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like this were built for poor factory workers and coal miners in many cities and towns. "Terrace houses" are a type of row house where each house has a similar front to its neighbours. Row houses are not always small. Some cities have large beautiful row houses, such as the Royal Crescent, which was built 200 years ago at Bath in England and is a famous example of Georgian architecture

rraced house (see the picture in the introduction) is a house that is part of a row of houses joined at the side walls. Many cities and towns have thousands of row houses because they are a good way to build lots of houses close together. Many row houses have two rooms downstairs

wash area at the back. Houses like this were built for poor factory workers and coal miners in many cities and towns. "Terrace houses" are a type of row house where each house has a similar front to its neighbours. Row houses are not always small. Some cities have large beautiful row houses, such as the Royal Crescent, which was built 200 years ago at Bath in England and is a famous example of Georgian architecture.

A row or terraced house (see the picture in the introduction) is a house that is part of a row of houses joined at the side walls. Many cities and towns have thousands of row houses because they are a good way to build lots of houses close together. Many row houses have two rooms downstairs and two rooms upstairs, with a kitchen or wash area at the back. Houses like this were built for poor factory workers and coal miners in many cities and towns. "Terrace houses" are a type of row house where each hou

Natural daylight is desirable in locations where winter days are short. With narrow front and long depth, row houses interiors in Toronto tend to be dark, as natural light cannot penetrate to the central portion of the house. This study aims to contribute to the development of guidelines for designers using courtyards to create better space quality and to add to occupants’ delight, health and wellbeing. It examines the potential benefits and drawbacks of internal courtyards in houses located in cold climates and the implications of such design on the energy performance, natural light and lighting consumption. The simulations showed that the window to wall ratio doesn’t have major influence on the hours of daylight inside the house. The main results also show significant improvement of the hours of illuminance in the interior, with higher increases in the shorter days of the year when light is more needed.

The focus of this paper is liveable, low-rise high-density urban morphologies of residential architecture and urban planning practices in Tokyo. Over the last several decades, historically established qualities in cities worldwide are increasingly sacrificed in favour of globalization–led ‘universal’ typologies. Tokyo is not an exception: it is gradually changing to a high-rise, high-density built city environment. From a morphological point of view, the paper demonstrates bioclimatic and cultural disadvantages of such developmental paradigm shift in Tokyo. Presented case studies elaborate upon the ways in which low-rise high-density environments and subsequent urban forms better facilitate human interaction and, consequently, can aid in reducing social isolation and contribute to mental well-being. Presented case studies, observed over the period of six years depict how residential environments created by row-houses can be seen as a collection of adjoining private spaces. The emphasis is on the interconnected set of phenomena: low-rise high-density morphologies, climate-responsive semi-exterior spaces, facilitating human and public-private interaction. The conducted morphological and functional analysis shows how design requirements of bioclimatic responsive semi-exterior space fully coincide with those of desirable public-private interface and human interaction. However, site-specific constraints critically affect spatial configurations of low-rise high-density developments in contemporary Tokyo, emphasizing the requirement for case-by-case attention in design and management of such places. Only design processes conscious of spatial management aware of the potential embedded in the design process can enhance socio-cultural interplay and bioclimatic performance.

The building ventilation of seventy-seven row houses in eight districts in Chiang Mai province of Thailand was surveyed and investigated. A typical row house re-purposed as a restaurant refers to a 3.5 m high space with two stoves in the front of the building and a closed rear area to serve as storage. As a base-case, restaurants had an average capacity of 24 customers in the dining area. Measurements of internal air quality of a selected restaurant were conducted in the summer season of 2015 and 2017, and the results revealed average air temperatures of 36°C and 33°C, relative humidity values of 46% and 33%, and air speed values of 0.28 m s-1 and 0.10 m s-1, respectively. The Computerised Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and the Center for the Built Environment (CBE) thermal comfort tool were used to simulate the efficiency of current and proposed ventilation techniques and also analyse thermal comfort conditions for each scenario. Low-cost cooling techniques of air speed and humidity adjustment were chosen to improve thermal conductions. By applying the combined techniques, the overall temperature was reduced by 2°C and the thermal comfort levels were improved from the ‘hot’ to the ‘warm’ zone. Some conditions in the second restaurant are in the expanded ‘adaptive thermal comfort zone’. Although most results appear to exceed the ‘adaptive thermal comfort zone’, conditions could not be further ameliorated since 1.5 m s-1 was the maximum air speed that could be employed in the dining area to avoid wind discomfort. Limited investment in ventilation improvement was the main challenge since air-conditioners and multiple fans were not affordable and were also insufficient for the re-adaptation option. Feasibility study of ventilation improvement technique is limited in this study.

Indonesia has backlog issue against landed houses. While the needs of houses increase every year, land availability decreases in cities that causes landed house prices become unaffordable. One of the solutions offered by the government is RISHA (Rumah Instan Sederhana Sehat) or a simple design innovation of healthy house especially for low-income family. One of its successful projects was Petogogan Row Houses. However, after few years of occupancy the occupants perceive that there are some things which are considered incompatible with the rooms they inhabit. The qualitative approach applied in this study is to uncover the occupants’ perception of the post occupancy of RISHA row houses. Through this research it was found that things that are considered inappropriate by occupants are caused by (1) the furniture (non-fixed elements) capacity exceeds the RISHA room standard; (2) the physical elements (fixed-elements) of walls and ceilings set by RISHA do not provide possibilities for occupants to install non-fixed elements; (3) inadequacy of indoor natural light capacity related to the improper occupants’ considerations.Keywords: RISHA row houses, occupants’ perception, room physical elements.

