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In July 2007, IBM and Cambridge University’s Institute for Manufacturing (IfM ), in conjunction with BAE Systems, convened a group of leading academics and senior industrialists in a two-day symposium to address the critical questions facing the emerging field of Service Science , Management and Engineering (SSME ). The meeting, together with a consultation process involving over a hundred international respondents, created a white paper for universities, businesses and governments globally (IfM and IBM 2008). The report called for (1) the advancement of SSME as a distinct subject of research and education through intensive collaboration across disciplines, and (2) the creation of national Service Innovation Roadmaps (SIR) to double investment in service research and education worldwide by 2015. Since the white paper was released, exciting progress has taken place; many universities have started SSME courses while various governments released SIR reports (see Appendices I and II for lists of such initiatives). In the remainder of this chapter, we provide an updated summary of the white paper and revisit its original recommendations for SSME stakeholders.

In this position statement on the question, How far harmonisation? I expresses the view that, in the context of our profession, our theories, as far a possible, must meet the stringent quality criteria which philosophers of science impose on other disciplines that deal with problems in domains of inter-subjective activity, such as the natural sciences. I also show that our present ‘tunes’ are played on almost one note, making any harmony rather thin and uninteresting. Sometimes I despair of our profession ever abandoning old, demonstrably weak ideas (conceptualist or naive objectivist ontologies, for example) or of ever raising its eyes above the technical layer of problems to face the other half of the issues before us. However, I justify my long-term optimism because I have not encountered any intrinsic difficulty in meeting the most exacting criteria of scientific quality in dealing with information systems. Only a general unwillingness to apply those criteria obstructs our progress.

I was one of nine children from a migrant farm-working family in central California. My experiences as a farm-worker and as a member of an ethnic minority roused a strong interest for seeking social and economic justice for Latinos. While at California State University, Fresno, I was a student and community activist involved in several causes, including increasing access to higher education for ethnic minority students and supporting the United Farm Workers union. As a psychology major, I was disturbed by the lack of valid research on Latino populations. After graduating college, I worked for several years as union organizer for the Service Employees International Union Local 250. I entered graduate school to study clinical psychology. At first, I aspired to become a clinician to provide bilingual services but over time my interest in research grew.While completing a clinical post-doctoral fellowship at the University of California, San Francisco, I collaborated with Dr. Ricardo Muoz. We conducted research on computerized speech recognition for assessing depression symptoms in Englishand Spanish-speaking patients. After this fellowship, I became an assistant professor in the department of psychology at California State University, San Marcos. I am the former director of the National Latino Research Center at that school. I am the former director of the NLRC. Currently the Dean of Graduate Studies and Associate Vice President for Research at CSUSM. The emphasis of the NLRC is to promote research on Latino populations in the areas of health, education, and community development; however, my research interest remains the bilingual computerized assessment of depression.

Three main research questions are identified for higher education to effectively address Lifelong Learning. Lifelong Learning is an educational issue, because it is pulled by the political agenda, by economical, social, civic, cultural, personal and also Information and Communication Technology (ICT) developments. From an employment related perspective ‘students’ in Lifelong Learning are knowledge workers (knowledge creators) and skills workers (knowledge appliers), basically learning at the workplace. From the social and civic perspective ‘students’ are people learning in ‘learning communities’. From a personal perspective students are persons following initial education to be effective in the workplace (employment related) and in society (community related). The role of ICT is one of empowerment, enhancement of creativity and support. Lifelong Learning is demand driven, flexible learning that will force educational institutions to change. In this special attention should be given to the relevance of Lifelong Learning for countries with emerging knowledge intensive economies.

The value of a set of future cash flows (valuation) can serve many purposes, including the allocation of scarce resources, determination of the price at which a product will be offered (often supplemented with relevant information concerning the market or vice versa), and the estimation of the value of assets, obligations, or companies. The objective of such a valuation is to determine, to the extent possible, the economic value of one or more sets of cash flows or the relative economic differences between the value of alternate sets of estimated cash flows. Such valuations are particularly important in actuarial practice.

Audit consists of the systematic gathering and analysing of information about the effects of current practice that might be used in the future development of higher quality practice. This chapter presents a brief account of some concepts of audit, and of the appraisal of its validity, importance and usefulness.

