and subcortical regions in alcoholic patients, while a high association between the copy number variations (CNVs) in 6q14.1/5q13.2 and alcohol dependence has more recently been identified in genetic studies.ConclusionsIn addition to their possible importance for diagnosis, biomarkers may have utility for predicting prognosis, progression of the disorder, the development of new treatments, and monitoring treatment effects. Although such findings should be verified in independent studies, the search for new biomarkers is continuing. Several potential candidate biomarkers have been found recently in blood, imaging, and genetic studies with encouraging results.

The euphoria from drinking alcoholic beverages makes them popular worldwide. Abuse in alcohol (ethanol) consumption leads to dependence, behavioral problems, and fatal accidents1. In 2013, 10,076 people lost their lives in alcohol-related-driving accidents in the United States alone, accounting for nearly 31% of all traffic related deaths1. Driving under the influence is illegal and the maximum allowed blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is 0.05–0.08%, in most countries2. A breathalyzer measures the concentration of ethanol in the breath to estimate the BAC of an individual. The first generation of breathalyzers uses a liquid dye sensitive to ethanol exposure, potassium dichromate, and a photodetector3. Reliability of these detectors is a challenge and potassium dichromate is environmentally toxic3. A new generation of breathalyzers uses the ethanol in the breath to power a fuel cell whose output is proportional to the ethanol concentration4. These breathalyzers are connected directly to smart phones to test one’s alcohol level before attempting to drive. However, these breathalyzers are still impractical because they require constant recalibration4. To-date the most reliable BAC tests and the only one that is admissible in court is the blood test, which is difficult to administer on site or for preventative purposes. A breathalyzer as easy to use as an inexpensive and disposable glucose paper-strip sensor would greatly simplify BAC testing5. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are excellent candidates for disposable biosensors because they are inexpensive, they can be made on flexible substrates, and they can be printed on paper6,7. OECTs are typically made with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) PEDOT:PSS. PEDOT:PSS is a p-type organic semiconductor with several applications in bioelectronics8,9. Coupled with enzymes in the electrolyte, PEDOT:PSS OECTs are able to detect micro molar glucose concentration in human blood and sweat10. OECTs sensors are amenable to screen-printing11 and inkjet printing12 for rapid and inexpensive manufacturing. Here, we demonstrate an early stage proof-of-concept OECT-breathalyzer on paper by integrating a PEDOT:PSS OECT with the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. This proof-of-concept OECT-breathalyzer may aid the development of a breathalyzer that is easy-to-use, inexpensive, easily calibrated, and can be coupled with a cell-phone or a smart watch for BAC self-testing to reduce alcohol related traffic accidents.

In paper conservation ethanol is used as an antifungal agent. However, information on the antifungal efficacy of this alcohol is scarce and often inconsistent. In this study, we clarify if ethanol is effective and safe to use in paper conservation in the short as well as in the long term. None of the tested ethanol concentrations (5–100%) promoted conidia germination, but rather delayed or entirely inhibited it, depending on alcohol concentration and contact time. In a simulation of an interventive treatment of samples colonized by fungi, all the tested ethanolic solutions (30, 70, and 100%) revealed antifungal activity. The best results were obtained with 70% ethanol, showing fungicidal properties on four of the five-tested fungal species (Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Penicillium corylophilum). No deleterious effects of 70% ethanol on the tested paper were observed either in the short or in the long term.

The study is aimed at presenting new diagnostic and therapeutic proposals for patients with alcohol use disorders. The revised ICD-11 which is currently being updated is coming closer to American standards in disease classification. The latest update of the American DSM-5 has been a notable step forward as it integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single disorder called alcohol use disorder. Recent developments in research into diagnostic tools have brought changes in the approach to therapy. According to most international guidelines, the form of treatment should be customised to the individual patient, with consideration given to his/her mental and physical condition, personality and natural setting. A significant change is the recommendation of a harm reduction strategy as a useful alternative to total abstinence in alcohol dependence treatment for some patients.

Photocatalytic decolourization of textile dye X3B in aqueous solutions was investigated, using iron-rich montmorillonite (MMt, 2.24%Fe2O3) under a 15 W low-pressure UV lamp (λ = 254 nm, I = 48.4 μW/cm2). Hydroxyl radicals (•OH) were detected by tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) in aqueous MMt suspensions under UV irradiation and were found to be responsible for the degradation of X3B. Free iron ions dissolved in MMt suspensions, structural iron in the MMt solid, and the charged surface of nano clay are responsible for hydroxyl radical (•OH) production. Low pH values are favorable for the decolourization of X3B. The •OH concentration increased with increasing aqueous MMt concentrations in the range of 0 – 2.0 g/L; higher concentrations, for example, 5.0 g/L MMt, inhibited the •OH production. The addition of oxalate was favorable for X3B photodegradation in acid-washed MMt suspensions. This study shows that iron-rich MMt is a potential photocatalyst for the treatment of dye wastewater.

Laboratory experiments are conducted to determine the liquid–liquid phase separation behavior of six three-component systems with each system comprised of a common alcohol (namely ethanol, isopropanol, or methanol), water, and one of two engineered dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) manufactured by the 3M™ Corporation (namely methoxy-nonafluorobutane (HFE-7100) or ethoxy-nonafluorobutane (HFE-7200)). The experimental results are presented on ternary phase diagrams and compared against available published experimental data where tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and (or) trichloroethylene (TCE) is the dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL). Results show that the two engineered fluids exhibit similar phase separation behavior in the presence of the same alcohol. Furthermore, these engineered fluids exhibit similar phase separation behavior to that of PCE, but relatively dissimilar phase separation behavior to that of TCE.