Natural daylight is desirable in locations where winter days are short. With narrow front and long depth, row houses interiors in Toronto tend to be dark, as natural light cannot penetrate to the central portion of the house. This study aims to contribute to the development of guidelines for designers using courtyards to create better space quality and to add to occupants’ delight, health and wellbeing. It examines the potential benefits and drawbacks of internal courtyards in houses located in cold climates and the implications of such design on the energy performance, natural light and lighting consumption. The simulations showed that the window to wall ratio doesn’t have major influence on the hours of daylight inside the house. The main results also show significant improvement of the hours of illuminance in the interior, with higher increases in the shorter days of the year when light is more needed.

Five full-scale reinforced concrete wall specimens with openings typical of the first story backside exterior walls of row houses in Taiwan were tested using lateral cyclic loading to study their seismic behavior. The effects of location and size of the window opening were studied. Test results showed that the wall with the window opening on the side of the wall web showed a higher average lateral strength than that with the opening placed around the center of the wall web. The increase of the opening length reduced more the lateral strength than the increase of the opening height. A critical wall segment tended to show a lower lateral strength when the edge of the segment is bordered by a door than by a boundary column. To estimate the lateral strength of the wall specimens, a detailed and three simplified models are proposed. Comparison with the test results shows that ignoring variation in the axial force among the wall segments and columns does not change the average prediction but increases the scatter of prediction. Simply summing the lateral strengths of all the wall segments and columns together further increases the scatter and greatly reduces the degree of conservatism. Summing the lateral strengths of all the web segments requires the least computational effort but greatly increases the degree of conservatism.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2007, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2007, 14, 18, 22 No’lu sıra evler, Fatih ilçesi Balat semtinin Hızırçavuş Mahallesi’nde, Ayan Caddesi üzerinde bulunmaktadır. Balat’taki benzer pek çok sıra ev gibi 19. yüzyıl sonu, 20. yüzyıl başı gibi bir zaman dilimine tarihlenen yapıların yapım yılı bilinmemektedir. Yaptıran kişi hakkında da herhangi bir bilgiye ulaşılamamıştır. Yapılar, 1881 ada 14 parselde bulunan Aya Strati Rum Ortodoks Kilisesi ve Rum okuluna çok yakındır. Yapılan literatür araştırmasında, 20. yüzyıl başında kilise çevresinde Rum ailelerin yaşadığı öğrenilmiştir. Dolayısıyla, yapıların Rum azınlıklara ait olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Tez kapsamında incelenen yapıların bulunduğu 1879 ada 7 parselde, 14, 18, 22 no’lu yapılar dışında 5 birimden oluşan bir sıra ev grubu ve bir adet tek yapı bulunmaktadır. Bir bütün halinde bakıldığında yapıların birbirleriyle ilişkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Mahalle sakinlerinin Şakir Paşa Akaretleri olarak da isimlendirdiği yapı grubunun geçmişi hakkında daha fazla bilgiye ulaşılamamıştır. Sıra evlerden, en korunmuş olanı 22 no’lu birimdir. 14 no’lu yapı 1999 yılında geçirdiği bir müdahale sonucunda cephe biçimlenişi dışında tüm özgün detaylarını kaybetmiştir. Günümüzde her katında bir kiracının oturduğu sıra evler oldukça bakımsız durumdadır ve kullanıcıların değişen ihtiyaçları doğrultusunda günbegün özgün yapı detaylarını kaybetmektedir. Bu yapılar, ‘’Fener ve Balat Semtleri Rehabilitasyon Programı’’na bir katkı olması amacıyla tez konusu olarak seçilmiş, fakat mülkiyet sorunlarının çözülememesi ve ev sahiplerinin isteksizliği sonucu yapılar program dışı kalmıştır. Tezin amacı mevcut durumun belgelenmesi, belgeleme aşamasında yapının kendisinden edinilen bilgilerin literatür araştırmaları ile birleştirilerek yapının tarihinin aydınlatılması ve kullanımına yönelik uygun işlevin belirlenerek, yapının onarımı için gerekli teknik müdahalelerin saptanmasıdır. Bu amaçla yapının 1/50 ölçeğinde rölöve, restitüsyon ve restorasyon projeleri hazırlanmıştır. Yapım tekniğine dair çeşitli detaylar ve farklı türdeki kapı ve pencere detayları 1/10 tekniği ile çizilmiştir Bu çizimler ayrıntılı anlatımlar ve fotoğraflarla desteklenmiştir., The row houses, studied in this work, are located on Ayan Street in Balat with the apartment numbers 14, 18 and 22. Like many buildings in this part of the city, the construction period of the buildings is not exactly known but may be dated at the end of the nineteenth or at the beginning of twentieth centuries. Further more there is no information about the architect nor the establishers. The literature work and the interviews made with the local residents lead us that around the construction period of those buildings, although there was a domination of Jewish community from the demographic point of view in Balat, there were many “Rum ” families as residents living specially in this part of the quarter. Due to the close distance between the apartments and the Orthodox Church - school of the “Rum” community, there is a great possibility that the buildings were owned by “Rum” minority. There are other buildings in the plot on which the row houses stand; a structure formed by 5 houses and another building which is standing alone. From the point of integrity there is a possibility that those buildings had been related to the structure focused in this work. The most maintained unit comparing with the other parts of the structure is the unit with door number 22. The interventions made in 1999 destroyed almost all original details of the house with door number 14, except the form of external facades. Nowadays all the apartments are in bad condition, rented forming an independent habitation at each floor level and loosing its authentic construction details due to the necessity of minimum comfort level and neglect. The structure was intentionally chosen for this study in order to make a contribution to the project of “Rehabilitation Project of Balat and Fener”, but unfortunately due to the ownership problems of the real estate and the opposition of “owners”, the structure is out of project. The aim of this study is to document the existing condition of the structure, to enlighten the past of the building using the information gained during the literature work, to decide future function and finally to obtain the interventions for the restoration work. In order to get this point; the survey, restitution and restoration projects are prepared in 1/50 scale. In addition to the work made in 1/50 scale, construction technique details and different details of windows-doors are prepared in 1/10 scale. All the drawings are supported by photographs and detailed descriptions., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.