While methods for retrieving documents from large information repositories have improved a lot, presentation of the retrieved documents still leaves a lot to be desired. Important information on documents is usually presented as a textual listing of available metadata attributes such as document size, author information, date of creation, and so on. This requires the user to read and abstract from the presented metainformat ion.

The background to many of today’s questions is dominated by what is now called the process of globalization of economy and society. This phenomenon has to be distinguished from the traditional processes of internationalization and multinationalization of businesses, since it includes finance, markets and strategies, technology and its related research and development, lifestyles and consumption patterns with their consequences for culture, regulatory capabilities and governance, as well as political unification of the world2. ‘Globalization refers to the multiplicity of linkages and interconnections between the states and societies which make up the present world system’3. This development is more than an economic or technological process. It gives freedom to capital and labour to move across political boundaries, anywhere in the world. It identifies a global world by playing on intrinsic cultural variables of identity, namely space and time. The so-called global world is most probably not the whole world, but the metaphor has its importance in terms of culture. Delocalization is not recent, it has roots in the past; but what is new, even in the developed countries, is the de-linkage of the poorest regions and countries from the networked and interconnected ones. What also emerges is the penetration of more and more merchandized culture where culture is identified with cultural goods and services and no longer with the content through which peoples control their own identity and history.

The job of the scientist is to discover, confirm, and communicate new knowledge. Writing research papers, as discussed in Chapter 8, is a prerequisite to communication, which includes presentations at meetings and publication in books and journals.

An early example of the working relationship between the electrical transmission of images and silver halide photography or phototelegraphy was the Kopiertelegraph (from the German Kopagraphegrafen for copying telegraphy), the invention of engineer Gustav Grzanna, born in Breslau. In 1901 Grzanna presented his fernschreiber (teleprinter) that used a scanning stylet at the transmitter to send an electrical signal via telegraph lines. At the receiver the image was written by a mirror galvanometer, a small mirror on a magnet held within the field produced by two electromagnetics, one for X and the other for Y translation. Light projected onto the mirror was reflected to scan and expose photographic paper (Huurdeman 2003). The Grzanna Kopiertelegraph Company of Dresden went out of business in 1905, unable to compete with the Telautograph of German physicist Arthur Korn that was introduced in 1902, as noted in Chap. 75 (Suplee et al. 1906, p. 1105). Korn’s rotating scanning drum was a precursor of the photographic facsimile machines used by organizations like newspapers and police departments for many years.

This paper presents a schema that attempts to embrace all graphic language. The essence of the schema is shown in a matrix which presents a number of theoretical possibilities in terms of approaches to graphic language. One axis of the matrix describes the methods of configuration of graphic language, using such terms as pure linear, linear interrupted, list, linear branching, matrix, non-linear directed, non-linear open. The other axis describes the modes of symbolization of graphic language, using four somewhat crude categories: verbal/numerical, pictorial and verbal/numerical, pictorial, schematic. Numerous, examples are shown to clarify terms and the underlying concepts they describe. It is emphasized that the matrix is a device for directing thinking, rather than a means of defining graphic language. The paper is written from the standpoint of a practising graphic designer. The matrix is used to illustrate the wide range of approaches open to us in graphic language and the effect this is assumed to have on reading/viewing strategies and cognitive processes. It is mggested that the matrix is useful in focusing attention on two fundamental questions that ought always to be asked when deciding how a graphic message should be communicated: What should be the mode of symbolization and what should be the method of configuration? Legibility and related research is briefly reviewed in order to establish what light it throws on these questions; with a few notable exceptions it is found wanting. It is suggested that there is a need for more research that crosses the boundaries of the cells of the matrix. This paper is not the culmination of a sustained programme of research and brings no firm evidence to bear on any aspect of graphic language. It is the contribution of a graphic designer who has had the opportunity of associating with research workers concerned with the evaluation of graphic language, and is written as a tutorial paper to stimulate thought and discussion. It is an attempt to define the scope of graphic language and to show relationships between different approaches to it that have been, and can be, used. Throughout the paper, the totality of graphic language and its specifically graphic variables are emphasized. Though the approach may appear to be somewhat theoretical, it is intended that it should have practical implications.