A deinking agent for regenerating waste paper, which comprises a reaction product obtained by reacting a compound having an OH group, which is represented by the following (A) or (B) with a dicarboxylic acid or an anhydride thereof as an active ingredient: (A) a compound obtained by adding ethylene oxide and propylene oxide to a higher fatty acid having 8 to 22 carbon atoms in such a manner as to control the molar ratio of ethylene oxide/propylene oxide to from 1 to 4 and to control the total amount of the added ethylene oxide and propylene oxide to from 10 to 50 moles on average; or (B) an incomplete ester of a polyhydric alcohol, to which ethylene oxide and propylene oxide have been added in such a manner as to control the molar ratio of ethylene oxide/propylene oxide to from 1 to 4 and to control the total amount of the added ethylene oxide and propylene oxide to from 10 to 50 moles per OH group on average, and a higher fatty acid having 8 to 22 carbon atoms; is disclosed. With the use of this deinking agent, a deinked pulp having a high degree of whiteness and a small residual ink number can be obtained.

Various kinds of phosphates are widely used as additives for gasolines and lubricating oils. This paper deals with the separation and identification of trialkyl phosphates having carbon atoms up to eight in the alkyl group and triaryl phosphates having methyl substituted radicals up to two in the aryl group by partition paper chromatography. It has been found that the solvent systems of chlorinated paraffin (40% Cl) (stationary phase) -100% ethyl alcohol (mobile phase) and chlorinated paraffin (40% Cl) or alkyl naphthalene (stationary phase) -80% ethyl alcohol (mobile phase) are suitable for partition paper chromatography of these phosphates. The Rf values of these phosphates become smaller with increase in the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group or methyl substituted radicals in the aryl group. The Rf values of triaryl phosphates are smaller than those of trialkyl phosphates in the solvent system of chlorinated paraffin (40% Cl) -100% ethyl alcohol, therefore, it is possible to discriminate triaryl phosphates from trialkyl phosphates. For the identification of each phosphate, the solvent system of chlorinated paraffin (40% Cl) or alkyl naphthalene-80% ethyl alcohol is suitable. Phosphates in lubricating oils can be applied to partition paper chromatography through concentrating there of by silica gel adsorption chromatography.

This paper describes the method for the separation and identification of zinc dithiophosphates having alkyl or aryl substituents by partition paper chromatography.Of a variety of solvent systems examined, the solvent system of cresyldiphenyl phosphate (stationary phase)-90/10 isooctane•n-cetane (mobile phase) was most suitable for the separation and identification of zinc dialkyldithiophosphates. Their Rf values with this solvent system increase with the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group. Among zinc dialkyldithiophosphates having isomeric alkyl groups respectively of straight primary, branched primary and secondary, the Rf values increase in this order. The solvent system of liquid paraffin-isopropyl alcohol was found to be satisfactory for partition paper chromatography of zinc dialkyldithiophosphates having long chain alkyl groups.A large difference in the Rf values between zinc dialkyldithiophosphates having isomeric alkyl groups respectively of primary and secondary, was observed when the solvent system of polyoxyethylene octylphenylether (E. O. 10mol)-n-heptane was used and similarly, a large difference in the Rf values between zinc dialkyldithiophosphates having isomeric alkyl groups respectively of straight primary and branched primary, was observed when the solvent system of chlorinated paraffin-isopropyl alcohol was used. It is effective especially for the analysis of mixtures of zinc dialkyldithiophosphates to use these solvent systems together with the solvent system of cresyldiphenyl phosphate-90/10 isooctane•n-cetane.It was found that zinc diaryldithiophosphates can be distinguished from zinc dialkyldithiophosphates by the solvent system of chlorinated paraffin-isopropyl alcohol and identified by the solvent system of cresyldiphenyl phosphate-90/10 isooctane•n-cetane or liquid paraffin-isopropyl alcohol.Zinc dithiophosphates in commercial antioxidants and EP hydraulic oils could be identified by the above mentioned solvent systems.

(1) Carrier-free yttrium-90 can be separated rapidly and simply from strontium-90 by paper chromatography. The most suitable solvent is a mixture of ethyl alcohol and 10% solution of ammonium thiocyanate (5:3 or 5:2). The Rf value of carrier-free yttrium-90 is 0 and that of strontium is 0.7 to 0.8. (2) Carrier-free yttrium-90 having a radiochemical purity more than 99.9% can be prepared within forty minutes. (3) If yttrium-carrier is present, when it is developed with the above mentioned solvent, it is distributed upward from the original position on the paper. Its distribution pattern depends upon the amount of yttrium-carrier and the developing time and it may be caused by the adsorption of yttrium on the paper.

Paper chromatography has been found to be a very satisfactory method for the separation of glycerine from hexitols, pentitols, tetritols, and glycols. After separation of the glycerine on paper the glycerine is eluted from the indicated zone with water. The formaldehyde, which is a product of periodic acid oxidation, is determined colorimetrically. A suggested procedure and the results of the analyses of standard glycerine and polyhydric alcohol mixtures are presented in this paper. The results indicate that the glycerine content of the mixtures (glycerine content ranging from 15% to 100% glycerine) may be determined with an average relative precision of 0.7% and with an average recovery of 101.0%.