The determination of built-in material properties is a difficult step during the structural assessment of historical structures. Large variations of material characteristics and the difficulty of obtaining an adequate number and type of material samples are among the major problems. In this study, the material characterization of the approximately 135 years old historical Akaretler Row Houses was carried out. Since several structural walls of the row house complex were to be removed according to the restoration design, a large number of different types of specimens could be collected for laboratory tests and a considerable amount of in situ destructive and nondestructive tests was carried out. The laboratory tests included mechanical, physical, and chemical tests on original materials such as bricks, mortar, brick prisms, cores consisting of two layers of bricks and one layer of mortar between bricks, and wallets. The in situ tests included destructive shear tests and nondestructive rebound hammer tests. At the end of the extensive experimental study, the basic material characteristics of the late period Ottoman construction system were obtained. In addition relations between various mechanical characteristics of the construction materials, as well as the relations between the results of the laboratory and in situ tests, and destructive and nondestructive tests are presented.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and analyze the Chitlada State Railway of Thailand (SRT) Housing in Bangkok by examining at the transition of multipurpose space of row houses. Row houses a...

One of the applications of generation to the production of designs is embodied in the idea of the shape grammar. In this paper, a shape grammar model, which is based on the generative capability of grammar and the reasoning capabilities of knowledge-based systems and their integration in a prototype, is introduced. The model, which operates in a top-down manner, can be described at three levels. At the first level, a vocabulary for an architectural language of row-houses is formed by analysing this type of house syntactically and formally. At the second level, this vocabulary is transformed into a shape grammar. Finally, a syntactic system is defined as a space of possible designs according to these analyses. An interface design has been carried out to facilitate the communication between the users and the model during the design process.

Shake table tests are evaluating how well the unreinforced masonry structures in New York City known as row houses would withstand even a moderate earthquake.

Living in the city requires a balance between public and private modes and individual and communal identities. This project explores the subtleties and intricacies of architectural responses to these concerns in a housing development for a tight, typical urban block. Recognizing that the equilibrium between these opposites fluctuates and is different for each inhabitant, the connecting thresholds are expandable and changeable. Master of Architecture

This study discusses housing densification as a sustainable housing strategy. Furthermore, it investigates how housing densification can improve the shading performance of open spaces with respect to row-house typology. The analysis considers a real-time case study of linear courtyards enclosed by row houses. Urban analysis was followed by a numerical shading analysis to examine the impact of housing attachment method (aligned or stepped) on courtyard shading potential. Row houses were found to be an acceptable housing densification solution in Saudi Arabia, with well-integrated open spaces. The stepped-attached housing pattern showed a higher potential for urban shading (by ~55% with an east–west orientation of row houses) than that of the aligned–attached pattern. In addition, the stepped-attached housing pattern improved the visual quality and created a serial visual effect. This study recommends the promotion of compact housing patterns in Saudi Arabia to reduce the rapidly increasing domestic electrical-energy demand and improve urban shading. Housing densification is considered as an effective passive design and planning strategy for this purpose.

Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2010, Thesis (PhD) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2010, Bu çalışmada, tarihi bir yığma yapıdan alınan numuneler üzerinde kapsamlı bir deneysel çalışma yapılmıştır. Numuneler, 18. yy. da inşaatı gerçekleştirilen tarihi Akaretler sıraevlerinin taşıyıcı duvarlarından alınmıştır. Mevcut yapıların değerlendirilmesi için gerekli aşamalardan biri olan mevcut malzeme özelliklerinin belirlenmesi aşaması, incelenen yapının durumunun gerçekçi bir şekilde değerlendirilmesi için gereklidir. Türkiye’deki tarihi yapıların malzeme karakteristiklerine ilişkin kapsamlı ve sistematik bir veri mevcut olmadığı için; tarihi yığma ve yığmayı oluşturan birim ve harcın özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, üzerinde çalışılması gerekli bir konudur. Bu çalışma çerçevesinde, eğilme, basınç ve kayma deneyleri yapılarak, söz konusu malzemenin mekanik açıdan davranışı belirlenmiştir. Regresyon analizi yardımıyla, mekanik özellikler arasında ilişkiler kurulabilmiştir. İncelenen yapıyla aynı döneme ait olan birkaç yapının duvarlarındaki tuğlaların yüzey sertlik ölçümleri, hasarsız test yöntemlerinden olan Schmidt çekici ile ölçülmüş ve bu yapılardan alınan karot numunelerinin basınç dayanımları da deneysel olarak belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen ortalama sertlik değerleri ve ilgili ortalama basınç dayanımları arasında bir ilişki kurulabilmiştir. Basınç gerilmesi-düşey şekildeğiştirme arasındaki ilişkinin parabolik fonksiyonlarla ifade edilebileceği saptanmıştır. Ortalama kayma dayanımları ve bunlara karşı gelen basınç gerilmeleri ve eksenel basınç dayanımı kullanılarak, kayma ve basınç gerilmeleri arasındaki etkileşimi ifade eden diyagram ve bağıntılar, farklı numune grupları için elde edilebilmiştir., In this study, a comprehensive experimental study conducted on historical masonry samples, which were obtained from a historical structure, is realized. The historical structure is the Akaretler Row Houses built in 19th century in İstanbul. Identification of the in-place material characteristics, which is a step of the procedure of the assessment of the existing structures, is needed to derive realistic results, such as the prediction of responses of them to possible seismic actions. The material characterization of the historical masonry and masonry constituents is a challenging subject due to both the lack of sufficient data concerning these materials in Turkey. In the frame of the thesis, mechanical characteristics of the historical masonry and its constituents are determined by testing different specimens in terms of size and composition under flexural tension, compression and shear loads. Several relations between the mechanical characteristics can be established based on the simple regression analysis. By evaluating the results of destructive and non-destructive tests, an equation is suggested to find compressive strength of masonry core specimens from the in situ rebound number of bricks. To express compressive stress-vertical strain relations, parabolic functions are derived for brick, mortar and masonry specimens. Using the shear test results and average compressive strengths, the interaction curves of shear strength and compressive stress can be captured for core, prism and wall specimens. The obtained relations and values are also evaluated in a comparative manner with the related codes and the inspected literature., Doktora, PhD

Tot i que la normativa permet edificar dues plantes pis, la tipologia escollida desenvolupa la casa en dues plantes potenciant així la relació de la zona d’estar i cuina amb el patí en planta superior on també apareix in petit patí que permet articular-les sense necessitat d’obrir-se directament a façana.L’aparcament es col•loca de tal manera que permet la seva possible incorporació al programa funcional de l’habitatge.

Qualificació obtinguda: 10 Estudi de les plantes baixes de la ciutat de Barcelona. S'analitza la relació entre local i espai públic i entre ús i vianant per a trobar noves possibilitats de relació entre l'espai exterior i interior de la mansana de l'eixample i noves maneres d'entendre l'agrupació dels edificis de l'illa.

Es tracta d’una casa de cós situada al nucli antic de Caldes d’Estrac. La data que consta de la construcció de l’habitatge que figura en el Cadastre es de1900. Originalment la casa estava composta de planta baixa, planta pis i golfes accessibles per trapa, aixecada en la superfície entre mitgeres de 14.30 metres de fundaria i 5,59 metres d’amplada de façana al carrer Sant Pere i orientada al sud-est. En la part posterior hi ha un pati d’una amplada que avarca casi be l’amplada de les cinc finques contigües, dues per banda, amb una amplària total de 32,70 metres i 15,50 de fundaria. A la part nordest del pati hi ha la construcció d’una nau de la mateixa fundaria que el pati i de 9 metres d’ amplada, amb façana orientada al sud-oest. La superfície de la parcel·la és de 565 m2 Al llarg dels anys la casa ha sofert diverses remodelacions i ampliacions, com un sortint de dos plantes al pati entre la casa de cós i la nau per instal·lar la cuina i envair la nau per ampliar l’ habitatge, quedant aquesta ampliació de l‘habitatge sense accés directe des del carrer. I més recentment l’aixecament d’un forjat no consolidat en substitució de les golfes, intervenció de la que nomes es va realitzar la fase d’estructura, la nova planta mai ha entrat en servei. La casa ha estat abandonada uns 15 anys. L’habitatge ha estat adquirit per un nou propietari que vol redistribuir-la i rehabilitar-la per convertir-la en el seu habitatge - estudi L’objectiu de la proposta de reforma es d’habilitar l’immoble a les noves necessitats i normativa existent, per la qual cosa, en el nou disseny de l'habitatge es considerarà el compliment del D. 141/2012 "Condicions Mínimes d'habitabilitat dels Habitatges i la cèdula d'habitabilitat". És aplicable l’Annex 4, grup J, “intervencions de redistribució total de l'interior de l'habitatge sense modificació de la superfície”, pel que són d'aplicació les condicions d'habitabilitat definides en el Annex 2, “condicions mínimes d'habitabilitat dels habitatges preexistents, construïdes amb anterioritat a l'11 d'agost de 1.984”, i referent a les prestacions de l'habitatge, es compliran els requisits bàsics de qualitat establerts per la Llei d'Ordenació de l'Edificació (LOE llei 38/1999) i desenvolupats principalment pel Codi Tècnic de l'edificació (CTE RD. 314/2006). S´inclourà tots els plànols necessaris per portar a terme aquest projecte en format DIN A3. En l’annex de la proposta hi haurà l´apartat d´estat d´amidaments i pressupost (segons preus actuals de l´any 2019).

