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While methods for retrieving documents from large information repositories have improved a lot, presentation of the retrieved documents still leaves a lot to be desired. Important information on documents is usually presented as a textual listing of available metadata attributes such as document size, author information, date of creation, and so on. This requires the user to read and abstract from the presented metainformat ion.

In paper coating, the pigment volume content of the coated layer is over critical pigment volume concentration (CPVC) and latex polymer used as main binder forms a discontinuous film. It is known that the coated layer has a porous structure. This feature of the coated layer has significant influence on printing performance parameters. In addition, printing is a dynamic process. Due to difficulty in measuring the dynamic mechanical properties of such a thin and composite layer, dynamic mechanical analysis of the coated layer has not been studied in the paper coating processes. Results based on DMTA studies indicate that three transitions of dynamic viscoelastic properties are observed in the coated layer. The first transition corresponds to polymer Tg and frequency dependent, while second and third transitions show independence on frequency and seem to be related to the packing state of the coated layer.The effect of these transitions related to the printability influenced by latex properties is discussed.

All the papers considered in this critique are concerned with the synaptic connections of various input systems with motoneurones. The papers by Mendell, Munson and Lev-Tov deal with the properties and regulation of synaptic projections to lumbar motoneurones in the cat or the neonatal rat. The remaining two papers by Appenteng, Curtis, Grimwood, Min & Yang, and Binder & Powers focus on methodological issues concerning the measurement of synaptic strength, but also consider applications of these methods.

Drawing processing has been researched but far beyond satisfaction for many years. An orientational objective is set in this paper as facilitating the reuse of old paper drawings in new CAD/CAM systems, and several ways to achieve it are also presented, in which primitive recognition and 2-D drawing understanding are still main problems.

Loschmidt’s two papers on diffusion1,2 were of great importance for the development of physics since they were closely connected with the acceptance of the atomic hypothesis. They were an essential element in the development of the new concept, and the atomic hypothesis was the key to the modern world view. So Feynman3, at the beginning of his famous lectures, puts the question: “If, in any cataclysm, all of scientific knowledge were to be destroyed, and only one sentence passed on to the next generations of creatures, what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words?” and he answers: “I believe it is the atomic hypothesis (or the atomic fact, or whatever you wish to call it) that all things are made of atoms — little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another. In that one sentence, you will see, there is an enormous amount of information about the world, if just a little imagination and thinking are applied.”

The notion of computational model is central to the Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing. It defines an abstract model for distributed computations and characterizes at the same time the functionality of a supporting distributed virtual machine. Most current distributed systems, including e.g. the CORBA platforms, have converged on a subset of this computational model. In this paper, we review the model, providing a formal characterization for it, and we discuss various directions for extensions, considering in particular different trends in distributed systems construction.

To determine the size of gas-molecules Loschmidt, in his famous paper “On the size of air molecules,”1 used a relation between the scattering cross-section of molecules and their mean free path, which had been derived by Maxwell in 1860 and which Loschmidt phrased in the form: “The diameter of the molecules of a gas is equal to the eightfold mean free path of the molecules multiplied by the condensation-coefficient.”1

A set A of integers is said to be an asymptotic basis of order h if every sufficiently large integer can be represented as a sum of h (not necessarily instinct) elements of A. In a recent paper [ENJ, Erdos and Nathanson prove the following interesting result.

Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) can only be conceived in the framework of a large multidisciplinary team. Clinical papers presented at the Fifth International Symposium on Neutron Capture Therapy for Cancer can roughly be divided into 3 groups, according to the team to which the authors belong, each of which has its particular concerns, reflecting the level of advancement of the project. A number of papers stemmed from authors which were already applying BNCT to patients with intracranial tumors and melanomas,1-8 and these mostly reflected attempts to refine and improve the current treatment methods. An equal number stemmed from authors who intended to start clinical trials shortly,9-18 dealing with beam and treatment room design, quality control and clinical biodistribution of boron compounds, and protocol design. A small number of clinical papers dealt with those lesions, which may become candidates for BNCT, as well as with new boron compounds, preparing the future beyond intracranial tumors and melanomas, and beyond BSH and BPA.3,19,20

These three papers raise some issues which should perhaps be integrated in a more general context schematised in Figure 1. Over the last 30 years the field of motor control dealing with rhythmic behaviours such as locomotion, swimming, scratching, paw shaking and allied movements (e.g. hatching, struggling) has made enormous progress which has been reviewed several times, and has been the subject of many international meetings. The interest has been largely in defining which structures of the nervous system are essential for the generation of these rhythmic behaviours. A great deal of work was performed on supraspinal structures which can initiate and control these motor patterns (Armstrong, 1986), as well as on central spinal mechanisms that can generate these patterns in some great detail (Grillner, 1981), and on their modulation by afferent inputs (Rossignol, Lund & Drew, 1988). In the last 15 years there has been an important effort devoted to establishing the membrane properties and synaptic connectivity, as well as network properties involved in producing these motor patterns, and major advances have been made by various groups working on lower and higher vertebrates (Rossignol & Dubuc, 1994).

This paper argues that most workflow management support systems are vulnerable due to the single database architecture upon which they are based. Furthermore, the single server architecture creates a performance bottleneck when large quantities of workflows are being managed.

A search was made on the CAB ABSTRACTS database for all scientific papers by the 16 speakers at this Symposium (Intercellular Signalling in the Mammary Gland, Hannah Research Institute, Ayr, UK, 13–15 April 1994) published since 1984. A total of 475 records was retrieved from the database.

These three papers all deal with intricacies of structure and function of muscle spindles, but with such different aspects that they must be considered separately.

The four papers of this section deal with rather different subjects. Nonetheless, I will try to emphasize certain common points in the approaches.

The muscles used in these two studies, the masseter of the rabbit (Saed et al.) and the first lumbrical of the human hand (Thornell et al.) would seem to have very little in common. The first lumbrical has been intimately involved in some of the highest cultural achievements of human beings, since it is the muscle needed to apply pressure by the tip of the index finger against the thumb when holding a pen or paintbrush. However, one cannot be homocentrically dismissive about a muscle merely dedicated to lagomorph nutrition after reading the paper by Saed et al. The control of both these muscles must be closely coordinated not only with the control of several other muscles, but also with sensory information from the skin and joints of the hand in the lumbrical case, and from the buccal cavity and mandibular joints in the masseter case. But the rabbit masseter has an impressive versatility in addition, due to its internal organisation. As Saed et al explain it is divided by partitions into multiple compartments, from superficial to deep, capable of being activated successively, and possibly differentially even within each compartment. Surprisingly, however, this peripheral anatomical order was not reflected in a topographical organisation of the motoneurone cell bodies, which occur in two groups, in the trigeminal motor nucleus, and in cell group k, a separate collection of small fusiform neurones.

The background to many of today’s questions is dominated by what is now called the process of globalization of economy and society. This phenomenon has to be distinguished from the traditional processes of internationalization and multinationalization of businesses, since it includes finance, markets and strategies, technology and its related research and development, lifestyles and consumption patterns with their consequences for culture, regulatory capabilities and governance, as well as political unification of the world2. ‘Globalization refers to the multiplicity of linkages and interconnections between the states and societies which make up the present world system’3. This development is more than an economic or technological process. It gives freedom to capital and labour to move across political boundaries, anywhere in the world. It identifies a global world by playing on intrinsic cultural variables of identity, namely space and time. The so-called global world is most probably not the whole world, but the metaphor has its importance in terms of culture. Delocalization is not recent, it has roots in the past; but what is new, even in the developed countries, is the de-linkage of the poorest regions and countries from the networked and interconnected ones. What also emerges is the penetration of more and more merchandized culture where culture is identified with cultural goods and services and no longer with the content through which peoples control their own identity and history.

