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In 1973 Sweden entered into a free-trade agreement with the EEC. This meant that the EEC principle of prohibition of cartels met with the Swedish principle of abuse. Paper production was heavily ca...

Both trade and production of graphic paper have decreased over the last three decades. While this general decrease can partially be attributed to increased prominence of information technology, the overall figure is devoid of context and thus of most of its meaning to global economy. In this study we aim to break this trend down across the geographical and temporal scope, across its supply-chain commodities and to find out what drives the global trade patterns. Econometric trade models focus on the trading countries and direct exports or imports but fail to consider the structural and the indirect trade relations. We take the approach of network analysis, where the emphasis is on the structure of trade and not on country-level descriptors. We focus on 1995–2017 period as within it this decrease can be observed and assess the entire graphic paper and pulp supply chain, consisting out of printing and writing paper, mechanical wood pulp, chemical wood pulp, semichemical wood pulp, pulp made from fiber other than wood, recovered paper and paperboard. We employ descriptive statistical and network analysis, grouping and role analysis, and end with an inferential logistic regression quadratic assignment procedure model. Results show that newsprint trade decline is mirrored in printing and writing paper and mechanical wood pulp. The trade network densities have remained generally stable throughout the observed period, but the topological proprieties of the individual product groups vary greatly. Although no stabile grouping of countries throughout the assessed period could be observed, role analysis shows that countries tend to trade within their continent, that European countries are at the core of the trade network, and that the structural shift of decline of the trade value is followed by increasing prominence of several Asian countries, such as China and Indonesia. The most important finding of the study is that internal trade effects such as reciprocity and transitivity are much more explanatory than classical effects used in trade models such as GDP per capita, geographical distance or forest endowment.

Waste paper, an essential substitute for wood and other plant-based fibers in paper making, is an indispensable part of the circular economy; yet, the impacts of China's ban on global waste paper cycles have not been well understood. We modeled the evolution of the global waste paper trade network during 1995-2019. We found that the cumulative trade volume of global waste paper reached 1010 million tons in the last 25 years and showed a downward trend since 2015. The global import center of waste paper experienced a transfer from Europe to East Asia and then to Southeast Asia. The ban has stimulated some developed countries to reduce the exports of unsorted waste paper since 2017, but for many major importers their changes in waste paper trade patterns were related to waste paperboard, which was not banned by China, suggesting that this import change trend may be inevitable and irrespective of China's ban. Besides, India has replaced China to become a new import hub of unsorted waste paper. Our results lay a foundation for exploring the evolution of the future global solid waste cycle under the background of zero import of solid waste increasingly implemented by China and many other developing countries.

In this paper we investigate the presence of productivity convergence in eight regional pulp and paper industries of U.S. and Canada over the period of 1971–2005. Expectation of productivity convergence in the pulp and paper industries of Canadian provinces and of the states of its southern neighbour is high since they are trading partners with fairly high level of exchanges in both pulp and paper products. Moreover, they share a common production technology that changed very little over the last century. We supplement the North-American regional data with national data for two Nordic countries, Finland and Sweden, which provides a scope to compare the productivity performances of four leading players in global pulp and paper industry. We find evidence in favour of the catch-up hypothesis among the regional pulp and paper industries of U.S. and Canada in our sample. The growth performance is at the advantage of Canadian provinces relative to their U.S. counterparts. The two Nordic countries, that had the lowest productivity levels in 1971, erased most of the gap and in some cases moved ahead of their North-American counterparts.

The increase of trading activities in economic globalization requires a strong international financial and trade system to distribute capital in the implementation of world trade. From the considerable problems in the globalization of trade, the international community has begun to draft several regulations that can be agreed together. Therefore, there is a need for rules and regulations in international trade relations, in this case, an agreement realizing the role of GATT/WTO as an international trade organization that determines and assists in resolving trade disputes between countries. Legal issues will be discussed in this paper is, 1) How is the implementation of GATT / WTO about anti-dumping law; 2) How is the implementation of anti-dumping law in Indonesia; 3) What is the legal aspect of dispute resolution of the case study in the alleged Dumping Wood Free Copy Paper case between South Korea and Indonesia. In this paper, the research method is normative legal research that accommodates regulations, decisions and general principles of (international-trade) law related to anti-dumping, case analysis, and structured classification with relevant theoretical studies to the topic of discussion. The results discussed in this paper are the role of GATT/WTO in dealing with anti-dumping in Indonesia regulation and implementation of anti-dumping in its legal territorial area, and South Korea’s anti-dumping case study on Indonesia. Conclusions from this paper include, Indonesia must better to protect a regulation regarding anti-dumping measures by enforcing strong laws and other anti-dumping regulations. It is a legal urgency as an export-import activity because in the implementation of international trade defence is not enough if a Government Decree regulates anti-dumping actions. Still, it must continue to update the rules of the WTO’s provisions which always develop.