The journeys throughout Europe for attesting the state of contemporary architecture brought the great passionate promoter of the Modern Movement, Sigfried Giedion, also to Stockholm. One month after the opening of the 1930 Stockholm exhibition, generally considered as the precise event from which new functionalist architecture become manifest, the Swiss historian came in contact with the Swedish efforts in the social and housing question. This was the result of the future-oriented program of the exhibition of which Giedion was updated by Swedish delegation since the late 1928. Housing prototypes produced for the sake of the event and few first housing interventions built in Stockholm, responded to new standards, techniques and expressive language. All of this positioned Sweden to equal the results achieved by other countries in the forefront like Germany, Netherlands, France and Russia, which had previously faced the same problems. The participation of the Swedish delegation for the first time – namely Sven Markelius and Gunnar Sundbärg – to the II CIAM in Frankfurt (1929) had contributed in this regard as well. The goal of the present contribution is to examine in detail two extensive accounts of Giedion (Stein Holz Eisen, July 1930 and Cahiers d'Art – re-print in Bauwelt, September 1930), particularly focusing on how Swedes tackled the housing issue. His look shed the light on three key figures, namely Sven Markelius, Eskil Sundhal and Sven Wallander, that are recognised as those who, at first, attempted to address the discussion on the ‘minimum dwelling’. No doubts that Giedion contributed to include Sweden in his heterodox portray of modern architecture, via capsizing the initial viewpoint of a country at the fringe of the uropean animated debate. His comments literally paved the way for spreading Swedish interventions with regard to housing across many journals and publications even outside the national borders. A particular attention goes also to the analysis of the features of three housing projects he presented in the papers in order to contextualize and compare them to a larger extent.

El treball de fi de grau és basa en el desenvolupament d’un projecte bàsic i executiu de reforma i ampliació d’un habitatge unifamiliar entre mitgeres. S’ha optat per triar una obra de poca complexitat tècnica per tal de poder redactar un projecte complert. L’objectiu d’aquest treball és basa en desenvolupar un projecte d’obres, des de l’aixecament de l’estat actual fins a aconseguir un únic document (projecte bàsic i executiu), basat en documentació real, utilitzant tots els recursos a l’abast de l’autor, per tal de poder donar validesa al projecte en un futur i executar la reforma i la ampliació de l’habitatge. La metodologia emprada per poder desenvolupar el projecte bàsic i executiu ha sigut la de buscar informació sobre el contingut necessari d’un projecte d’obres d’aquestes característiques, i una vegada obtinguda la informació, de quines part conformen un projecte d’obres, he desenvolupat cada punt amb documentació real i eines informàtiques actuals. Els resultat obtingut és un projecte bàsic i executiu complert, amb totes les exigències que requereix tant el Col·legi d’Aparelladors com l’Administració Pública i sobre tot complint amb l’encàrrec de la propietat de l’habitatge.

El present treball final de grau consisteix en aconseguir una millora sostenible i bioclimàtica de dos habitatges unifamiliars; un aïllat i l’altre entre mitgeres, situats a la província de Barcelona. Aquestes millores de baixa demanda energètica, es podran aconseguir a través d’un anàlisis bioclimàtic d’aquests dos habitatges ja, on es podrà observar les carències i problemes bioclimàtics que presenten. S’estudiaran i analitzaran ambdós habitatges definint un programa funcional, d’ubicació i correcció de l’entorn que determinaran els criteris per l’elecció de sistemes passius i actius. S’aconseguirà una proposta optimitzada per reduir la demanda energètica dels edificis, fent així que els cossos que els conformen siguin més eficients. Tanmateix, es podran observar els avantatges i/o limitacions que existeixen en l’àmbit bioclimàtic de les diferents vivendes, depenent si és aïllada o si està ubicada en un solar entre mitgeres. The aim of this final project is to achieve sustainable and bioclimatic improvement of two single-family houses; one detached and the other one attached. These improvements of low energetic demand will be achieved through a bioclimatic analysis of the two houses, where we will detect the deficiencies and the bioclimatic problems that they present. The two houses will be analysed by defining a functional program based in the location and the correction of the environment. This program will determine the criteria for the selection of the passive and active systems. An optimized proposal to reduce the energy demand of the buildings will be achieved, making the bodies that form those buildings more efficient. At the same time, the advantages and/or limitations that exist in the bioclimatic area of the different houses will be detected, depending on whether it is a detached house or if it is located on an attached house.

Row houses in cold climates with increased shared wall for energy efficiency, suffer from darker interior spaces. Addition of courtyards can solve this problem to some extent, but courtyards are responsible for higher energy consumption during winter. This study investigates an alternative option, i.e. converting courtyard into atrium during winter for assessing its energy and daylight performance in row houses in Toronto. Results are determined by using Design Builder software. Research shows, during winter atrium options in row houses can reduce energy consumption compared to courtyard, but at the same time daylit floor area above target illuminance is also reduced. However, bigger courtyard having large window to wall ratio, clear glazing for courtyard windows and low e coated glazing for skylight can create a balance between increased energy consumption and decreased daylighting inside the house to maximize the benefits from converting courtyard into atrium during winter in Toronto row houses.