Various bis-alkylphenols have been extensively used as anti-oxidants for lubricating oils in recent years, therefore, increasing interest is being placed on the structural analysis of these compounds. This paper deals with the separation and identification of a variety of bis-alkylphenols having methyl and/or tert-butyl group by paper chromatography. Peculiar Rf value range was given to these bis-alkylphenols by partition paper chromatography using TCP as the stationary phase and 70% ethyl alcohol as the mobile phase. Since their Rf values are 0.04 to 0.05 and fairly lower than those of alkylphenols, it is possible to discriminate bis-alkylphenols from alkylphenols. Each bis-alkylphenol could be identified by the solvent systems of n-cetane, liquid paraffin or chlorinated paraffin as the stationary phase and 60 or 80% ethyl alcohol as the mobile phase. The Rf values of bis-alkylphenols are mainly affected by steric hindrance of hydroxyl group by alkyl substituents in the 2 and 6 positions. Bis-alkylphenols can be classified into the following three groups from the Rf values on the solvent system of liquid paraffin-80% ethyl alcohol.Group A canbe identified by the solvent system of chlorinated paraffin-80%ethylalcohol, group B by liquid paraffin-80% ethyl alcohol, and group C by chlorinated paraffin-60% ethyl alcohol.

Introduction Harms from intimate partners' (IP) drinking range from frustration because the partner has not performed their role to assault. Aim To describe the prevalence and persistence of alcohol‐related harms to IPs and assess which respondents are more likely to report discontinuation of this harm. Design and methods Cross‐sectional (n = 2649) and follow‐up (n = 1106) alcohol's harm to others telephone surveys in 2008 and 2011 (response rates of 35% and 15% of the original sample respectively) were used to elicit harms to respondents from their IP's drinking (by gender and relationship). To examine discontinuation, a sub‐sample of 83 respondents was analysed in detail. Results A total of 6.7% of Australians were negatively affected by an IP's drinking in 2008. Women were more likely to report harm than men from an IP's drinking. Of the 1106 respondents who completed both surveys, the majority (90%) reported no harm from IPs although 3% reported harm in both surveys. No significant correlates of discontinuation of harm were identified. Discussion Many Australian relationships are affected in a range of ways because of the drinking of their IPs. A minority of respondents were affected by their IP's drinking, yet over half (57%) of those harmed in 2008 continued to experience harm in 2011. Additionally, half (46.9%) of those who were not harmed in 2008 but did live with a heavy drinking IP did go on to be harmed in 2011. More research on the role of alcohol‐related harm from IPs with larger samples is required to examine predictors of change. [Laslett A‐M, Jiang H, Room R. Alcohol's involvement in an array of harms to intimate partners. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:72–79]

WE wish to describe briefly a convenient paper chromatographic separation and identification of pyridine derivatives in use in this laboratory for some time which employs a modification of the wellknown Konig colour-reaction1. Leifer et al.2. have recently described the paper chromatography of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, but the more involved microbiological method was used for defining the spots. In this laboratory the solvent used for the development of the compounds listed in the accompanying table is n-butyl alcohol saturated with 1.5 N ammonia. After evaporation of the solvent at room temperature, the dry paper is placed for fifteen minutes in a closed glass cylinder containing a few crystals of cyanogen bromide. The vapour pressure of this substance is high enough to provide a sufficient concentration for the first phase of the Konig reaction. The paper is then sprayed with a 0.25 per cent solution of benzidine in 1 : 1 ethanolwater. Amounts down to 5γ can be detected easily. It should be pointed out that although nicotinic acid and iso-nicotinic acid cannot be distinguished on the basis of RF values, they can be distinguished by distinctive differences in colour. This technique should be generally applicable to all non-volatile pyridine derivatives giving a positive Konig colour-reaction.

A FEW drops of the alcohol in a small test-tube are treated with 0.5 ml. of pure carbon disulphide and 0.1 gm. of pure powdered potassium hydroxide and the mixture shaken for some minutes. The liquid phase is decanted to another test-tube, evaporated and the residual xanthogenate dissolved in a drop of water. The resulting solution is developed by paper partition chromatography (ascending method) using alkaline butanol (2 per cent potassium hydroxide) as solvent. About twenty hours is required. The location of the xanthogenates on the paper is detected easily by their dark brown luminescence under ultraviolet light or by the yellow or blue colours produced by spraying with Grote's reagent1. In the case of solid alcohols, the xanthogenate formed is dissolved in formamide and developed in the same way. The RF of formamide solutions of potassium xanthogenates, however, indicates, assuming the following reaction, the values of the corresponding ammonium xanthogenates

PHOSPHATE esters separated on paper chromatograms are usually detected by degrading them on the paper with acid to give ortho-phosphoric acid and detecting this by the reaction with molybdate and a reducing reagent. The procedure of Hanes and Isherwood1 is based upon this and is widely used. This technique suffers from two disadvantages. In the first place, the prolonged initial ‘digestion’ necessary to break down the more resistant esters frequently leaves the paper in a very fragile state; and secondly, further analyses cannot be carried out on the spot after treatment. In order to avoid these disadvantages the following technique was developed. It depends upon the fixation of ferric ions by the esters and the reaction of the free ferric ion with salicylsulphonic acid. If the paper is not strongly buffered it is sprayed with 0.1 per cent FeCl3.6H2O in 80 per cent alcohol, dried in air at room temperature and then sprayed with 1 per cent salicylsulphonic acid in 80 per cent alcohol. Upon drying, the phosphates appear as white spots on a pale mauve background, ortho-phosphate having a band of deeper mauve surrounding it. The colour formation occurs only when the pH of the residual moisture in the paper is about 1.5–2.5. This can be checked conveniently with thymol blue, since the colour formation occurs most satisfactorily when the paper just turns this indicator red. Further indications of unsatisfactory pH are that below this range no colour is formed, whereas above the range the colour is orange-yellow and definition of the spots is very poor.