Leonard Talmy’s paper, presented as a study of “the semantics of grammar,” concerns itself with discovering and analyzing those categories and devices found in the grammatical skeletons of the sentences in a language which are dedicated to the conceptualization and formulation of spatial information. Wolfgang Klein’s study, by contrast, is principally a report on a continuing research program designed to discover empirically the ways in which both lexical and grammatical material can be used in communication involving the description of “spatial worlds,” and how speakers present and “linearize” information about paths in such “worlds.”

The presentation by Christ and Adams is a well-thought-out and impressive blueprint for psychosocial interventions with the families of childhood cancer patients. Using the eight points they cite as a guide, it is not difficult to target specialized psychotherapeutic interventions to the families most in need of these services. The only improvement I can offer to this excellent paper is a suggested extension of five more points, dealing specifically with those children who are destined to be long-term survivors and those families who will not be so fortunate.

Dr. Christ has focused our attention on a problem of central importance, not only in the treatment of childhood malignancies, but in the broader field of psychiatry and human behavior. American psychiatry and psychology have tended to neglect the role of the neural substrate in behavior and affect. The case of Milton is a beautiful illustration of the role that insult to the central nervous system (CNS) may play, both directly and indirectly, in influencing psychological function, and of how even well-trained clinicians may ignore it as a result of their theoretical preconceptions.

This chapter offers a critical survey of evidence for functionally separable mechanisms in word recognition, and a theoretical framework for interpreting the contributions of linguistic, especially lexical, knowledge in both pre-attentive processing and conscious perception of written words. Section 1 reviews evidence for independent parallel systems responsible for graphemic access to semantic and conceptual knowledge, and for conversion of alphabetic script into a phonological representation. The role of phonological coding in silent reading is discussed, including its role in interpreting certain syntactic components of text. Section 2 discusses the effects of orthographic regularity and lexicality in the identification of words and letter strings. Evidence is summarized favouring an intermediate, tacit stage of letter identification. Contrasts between the recognition of words and of pictures are explored. Section 3 introduces a procedural model for the mental lexicon, illustrated by means of the MARGIE system, in relation to both referential and syntagmatic word-meanings. It emphasizes the role in reading of pre-attentive expectations (contextual facilitation effects) generated by parallel, production-like mechanisms. Evidence of preattentive lexical access is surveyed. In Section 4 theoretical issues concerning perceptual integration and its central place in the mechanism of word perception are raised. Some models of the integration process are also reviewed. Some of the best camouflaged conceptual traps for psychologists lie in the way ordinary language is used to perform a quasi-technical role in the description of behaviour. “Word recognition” is full of such traps. “Recognition,” like “perception,” appears to refer both to the “discriminative uptake” of information from the senses and (in the adult human) to the ability to report or comment upon it, in answer to the question “What did you perceive?” Yet there are many illustrations of the dissociation between these two abilities. One striking example is the phenomenon that Weiskrantz and colleagues have termed “blindsight” (Weiskrantz, Warrington, Sanders, & Marshall, 1974). Although subjectively blind in one quadrant of the visual field after surgical removal of a major portion of the calcarine visual cortex, one patient could reach with great accuracy to small visual objects and make crude shape-discriminations in the “blind” region. Throughout testing the patient remained convinced that he was guessing, and denied any awareness of “seeing” the stimuli.

A technological display is the interface between the human and technological systems. This tutorial is concerned with computer-based systems and displays that enable humans to interact with computers, and most of the examples are taken from real-time systems. It is with these systems that display design becomes most critical, since the human must respond accurately under speed stress. The displays must help the human comprehend complex and rapidly changing system events. Due to limitations in display size, the data are often highly coded and difficult to interpret. The learn- ability and memorability of displays are therefore important aspects of display design. The field of technological displays can be described in terms of certain broad categories. From a presentation point of view, displays can be classified as either alphanumeric or graphic. Within the field of alphanumeric CRT displays, a further distinction occurs between the conversational mode, where input is limited to a specific CRT location, and the formatted display that allows entry at pre-specified locations anywhere on a fixed mask. These types of displays are illustrated with examples from real-time telephone traffic management systems. The fundamental display design process consists of eight major steps that carry the designer from the initial analysis of the operating system to the detailed formatting of each display. At each stage the designer makes decisions based on adequate knowledge of human needs and limitations. Specific areas for additional psychological research are pointed out. In its broadest sense, the technological display is any presentation of data associated with an engineering or scientific discipline. To narrow things somewhat, it is necessary to distinguish between real-time displays and non-real-time displays. The distinction has more to do with the intended mode of use by the human than with the data or their method of generation. A display is an aid to the performance of some task. The user of the real-time display is involved in tasks that force him to decode and encode information within a rapidly changing environment. The speedometer in a car is an example. It is updated frequently and the driver needs to obtain information in a brief glance. If the display lags behind the speed of the auto or if it is difficult to determine quickly the current reading, the display is poorly designed. Thus, in general, real-time displays have the advantage that they can be objectively evaluated by the criteria of speed and accuracy of use.

