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Self-care is essential in the long-term management of chronic heart failure. Heart failure guidelines stress the importance of patient education on treatment adherence, lifestyle changes, symptom monitoring and adequate response to possible deterioration. Self-care is related to medical and person-centred outcomes in patients with heart failure such as better quality of life as well as lower mortality and readmission rates. Although guidelines give general direction for self-care advice, health care professionals working with patients with heart failure need more specific recommendations. The aim of the management recommendations in this paper is to provide practical advice for health professionals delivering care to patients with heart failure. Recommendations for nutrition, physical activity, medication adherence, psychological status, sleep, leisure and travel, smoking, immunization and preventing infections, symptom monitoring, and symptom management are consistent with information from guidelines, expert consensus documents, recent evidence and expert opinion. Jaarsma, T (corresponding author), Univ Linkoping, Fac Hlth Sci, Kungsgatan 40, S-60174 Norrkoping, Sweden. tiny.jaarsma@liu.se

The co‐occurrence of cancer and heart failure (HF) represents a significant clinical drawback as each disease interferes with the treatment of the other. In addition to shared risk factors, a growing body of experimental and clinical evidence reveals numerous commonalities in the biology underlying both pathologies. Inflammation emerges as a common hallmark for both diseases as it contributes to the initiation and progression of both HF and cancer. Under stress, malignant and cardiac cells change their metabolic preferences to survive, which makes these metabolic derangements a great basis to develop intersection strategies and therapies to combat both diseases. Furthermore, genetic predisposition and clonal haematopoiesis are common drivers for both conditions and they hold great clinical relevance in the context of personalized medicine. Additionally, altered angiogenesis is a common hallmark for failing hearts and tumours and represents a promising substrate to target in both diseases. Cardiac cells and malignant cells interact with their surrounding environment called stroma. This interaction mediates the progression of the two pathologies and understanding the structure and function of each stromal component may pave the way for innovative therapeutic strategies and improved outcomes in patients. The interdisciplinary collaboration between cardiologists and oncologists is essential to establish unified guidelines. To this aim, pre‐clinical models that mimic the human situation, where both pathologies coexist, are needed to understand all the aspects of the bidirectional relationship between cancer and HF. Finally, adequately powered clinical studies, including patients from all ages, and men and women, with proper adjudication of both cancer and cardiovascular endpoints, are essential to accurately study these two pathologies at the same time., We describe the co‐occurrence of cancer and heart failure (HF), their potential shared risk factors, and their pathophysiological mechanisms. We advocate intense interaction between cardiologists and oncologists to achieve unifying hypotheses and collaborative pre‐clinical and clinical studies.

Bioconversion of syngas/waste gas components to produce ethanol appears to be a promising alternative compared to the existing chemical techniques. Recently, several laboratory-scale studies have demonstrated the use of acetogens that have the ability to convert various syngas components (CO, CO2, and H2) to multicarbon com- pounds, such as acetate, butyrate, butanol, lactate, and ethanol, in which ethanol is often produced as a minor end- product. This bioconversion process has several advantages, such as its high specifi city, the fact that it does not require a highly specifi c H2/CO ratio, and that biocatalysts are less susceptible to metal poisoning. Furthermore, this process occurs under mild temperature and pressure and does not require any costly pre-treatment of the feed gas or costly metal catalysts, making the process superior over the conventional chemical catalytic conversion process. The main challenge faced for commercializing this technology is the poor aqueous solubility of the gaseous sub- strates (mainly CO and H2). In this paper, a critical review of CO-rich gas fermentation to produce ethanol has been analyzed systematically and published results have been compared. Special emphasis has been given to under- stand the microbial aspects of the conversion process, by highlighting the role of different micro-organisms used, pathways, and parameters affecting the bioconversion. An analysis of the process fundamentals of various bioreac- tors used for the biological conversion of CO-rich gases, mainly syngas to ethanol, has been made and reported in this paper. Various challenges faced by the syngas fermentation process for commercialization and future research requirements are also discussed. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

While natural photosynthesis serves as the model system for efficient charge separation and decoupling of redox reactions, bio‐inspired artificial systems typically lack applicability owing to synthetic challenges and structural complexity. We present herein a simple and inexpensive system that, under solar irradiation, forms highly reductive radicals in the presence of an electron donor, with lifetimes exceeding the diurnal cycle. This radical species is formed within a cyanamide‐functionalized polymeric network of heptazine units and can give off its trapped electrons in the dark to yield H2, triggered by a co‐catalyst, thus enabling the temporal decoupling of the light and dark reactions of photocatalytic hydrogen production through the radical′s longevity. The system introduced here thus demonstrates a new approach for storing sunlight as long‐lived radicals, and provides the structural basis for designing photocatalysts with long‐lived photo‐induced states.

This research surveys changing attitudes to drawing pedagogy, in the context of digitisation, moves toward student-centred learning in Art and Design Higher Education, and anecdotal reports of declining competence. Based on student, teacher and examiner’s experiences, it has been possible to gain insights into how drawing instruction has changed over the past generation. This paper examines the attitudes, values and concerns of students and educators regarding drawing instruction. The study reveals that, in the UK, drawing skills are considered to be gradually declining, while traditional notions of skill are called into question. Drawing as a means of visual recording, representation and communication remains valued, although no longer essential as it once was; while drawing to augment thought process, is increasingly recognised as an integral skill which enables innovation. The latter is rarely ‘taught’ but relies on core competencies that many lecturers fear are being eroded. Increasing value is placed on drawing ‘as process’, while provision is moving towards individualised instruction requiring students to work independently. While new technologies are a factor, this paper re-frames the issue as an imbalance between creative outcomes and creative process, with a disparity between school and university levels. This paper calls for a renewed emphasis on ‘drawing as process’ as preparation for university, and for further consideration of the core competencies underpinning the use of drawing as a tool of thought, and how these might be standardised.