SummaryA procedure for the application of filter paper partition chromatography to the separation of both volatile and non-volatile organic acids with chain lengths of about eight carbons or less is described. The potassium hydroxamate derivatives of the organic acids are prepared by reacting the methyl ester with about a two-fold excess of a mixture of potassium hydroxide and hydroxylamine in methyl alcohol. The hydroxamate derivatives obtained from about 10−6 mole of each of the esters are applied to the filter paper, the chromatogram developed with suitable solvents, and then sprayed with ferric chloride to make the derivatives visible as purple spots on a yellow background. Isobutyric acid and phenol gave the best results of the solvents tried for two-dimensional chromatograms of the dicarboxylic acids. RF values for a number of hydroxamate derivatives are given for several solvents.

Introduction:\ud The closure of licensed venues during the COVID-19 pandemic meant that most alcohol has been consumed at home during lockdown periods in the UK, a phenomenon which remains under-researched despite the public health implications. \ud \ud Methods:\ud This paper draws on a study consisting of online semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 20 UK drinkers, conducted between the first and second 2020 UK lockdowns. The study aimed to explore changing and enduring UK drinking practices within home spaces during the pandemic. \ud \ud Results:\ud Our findings illuminate specific ways in which assemblages and contextual factors may come together to encourage or mitigate against the consumption of any (or excessive) volumes of alcohol at home during lockdown. For example, the physical presence of alcohol bottles may both encourage consumption (e.g., compulsion to finish an open bottle of wine) and cue reflection on one’s drinking (through the potentially confronting presence of empty bottles after domestic drinking). We also highlight the significance of the home as a space separate from – and different to – public drinking spaces. \ud \ud Discussion and conclusions:\ud With the increasing normalisation of domestic drinking during a global pandemic, this paper illuminates several factors that may encourage or curtail domestic alcohol consumption and invites us to consider the importance of assemblages, space and context. Such findings have wider applicability; for example consideration of specific (and perhaps unique) push and pull factors of home spaces could inform future alcohol policy, health promotion messages and how guidance around ‘moderation’ or risky drinking is communicated.

A paper-based microfluidic detection device for the detection of ethanol is demonstrated in this work. The method is based on a fluorophore consisting of short-chain conjugated molecular unit susceptible to the protonation of its terminal pyridine groups, along with a carboxyl-functionalized sidechain that acts as a binder and renders it water-soluble. The resulting fluorescent paper device yields large fluorescence changes when exposed to reactions that yield H2O2 in aqueous solutions. Using an enzyme-catalyzed rection that produces H2O2 from ethanol, we developed a two-zone, cut-out paper device containing a reaction zone in which the ethanol-containing analyte is placed, and an adjacent sensor zone where we observe a fluorescence color shift proportional to the ethanol concentration. The limit of detection of the fluidic ethanol biosensor was 0.05 v/v% and the dynamic range was 0.05–2 v/v%. This method was employed to detect the alcohol concentration of consumer vodkas using only a paper sensor and a smartphone camera.

GLYCONIC acids, glycaric acids and glycuronic acids and certain related hydroxy acids show a marked tendency to produce streaked spots on paper chromatograms. This may be eliminated by incorporating in the developing solvent certain organic acids such as formic acid or acetic acid1 to suppress ionization of the carboxyl group. The developing solvents incorporating formic or acetic acid vary in composition with time, due to slow esterification of the acid when an alcohol is present; for this reason R F values are variable. Moreover, the number of suitable acidic developing solvents is limited. In order to be able to use any developing solvent for the separation of acids, we have coated the filter paper with alginic acid. Whatman No. 1 filter paper is dipped into a 1 per cent aqueous ammonium alginate solution and after removing the excess of this solution the paper is dipped into N hydrochloric acid which causes precipitation of alginic acid. The paper so treated is washed with water or ethanol to remove excess hydrochloric acid and allowed to dry in the air.

PARTITION chromatography on paper1 has not hitherto been reported for the analysis of riboflavine, its nucleotides and derivatives. However, ‘Collidine', and a butyl alcohol-acetic acid mixture (shake 4 parts butyl alcohol with 1 part glacial acetic acid and 5 parts water, and use the upper layer), are two very suitable solvents for separating various flavine compounds, identified by their characteristic green fluorescence in ultra-violet light, which will detect as little as 0·01 µgm. flavine on the paper. The separated substances can be easily and quantitatively removed from the paper by the method of Dent2 and used for enzymic or other experiments.

Introduction The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between trauma volume and alcohol prohibition during the COVID‐19 lockdown in South Africa. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of trauma volume from Worcester Regional Hospital in South Africa from 1 January to 28 December 2020. We compared total volume and incidence rates during five calendar periods; one when alcohol sales were allowed as per normal and four when alcohol sales were completely or partially banned. Poisson regression was used to model differences between alcohol ban and non‐ban periods. Results During the first period (pre‐COVID‐19, no ban), the trauma admission rate was 95 per 100 days, compared to 39 during the second period (complete ban 1), 74 during the third period (partial ban 1), 40 during the fourth period (complete ban 2) and 105 during the fifth period (partial ban 2). There was a 59–69% decrease in trauma volume between the no ban and complete ban 1 periods. When alcohol sales were partially reinstated, trauma volume significantly increased by 83–90% then dropped again by 39–46% with complete ban 2. By the second half of 2020, when alcohol sales were partially allowed again (partial ban 2), trauma volume increased by 163–250%, thus returning to pre‐COVID‐19 levels. Discussion and Conclusions Our study demonstrates a clear trend of decreased trauma volume during periods of complete alcohol prohibition compared to non‐ and partial alcohol bans. This finding suggests that temporary alcohol bans can be used to decrease health facility traffic during national emergencies.