International Journal on Livable Space has achieved its publication of Volume 4 Number 1. The theme of this volume is Environmental Management and Comfort with the purpose to share knowledge on human socio-cultural activities and the impact it has on natural behaviour or vice versa in which the relationship is focusing on meeting the needs and the comfort of human life. The characteristics of social and cultural interaction coupled with the natural and environmental conditions determine how human being manage their living space as individual or as group. Technology as an alteration factor also regulate the strategies, techniques, and methods in achieving the desired end result. Referring to the above introduction, Dian et all and Laila Zohrah disclose their research results related to spatial management and environment as the context of social-culture in Ngadas Village (Lombok) and Banjar’s Kampungs (Banjarmasin). Ristya Arinta reveals her research results regarding the post-occupant perceptions of Row Income Houses at Petogogan (Jakarta). Rizki Madina et al., as well as Rivanus present their findings focusing on thermal comfort at inside and outside of the building in relation to materials as building components. In details, Dian Kartika Santoso, Antariksa, and Sri Utami emphasise on their study at farming cultural changes of the farmhouses in Ngadas Village which based on the view that cultural features are the result of interactions between human activities and the environment. The centre of the study is more on the implications of agricultural features than on cultural features especially farmhouses space in Ngadas Village. The results show that the permanent level of occupancy on the location and the development activities on agricultural land affect the breadth of agricultural land needed. Laila Zohrah exposes her research on Evolving Connectivity Patterns of Banjar’s Kampungs and Rumah Bubungan Tinggi (High Ridge-House) in South Kalimantan River Networks in terms of socio-cultural context through dynamic morphological studies of the village spatial patterns and the typology of high ridge-house (from 15th-20th century). The organic evolution of the spatial composition of the village is related to the kinship of occupants as well as the geomorphological evolution of the swamp and riverine areas. The result states that the interaction between kinship is open-ended multifamily boundaries which can be used for the construction needs of the village in the future. Further, Ristya Arinta Safitri conducts a low-income housing study at Petogogan Row Houses focusing on the residents’ perceptions about aspects that affect the perceived suitability and non-conformity of the residents’ daily activities. Petogogan Row Houses is considered a successful program using the RISHA system (Simple Healthy Instant House) or a simple standardized design innovation of healthy houses. The residents expressed that after several years of occupancy there were inappropriate conditions due to the decisions making by the occupants. The discrepancy is related to: 1) the inappropriate choice of furniture compares to RISHA room standard; 2) the inappropriate choice of partitions compares to access of natural light capacity. The perception of incompatibility of RISHA design is mainly related to the possibility for occupants to install additional non-fixed elements on walls and ceilings. Rizki Fitria Madina, Surjamanto Wonorahardjo dan F.X. Nugroho Soelami focus on their research in outdoor thermal performance from several glazing types by comparing heat reflection capacity and glass material. The results indicate that the coefficient value of glass shading on the building façade is influenced by outside temperature of the building. Clear glass and clear reflective glass have a similar result on decreasing the outdoor temperature, yet, in terms of cost, the use of clear glass will cost less than that of clear reflective glass. In line with Rizki Fitri Madina et al, Rivanus Dewanto centres his research on the influence of building envelopes towards classroom temperature (Case: BINUS Alam Sutra Campus). The study intends to compare the differences in indoor classroom temperature as a result of differences of volume and opening patterns on building envelopes. The results confirm that the increase in indoor classroom temperature is relatively influenced by the sun orientation in the north-northeast and in the west-southwest directions. The finishing building skins by using precast concrete and window-walls tend to affect the indoor classroom temperature to a higher increase in the morning and to a lower decrease in the afternoon. The use of precast concrete of dead-glass materials affects indoor temperature relatively lower in the morning yet higher in the afternoon. The above findings have twofold objectives, i.e. for the researchers, they can be used not only as a reference to prove, complement, and develop existing theories but also as a motivation to build new concepts. Whereas for the practitioners, the findings can be functioned as a substance to compare their own experiences and to share those experiences with others. Jakarta, February 2019 Editor in Chief

Post-war urban neighbourhoods in industrialised countries have been shown to negatively affect the lifestyles of their residents due to their design. This study aims at developing an empirical procedure to select locations to be redesigned and the determinants of health at stake in these locations, with involvement of residents’ perspectives as core issue. We addressed a post-war neighbourhood in the city of Groningen, the Netherlands. We collected data from three perspectives: spatial analyses by urban designers, interviews with experts in local health and social care (n = 11) and online questionnaires filled in by residents (n = 99). These data provided input for the selection of locations to be redesigned by a multidisciplinary team (n = 16). The procedure yielded the following types of locations (and determinants): An area adjacent to a central shopping mall (social interaction, traffic safety, physical activity), a park (experiencing green, physical activity, social safety, social interaction) and a block of low-rise row houses around a public square (social safety, social interaction, traffic safety). We developed an empirical procedure for the selection of locations and determinants to be addressed, with addressing residents’ perspectives. This procedure is potentially applicable to similar neighbourhoods internationally.