This paper compares and contrasts state emergency responses to national security crises with responses deployed in a period of economic crisis. Specifically, this paper challenges the appropriateness and legitimacy of the standard emergency response of legislative (as distinct from judicial) deference to the executive when confronting such economic crises. This will be done by questioning the significance in periods of economic crisis of the two principal factors that justify deferring to the executive during a state of emergency pertaining to national security: (i) the necessity of the action taken; and (ii) that the executive has an expertise in decision making in the specific area in question. Ultimately, this paper questions the application of the emergency paradigm to economic crises, arguing that such responses are rarely temporary and instead usher in a ‘new normalcy’.

This paper investigates the impact of exporting and importing on productivity for UK plantsusing a combination of regression and propensity score matching. Unlike earlier papers, the data allows us to distinguish the effects of trade in goods and services. In confirmation of the results from other countries, we find that plants that both export and import have higher productivity than plants that only do one of these activities. In manufacturing, this is the case regardless of whether the trade is in goods or services (which suggests that servitisation of manufacturing is beneficial).In services, the results are more mixed and the benefits from involvement in international goods networks that are seen in manufacturing do not occur to the same extent (however, for the wholesale and retail sectors, trade in both goods and services is generally productivity enhancing).

An evidence-based (EB) approach has been a significant driver in reforming healthcare over the past two decades. This change has extended across a broad range of health professions, including oral healthcare. A key element in achieving an EB approach to oral healthcare is educating our practitioners, both current and future. This involves providing opportunities integrated within simulated and actual clinical settings for practitioners to learn and apply the principles and processes of evidence-based oral healthcare (EBOHC). Therefore, the focus of this discussion will be on ways in which EBOHC and associated research activities can be implemented into curricula, with the aim of improving patient care. This paper will initially define the scope of EBOHC and research, what these involve, why they are important, and issues that we need to manage when implementing EBOHC. This will be followed by a discussion of factors that enable successful implementation of EBOHC and research into curricula. The paper concludes with suggestions on the future of EBOHC and research in curricula.Key recommendations related to curricula include strengthening of the culture of a scientific approach to education and oral healthcare provision; complete integration of EBOHC into the curriculum at all levels; and faculty development to implement EBOHC based on their needs and evidence of effective approaches. Key recommendations to support implementation and maintenance of EBOHC include recognition and funding for high-quality systematic reviews and development of associated methodologies relevant for global environments; building global capacity of EBOHC researchers; research into improving translation of effective interventions into education and healthcare practice, including patient-reported outcomes, safety and harms, understanding and incorporation of patient values into EB decision-making, economic evaluation research specific to oral healthcare and effective methods for changing practitioner (faculty) behaviours; and extend access to synthesized research in 'user friendly' formats and languages tailored to meet users' needs. Realizing these recommendations may help to improve access to effective healthcare as a basic human right.

This paper presents a narrative review of recent research into applicant and recruiter reactions to new technology in employee selection. Different aspects of the use of new technology are noted including computer-based testing, Internet-based recruitment and candidate assessment, telephone-based and video-based interviews, video-based situational judgment tests, and virtual reality scenarios. It is argued that an appropriate way to conceptualize these advances is as ‘technical innovations’ as defined in the creativity and innovation research in Industrial, Work, and Organizational (IWO) psychology. Applicant reactions research is reviewed thematically, and studies into three main themes are discussed: Applicant preferences and reactions, equivalence, and adverse impact. Following Bartram (2001), an amphibian-monarchistic analogy is employed at several stages in the review. Four major criticisms of the extant applicant reactions research base are noted: its atheoretical orientation, a short-termist concentration upon reactions level outcomes, an over-reliance on students as surrogates, and a patchiness of coverage of crucial research questions. The second part of this paper explores neglected issues of recruiter adoption of new technology for employee selection. Again drawing from advances in the innovation and creativity literatures, this section explores likely antecedent factors at the individual and organizational levels of analysis. A general model of recruiter adoption of new technology is posited as a framework for future research in this area. For both applicant and recruiter reactions further research is called for and implications for practice are noted throughout.

This paper examines the extent to which real estate returns are driven by continental factors. This subject is relevant for determining the country allocation of international real estate portfolios. If returns are driven by a continental factor, investors should look for diversification opportunities outside their own continent. This paper finds strong continental factors in North America and especially in the United States. For the Asia–Pacific region, real estate returns are not driven by a continental factor. The results suggest that, for European, North American and Asia—Pacific real estate portfolio managers, the Asia—Pacific region provides attractive international diversification opportunities.

Dr Jonathan Passmore Publications Library: This paper is made available online in accordance with publisher policies. Further papers on coaching can be found at Dr Jonathan Passmore‟s publications library. All research papers are made available as open access publications. Please scroll down to view the document itself. To see the final version of this paper please visit the publisher‟s website. Access to the published version may require a subscription. Author(s): Grant, A. M., Passmore, J. Cavanagh, M. & Parker, H.