Introduction To examine changes in drinking patterns and to assess factors associated with reported increases in frequency of drinking, units consumed and frequency of heavy episodic drinking (HED) during the UK lockdown. Methods Online cross‐sectional survey of 2777 self‐selected UK adults. Results Thirty percent of participants reported drinking more frequently in lockdown, 16% reported drinking more units per drinking occasion and 14% reported more frequent HED. For men and women, increased frequency of drinking was associated with being less likely to believe alcohol drinking would lead to greater chance of catching COVID‐19 (men: OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.98, 1.00; women: OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.99, 1.00) and deterioration in psychological wellbeing (OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.04, 1.54; OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.11, 1.51); increased unit consumption was associated with deterioration in financial situation (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.21, 1.86; OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.05, 1.64) and physical health (OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.03, 1.67; OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.31, 2.10). Finally, increases in the frequency of HED were associated with deterioration in psychological wellbeing (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.25, 2.18; OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.17, 1.82) and being furloughed (OR = 3.25, 95% CI = 1.80, 5.86; OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.19, 3.56). Other gender differences were detected, for example, living with children was associated with an increase in units consumed (OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.09, 2.73) and the frequency of HED (OR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.44, 3.99) for men, but not women. Discussion and Conclusions In this self‐selected UK sample, a significant proportion of individuals reported drinking more frequently in lockdown, drinking more units per drinking occasion and more frequent HED. There were consistent predictors of increased consumption across men and women, but other gender differences were detected. This study identifies groups that may require targeted support in future lockdowns.

Introduction Despite the association of alcohol use with recurrent suicidal acts, individuals attempting suicide after drinking alcohol face barriers accessing crisis care following emergency assessment, demonstrated by higher odds of inpatient admission for those whose suicide attempt did not feature alcohol. This disparity may be due to suicidality dissipating more rapidly after a suicide attempt involving alcohol. We investigated the effect of acute alcohol use and ongoing suicidality on onward care decisions after emergency assessment. Methods We analysed electronic health records of 650 suicidal adults detained under Section 136 of the Mental Health Act (1983, amended 2007) for up to 36 h at a London psychiatric emergency care centre. We used logistic regression to estimate the association of acute alcohol use and ongoing suicidality (including their interaction) with admission to psychiatric hospital. Results Fifteen percent of previously intoxicated detainees expressed suicidal intent at detention end, compared to 24% of detainees who had not used alcohol prior to detention. Compared to those who were not previously intoxicated and not suicidal at detention end, acute alcohol use was associated with reduced odds of admission amongst those no longer suicidal (AOR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2, 0.6). Where suicidality persisted, odds of admission rose; however, the magnitude of increase when in combination with prior alcohol use (AOR 3.6, 95% CI 1.9, 7.1) was under half that of when alcohol was not involved (AOR 8.2, 95% CI 3.5, 19.1). Discussion and Conclusions Acute alcohol use is associated with transient suicidality, but this only partially accounts for disparities in care following suicide attempts.

Alcohol-using Black MSM (Men who have sex with men) are disproportionately impacted by HIV in the U.S.—particularly in the southern U.S.—despite the availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The purpose of this study was to summarize the current evidence on alcohol use and ART adherence among Black MSM in the U.S. and in the South and to identify future research needs. A systematic review was conducted using eight databases to identify relevant peer-reviewed articles published between January 2010 and April 2021. The authors also snowballed remaining studies and hand-searched for additional studies. Including both quantitative and qualitative studies, five published studies examined alcohol and ART adherence among Black MSM in the U.S. The search identified 240 articles, the study team reviewed 114 in full-text and determined that only five met the inclusion criteria. Three of the five included studies identified alcohol use as a barrier to ART adherence. In conclusions, the general lack of literature on HIV disparities among alcohol-using Black MSM in the U.S. (specifically in the South) indicates a critical need for research on this population’s unique risks and needs to inform the development of tailored interventions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10461-021-03479-3.

The pequi is a native fruit of the Brazilian Savanna and the consumption of its carotenoid-rich pulp has been associated with several health benefits. However, there are considerable differences in carotenoid content reported for this fruit, mainly due to the diversity of extraction methods used in the recovery of these compounds from pequi pulp. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of different organic solvents and mixtures in the extraction of total carotenoids from pequi pulp. For the carotenoids extraction, pure solvents and the mixtures of acetone, ethyl alcohol and petroleum ether were used. The mixture planning was used to determine the proportions of the solvents in each treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify that the most efficient treatment for total carotenoid extraction from pequi pulp is pure petroleum ether solvent (234.40 μg/g). In contrast, ethyl alcohol was the solvent that extracted the lowest concentration of total carotenoids (124.03 μg/g). Pure acetone, one of the most used solvents in the extraction of carotenoids from pequi, showed intermediate efficiency (166.07 μg/g). Thus, pure petroleum ether is the solvent recommended for total carotenoid extraction, mainly in the samples rich in carotenoid and lipids, such as pequi pulp.