Repair and regeneration are basic indispensable properties of living tissues. As a result of various insults the function of a given tissue may be impaired; repair and regeneration then take place restoring function partially or completely. For many organs, tests have been devised to assess the degree of restoration of a given function. The study of the mechanical functions of the musculo-skeletal system and skin can be as fascinating — and as sophisticated — as the study of biochemical function. Our understanding of the physical-mechanical components of physiological function and of the mechanisms of disease, though as important as our understanding of the chemical components, lags far behind.

For almost a decade, a home care project for the dying child with cancer in Minneapolis, Minnesota has been underway with careful concurrent and prospective evaluation. The project in both its phases will long stand as the paradigm of good, justified and compassionate research, combining the best tradition of nursing with the best traditions of inquiry. Precisely because of its excellence in execution and consequent plethora of data, the project does generate reflection and reaction. There were two basic hypotheses tested among several goals (Martinson, 1976, 1977). First, is it feasible to use the home setting for care of children with late stage cancer? Once that was answered in the affirmative, the question turned to the hypothesis that such home care was indeed desirable and, if that were answered affirmatively, the final engineering question was joined whether such home care could be institutionalized through existing health care organizations? There is an interesting full circle quality to that sequence of investigations.

I am a member of a club which argues that one can get from high energy spectroscopy surprisingly good values for the (Hubbard) correlation energy of narrow band electrons, for the strength of hybridization energy of the narrow band states, and for the degrees of occupation of these levels. Working in this area can have its frustrations. On the one hand, if one is honest, one must admit that we are normally working with models in order to interpret the results. One thus wishes to discuss not only possible refinements of the models but also their limitations. On the other hand it is always difficult to live with the fact that many people do not seem to be aware about the possibilities of the high energy spectroscopies, or do not want to know. And if you talk about the problems in front of the people who do not know (or do not want to know) you do not make them very enthusiastic about what you are trying to do.

Nuts are recommended constituents of the daily diet, although their real intake differs remarkably. Emerging proofs indicate that nuts may be a source of health promoting compounds that elicit cardioprotective effects. Nut fruits contain high levels of oil (50 – 70 %) and they are consumed fresh, toasted or salted, alone or in other edible products. Among the by-products of nuts industry, in general, the oil has not yet obtained popularity, although it has been demonstrated that its consumption has a lot of nutritional benefits. Their major constituents are triglycerides, in which unsaturated fatty acids are present in high amounts. The presence of other bioactive minor components, such as tocopherols and phytosterols, has been also documented.A major goal in nuts oils production is to find an appropriate method to recover oil from the seeds. To get high quality virgin oils, the process includes the selection of the fruits, the conditions of their transport and storage, the choice of the steps of the mechanical processing and finally the control of the storage and packaging conditions of the virgin oils. In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in the use of continuous, mechanical screw-presses to recover oil from oilseeds. Although screw pressing will not extensively replace solvent extraction in commodity oilseeds – because it recovers a lower proportion of oil; in the case of new specialty edible oils, screw pressing provides a simple and reliable method of processing small batches of seed. Moreover, mechanical pressing oil extraction is technically less extensive and less labor-intensive than the extraction solvent method. The safety and simplicity of the whole process is advantageous over the more efficient solvent extraction equipment. Furthermore, materials pressed out generally have better preserved native properties, end products are free of chemicals and it is a safer process.

This position paper examines the processes of creativity and innovation within the current context of virtual working. There is a discrepancy between innovation practice and support techniques: techniques are dominated by group activity, yet much of the work on instances of creativity indicate individual activity. There are considerable challenges in supporting creativity and innovation in virtual groups, however it is an area calling for innovation and the paper proposes where this innovation may take place.