Globalization has resulted in a marked increase in the number of academic economists who have entered the international job market. Previously, the national markets were much more self-contained. Young economists could be confident of finding a tenured professorship in their own country. During the recent decades, virtually all member countries of the European Union and many Asian countries have joined the international market for economists today dominated by the United States. While private connections and ‘old boys’ networks’ remain an important instrument for obtaining academic positions, being published in internationally recognized journals has become a conditio sine qua non. Many universities assign professorships based on the number of publications in top academic journals and citations. At the same time, the revolution of the Internet has opened new ways to ‘publish’. Everybody can put his or her writings on their homepage, in working paper series (such as SSRN, CESifo, or CREMA), in editorially run electronic journals (such as Economists’ Voice or Vox), and in organized or spontaneous blogs. These publication channels have the great advantage over traditional journals of being quick (often even immediate) and of approximating the idea of an intellectual discourse. There are few, if any, restrictions, i.e. there is generally no peer reviewing. Many scholars today keep themselves informed by screening and selectively downloading the summaries of these Internet publications. However, when the manifold existing versions are finally revised and printed in a journal, the paper is often only cited and is rarely read. As a result, journal publications no longer impart new knowledge and ideas but serve as a certification that a paper has been deemed worthy of a narrowly defined

The aim of this paper is thus to identify, evluate, and summarize in a systematic fashion all the epidemiological studies that have analyzed the association between exposure to specific indoor air pollutants and respiratory disease among children under the age of five. A search was carried out in the main biomedical bibliographica sources in December 2006 and updated in February 2008. The study period covered 12 years (1996-2007). All the selected papers were carefully read. We focused on studies that analyzed at least one indicator of respiratory health and which included one or more indoor air pollutants in relation to the respiratory health of children under the age of 5. Studies that analyzed passive smoking as the sole source of indoor air pollution were not included. Fourteen studies were considered to be relevant. The most analyzed pollutant was nitrogen dioxide, followed by volative organic compounds, airborne particulates and other pollutants; phthalates and CO2. The literature reviewed within our criteria seems to indicate that several indoor pollutants, even at the moderate levels found in the developed countries, could be harmful to the respiratory health of very young children. Future research should focus on conducting more studies, preferably making use of cohorts, with adequate techniques for measuring indooor pollution levels. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:231-243. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

This paper examines the detailed performance of an Integrated-Damping-System (IDS) approach which was recently introduced to provide large damping levels by enabling two parts of a building to move independently through a parallel arrangement of springs and fluid viscous dampers. Extensive assessments into the characteristics and distribution of constituent dampers are illustrated through the dynamic response of a typical 300m central-core building. Besides examining the system performance under typical wind conditions and selected seismic excitations, five damper placement methods are assessed for various linear and nonlinear damper exponents. It is shown that intermediate exponents provide the best overall response. However, when the design targets a particular damping, deformation or acceleration related performance parameter, specific combinations of damper exponent and distribution can result in an optimal application. Most importantly, due to the underlying IDS nature, which acts as an inherent large-mass damper, the findings show that the overall performance is not highly sensitive to the damper placement and does not necessitate the use of an advanced distribution. Whilst specific placements can be adopted to refine targeted performance aspects where necessary, simple and practical uniform or stiffness proportional arrangements can be consistently employed with the IDS to provide a highly effective solution.

The US Community Mental Health Act of 1963 led to a deinstitutionalization process which proved to be a mixed failure, particularly when community ser- vices were not available in the catchment areas. Ten years later, John Talbott 1 reported that hospital readmission or “revolving door” was a significant problem and that nearly half of it could be prevented with minor improvements of existing services. In spite of this early evidence, “revolving door” effects followed psychiatric reforms in many countries. Thirty years later, Talbott published the “ten commandments” of community mental health care, and summarized the reasons for the problems created by deinstitutionalization in four main factors: lack of consensus about the movement, no real testing of its philosophic bases, the lack of planning for alternative facil- ities and services, and the inadequacies of the mental health delivery system 2. The paper by Thornicroft et al uses an expert knowledge approach to frame community care on common sense and to describe ten key challenges to implement it and to improve balance of care. The paper is mainly focused on the challenges of care reform at individual ser- vices (microlevel). A number of comments may be added to better understand the current trends of decision making and planning at the upper side of the Thornicroft and Tansella matrix 3: the regio- nal or national care system (macro-level). Mental health care in the real world performs as a complex environmental system characterized by multidisciplinarity, high dimensionality with ill-structured and nonlinear domains, and high uncertainty with heterogeneity of data and imprecise information 4,5. Complex care systems demonstrate other identifiable characteristics such as embeddedness, self-organization, or unpredictability. Under these conditions, evidence cannot be generated using the designs and statistical methods of evidence-based medicine. New health technology assessment tools include outcomes management, decision support systems and knowledge discovery from data (KDD). KDD is a hybrid of statistics and artificial intelligence which incorporates implicit expert knowledge into the data analysis. In the analysis of complex systems, expert opinion is not a source of bias but a key component of the knowledge management and the development of mathematical models. Thus, experience is incorporated into evidence-base mental health care planning 5. The classical debate between hospital and community psychiatry is already closed. Todaýs mounting evidence delivers a simple and clear message: traditional psychiatric hospitals are part of an outdated system of service provision which should be abandoned or entirely transformed. Although failures exist and they replicate at a stubborn pace, psychiatric hospitals have been successfully closed in several countries or regions, whilst in other areas these services have been changed into integrated health care systems 6. On the other hand, the closure of a psychiatric hospital produces similar social resistance and unrest as any other service in obsolete economic sectors, particularly when the hospital is a major source of employment in what are often isolated communities 7. Surprisingly the staffs needs and the social dynamics are not handled in a similar way to other economic sectors. Involving other ministries or national agencies may favour deinstitutionalization in middle income countries. As Thornicroft et al put it forward, the reform of psychiatric hospitals should be led by experience and common sense as much as by values. Bulgaria and other Eastern European countries provide a good example of the complexities of hospital reform. Criticism raised against the World Bank policy to fund “improvement” of the Bulgarian psychiatric hospitals confronts the reality of emergency crisis and human rights of people living in these institutions. The balance of care approach may facilitate a better appreciation of these problems. Classical community psychiatry put major emphasis on closing psychiatric hospitals and on developing specialized community services, mainly residential and intermediate care for severe mental illness. During the last years, a new balance of care model is providing a broader view of the mental health system. Person-centered approaches and longitudinal perspectives are key to this new framework. It takes into consideration the equilibrium between residential and community care, primary and specialized care, or health, social and forensic care within an integrated (multi-sectoral) approach to the delivery of services 7. A special focus is provided on the transitional arrangements needed during the process of re-balancing care for people with mental health problems, or on the outputs at later stages of this process. For example, re-institutionalization has been identified as a worrying trend of well developed community care systems in Western Europe 8. To date, mental health systems have been extensively described by system characteristics, macro indicators of system development and the specific focus on deinstitutionalization and community psychiatry. However, little information has been provided on the financing of mental health systems until very recently. Care financing studies are concerned with the flow of expenditure throughout the care system. The Mental Health Economics European Network has described the financing systems of 17 European countries and identified commonalities and differences 9. A thorough information on the financing system of a number of these countries have been published separately 10,11. Assessing and comparing financing systems represents a “follow the money” approach which may provide a more accurate information on the care system than other traditional description methods. The World Health Organization has also provided a framework to produce standard reports on mental health financing (including pooling, context, mapping, resource base, allocation, budgeting, purchasing, and financing analysis). Financing is a main policy tool to lead mental health reforms 12,13.