Alcohol sponsorship of sport in New Zealand, especially rugby, has a long history, but in recent times government-resourced reviews together with public health agencies, activists, and academics have proposed a ban of alcohol sponsorship of sport to help reduce alcohol-related harm. Responses to a proposed ban from a number of diverse sectors, including the alcohol industry and sport organizations, have ranged from ambiguous to resistant. Yet, the conditions for implementing a ban are poorly understood and there has been no change to state-regulated sponsorship policy to date. These widely publicized debates serve as a hotbed for discussions with provincial rugby union managers to consider the economic risks as well as the social connections between rugby clubs and cultural and civic life. In this paper, we address important new questions that query how the alcohol sponsorship debate plays out at a micro-level and the extent to which regional rugby unions may constitute a special case in terms of resistance to and the potential effects of regulation. The discussion expands the debate by drawing attention to the perceived positive effects of alcohol sponsorship as an enabler for addressing other social issues at a micro-level.

Introduction ‘Drinking occasions’ are commonly used to capture quantities of alcohol consumed. Yet this standardised terminology brings with it numerous assumptions and epistemological limitations. We suggest that social changes brought on by COVID‐19 restrictions have influenced routines, patterns of time use and drinking practices, highlighting the need to re‐examine how we conceptualise drinking and ‘drinking occasions’ in alcohol research. Methods This analysis draws on data gathered from 59 qualitative interviews conducted during the second half of 2020 with Australian drinkers aged 18 and over. The interviews explored how COVID‐19 restrictions impacted daily practices and alcohol consumption patterns. Findings Participants spoke about their work, study and social routines changing, which influenced the times, timing and contexts of their drinking practices. We separated these shifts into four overarching themes: shifting of structures shaping drinking; the permeability of drinking boundaries; the extension of drinking occasions; and new contexts for drinking. Discussion and Conclusion COVID‐19 restrictions have led to shifts in the temporal boundaries and contexts that would otherwise shape people's drinking, meaning drinking practices may be less bound by structures, norms, settings and rituals. The drinking occasions concept, although a simple tool for measuring how much people drink, has not been able to capture these complex developments. This is a timely consideration given that COVID‐19 may have enduring effects on people's lifestyles, work and drinking practices. It may be useful to examine drinking as practice, rather than just an occasion, in order to better contextualise epidemiological studies going forward.

The distillation stage is a key step in distillate-based alcoholic beverage technology. The use of a new non-traditional type of raw materials to obtain distillates requires comprehensive research. The purpose of this work was to study the processes at the distillation stage of the discharged wort from the recyclable baking waste, in identifying significant factors and determining the optimal technological values of these factors. The objects of the study served 9 samples of fermented wort from various types of recyclable baking waste, distillate fractions and samples of distillates. The distillation was performed on the installation of direct distillation “KOTHE DESTILLATIONSTECHNIK” (Germany). In the objects of the study, the volume, the volume fraction of ethyl alcohol and the mass concentration of the main volatile components were determined. The composition and concentration of basic volatile components were determined using gas chromatography on the device “Thermo Trace GC Ultra” (Thermo, United States). The wide range of variation of the mass concentration of the main volatile components, depending on the composition of the initial raw materials, is revealed. It has been established that the nature of the distribution of volatile components according to distillate fractions does not depend on the physicochemical composition of the fermented wort from different types of recyclable baking waste. It is shown that the nature of the distribution of volatile components according to fractions in obtaining a distillate from the recyclable baking waste has certain differences from their distribution in the preparation of cognac and fruit distillates. A comparative assessment of distillates obtained by single fractionated distillation and double distillation showed the advantage of the first alcohol output and the composition of volatile components. It has been established that the distillation rate with a direct fractionated has a significant effect on the dynamics of the distribution of the main volatile components and the output of the distillate for anhydrous alcohol. With an optimal distillation rate (5.9 cm3 / min), an anhydrous alcohol output increases, on average, by 4% and reduced the losses of valuable aroma-forming volatile components with head and tail fractions.

The article describes the results of experimental studies on kinetics of the filtration drying of corn distillery stillage, which has previously proven its effectiveness in drying other crops and various dispersed materials. The experimental data are presented in the form of graphical plots describing the change of material moisture over time depending on the temperature of the drying agent (60, 70, 80 and 900С) and the layer height (40, 80, 120 and 160 mm). The obtained results are analyzed and the changes that occur on the filtration drying curves depending on the change in the material layer height and drying agent temperature are described. It is shown that the filtration drying time of alcohol distillery stillage increases with increasing the material layer height. It is determined that the drying potential remains constant at the same parameters of the drying agent. It is shown that the rate of moisture removal during the filtration drying does not depend on the material layer height. It is found that the average residual moisture of corn alcohol distillery stillage is 3.140.06 wt.%; this value satisfies industrial needs for an increase in its shelf life and the possibility of long-term storage and transportation.