Within the life cycles of Virtual Enterprises, there are usually periods where representatives of different organisations collaborate in creative ways to set guidelines for the operational stages of the VE. Examples of what has to be agreed or negotiated include legal contracts, financial terms, human responsibilities, joint processes to be followed, common terminology, data formats and common software. This collaboration may be a mixture of synchronous (physical or virtual meetings) and asynchronous activities, This position paper assesses the gap between what support is required and what is available in currently available tools, and suggests a number of key developments to the state of the art.

Since the fall of the iron curtain in the years 1989 and 1990 many of the post-socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEECs) have demanded accession to the European Union (EU). The EU reacted by offering the Europe Agreements to these countries to eliminate most of the existing restrictions for trade within ten years in order to establish free trade between the signatory states. In the Europe Agreements the respective CEECs accepted opening their markets to EU firms while in return gaining access to the EU market with the exception of certain sectors. The CEECs also agreed to an approximation of trade relevant laws to the respective EU legislation. In particular, they accepted to implement an EU-like competition policy within three years. However, the exact conditions for membership in the EU are left open in the Europe Agreements. In a White Paper released in 1995, the European Commission clarified for the CEECs how to proceed in order to become members of the EU. The White Paper declares the taking over of Community legislation as a basic precondition for accession and describes how to make this legislation effective (see Chapter 2 for details). Obviously, the policy of the EU with regard to the CEECs is based on the assumption that integration has to be accompanied by an approximation of legislation.

Ice cream is comprised of a mixture of air, water, milk fat or nondairy fats, milk solids-not-fat (MSNF), sweeteners, stabilizers, emulsifiers, and flavors. The composition of ice cream varies in different countries and in different localities and markets within each country. The best ice cream composition for a manufacturer to produce is often difficult to establish. Consideration must be given to legal requirements, quality of product desired, raw materials available, plant equipment and processes, trade demands, competition, and cost. These considerations will affect the choice of a minimum, average, or high component concentration and the selection of ingredients. Most other frozen dairy products (sherbets, frozen yogurt, etc.) combine a selection of these components in various ratios to characterize each product. In this chapter, the definitions of and formulations for a wide variety of frozen dairy desserts are presented and the regulations governing these products in various countries of the world are reviewed. The nutritional significance of the major components is reviewed and nutrition labeling requirements for ice cream packaging are presented.

The European Mail and Express Services Users’ Association, familiarly known as EMESUA, was founded five years ago with the original objective of providing a consensus consumer view to the European Commission during the drafting stages of the postal Green Paper. Users felt compelled to take this stance when they realised that the future of “postal Europe” was being influenced through the European Commission almost entirely by postal administrations and their Government owners. Even large users had experienced great difficulty in trying to negotiate on a commercial basis with the state owned bureaucracies which were responsible for providing staple services-whether universal delivery or value added. Since then, the Association, with an increasing membership across a broad spectrum of user types, has formalised the rules within its Articles of Association and has three main aims in support of its membership: Education and Information Exchange. Provided through: a quarterly Newsletter; conferences, seminars, and workshops; a library of books and papers relating to “Despatch”; liaison with Educational bodies and Training Councils. Liaison with Government and Official Bodies. Dialogue with suppliers of “mail” equipment and services.

It was in the late fifties when we ran one of the first application programs on the computer we just had finished at the Technical University of Vienna. We were a group of young people led by Heinz Zemanek, engaged in one of the early university computer projects of those times. The computer became known under the poetic name of ‘Mailuefterl’ and was the first one in Europe built entirely with transistor technology. Mailuefterl had fifty words of core store, 10.000 words of drum store, paper tape input and typewriter output, and an internal speed of 2.000 words per second [16] [04].

Professor Keizo Nagatani in his interesting recent publications ( Nagatani 1998, Nagatani 1999) has shown his up-to-date understanding and criticism about the present state of the economic analysis and suggested a new stance of the Japanese Economics. This short paper is a sketch of reactions inspired by his suggestion.

This chapter argues for the importance of networking to promote the human rights of persons with disability. The nature of relationships between people in a community can be seen as a key indicator of the well-being of that community. The global village can try and maintain the distant and sometimes difficult relationships between vulnerable groups through the imaginative use of networking, thus providing not just an opportunity, but an obligation to use such technologies to promote social capital, social inclusion and social participation. Networks offer a means of supporting and achieving these aspirations for persons with disabilities. We introduce the African Network for Evidence-to-Action on Disability (AfriNEAD) and argue for its timeliness.