While some papers report an increased risk of COVID-19 and worse outcomes1 in oncological patients, others have found no differences2 . We are not aware of studies assessing risk for COVID-19 and clinical outcomes of patients with Primary Cutaneous Lymphomas (PCL).

Vascular malformations (VMs) of the central nervous system (CNS) include a wide range of pathological conditions related to intra and extracranial vessel abnormalities. Although some VMs show typical neuroimaging features, other VMs share and overlap pathological and neuroimaging features that hinder an accurate differentiation between them. Hence, it is not uncommon to misclassify different types of VMs under the general heading of arteriovenous malformations. Thorough knowledge of the imaging findings of each type of VM is mandatory to avoid these inaccuracies. Conventional MRI sequences, including MR angiography, have allowed the evaluation of CNS VMs without using ionizing radiation. Newer MRI techniques, such as susceptibility-weighted imaging, black blood sequences, arterial spin labeling, and 4D flow imaging, have an added value of providing physiopathological data in real time regarding the hemodynamics of VMs. Beyond MR images, new insights using 3D printed models are being incorporated as part of the armamentarium for a noninvasive evaluation of VMs. In this paper, we briefly review the pathophysiology of CNS VMs, focusing on the MRI findings that may be helpful to differentiate them. We discuss the role of each conventional and advanced MRI sequence for VMs assessment and provide some insights about the value of structured reports of 3D printing to evaluate VMs.

Although the notion that HRM activities are necessary conditions for achieving certain outcomes is widespread in HRM research, most empirical studies follow an additive sufficiency logic. That is, they analyse whether HRM activities increase an outcome, assuming that they can compensate for one another. However, this does not correspond to the idea of necessity where single HRM activities are required for an outcome to occur and cannot be compensated when absent. We discuss the differences between sufficiency and necessity logics in terms of theory, methodology, and practical relevance. Also, we suggest using a new approach and analysis technique in HRM research: necessary condition analysis. We illustrate the application of the method by analysing data on the relationship between ability‐, motivation‐, and opportunity‐enhancing HRM practices (i.e., high‐performance work practices) and employee performance. This illustrative example highlights that necessary conditions require particular theoretical attention and suitable empirical methods. The paper concludes by showing the value of studying necessary conditions, because such analyses allow straightforward recommendations to be given of high relevance for HRM practice, which differ from and add to recommendations based on additive sufficiency logic and analyses.