Background: For public health policies to be effective, it is critical that they are acceptable to the public as acceptance levels impact success rate. Objective: To explore public acceptance of public health statements and examine differences in acceptability across socio-demographics, health behaviours (physical activity, diet, binge drinking and smoking), health status and well-being. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a nationally representative sample (N = 1001) using a random stratified sampling method. Face-to-face interviews were conducted at homes of residents in Wales aged 16+ years. Individuals reported whether they agreed, had no opinion, or disagreed with 12 public health statements. Results: More than half of the sample were supportive of 10 out of 12 statements. The three statements with the greatest support (>80% agreement) reflected the importance of: a safe and loving childhood to becoming a healthy adult, schools teaching about health, and healthier foods costing less. Individuals who engaged in unhealthy behaviours were less likely to agree with some of the statements (eg 39.8% of binge drinkers agreed alcohol adverts should be banned compared to 57.6% of those who never binge drink; P < .001). Conclusions: Findings show an appetite for public health policies among the majority of the public. The relationship between supporting policies and engaging in healthy behaviours suggests a feedback loop that is potentially capable of shifting both public opinion and the opportunities for policy intervention. If a nation becomes healthier, this could illicit greater support for stronger policies which could encourage more people to move in a healthier direction.

Increased fuel use can lead to air pollution and other environmental impacts. Substitution of fuel Oil with environmentally friendly fuel alternatives is one solution. Castor oil (Jatropha curcas L) contained in castor seeds can be processed into biodiesel with transesterification process. The most widely used alcohol in the manufacture of biodiesel is methanol. Methanol is made from a material that is not renewable. While ethanol from renewable materials and pure ethanol are expensive. In this study used campurn ethanol to reduce the use of methanol. The purpose of this study is to find out the optimum comparison of methanol-ethanol. The manufacture of biodicells is carried out by a 2-stage process, namely the esterification process and the transesterification process. The esterification process uses HCL catalysts. The transesterification process uses a comparison of methanol and ethanol with variations of 3:1,2:1,1:1,1:2 and 1:3. The catalyst used in the transesterification process is KOH 0.1%. The results showed that the optimum condition in the use of methanol: Technical Etahol is 2:1 within 30 minutes, yielding a yield of 56.1%. The quality test score of type weight and viscosity shows a value of 0.86-0.89 g/mL and 2.9-3.5 so that the results of the study are declared to pass the product test with density and viscosity test standards

An actual problem of the alcohol industry development is the expansion of the raw material base through the use of new, cheaper types of carbohydrate sources. Recently, glucose-fructose syrup has been of increasing interest to producers of ethanol. Among the producers of craft drinks, in particular rum-based drinks, cane molasses is in increasing demand. The article presents the technological aspects of the fermentation process of nonconventional sugar-containing raw materials on the example of glucose-fructose syrup and cane molasses in ethanol by different yeast strains. It is determined that glucose-fructose syrup and cane molasses are raw materials depleted of nitrogen, phosphorus and growth substances necessary for the yeast activity. To improve the technological properties of raw materials in the molasses, nitrogen, phosphorus nutrition and corn extract as a growth substance shall be added to a mash. Glucose-fructose syrup is of pH 3.68 and of acidity 0.12, which negatively affects the fermentation. It is established that in order to create optimal living conditions for yeast, it is necessary to add substances to the glucose-fructose syrup that will contribute to the safety of development and prevent the pH 3.5. It was determined that the alcohol yield from 1 ton of glucose-fructose syrup is 31.0 dal, from 1 ton of cane molasses is 24.0 dal on the yeast 46ED and 22 dal on the TegaYeast without the use of growth substances and vitamins necessary for the reproduction of yeast biomass. Under conditions of improving the technological properties of the mash from the glucose-fructose syrup and cane molasses by adding biologically active substances promoting the synthesis of yeast biomass, the ethanol content in the fermented mashes increases up to 11.9 12% vol.

Purpose Adolescents’ perceptions of parental norms may influence their substance use. The relationship between parental norms toward cigarette and alcohol use, and the use of illicit substances among their adolescent children is not sufficiently investigated. The purpose of this study was to analyze this relationship, including gender differences, using longitudinal data from a large population-based study. Methods The present study analyzed longitudinal data from 3171 12- to 14-year-old students in 7 European countries allocated to the control arm of the European Drug Addiction Prevention trial. The impact of parental permissiveness toward cigarettes and alcohol use reported by the students at baseline on illicit drug use at 6-month follow-up was analyzed through multilevel logistic regression models, stratified by gender. Whether adolescents’ own use of cigarette and alcohol mediated the association between parental norms and illicit drug use was tested through mediation models. Results Parental permissive norms toward cigarette smoking and alcohol use at baseline predicted adolescents’ illicit drug use at follow-up. The association was stronger among boys than among girls and was mediated by adolescents’ own cigarette and alcohol use. Conclusion Perceived parental permissiveness toward the use of legal drugs predicted adolescents’ use of illicit drugs, especially among boys. Parents should be made aware of the importance of norm setting, and supported in conveying clear messages of disapproval of all substances.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on sexual behavior, mental health, and substance use among men who have sex with men (MSM) engaged in pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) care. Generalized linear mixed models and logistic mixed-effect models examined change over time for number of sexual partners, mood, and alcohol consumption. From February 29, 2020 to July 31, 2020, 177 MSM actively engaged in PrEP care were evaluated. The median age was 37 [interquartile range (IQR 30, 51]. Patients in the sample were largely representative of the clinic population and identified as White (73.0%), Black/African American (9.2%), and other race (17.2%), and 11.8% identified as Hispanic/Latino ethnicity. Men reported an average of 2.60 fewer sexual partners (95% CI -4.04, -1.40) during the pandemic compared to pre-COVID-19. Rates of depressive symptoms and alcohol use remained stable and few patients reported substance use. The reduced number of sexual partners may be explained by patients' efforts to reduce risk of exposure to COVID-19 and low rates of psychosocial symptoms may be indicative of only the highest functioning patients continuing to engage in care. Reductions in sexual partners may offset reduced engagement in care and help mitigate risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto que tuvo la pandemia causada por la enfermedad del coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) en el comportamiento sexual, la salud mental y el uso de sustancias en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH) que reciben profilaxis previa a la exposición (PrEP). Los modelos lineales mixtos generalizados y los modelos logísticos de efectos mixtos examinaron el cambio a través del tiempo en el número de parejas sexuales, el estado de ánimo y el consumo de alcohol. Desde el 29 de febrero de 2020 hasta el 31 de julio de 2020, se evaluaron 177 HSH que recibían los servicios de la PrEP. La mediana de edad fue de 37 (rango intercuartílico (IQR: 30, 51). Los pacientes de la muestra eran en gran parte representativos de la población de la clínica y se identificaban como Blancos (73.0%), Negros/Afroamericanos (9.2%) y de Otra raza (17.2%) y el 11.8% se identificó de origen Hispano/Latino. Los hombres reportaron un promedio de 2.60 parejas sexuales menos (IC del 95%: -4.04, -1.40) durante la pandemia en comparación con antes de COVID-19. Las tasas de síntomas depresivos y el uso de alcohol se mantuvieron estables y pocos pacientes reportaron uso de sustancias. El número reducido de parejas sexuales puede explicarse por los esfuerzos de los pacientes para reducir su riesgo de exposición al COVID-19 y las bajas tasas de síntomas psicosociales pueden ser indicativos de que solo los pacientes con mayor funcionamiento continúan participando. La reducción en el número de parejas sexuales puede contrarrestar la baja participación en la atención medica de la PrEP y ayudar a mitigar el riesgo de contraer el VIH y otras infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS).