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the electronic exchange of standard business documents in a structured and computer-processable form. The purpose of EDI is to enable a quick way to process business documents. EDI also facilitates paperless trading and it is a new way to conduct business. EDI solves some problems in the traditional paper document flow, including: Process delay caused by physical delivery of documents, and the reentering of data by the trading partners; Low accuracy of data that have been re-entered by the trading partners; High labor cost for re-entering data; Unexpected document loss; Uncertainty of payment source.

Since publication of the Green Paper on the Development of the Single Market for Postal Services (European Commission 1992) the European Union faces a lively and sometimes heated controversy on the future regulatory framework for the postal sector. At the heart of the debate is the question: Can the scope of the postal monopoly be reduced without prejudicing universal service? Safeguarding universal service no doubt is the preponderant aim of all governments, and any liberalization has to be compatible with the universal service standards defined on a national and European Union level.

In 1990s Britain, welfare services to adults are being developed under the auspices of ‘community care’, a policy which finds its clearest expression in the White Paper, Caring for People: Community Care in the Next Decade and Beyond (DoH, 1989). Statutory enactment of the policy was effected via the National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990, and overall Policy Guidance was issued the same year (DoH, 1990).

Sexual abuse of children became a national preoccupation in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1985, the Meese Commission claimed that the child-pornography industry grossed $675 million per annum. The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) estimated the figure at $3 billion in the white paper The Silent Shame. Many social scientists claimed that sexual abuse of children had become more pervasive than in the past (Committee on Public Safety, 1987; McGraw & Timnick, 1985; U.S. Department of Justice, 1984).

The Government’s recent White Paper Promoting Better Health, 1987 and the DHSS Circular Community Nursing Services and Primary Health Care Teams, 1987 both placed emphasis on the need to promote health and prevent illness. This dual approach to health care has been followed since 1968 by the Health Education Authority which has been working for better health in the United Kingdom.

In this chapter, the progress of the raw materials, cereals, is followed through the various processing steps, such as milling and baking, into finished products. General quality factors are grouped at the end of the chapter.

The legal framework of Hungarian competition policy is now in place with the adoption of the Second Competition Act (LVII/1996). This legislation enacted significant regulatory changes as compared to the First Competition Act (LXXXVI/1990) which provided a good legal framework for creating the appropriate institutions for Hungarian competition policy and for making them fully operational.1

Today, the term postal service may be taken to refer broadly to any transportation service, public or private, that provides collection, sorting, carriage, and delivery of letters, envelopes, and other small parcels. In virtually all countries, the dominant postal service is the public postal administration or a legal successor with some degree of governmental involvement. In most countries, however, private postal services also offer specialized services, such as mail preparation, express and parcel services, and international mail-forwarding.

Membranes can solve some of the major drawbacks of current vegetable oil processing methods. They can greatly enhance the efficiency of hexane recovery, combine de-gumming and bleaching into one step, solve the pollution problems of alkali deacidification, and also be used to treat gas and vapor streams.

The application of microencapsulation technology to pressure sensitive copying systems in modern manifold business forms has grown dramatically in the past few years. It appears that the higher cost and higher waste during forms manufacture with such systems have become less significant factors in curtailing their use than they were formerly. The improved quality and cleanliness of the copy obtained with microcapsule systems as compared with the older hot melt wax (carbon paper) systems is only a partial explanation for their wider use. Short supply of raw materials, preservation of the ecology and waste disposal are now serious considerations limiting the use of the older pressure transfer copying systems. The technical and economic feasibility of recycling carbonless copying papers after use has been demonstrated and this is an additional attractive feature of such systems.

O.R. has been conceptualized in different ways: as a scientific activity, as a craft, as a social process,as an ideology, as management’s action research, etc. In this paper we introduce a new dimension in these discussions about O.R. epistemology, we conceptualize O.R. as technology. This short paper outlines some of the main conclusions of a forthcoming report: An assessment of O.R.-technology and the practice of O.R. with social responsability, where a complete list of references is also available.

In the treatment of statistical data it is important to distinguish between methods of representation and methods of analysis. Histograms and scatter diagrams, for example, provide means of representing data and are a useful preliminary to analysis; the use of logarithmic graph paper or of one of the many probability papers is similarly beneficial. It is not to be supposed that the mere plotting of points on gaus-sian probability paper constitutes an analysis, or that such a plot is only valid if the points are in fact normally distributed, for the very departure from normality may provide the stimulus for subsequent analysis.