INTRODUCTION: This systematic review examines whether individualised gonadotropin dosing in in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) leads to better outcomes with respect to safety, costs and live birth rates compared to standard dosing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Electronic databases searched were PubMed, Embase and Cochrane. The primary outcome was live birth rate. The secondary outcomes included pregnancy rate, costs and safety. Papers were critically appraised by two reviewers. RESULTS: A total of 7,022 articles were retrieved and assessed for eligibility, of which seven randomised controlled trials were selected. All studies used gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist co-treatment. Clinical and methodological heterogeneity was present, so data could not be pooled for meta-analysis. Only one study, that mainly included women with a good prognosis, revealed an increased chance of ongoing pregnancy in the individualised dosing group compared to standard treatment. With respect to safety, individualised dosing might reduce the occurrence of hyper response and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, without affecting the outcome of pregnancy. In predicted poor responders higher than standard dosages do not reduce the incidence of poor response. A cost-efficacy analysis was not performed in any of the studies included. CONCLUSION: It is currently not possible to conclude whether individualised dosing leads to higher pregnancy or live birth rates as compared to standard dosing, since evidence from well-designed studies that are adequately powered for one of these outcomes is lacking. So, large well-designed studies that evaluate the impact of individualised dosing on live birth rates are needed to assess whether individualised dosing should become the standard in IVF practice. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Pumping tests are performed during aquifer characterization to gain conceptual understanding about the system through diagnostic plots and to estimate hydraulic properties. Recovery tests consist of measuring head response in observation and/or pumping wells after pumping termination. They are especially useful when the pumping rate cannot be accurately controlled. They have been traditionally interpreted using Theis' recovery method, which yields robust estimates of effective transmissivity but does not provide information about the conceptual model. Agarwal proposed a method that has become standard in the oil industry, to obtain both early and late time reservoir responses to pumping from recovery data. However, the validity of the method has only been tested to a limited extent. In this work, we analyze Agarwal's method in terms of both drawdowns and log derivatives for non-ideal conditions: leaky aquifer, presence of boundaries, and one-dimensional flow. Our results show that Agarwal's method provides excellent recovery plots (i.e., the drawdown curve that would be obtained during pumping) and parameter estimates for nearly all aquifer conditions, provided that a constant pumping rate is used and the log derivative at the end of pumping is constant, which is too limiting for groundwater hydrology practice, where observation wells are usually monitored. We generalize Agarwal's method by (1) deriving an improved equivalent time for time-dependent pumping rate and (2) proposing to recover drawdown curves by extrapolating the pumping phase drawdowns. These yield excellent diagnostic plots, thus facilitating the conceptual model analysis for a broad range of conditions. ©2018. The Authors., We acknowledge support from EU projects TRUST (grant 309067 of FP7) and FRACRISK (grant 636811 of H2020), and the Spanish project MEDISTRAES (CGL2013‐48869). The paper provides all the information needed to replicate the results. All data related to the analysis performed can be downloaded from https://h2ogeo.upc.edu/es/investigacion‐hidrologia‐subterrania/software/599‐recovery‐test‐interpretation.

Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Excess fine sediment is a global cause of lotic ecosystem degradation. Despite historic interest in identifying sediment sources and quantifying instream dynamics, tackling fine sediment problems remains a key challenge for river managers and a continued focus of international research. Accordingly, a national meeting of the British Hydrological Society brought together those working on fine sediment issues at the interface of hydrology, geomorphology, and ecology. The resulting collection of papers illustrates the range of research being undertaken in this interdisciplinary research arena, by academic researchers, environmental regulators, landowners, and consultants. More specifically, the contributions highlight key methodological advancements in the identification of fine sediment sources, discuss the complexities surrounding the accurate quantification of riverbed fine sediment content, demonstrate the potential utility of faunal traits as a biological monitoring tool, and recognize the need for improved mechanistic understanding of the functional responses of riverine organisms to excess fine sediment. Understanding and mitigating the effects of fine sediment pressures remains an important and multifaceted problem that requires interdisciplinary collaborative research to deliver novel and robust management tools and sustainable solutions.

Safety should be designed into systems from their very conception, which can be achieved by integrating powerful hazard analysis techniques into the general systems engineering process. The primary barrier to achieving this objective is the lack of effectiveness of the existing analytical tools during early concept development. This paper introduces a new technique, which is based on a more powerful model of accident causality—called systems‐theoretic accident model and process (STAMP)—that can capture behaviors that are prevalent in these complex, software‐intensive systems. The goals are to (1) develop rigorous, systematic tools for the analysis of future concepts in order to identify potentially hazardous scenarios and undocumented assumptions, and (2) extend these tools to assist stakeholders in the development of concepts using a safety‐driven approach., United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (LEARN Grant NNX14AC71A)

Aim: To evaluate oral environmental changes in cannabis users.Material and Methods: The MEDLINE and Cochrane Central register of controlled trails (CENTRAL) were searched up to April 2007 to identify appropriate studies.Results: Independent screening of 982 titles and abstracts (MEDLINE-Pubmed) and (Cochrane) papers resulted in seven eligible publications.Conclusion: Based on the limited data, it seems justified to conclude that with increasing prevalence of cannabis use, oral health care providers should be aware of cannabis-associated oral side effects, such as xerostemia, leukoedema and an increased prevalence and density of Candida albicans.

Objective: To review the literature on whether a hand-held triangular woodstick, as compared with no adjunct or other interdental cleaning device in addition to daily toothbrushing, can improve clinical parameters of gingival inflammation.Material and Methods: MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched through February 2008 to identify appropriate studies. Plaque and gingivitis were selected as outcome variables.Results: Independent screening of the titles and abstracts of 181 MEDLINE and 65 CENTRAL papers yielded seven publications with eight clinical experiments that met the eligibility criteria. The improvement in gingival health, as observed in seven studies, represents a significant incremental benefit realized by the use of triangular woodsticks. None of the studies that scored plaque demonstrated any significant advantage to the use of woodsticks, as opposed to alternative methods, in gingivitis patients.Conclusion: Evidence from controlled trials, most of which were also randomized, shows that woodsticks do not have an additional effect on visible interdental plaque or gingival index, but do, however, provide an improvement in interdental gingival inflammation by reducing the bleeding tendency.