Abstract. Waste cooking oil is oil that has been used repeatedly, up to 2-4 times in the frying pan. The large number of Indonesian people who often consume waste cooking oil due to economic factors. The use of oil repeatedly reduces the nutritional value and affects the quality and value of fried food ingredients. However, this waste is very useful, it can be processed into glycerol which is useful in the cosmetic industry. The objective of this research is to prove that the glycerol byproduct of waste cooking oil with various oil brands in the Indonesian market has similar functional groups to commercial glycerol. The research was carried out experimentally by making glycerol using waste cooking oil. Glycerol is made using a transesterification process. Transesterification (alcoholic reaction) is a vegetable fat or oil that is reacted with alcohol to produce an ester and glycerol as a byproduct with the help of an alkaline catalyst. Evaluation of glycerol includes organoleptic, specific gravity, viscosity, glycerol content, ash content, moisture content, and sugar content. The results of the study using FTIR showed that the commercial glycerol wave number was 3291cm-1, brand X at 3291cm-1, and brand Y at 3267cm-1, which indicated the presence of an OH (hydroxyl) group. Commercial glycerol absorption bands at 2931 and 2877 cm-1, brand X at 2933 and 2879 cm-1, and brand Y at 2931 and 2877cm-1, indicating the presence of aliphatic (alkyl) CH groups. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the glycerol byproduct of waste cooking oil using the Indonesian market brands X and Y has similar functional groups to commercial glycerol. However, glycerol is the byproduct of waste cooking oil brand X which has the most similarities with commercial glycerol. Keyword: waste cooking oil, glycerol, transesterification, oil Indonesian market

Pharmacological treatment in alcohol use disorder suffers from modest effect sizes. Efforts have been undertaken to identify patient characteristics that help to select individuals that benefit from pharmacological treatment. Previous studies indicated that neural alcohol cue-reactivity (CR) might provide a marker that identifies patients, which benefit from naltrexone treatment.We investigated the reproducibility of the association between ventral striatum (VS) activation and naltrexone (NTX) treatment response by analyzing data from a recent longitudinal clinical trial in N = 44 abstinent treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent patients. A follow-up was conducted over 3 months. We computed the percentage of significant voxels in VS and tested main effects and interactions with NTX treatment on relapse risk using Cox Regression models.We found a significant interaction effect between pre-treatment cue reactivity in the VS and NTX treatment on time to first heavy relapse (Hazard Ratio = 7.406, 95% CI 1.17–46.56, p = 0.033), such that the patient group with high VS activation (defined by a mean split) showed a significant medication effect (Hazard Ratio = 0.140, 95% CI 0.02–0.75, p = 0.022) with a number needed to treat of 3.4 [95% CI 2.413.5], while there was no significant effect in the group with low VS activation (Hazard Ratio = 0.726, p = 0.454).Thus, using an independent sample we replicated the previously described positive association between VS activation and NTX efficacy. Although our results should be considered cautiously in light of the small sample size, our results support the potential of neural alcohol CR as a tool for precision medicine approaches in alcohol dependence.

We review and synthesize results from a series of analyses estimating the benefit of screening for unhealthy alcohol use, depression, and tobacco to detect individuals at heightened risk for co-occurring anxiety, pain, depression, unhealthy alcohol use, and other substance use among people with HIV and HIV-uninfected individuals in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study. We also examine the potential impact of reducing unhealthy alcohol use and depressive symptoms on the incidence of co-occurring conditions. We found that screening for alcohol and depression may help identify co-occurring symptoms of anxiety, depression, and pain interference, treating unhealthy alcohol use may improve co-occurring pain interference and substance use, and improving depressive symptoms may improve co-occurring anxiety, pain interference, and smoking. We propose that an integrated approach to screening and treatment for unhealthy alcohol use, depression, anxiety, pain, and other substance use may facilitate diagnostic assessment and treatment of these conditions, improving morbidity and mortality.