In the 1979 Defense White Paper, the task of the Federal Armed Forces is described as follows: /1/ “Article 87a of the Basic Law stipulates that armed forces shall be built up for defence purposes. This constitutional rule is the yard-stick for the Federal Armed Forces’ operational concept, training, and equipment. In peacetime, Bundeswehr planning and activities are aimed toward achieving an effective defence posture. The purpose of the armed forces’ operational readiness is to safeguard peace through deterrence. Moreover, ready forces are an instrument of crisis manaagement. In times of crisis they ensure freedom of political action of the Federal Government. The Alliance concept provides that in a state of defence our armed forces, together with the allied forces, operate on the ground, in the air, and on the seas, in an integrated forward defense effort. This includes the mission of restoring the integrity of the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany, if need be”.

The need for Community Health Services, specifically Public health nurses (PHNs), to become involved in a program of planned identification and follow-up of infants and preschool children at risk for developmental delays, failure to thrive, neglect or abuse, or physical or emotional problems secondary to other handicaps has a mandate from many sources. The World Health Organization, in its position paper “Risk Approach for Maternal and Child Health Care” (1978), outlines a managerial strategy to improve the coverage and quality of maternal and child health services based on the measurement of individual and community risk. This strategy attempts to “ensure a minimum of care for all while providing guidelines for the diversion of limited resources to those who most need them” (p. 18).

I should like to present to you a short paper about the personality structure of depressive patients. This subject has only an indirect but nevertheless significant importance for the psychotherapy of depressions.

In some ways, the title of this position paper is a moot question. The reason is that most all parallel algorithms are described in terms of the PRAM abstraction, which is a practice that is not likely to change in the near future. Although there are many types of PRAMs, and there is much debate over what kind of concurrent reading and writing (if any) is most reasonable, the basic idea of the PRAM abstraction is the same: the underlying network architecture of the parallel machine is ignored, and packet routing is given as a unit cost primitive.

Traditionally, the teaching of biology has been characterized by abrupt discontinuities with one branch of the subject largely isolated from another; thus botany has been distinct from zoology intellectually and sometimes in geographical location as well. During recent years welcome changes have been initiated in the direction of a more interdisciplinary approach, beginning in the schools under the influence of the Nuffield Projects and spreading more slowly within the universities. In the midst of these changes in biological thought and attitudes, one of the great unifying themes has been heredity. It is a great pleasure to contribute this short paper in honour of Professor Ford, since it provides me with an opportunity to pay tribute to him on behalf of the many students of biology both at Oxford and elsewhere, who have been stimulated and inspired by his teaching of genetics, particularly that aspect of the subject which has become so peculiarly his own—ecological genetics.

Most of the acting-out behavior of adolescent girls who are persuaded to go to a psychotherapist can be dealt with on an outpatient basis. Along with the psychotherapy for the girl, the therapist can advise the girl’s parents as to how they can deal more effectively with her, or possibly suggest some enrivonmental manipulations that can be implemented so that the girl will not be expected to deal with more stress or temptations than she can handle. There are times, however, when the behavior is so seriously destructive or out of control that psychiatric hospitalization is needed. Moreover, in these extreme situations, treatment cannot proceed until the girl is in a controlled setting.

There are a number of items of equipment which can be of great use in the management of incontinence, especially if disability makes movement slow and difficult. The addresses of suppliers of special equipment are given in Appendix A.

Pteridines are very light sensitive substances. The first compounds of this class were isolated as a yellow pigment from the wings of the brimstone butterfly by Wieland and Schopf (1925) and as the white pigment from the wings of the cabbage butterfly by Schopf and Wieland (1926). These pigments were named xanthopterin and leucopterin indicating the colour and source of the compounds. The real chemical structure of these substances was not solved until 1940 by Purrmann. The structure of a third insect pigment, isoxanthopterin was also elucidated by Purrmann in 1941. The well-known structure folic acid, and its derivatives which play a key role in metabolism, contains also a pteridine ring. For a survey of the most important literature in the pteridine field till 1969, see Blakly’s “Biochemistry of folic acid and related pteridines”.