The Canadian pulp and paper sector grew from a newsprint production centre to feed the United States newspaper industry to become one of the most significant pulp and paper manufacturing centres in the world, especially in mechanical pulp and paper products. Despite its size it has never broken completely free from its U.S. roots. Recent changes in the U.S. markets, coupled with trade globalization, and increased competition from other producing regions have led to significant change in the Canadian sector since 2000. Looking out over the next ten years, trends are expected to persist and present numerous challenges to the Canadian pulp and paper products industries and dependent industries.

During the years 1918 to 1941, International Paper (IP) launched a massive product diversification effort. Engineered by three successive presidents, diversification turned the company from a newsprint producer based in the northeastern United States into an international manufacturer of southern kraft grades, Canadian newsprint, hydroelectric power, and specialty papers. With the exception of kraft paperboard and converted products, however, the new product lines failed to provide IP with a firm foothold in markets for consumer nondurables, where nimbler competitors thrived even during the 1930s. IP and firms in other “maturing industries” that clung to traditional products and stagnant markets contributed to the length and severity of the Great Depression.

Policies to constrain carbon emissions, such as the carbon tax, have made low-carbon trade competitiveness (LCTC) a significant tendency in research concerning industrial international competitiveness. However, few empirical studies have analyzed the influence of a carbon tax on LCTC. We combined the trade competitiveness index and industrial carbon productivity to construct an industrial LCTC index that can analyze carbon emissions performance and international competitiveness. We then used the LCTC index to build a dynamic panel model with its potential factors, which was estimated by system generalized method of moments method based on panel data of 38 countries between 1995 and 2009. We found evidence that a carbon tax exerts an indirect positive influence on the LCTC of the paper-making industry by stimulating technological innovation. The policy implications suggest that, considering the increasingly intensified countermeasures against carbon leakage, governments should strengthen the promo...

In this work we present three papers that consider the economic implications of international trade in goods when exhaustible natural resources are used as inputs in the production process. In the first paper we investigate the possibility of violation of the static trade theorems when natural resource intensities in two goods are different. In this and the second paper we build on the generalized H-O framework of Kemp and Long (1984). The second paper analyzes the dynamic implications of incorporating natural resources into trade models. Issues relating to production and trade patterns and natural resource extraction rates are investigated under alternative assumptions of factor intensities and natural resource extraction technologies;The third paper of this work considers natural resource extraction and trade issues as they apply directly to developing countries. In this paper developing country debt burden, default risk, creditor response and capital investment are some of the issues considered. The role of the world interest rate and the discount factor is also analyzed. Various useful propositions are derived some of which relate the conservation of the natural resource to the rate of interest, whether or not the debtor nation defaults and the uncertainty in income.

The international recovered paper trade serves two important functions: increasing raw material availability in the paper and board industry and providing economic incentives to recycle. The purpose of this paper is to shed further light on emerging patterns in this trade by empirically analysing the changes in the bilateral trade flows of recycled paper between 1992 and 2008. According to our estimations, two important changes occurred in the 1990s and 2000s. First, the growing importance of developing economies in global recycled paper trade plays a significant role in import demand as a determinant of trade flows. Second, the changes in global trade patterns necessitate investigating the transportation cost measures used in applied research.

The quantity of paper recycled in the U.S. has more than doubled since 1985. International trade theory predicts that this will lead to reduced imports of paper, and a shift in domestic production toward waste paper intensive outputs (e.g., newsprint) and away from higher grade products such as printing/writing paper. Import demand elasticities with respect to input prices were estimated for newsprint, printing/writing, and all paper utilizing 20 years of monthly data. The empirical results confirm the predictions of theory, and illustrate a channel through which recycling may be more beneficial for U.S. industry than the domestic environment.