Writing a research paper is an integral part of research, not just a tiresome appendage to swell your curriculum vitae. You must guarantee that your research was ethical, that your data are accurate, that you have concealed no relevant information, that you have not submitted the same data in another form to another journal, and that all the authors named have taken part in the research and in the preparation of your paper.

At long intervals the same question is raised: ‘Are we technicians, scientists, users of technology responsible for the problems that are caused by the introduction of technology?’ The answers given are not uniform, but the fact that the question is raised shows that we are beginning to realize that our technology is capable of, not only constructing the world, but destroying it as well. And we are becoming conscious of this destruction through the confrontation with environmental pollution, questions dealing with nuclear power, and more recently questions surrounding genetic engineering, such as DNA recombination, and the use of test-tube fertilization on older women.

In paper mills, the speed of paper web has been increasing all the time and the speeds may be in excess of 120 km/h (60–70 miles/h). High speeds are also needed in slitter-winders to manage the continuous production of paper from the machine despite the roll changes. It is clear that at such speeds the tension of the moving paper has to be known; in particular, the tension profile across the machine direction since the profile may contain tension peaks that break the web even though the average tension may be acceptable.

Since the last International Coronavirus Meeting a number of very intriguing papers have appeared. These papers have provided insight into what continues to be a very exciting and complex interaction between MHV strains and their natural hosts and include studies of viral tropism, pathogenesis, the role of immune system and genetic factors. MHV infections in mice have been studied mainly as models of viral hepatitis (4,7,9,11,13) and both acute and chronic viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) (2,5,6,8,15–17,19,20).

The discussion on recruitment order has been much dominated by Henneman’s’ size principle’. With our present understanding this hypothesis implies that the major factors determining the recruitment order are localised to the motoneurones themselves. That may be the sum of several mechanisms (such as membrane resistivity, threshold levels etc.) which are correlated to motoneuronal size. In addition to these properties of the motoneurones themselves, it is obvious that the distribution of the synaptic input in the motoneuronal pool must also play a role. The predominant projection of Ia excitation to slow motor units — rather than to fast units — surely contributes to reinforce and conserve the normal recruitment order.

Pharmacological studies of descending controls have two main aims: firstly to use drugs (both agonists and antagonists) as aids to an understanding of the transmitters mediating such controls and secondly to define actions of drugs which might be used therapeutically. As with all pharmacological studies, the methods of drug administration and the events measured have been diverse.

The work described here concerns the ontogenetic development of intrafusal muscle fibres and their innervation. The present view, derived from previous work from several laboratories, is that the bag2 fibre of the muscle spindle develops from a primary myotube prenatally, its specialization from extrafusal precursors being associated with, and probably caused by, the termination on it of a primary afferent axon. Bag1 and chain fibres appear later as secondary myotubes in close physical association with the bag2 primary myotube. Temporally the arrival of the motor supply lags slightly behind the afferent supply and is not required for bag2 fibre differentiation.

Lawrence and Kuypers’ (1968) observation that relatively independent movements of the digits disappear after section of the pyramidal tract is one of the most influential observations in motor physiology. When extended to man, the observation assumes an even greater, philosophical importance. The pyramidal tract is the evolutionary development which has given us a superior ability to manipulate objects and fashion tools from our surroundings.

In the context of this session on clinical implications there are four contributions on single motor unit studies. The first two of them use the technique of cross-correlation analysis between motor unit (MU) discharges recorded during steady voluntary contractions in human forearm muscles.

The three examples chosen to show the relevance of historical research in psychology are undoubtedly suitable. Togel was astute in selecting these three examples from the history of psychology which represent unsolved problems for current research. Urgent theoretical questions emerge from this historical perspective.

The job of the scientist is to discover, confirm, and communicate new knowledge. Writing research papers, as discussed in Chapter 8, is a prerequisite to communication, which includes presentations at meetings and publication in books and journals.