This study explored how to increase the on-site energy production of row-houses in a new urban development area located in Trondheim (Norway) from the early design stages. The process consisted in an evolutionary algorithmic for optimizing the shape of the building's roof in order to maximize the use of solar energy. Starting from the roof's profile of the traditional Norwegian house unit, different configurations have been tested. The process allowed changing iteratively the inclination and the size of the roof's surfaces. The selected roofs’ shapes guaranteed to get the maximum solar radiation and the solar mapping analysis allows individualizing the most suitable areas to install solar systems on the roofs’ surfaces of the entire district. The final configuration of the row-houses permitted to increase the solar potential around 30% respect the initial design solution. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

The Vaxjo municipality sets specific energy related requirements beyond the Swedish building code (BBR) when selling land for the construction of new residential buildings. The requirement for Ostra Lugnet residential area was that all buildings must be connected to the local district heating network and installation of heat pumps was prohibited in developer-built group/row houses. This paper (a) analyzed if the energy use of the buildings fulfilled the requirements of the BBR and that of Vaxjo municipality, and (b) compared the primary energy use and CO2 emission from operation of the district heated buildings with hypothetical scenarios where only air-source or bedrock heat pumps were installed. Results showed that a significant proportion of the group/row houses did not fulfil the specific energy use requirements of the BBR and that of Vaxjo municipality. There were large variations between predicted and actual energy use. Using a marginal accounting approach, houses with district heating were found to have the lowest carbon emission. From this perspective it seems appropriate for Vaxjo municipality to set the requirement that new residential buildings in Ostra Lugnet be connected to the local district heating network.

The old Samcheok construction company housing in Donghae City was built for employees of Nitrogenous lime factory with railway construction in 1939. The 31 company houses are arranged in a rows including a House A, two No. 2 and 3 Houses, a dormitory, 12 row houses of two households, and 15 row houses of four households. At present, they are preserved with prototype at that time of building as a private company. Researching the architectural characteristics from A and No. detached houses of them, the results are as follows. The tea room, living room, and kitchen are centralized and connected with toilet, bathroom, and maid`s room by corridor. The exterior wall was finished with paintwork on cement mortar on stud wall framing plastered. The key exterior elements such as diamond shaped asbestos slate, large openings, corner bay window, lintel cornice are in accordance with drawings that they were first designed. The wooden roof structure is based on the structure that supports transverse load with a beam and beam plate instead of thrust. The kitchen and toilet are remodelled and only seem to be a mere shadow of their former self, but the position of sink and toilet bowl is the same as before.

Les contraintes apportées à l’émiettement périurbain au nom de la ville durable ne changent rien aux aspirations à l’habitat individuel manifestées par les mêmes segments de la population depuis un demi-siècle quoique, pour un grand nombre de pavillonnaires, les commodités de la citadinité entrent en tension avec celles de la périurbanité. Il faut donc interroger les questions d’altérité, d’individualité et d’intimité si l’on veut donner des réponses cohérentes à des demandes contradictoires. Avec leurs densités intermédiaires, des typologies de compromis peuvent offrir des qualités d’individualité sans renonciation à la citadinité. Detached house, town house, row houses and gated community: four figures of inhabited individualityThe demand for individual housing in France is as strong as it was 50 years ago, despite the regulatory obstacles caused by sustainability requirements to the urban sprawl. The phenomenon of periurbanization has opposed to the traditional urbanity of historic city centers since the 1960s. Today's urbanistic and architectural solutions ought to include as well the current issues of otherness, individuality and privacy. Mixed-density compromises (row houses, etc.)may offer some individuality while allowing to live in the city. Vivienda suburbana, casa urbana, casa adosada en hilera y urbanización cerrada: cuatro figuras de la individualidad habitacionalEl desmoronamiento periurbano ha ido sumando limitaciones introducidas en nombre de la ciudad sostenible, las cuales no han cambiado en nada las aspiraciones de vivienda individual que los mismos sectores de la población vienen expresando desde hace medio siglo, si bien para muchos de los residentes suburbanos, las comodidades y los equipamientos de la citadinidad entran en conflicto con los de la periurbanidad. Por lo tanto, debemos examinar cuestiones como la alteridad, la individualidad y la privacidad para poder dar una respuesta coherente a las demandas contrarias. Existen tipologías de transigencia que, con sus densidades intermedias, pueden ofrecer cualidades relativas a la individualidad sin tener que renunciar a la citadinidad.

Social House (SH) residents usually make spatial adaptations. With no technical guidance, these modifications often compromise building performance. This article investigates the dynamics of modifications made to low-income houses and their consequences for habitability conditions. The data were obtained through on-site spatial mapping and a semi-structured interview. The study found modifications that expand the built area and a tendency to occupy the total area of the lot. The type of expansion with the greatest impact on the environmental quality of a house was predominant in the row houses (89.2%). The need for more space is confirmed by houses that have grown more than 30.0% up to over 70.0%. The study also identified a large number of removed windows, and expansions that confined rooms. Besides thermal discomfort, many rooms bear signs of unhealthiness, such as mold, lack of ventilation and sunlight, which have a negative impact on residents’ health. Extreme cases were found (G=12.1%), in which the access gate to the house is the only way of contact with the outside. Spatial adaptations in SH are recurrent and cannot be disregarded as they significantly compromise the health conditions in the houses under study.

The first Juraku-tyo was the first castle town where was built along with Jurakudai in Tensyo 14-18 (1586-90).Toyotomi government assembled the wealthy commonalty and ordered to inhabit in Juraku-tyo. The row houses were formed by intention of government and the financial power of commonalty. This paper is intended as an investigation of the row houses, which were found out in “Gosyo-sandai-Jurakudai-Gyoukou Screen”. It is clear that Toyotomi government intended to complete the row two-storied houses, which made the same eaves height.