Students of European integration have produced an enormous amount of literature on the intergovernmental negotiations that led to the establishment of such organizations as the OEEC, the EEC and EFTA. However, only a few have devoted substantial attention to the international contacts between companies that attempted to undermine the integration process by building private trade barriers that would replace those that governments had agreed to remove. The paper producers began to build such barriers soon after EFTA and the EEC had been set up. Although these attempts were not always successful, the industrialists did manage to create arrangements that were substantially more extensive in their geographical and product scope than those that had existed before. The British government and the EEC were reluctant to challenge these arrangements, and in some cases even actively promoted them. The interwar decades are widely considered to be the ‘golden era’ for international cartels; but for the paper cartels, the ‘golden era’ began in the 1960s, when previous bilateral links were replaced with multilateral ones.

After decades of reliance upon NATO in security matters, the EU ought to develop security assets of its own in order to protect its interests and citizens. The Common Foreign and Security Policy as an expression of EU readiness and willingness to play a more significant role in security matters on the international stage led to the creation of the European Security and Defence Policy, thus putting at the EU’s disposal civilian and military capabilities for dealing with the crisis spots around the world. The EUBG concept originated with the first member states’ pledges in November 2004 which gave added value to the EU in the security and defence area, at least on paper, while so far no EUBG has been deployed in the theatre of operations.

This paper presents an analysis of the effect of international co-authorship of scientific publications on patenting in wind energy technologies. It is found that the number of scientific publications co-authored by researchers in OECD countries has a positive and very significant impact on the number of wind energy innovations patented in OECD countries. However, non-OECD countries produce a greater number of patent filings when their researchers collaborate with OECD countries. This suggests that there exist knowledge spillovers between OECD and non-OECD countries that particularly benefit non-OECD countries. This empirical finding is important because it strengthens the case for international research cooperation between OECD and non-OECD countries in the area of climate mitigation.

PurposeThe paper aims to provide an insight into the psychic of working people in the immediate aftermath of the 1989 changes, especially with regards to their perception of the new free trade unions, how this perception changed and the role that education and training has played in helping them develop free and effective trade unions capable of operating in Market Societies.Design/methodology/approachThe paper has used extensively the archives of the GPMU and UEG to piece together 15 years experience of a international trade union federation's efforts to assist its new affiliates in Central and Eastern Europe adapt to operating in a market economy.FindingsThe paper suggests that attitudes, perceptions and aspirations have changed, both amongst the newly democratised trade unions of the CEEC countries, and the trade unions in the West. Trade union education and training over the past 15 years has created confident and capable trade union organisations who now stand on equal terms with their Western European counterparts.Originality/valueThe authors access to the primary materials in the archives of the British Print Union and the European Federation for graphical workers provides a unique insight which demonstrates that the help and assistance given after 1989 was systematic, well planned, adequately funded and has provided tangible outcomes.

Senegal is a typical sub-Saharan economy, which conducted an import substitution policy over 1960-86, followed by a policy of support for the private sector and liberalization of the economy. It suffers from a low level of economic development, hindering the process of economic diversification, and translating into an over-concentration of its exports and production. Through a careful analysis of the main advantages and drawbacks of the Senegalese economy, this scoping paper emphasizes the key obstacles to unleashing prosperity in the country: electricity supply and quality, and the educational system.

Ghana’s current socio-economic development agenda is to attain middle-income status. The emphasis is on changing the structure of the economy by developing the private sector, diversifying the export base, and increasing agricultural productivity and rural incomes. The importance is on the implementation of growth-inducing policies and programs that have the potential to support wealth creation and sustainable poverty reduction. The priorities include continued macroeconomic stability, accelerated private sector-led growth, vigorous human resource development, good governance, and civic responsibility in a decentralized democratic environment.

In the aftermath of war, what determines whether peace lasts or fighting resumes, and what can be done to foster durable peace? Drawing on theories of cooperation, I argue that belligerents can overcome the obstacles to peace by implementing measures that alter incentives, reduce uncertainty about intentions, and manage accidents. A counterargument suggests that agreements are epiphenomenal, merely reflecting the underlying probability of war resumption. I test hypotheses about the durability of peace using hazard analysis. Controlling for factors (including the decisiveness of victory, the cost of war, relative capabilities, and others) that affect the baseline prospects for peace, I find that stronger agreements enhance the durability of peace. In particular, measures such as the creation of demilitarized zones, explicit third-party guarantees, peacekeeping, and joint commissions for dispute resolution affect the duration of peace. Agreements are not merely scraps of paper; rather, their content matters in the construction of peace that lasts.