Aim: To review the available literature, considering the effect of instrumentation with the Vector® ultrasonic scaler on human teeth in vitro and in vivo compared to conventional ultrasonic instruments and/or hand instrumentation. The assessed effects are calculus removal, time of instrumentation, root surface aspects, cell attachment, patients' perception, bleeding upon probing, pocket depth, clinical attachment loss and microbiological effects.Materials and methods: MEDLINE-PubMed and the Cochrane Central register of controlled trials (CENTRAL) were searched up through January 2008 to identify appropriate studies. Results: Independent screening of the titles and abstracts of 270 MEDLINE-PubMed and 15 Cochrane papers resulted in 15 suitable publications. The studies differed in design and outcome, so this review summarizes the outcomes in a descriptive manner. Comparisons are presented against conventional ultrasonic system and scaling and root planing.Conclusion: The Vector® ultrasonic scaler provided comparable clinical and microbiological periodontal healing results as scaling and root planing and conventional ultrasonic system in moderately deep pockets. The Vector® ultrasonic scaler may be used as a gentle root debridement device for supportive periodontal therapy, as an alternative to other conventional ultrasonic system. The operator should however consider the extra time needed for instrumentation.

We present a review of six clinical studies investigating the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using porphyrin precursors for the treatment of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Thirty-nine patients with a total of 77 lesions received PDT using a range of treatment schedules following topical application of aminolevulinic acid (ALA) or methyl-aminolevulinate (MAL). The tissue response to PDT is accompanied by a mild burning sensation, erythema and reversible hypo- and hyperpigmentation. Few mechanistic studies have addressed the principles underlying the use of PDT for CL. All six reviewed papers suggest that PDT with porphyrin precursors is relatively effective in treating CL. Data are still limited, and PDT cannot at this point be recommended in routine clinical practice. The mechanism of action of this promising therapeutic modality needs to investigated further and additional controlled trials need to be performed.

Objectives: The Stress Thermometer is an easily accessible Internet-based instrument for feedback on work stress and burnout. The aim of this paper is to describe the development of this instrument and to determine its applicability within the dental practice. Methods: The Stress Thermometer was made accessible to all members of the Dutch Dental Association, of which 77% of all Dutch dentists are members. Frequency of use was determined, and descriptive data was collected. Results: During an evaluation period of 5 months at least 12% of all possible respondents made use of the Stress Thermometer. Descriptive characteristics of the response group, as well as levels of burnout and work stress, corresponded with those found in the Dutch dentist population. However, some deviations were also present. Conclusions: Results indicate the applicability of the Stress Thermometer to a representative variety of dentists. Although the deviations found should not be ignored in future use, the Stress Thermometer was successful in reaching a population that is difficult to reach. It effectively calls attention to sensitive personal issues concerning work-related stress and burnout.

This paper completes the study presented in the accompanying paper, and demonstrates a numerical algorithm for parameter prediction from the piezocone test (CPTU) data. This part deals with a development of neural network (NN) models which are able to map multi-variable input data onto typical geotechnical characteristics and constitutive parameters of the modified Cam clay model, which has been applied in this study. The identification procedure is designed for the coupled hydro-mechanical boundary value problem in normally-and lightly overconsolidated clayey soils including partially drained conditions that may appear during cone penetration. The NN models are trained with pseudo-experimental measurements derived with the aid of the numerical model of the piezocone test, presented in the accompanying paper. Different input configurations containing CPTU measurements and some complementary data are studied with respect to the accuracy of predicted parameter values. Finally, the performance of the developed NN predictors is tested with field CPTU data which are derived from three well-documented characterization sites, and the obtained predictions are compared with benchmark laboratory results.

This paper presents a kite control and optimization problem intended as a benchmark problem for advanced control and optimization. We provide an entry point to this exciting renewable energy system for researchers in control and optimization methods looking for a realistic test bench, and/or a useful application case for their theory. The benchmark problem in this paper can be studied in simulation, and a complete Simulink model is provided to facilitate this. The simulated scenario, which reproduces many of the challenges presented by a real system, is based on experimental studies from the literature, industrial data and the authors’ own experience in experimental kite control. In particular, an experimentally validated wind turbulence model is included, which subjects the kite to realistic disturbances. The benchmark problem is that of controlling a kite such that the average line tension is maximized. Two different models are provided: A more comprehensive one is used to simulate the ’plant’, while a simpler ’model’ is used to design and implement control and optimization strategies. This way, uncertainty is present in the form of plant-model mismatch. The outputs of the plant are corrupted by measurement noise. The maximum achievable average line tension for the plant is calculated, which should facilitate the performance comparison of different algorithms. A simple control strategy is implemented on the plant and found to be quite sub-optimal, even if the free parameters of the algorithm are well tuned. An open question is whether or not more advanced control algorithms could do better.

Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is an uncommon disease in childhood. In this paper we present five new cases of childhood DLE. Two of them are identical twin brothers, who developed similar lesions during an interval of 5 years. This is in favour of the hypothesis that both genetic factors and somatic mutations, due to environmental factors, are implicated in the pathogenesis. A review of the English language literature is also presented. In order to have better epidemiological data on this disease, all cases of childhood DLE, including those published in non-English literature and those not yet published, should be placed together and analysed.

Whether animal vocalizations have the potential to communicate information regarding ongoing external events or objects has received considerable attention over the last four decades. Such ‘functionally referential signals’ (Macedonia & Evans 1993) have been shown to occur in a range of mammals and bird species and as a consequence have helped us understand the complexities that underlie animal communication, particularly how animals process and perceive their socio-ecological worlds. Here, we review the existing evidence for functionally referential signals in mammals according to the framework put forward in the seminal Macedonia and Evans review paper. Furthermore, we elucidate the ambiguities regarding the functionally referential framework that have become obvious over the last years. Finally, we highlight new potential areas for investigation within referential signalling. We conclude the functionally referential framework is still informative when interpreting the meaning of animal vocalizations but, based on emerging research, requires further integration with other approaches investigating animal vocal complexity to broaden its applicability.