The Amphawa community houses the birth place of King Rama II Nowadays this community is still water-based and one can see Thai-styled and row houses, canal-side walkways and ladders leading down to the canal. Against this backdrop are coconut plantations and mixed orchards of pomelo, lychee, etc. Amphawa is also rich in Thai culture featuring mural paintings, traditional dance and music and architecture. Water-based ways of life are very much alive as evidenced by water traffic. The objective of the project is to modify and apply the SAVE and CHIP techniques devised by the Danish Government as part of Cultural Heritage Conservation, awareness-raising campaign and demonstration of conservation campaign of traditional buildings ranging from government buildings, Thai-styled and contemporary houses and row houses to the rehabilitation of a canal landscape. As a result, local people are better aware of the advantages of cultural heritage conservation while the project enhances the preparedness of the community to accommodate ecological tourism. Finally, the experience gained from this project can also be applied to other areas of Thailand.

Background and Aims Moisture damage increases the risk for respiratory disorders in childhood. Our aim was to determine whether early age residential exposure to inspector-observed moisture damage or mold is associated with different wheezing phenotypes later in childhood. Methods Building inspections were performed by civil engineers, in a standardized manner, in the children's homes-mostly single family and row houses (N = 344)-in the first year of life. The children were followed up with repeated questionnaires until the age of 6 years and wheezing phenotypes-never/infrequent, transient, intermediate, late onset, and persistent-were defined using latent class analyses. The multinomial logistic regression model was used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 63% (n = 218) had infrequent or no wheeze, 23% (n = 80) had transient and 9.6% (n = 21) had a persistent wheeze. Due to the low prevalence, results for intermediate (3.8%, n = 13) and late-onset wheeze (3.5%, n = 12) were not further evaluated. Most consistent associations were observed with the persistent wheeze phenotype with an adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) 2.04 (0.67-6.18) for minor moisture damage with or without mold spots (present in 23.8% of homes) and 3.68 (1.04-13.05) for major damage or any moisture damage with visible mold in a child's main living areas (present in 13.4% of homes). Early-age moisture damage or mold in the kitchen was associated with transient wheezing. Conclusion At an early age, residential exposure to moisture damage or mold, can be dose-dependently associated especially with persistent wheezing phenotype later in childhood.

Study of the development of the town house in London has focused mainly on the period following the Great Fire, and only latterly for the first time on the medieval period. The differences between building practice and concepts in London before and after the Fire have been over emphasized, obscuring a pattern of evolution and continuity in which phenomena generally taken to be of the mid- or later seventeenth century have rather earlier origins. Timber-framed row houses built in the last decade of the sixteenth century conformed to a well established medieval pattern. The first brick row houses of the early seventeenth century, including some of back to back plan, were part of this same tradition. The emphasis on improvement characteristic of many later building promotions was already evident in early seventeenth-century estate management. The term ‘terrace’ has been misused, giving the mistaken impression that the brick houses of post-Fire London were somehow a new phenomena. The large scale speculative building of row houses in post-Fire London had antecedents not only in the 1620s onwards, but in the sixteenth and earlier centuries.

Households account for varying shares of total energy usage in countries, depending on the degree of industrialization. In order to design effective policy instruments and set appropriate levels for subsidies, knowing the attitudes and perceptions of users with respect to energy usage and energy saving is always the first step. In this article, the authors have first presented a comparative analysis and critique of selected recently-published surveys (2018) related to energy use in households, from around the world, before applying the sustainability-thinking paradigm to their own regional survey of close to 300 single-family households (detached houses and row houses) carried out in Karlstad (south-central Sweden), to obtain insights into user attitudes and preferences – categorised into the three dimensions of sustainability – when it comes to energy usage or decision-making with regard to retrofits or new energy-using / energy-saving installations in households. Each of the dimensions is characterised by three criteria which respondents have rated on a Likert’s scale of 0 to 4 (not important to very important). The findings from this survey will open up a new way of thinking about the heterogeniety of energy users (which needs to be respected), for decision-makers and energy-advisers, who could subsquently strengthen their interaction and communication with them.

This study investigated commercial floor mats as an alternative method to assess lead in residential dust in inner-city houses. Mats were placed for 3 weeks in interior entry-ways of 34 row houses built before 1950 and 17 new row houses in Baltimore City. A high volume sampler (an HVS3 floor model cyclone-based vacuum) and a hand-held portable cyclone sampler were used in the laboratory to collect side-by-side samples of mat dust. Both devices yielded comparable estimates of lead dust deposition, dust lead concentration, and dust deposition on field mat samples and had similar sampling efficiencies on mats spiked with various types of standard reference materials. The older houses had significantly higher daily lead dust deposition (mean = 130 micrograms/ft2/day by HVS3) than the newer houses (mean = 9 micrograms/ft2/day by HVS3), due to higher dust lead concentrations (mean = 1149 ppm vs mean = 107 ppm by HVS3) and not to differences in daily dust deposition (mean = 118 mg/ft2/day vs mean = 87 mg/ft2/day by HVS3) [corrected]. Mats were found to be a feasible method for the collection of dust that has accumulated for a known amount of time. Current wipe and vacuum methods do not allow for the estimation of dust deposition rates. Further research is needed to understand the role of floor mats as a risk assessment tool.