1. Entering 1990 s, world's pulp and pulp and paper market tightened with prices getting firm everywhere in the world, although there were some differences in degree of firmness depending upon areas. From mid-1990 s, however, the market began to soften due to stagnant economic climate and adjustment of speculative demand. As a result, paper manufacturers were forced to curtail production to balance inventory. The sluggish market bottomed out in late 1996, but the tempo of recovery has been rather slow.2. In the meantime, there have been some trends worthy of attention. Among them are changes in supply sources. During the fifteen-year period from 1980 through 1995, production share of North America dropped by 5.2 percent from 41.1 percent to 35.9 percent, and that of Europe was up only 0.8 percent point from 25.6 percent to 26.4 percent, whereas in Asia, it increased by as much as 10.4 percent from 17.5 percent to 27.9 percent. That Japan's production share remained almost unchanged, or from 10.6 percent in 1980 to 10.7 percent in 1995 to be exact, means other Asian nations, Korea, Indonesia and Thailand in particular, expanded a sizeable volume of production capacity during the period.Along with the fast-growing economy in East Asian countries, the industry in Korea, Indonesia and Thailand have been accelerating capacity expansion and it is almost certain that Asia become one of the three largest paper-producing regions in the world comparable to North America and Europe in the year of 2000.The other noticeable trend is concentration of paper manufacturers. A number of mergers among the big paper companies have taken place over the years to be internationally competitive and to be better prepared for the ever-stringent regulation for environmental protection. Consequently, ranking positions of paper companies change every year. In Europe, for example, mergers among the paper manufacturers are in progress to have a competitive edge in the EU market. Stora, SCA and MoDo in Sweden and UPM-Kymmene, Enso Gutzeit and Metsa-Serla became now oligopolistic through mergers and restructuring. In the U.S., International Paper bought out Federal Paperboard and Kimberly-Clark merged with Scott Paper. Likewise, two big paper companies were created in Japan through mergers ; Nippon Paper Industries (merger between Jujo Paper and Sanyo-Kokusaku Pulp) and Oji Paper (mergers between New Oji Paper and Honshu Paper).

This paper examines the size premium of nations. Using panel data for more than 200 countries over 50 years we estimate a size premium (in terms of being small) in a variety of key economic and socio-economic indicators of performance of countries. We find that small countries are richer, have larger governments, but are also more prudent in terms of fiscal policies. Smaller countries seem to be subject to paying higher absolute and per capita cost of provision of essential public goods, which may affect their socio-economic performance in terms of health and education. In terms of economic performance small countries seem to do better than large countries, by compensating for smallness with relying on foreign trade and foreign direct investment. The latter, however, comes at cost of higher vulnerability to external shocks resulting in higher volatility of growth rates. ispartof: FEB Research Report VIVES 2013.40 status: Published online

This work is part of the Integrating National Economies series. As global markets for goods, services and financial assets have become increasingly integrated, national governments no longer have as much control over economic markets. With the completion of the Uruguay Round of the GATT talks, the world economy has entered a fresh phase requiring different rules and different levels of international cooperation. Policies once thought to be entirely domestic and appropriately determined by national political institutions, are now subject to international constraints. Cogent analysis of this deeper integration of the world economy, and guidelines for government policies, are urgent priorities. This series aims to meet these needs over a range of 21 books by some of the world's leading economists, political scientists, foreign policy specialists and government officials. All the books in the series are offered at the same price: #22.50 for hardbacks and #8.50 for paperbacks.

Ann Capling's book deals with Australia's role in the design of the global trade system, from the post-1945 negotiations over the (aborted) International Trade Organization (ITO), up to the 1999 meetings of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Seattle. She draws primarily on Australian sources, such as memoranda, reminiscences, and interviews with Australian participants in the negotiation process. The story has not been told before in such detail, and the book will become a standard work on how Australia conducted its international economic diplomacy during the second half of the twentieth century.

The article reviews the book “Rival States, Rival Firms: Competition for World Market Shares,” by John Stopford and Susan Strange with John S. Henley.