Southeast Asia region comprises a group of mainland and island countries with diverse geophysical and socioeconomic characteristics. Southeast Asia includes Brunei, Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, The Union of Myanmar, and Vietnam. Most of the Southeast Asian countries are low-income and low-middle income economies with an exception of Singapore with high-income economy and Malaysia with upper-middle-income economy (The World Bank 2010). In addition to these countries, this paper also touches upon climate change impacts in Japan, which could provide needed capacity in mitigation of some of the impacts observed in the Southeast Asian countries. Agriculture in value added of national gross domestic product (GDP) in this region accounts to about 17.3%. However, there is a variation with figures ranging between 41.8% (Lao PDR) and 0.1% (Singapore) (Fig. 3.7.1). While the share of agriculture in national GDPs may appear less significant, agriculture undoubtedly plays an important role beyond its share in the national GDP in these countries. Agriculture employs about 50.4% of total population in these countries (FAO 2009c), with a range between less than 1% in Singapore and 80% in East Timor, and is backbone for realizing food security and providing needed inputs to the industry. Southeast Asian countries differ in the agricultural productivity. In terms of developmental indicators, Southeast Asia is the third poorest region in the world after sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia and ranks poorly in terms of labor productivity, access to food, maternal health, and forestation (United Nations 2009). Hence, any external stress can mean significant impact on sustainable development of many Southeast Asian countries. Rice is the principal cereal crop cultivated in the Southeast Asia grown in about 46.7 Mha (amounting to 82% of total area under cereal cultivation in the region) with a productivity of 4.04 tha−1 (FAO 2009a) and provides about 60% of total calories, 1195 kcal/capita/day, to millions of people in Southeast Asia (FAO 2009b). Other principal crops grown in the region are maize, sorghum, wheat, barley, and rye. The region imports wheat (9.5 Mt), soybeans (4.5 Mt)

During the past decade there has been a dramatic increase in the study of children and childhood in archaeology and anthropology, with the publication of many papers, books, and theses on this topic (e.g., Baxter 2005b ; Baxter 2008 ; Benthall 1992 ; Crawford and Lewis 2008 ; Gottlieb 2000 ; Kamp 2001b ; Lewis 2007 ; Moore and Scott 1997 ; Panter Brick 1998 ; Schwartzman 2001 ; Scott 1999 ; Sofaer Derevenski 2000 ; Stearns 2006 ; Wileman 2005 ). In past archaeological research, children were marginalized, much like women were, especially because of the perceived close association between children and women (Baxter 2008 ). Children were seen as being unimportant to social life, and their study was thought to be hindered by lack of preservation and therefore under representation of children in the archaeological record (Lewis 2007 ). The initial interest in the archaeology of childhood occurred with the rise of feminist approaches in the 1970s, but with the relatively recent emphases on identity and agency in archaeology, childhood has become recognized as an important focus of study (Baxter 2008 ). In fact, contrary to the dismissal of children in earlier archaeological work it is now recognized that children are signifi cant social and economic actors (e.g., Kamp 2001b ) and overlooking them would ignore an important demographic proportion of past societies (Baxter 2008 :160). Recent bioarchaeological work also recognizes that they are central for understanding biological adaptation and health to their social environment (Lewis 2007 ). Recently, rising tensions between social archaeologists and bioarchaeologists in their approach to the study of human remains has been noted (Sofaer 2006 )

Collaborative design resembles a discussion or conversation. Ideas are bounced off the different members of a design team. Depending on the task and the point in time the engineer joins a design team different structural parameters contribute to an integrated solution. The paper will present different strategies we pursue involving geometry, topology and materiality. Geometry plays a major role for structural performance in large-scale structures and at the same time embodies the architectural design approach. Thus a solution which suits different requirements has to be negotiated. Topology of surface- and vector-active systems within a predefined shape or envelope can become the objective of evolutionary design processes where structure adapts to specific needs. Materiality is embedded into a larger context of material systems that include digital workflow and fabrication.

In this paper I develop the concepts of moral responsibility and of social responsibility, adopting them to the Internet realm. I first discuss and explain the concepts and their implications on people and society. Then I address the issue of moral and social responsibilities of agents, or Net users. Next I turn to the issue of readers’ moral and social responsibilities: Responsibility of people who encounter malicious postings on the Internet, some of which might be damaging and harmful. Should they simply read the postings and move on or do something about it?

This paper contributes to multiple agency theory by examining how the compensation schemes awarded to outside directors and the CEO jointly affect firm-level risk taking. Using data of the SP that is, if both the outside directors and the CEO are provided with stock option compensation, outside directors' incentives weaken the effect of the CEO's incentives on firms' risk taking. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Alginate has been widely investigated since it was first isolated and described in 1881 by Stanford (E.C.C Stanford, 1881) and has since become a vastly utilised polymer with a variety of applications. Alginate is not only exploited in the food industry, but also in the paper and textile industries, pharmaceutical and more recently, for biomedical applications. The versatility of alginate has led to it being a fairly well understood material and has been subject to a great number of systematic rheological investigations, information from which has been subsequently utilised in food applications. More recently, their “high value” pharmaceutical and biomedical applications have driven the development and understanding of alginate further. This chapter intends to provide a brief overview of the chemical properties of alginates and to review the influence of molecular structure on the physical, functional and more specifically, rheological properties which are exploited in food systems. Specific applications in foods are also covered which highlight the multi functional nature of alginate and its future potential.

While other countries dismantled their segmented housing finance systems and linked housing finance to capital markets through deregulated depositories, the US linked housing finance to capital markets through depository deregulation and securitization. Elsewhere securitization has not developed. The US provided the underpinnings for its mortgage security infrastructure with the creation of FNMA in 1938 and in order to create liquidity in the mortgage market required the standardization of mortgage documentation and more fundamentally required that home mortgages within securities would be sufficiently homogeneous that they could trade in liquid markets. These developments allowed 22 years of uninterrupted liquidity in the market for conventional conforming mortgages, to be followed by the creation of a subprime mortgage market backed by securities that were illiquid, nonstandardized and marked to model not to market which allowed systemic underpricing of risk. This paper presents the recent history of the linkage of mortgage funding to financial markets in the US and elsewhere and specifically in the US suggests how the housing finance revolution resulted in the "terror" which has brought down global financial markets.

The world’s fisheries are in a time of grave crisis. Most of the fisheries that have produced bountifully in the past are now overfished, with many species facing commercial extinction. To respond to this situation, the world community adopted the 1995 Straddling and Migratory Fish Stocks Agreement, and since then several regions have adopted innovative regional fishery agreements. The most ambitious of these new agreements is the Convention on the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Central and Western Pacific Ocean, which was adopted in Honolulu on September 5, 2000. This treaty, like the 1995 Agreement, adopts the precautionary principle as its main guideline. It requires countries to engage in data collection and data exchanges to promote transparency. It creates a Commission to allocate fish stocks. The Commission must make some decisions by consensus, but for others will utilize a chambered voting system whereby the distant-water fishing countries and the island countries must each agree by an enhanced majority before a decision can be adopted. To provide further protection for each country, the Convention authorizes countries to seek judicial review of any Commission decision if the decision is thought to violate the Convention, or the 1995 Agreement, or the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention. This Convention is now in force, and its operations will be monitored closely to see if its ambitious and important goals can be met. One of the central mission of this Convention and other regional fishery management organizations is to allocate fish among its contracting parties. This paper discuss the criteria that should be considered when making such allocation decisions. ******************* Worldwide Crisis in Fisheries Our generation has awakened to a worldwide crisis in fisheries that demands immediate and urgent attention. The decimation of fish populations around the globe has been well documented, but a few examples help emphasize the urgency of the present situation: 1 David E. Pitt, Despite Gaps, Data Leave Little Doubt that Fish Are in Peril, N.Y. Times

Community mapping is a relatively new tool with considerable potential in giving practical effect at the local level to sustainable development rhetoric. As a repository of socially constructed knowledge, it has considerable value in democratizing information both in terms of what is recorded and public access to it, in a manner that facilitates more meaningful participation of non-experts in planning and advocacy processes. Focusing on a community mapping project in Galway, Ireland, this research paper explores how the city's municipal authority is employing community mapping not just to record and promote the city's social, environmental, economic and cultural assets but also as a practical tool to bolster public participation in policy-making and to improve local communities’ trust in the municipal authority, thereby shaping sustainability practices through enhanced governance.

Summary Reintroduction, including the translocation of problem animals, has been advocated as a means for re-establishing extirpated populations of large carnivores. Endangered throughout their range across 12 Central Asian countries, snow leopards, Panthera uncia (also classifi ed as Uncia uncia Schreber, 1775) continue to decline due to poaching for their pelts and bones, killing by local herders in retaliation for livestock depredation and the widespread depletion of their natural prey base. On the other hand, the world’s ex situ population continues to grow, raising the option of reintroducing captivebred snow leopards into areas from which this species has been extirpated. Several important questions arise, however. Have wild snow leopard populations declined below some critical threshold level, meriting their reintroduction, or is it better to protect extant populations and allow natural range reoccupation to take its course? What is the most suitable stock for reintroduction, and what are the potential pitfalls and lessons that can we learn from reintroduction efforts involving other felids? This paper attempts to address these and related issues.

Harold Shipman was an English doctor who killed approximately 15 patients while working as a junior hospital doctor in the 1970s, and another 235 or so when working subsequently as a general practitioner.1 Is it possible to learn general lessons to improve patient safety from such extraordinary events? In this paper we argue that it is not possible fully to understand how Shipman came to be such a successful and prolific serial killer, nor to learn how the safety of healthcare systems can be improved, unless his diabolical activities are studied using approaches developed to investigate patient safety. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines a patient safety occurrence as ‘an event which resulted in, or could have resulted in, unintended harm to a patient by an act of commission or omission, not due to the underlying medical condition of the patient’.2 Whatever the complexity of his actual motives3 when Shipman administered massive doses of diamorphine he clearly intended harm. But on the WHO's definition Shipman's practice falls outside questions about patient safety. We argue on the contrary that Shipman's case precisely requires to be understood within a patient safety framework (in addition to relevant legal and criminal frameworks).

Bioprocesses have been developed as relatively recent alternatives to conventional, non-biological technologies, for waste gas treatment and air pollution control in general. This paper reviews major biodegradation processes relevant in this field as well as both accepted and major innovative bioreactor configurations studied or used nowadays for the treatment of polluted air, i.e. biofilters, one- and two-liquid phase biotrickling filters, bioscrubbers, membrane bioreactors, rotating biodiscs and biodrums, one- and two-liquid phase suspended growth bioreactors, as well as hybrid reactor configurations. Some of these bioreactors are being used at full-scale for solving air pollution problems, while others are still at the research and development stage at laboratory- or pilot-scale.